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Materiales de ingeniería – Taller 6

Estefany Orozco, Luis C. Bustos, Jassyr A. Camacho.

Facultad de ingeniería, Universidad del Atlántico

Materiales de ingeniería

Docente Roque J. Hernandez

Diciembre 5, 2022
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Strain Hardening and Annealing.

1. Consider the tensile stress strain curves in figure 8-20 labeled 1 and 2 and answer the

following questions. These curves are typical of metals. Consider each part as a separate question that

has no relationship to previous parts of the question.

A. Which material has the larger work hardening exponent? How do you know?

Solution: The materials with the higher hardening exponent are tougher which means they can

withstand more stress. The material 1 has the higher hardening exponent. We can know it with this

example:
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Larger degrees of hardening are obtained for a given strain for the metal with larger n, in this case, large

is 1.

B. Sample 1 and 2 are identical except that they were tested at different strain rates. Which

sample was tested at the higher strain rate? How do you know?

Solution: The sample 2 is more ductile which means that sample was tested at a lower strain rate, which

means sample 1 in our case has the higher strain rate. We can know it because for tougher materials we

need to use higher strain rates, 1 is tougher than 2.

C. Assume that the two stress strain curves represent successive tests of the same sample. The

Sample was loaded, then unloaded before necking began, and then the sample was reloaded. Which

represents the first test: 1 or 2? How do you know?

Solution: Sample 2 represent the first test. We can know it because sample 2 is more ductile which

means it can withstand more load without necking (elastic strain will recover after plastic deformation).

That effect is also known as springback.

2. A 0.505-in.-diameter metal bar with a 2-in. gage length 𝑙0 is subjected to a tensile test. The

following measurements are made in the plastic region:

Determine the strain-hardening exponent for the metal. Is the metal most likely to be FCC, BCC, or HCP?

Explain.

Solution: We have D = 0,505 in and 𝑙0 = 2 𝑖𝑛. We must determine the strain-hardening exponent for

the metal.
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𝐹 𝐹
We will calculate value of true stress 𝜎 using the expression: 𝜎 = →𝜋
𝐴𝑓 ∙𝑑 2
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∆𝑙
We will calculate true strain using the following expression: ∈=
𝑙0

27500𝑙𝑏 0,2103
𝜎1 = 𝜋 = 151970𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∈1 = = 0,105
∙0,482 2
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27000𝑙𝑏 0,4428
𝜎2 = 𝜋 = 164892𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∈2 = = 0,221
∙0,45662 2
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25700𝑙𝑏 0,6997
𝜎3 = 𝜋 = 173485𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∈3 = = 0,349
∙0,43432 2
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Now substitute the values into the equation to find n 𝜎 = 𝐾 ∙ ∈𝑛 or log 𝜎 = log 𝐾 + 𝑛 log ∈

151970 = 𝐾 ∙ 0,105𝑛 1

164892 = 𝐾 ∙ 0,221𝑛 2

173485 = 𝐾 ∙ 0,349𝑛 3

There is not a value of constant K, so we must divide two equations and then solve it for n.

log 151970 = log 𝐾 + 𝑛 log 0,105 11,9314 = log 𝐾 − 𝑛(2,3026)

log 173485 = log 𝐾 + 𝑛 log 0,349 12,0639 = log 𝐾 − 𝑛(1,2040)

−0,1325 = −1,0986𝑛

−0,1325
𝑛= = 0,12
−1,0986

𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝟏𝟐 it is a BBC.

3. We want a copper bar to have a tensile strength of at least 70000psi and a final diameter of

0,375in. What is the minimum diameter of the original bar?

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Solution: We have 𝜎𝑡𝑠 = 70000𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑓 = 0,375𝑖𝑛. the minimum cold required cold work is 50%.

𝐷𝑜2 −𝐷𝑓2
We can use the following expression for calculating the initial diameter: %𝐶𝑊 = 𝐷𝑜2
∙ 100.

𝐷𝑜2 − 0,3752
50 = ∙ 100
𝐷𝑜2

0,5𝐷𝑜2 = 0,140625

𝐷𝑜 = 0,5303𝑖𝑛

4. We wish to produce a 0,3 in. Thick plate of 3105 aluminum having a tensile strength of at

least 25000 psi and a % elongation of at least 5%. The original thickness of the plate is 3 in. The

maximum cold work in each step is 80%. Describe the cold working and annealing steps required to

make this product. Compare this process with what you would recommend if you could do the initial

deformation by hot working.

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Solution: We have 𝑡𝑓 = 0,3𝑖𝑛 → 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝜎𝑡𝑠 ≥ 25000𝑝𝑠𝑖

%𝑒𝑙𝑜 ≥ 5%

𝑡0 = 3𝑖𝑛 → 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

%𝐶𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 80% → 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝

We can find percent cold work from for minimum tensile strength of 25000psi. %𝐶𝑊 ≥ 40%

We can do the same thing for the percent elongation which needs to be 5% at minimum. %𝐶𝑊 ≤ 70%

Cold working

In the first step we will take percent cold work to be around 50% and calculate final thickness after the

first step.

𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡1 3 − 𝑡1
𝟏. %𝐶𝑊 = ∙ 100% → 50 = ∙ 100% → 𝑡1 = 1,5𝑖𝑛
𝑡𝑜 3

𝑡1 − 𝑡2 1,5 − 𝑡2
𝟐. %𝐶𝑊 = ∙ 100% → 50 = ∙ 100% → 𝑡2 = 0,75𝑖𝑛
𝑡1 1,5

Using interpolation, we can estimate the final percent to be 60%.

𝑡2 − 𝑡𝑓 0,75 − 𝑡𝑓
𝟑. %𝐶𝑊 = ∙ 100% → 60 = ∙ 100% → 𝑡𝑓 = 0,3𝑖𝑛
𝑡2 0,75

Hot working

Using hot working we could increase the initial percent to be 80%

𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡1 3 − 𝑡1
𝟏. %𝐻𝑊 = ∙ 100% → 80 = ∙ 100% → 𝑡1 = 0,6𝑖𝑛
𝑡𝑜 3

Using interpolation, we can estimate the final percent to be 50%.

𝑡1 − 𝑡𝑓 0,6 − 𝑡𝑓
𝟐. %𝐻𝑊 = ∙ 100% → 50 = ∙ 100% → 𝑡𝑓 = 0,3𝑖𝑛
𝑡1 0,6

In conclusion, hot working process is better than cold working, because we just needed two calculations

to make the thick plate instead three calculations.