TRANSFERENCIA DE CALOR

Semana: Mayo, 02 de 2023

UNIDAD 3

Al finalizar la unidad el estudiante aplica los

principios de transferencia de cantidad de
movimiento, energía y masa para la solución de
problemas en sistemas en estado estacionario con
generación, con autonomía en el aprendizaje y
trabajo en equipo
Outline

• Sistemas con generación de energía.

• Condiciones límite
 Cylindrical coordinates

• General equation:
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝑞 ′′′ 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝛼 𝑟 + 2 2+ 2 + + Φ𝑣 = + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝜕𝑣𝑟 1 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝜃 1 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑟 1 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕 𝑣𝜃
Φ𝑣 = 2𝜇 + + 𝑣𝑟 + +𝜇 + + + + +𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟

• Applying the Fourier’s law for conduction with generation:

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝑞 ′′′ 1 𝜕𝑇
𝑟 + =
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
4
Heat transfer with generation

• What is generation:
• Source of generation:
• Nuclear fission process
• Joule heating
• Microwave deposition
• Viscous: Newtonian flow
• Electrical heating
• Chemical • Considerations:
• Temperature of the slab is
kept constant in both sides
Rectangular coordinates

𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 ′′′
𝜕𝑇
𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑞 = 𝜌𝐶𝑝
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡

𝛻 ∙ 𝑘𝛻𝑇 + 𝑞 ′′′ = 0
Systems with generation

• Given a wall

𝑑 𝑑𝑇 𝑞 ′′′
+ =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑘

𝑞 ′′′ 2
𝑇 𝑥 =− 𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
2𝑘

𝑞 ′′′ 2 𝑥 2
𝑇 𝑥 = 𝑇0 − 𝐿 + 1−
2𝑘 𝐿
System with generation

• Boundary conditions:

@𝑥 = 𝐿 ⇒ 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠,𝐿 𝑞 ′′′ 2 𝑥 2
𝑇 𝑥 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝐿 1−
2𝑘 𝐿
@𝑥 = −𝐿 ⇒ 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠,−𝐿

𝑑𝑇 𝑞 ′′′ 𝐿 𝑞 ′′′ 𝐿 𝑞 ′′′ 𝐿2

ቤ =− 𝑇𝑠 = 𝑇∞ + ∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿 𝑘 ℎ 8𝑘

𝑞 ′′′ 𝐿2
• At the centerline: 𝑇0 = 𝑇𝑠 +
2𝑘
Composite wall with generation

• A plate of thickness L1 and conductivity k1 generates heat at a

volumetric rate of q’’’. The plate is sandwiched between two plates
of conductivity k2 and thickness L2 each. The exposed surfaces of
the two plates are maintained at constant temperature T0.
• Determine the temperature distribution in the three plates.
…Composite wall with generation

• Boundary conditions.
𝑑𝑇1 x T0
@ 𝑥 = 0, ⟹ =0
𝑑𝑥 k2 L2
𝐿1ൗ 𝑑𝑇1 𝑑𝑇2
@𝑥 = 2 , ⟹ 𝑘1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘2 𝑑𝑥 𝑞0′′′ k1
L1

𝑇2 − 𝑇0 1 𝑘1 1 𝑘1 𝐿2 1 𝑘1 𝑥 k2 L2
′′′ 2 = 4𝑘 + 2𝑘 𝐿 − 2𝑘 𝐿
𝑞 𝐿1 2 2 1 2 1
𝑘1 T0
…Composite wall with generation

56

55

54

53
TEMPERATURA
52

51

50

49

48

47

46
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
X
Problem 1

• Heat is generated at a rate q in a large slab of thickness 2L. The

side surfaces lose heat by convection to a liquid at temperature
T∞. Obtain the steady-state temperature distributions for the
following cases:

𝑥 2
𝑞ሶ = 𝑞ሶ 𝑜 1 − , with x measured from the center plane
𝐿

𝑞ሶ = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑇 − 𝑇∞
…Problem

• Case (a): • Boundary conditions

𝑑2 𝑇 𝑥2
2
= −𝑞0 1 − 2 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 𝐿 @𝑥 = 0, ⇒ =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇 𝑞0 𝑥3
=− 𝑥 − 2 + 𝐶1 @𝑥 = 𝐿,
𝑑𝑥 𝑘 3𝐿
𝑑𝑇
⇒ −𝑘 = ℎ 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
𝑞0 𝑥 2 𝑥4 𝑑𝑥
𝑇=− − 2
+ 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑘 2 12𝐿
…Problem

• Case (a): • Boundary conditions

𝑑𝑇
@𝑥 = 0, ⇒ =0
𝑞0 𝐿2 5 𝑥 2 𝑥 4 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑇 = 𝑇∞ + − 2+ 4−
2𝑘 6 𝐿 6𝐿 3𝐵𝑖 @𝑥 = 𝐿,

𝑑𝑇
⇒ −𝑘 = ℎ 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
𝑑𝑥
…Problem 2

• Case (b): • Boundary conditions

𝑑2𝑇 𝑏 𝑎
2
+ 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ − =0 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 𝑘 𝑏 @𝑥 = 0, ⇒ =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇 𝑞0 𝑥3
=− 𝑥 − 2 + 𝐶1 @𝑥 = 𝐿,
𝑑𝑥 𝑘 3𝐿
𝑑𝑇
⇒ −𝑘 = ℎ 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
𝑞0 𝑥 2 𝑥4 𝑑𝑥
𝑇=− − 2
+ 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑘 2 12𝐿
Plane with generation

• Radiation is used to heat a plate of thickness L and thermal

conductivity k. The radiation has the effect of volumetric energy
generation at a variable rate given by:
𝑞 ′′′ (𝑥) = 𝑞0′′′ 𝑒 −𝑏𝑥

• Where 𝑞0′′′ and b are constant and x is the distance along the
plate. The heated surface at x=0 is maintained at uniform
temperature T0 while the opposite surface is insulated. Determine
the temperature of the insulated surface.
….Plane with generation

• Boundary conditions
L

T0

𝑞 ′′′ (𝑥)

x
Problem

• Consider an aluminium pan used to cook stew on top of an electric

range. The bottom section of the pan is L=0.25 cm thick and has a
diameter of 18 cm. The electric heating unit on the range top
consumes 900 W of power during cooking, and 90 % of the
generated in the heating element is transferred to the pan. During
steady operation, the temperature of the inner surface of the pan
is measured to be 108ºC
Cylinder with generation

• Given a cylindrical system

1𝑑 𝑑𝑇 𝑞 ′′′
𝑟 + =0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑘
𝑞 ′′′ 2
𝑇 𝑟 =− 𝑟 + 𝐶1 ln 𝑟 + 𝐶2
4𝑘

• Boundary conditions 𝑑𝑇
@ 𝑟 = 0, ⇒ = 0 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑟

@ 𝑟 = 𝑟0 , ⇒ 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠
Cylinder with generation

• Temperature 𝑞 ′′′ 𝑟02 𝑟2

𝑇 𝑟 = 𝑇𝑠 + 1− 2
profile 4𝑘 𝑟0

• Temperature at the 𝑞 ′′′ 𝑟02

𝑇0 = 𝑇𝑠 +
centerline 4𝑘

𝑞 ′′′ 𝑟0
𝑇𝑠 = 𝑇∞ +
2ℎ
Problem

• A composite cylindrical wall is composed of two materials of

thermal conductivity kA and kB which are separated by a very thin,
electric resistance heater for which interfacial contact resistances
with material A and B Rtc,A and Rtc,B, respectively. Liquid pumped
through the tube is at a temperature T∞, 𝑖 and provides a
convection coefficient hi at the inner surface of the composite. The
outer surface is exposed to ambient air, which is at T∞, 𝑜 and
provides a convection coefficient of ho. Under steady-state
conditions, a uniform heat flux of qh is dissipated by the heater.
Problem

• A hollow cylinder of inner radius and outer radius is heated with a flux at its
inner surface. The outside surface exchanges heat with the ambient and
surroundings by convection and radiation. The heat transfer coefficient is h,
ambient temperature surroundings temperature and surface emissivity is
• Assume steady state one-dimensional conduction and use a simplified
radiation model.
• Determine:
• [a] The temperature distribution.
• [b] Temperature at ri and ro
Problem

• Calculate the rate of heat generation per unit volume in a rod that
will produce a centerline temperature of 1000ºC for the following
values of the parameters:

𝑇𝑤 = 300º𝐶

𝑟1 = 2 𝑐𝑚

1000
𝑘=
273 + 𝑇
…Pipe with generation

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20
r [cm]

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
300 500 700 900 1,100 1,300
Temperature [C]
Sphere with generation

• Given a spherical system

1 𝑑 𝑑𝑇 𝑞 ′′′
2
2
𝑟 + =0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑘

𝑞 ′′′ 2 𝐶1
𝑇 𝑟 =− 𝑟 + + 𝐶2
6𝑘 𝑟

• Boundary conditions
@𝑟 = 𝑟𝑖𝑛 , ⟹ 𝑇 = 𝑇𝐻
@𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡 , ⟹ 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑐
Problem sphere with generation

• An electric heater with a capacity P is used to heat air in a spherical chamber.

The inside radius is ri, outside ro and the conductivity is k. At the inside
surface heat is exchanged by convection. The inside heat transfer coefficient
is hi. Heat loss from the outside surface is by radiation. The surroundings
temperature is Tsur and the surface emissivity is ε. Assuming one-dimensional
steady state conduction, use a simplified radiation model to determine:
• The temperature distribution in the spherical wall
• The inside air temperatures for the following conditions:
Problem sphere with generation

𝑊 𝑃 = 1500 𝑊
ℎ = 6.5 𝑟𝑖 = 10 𝑐𝑚
℃ − 𝑚2
𝑊
𝑘 = 2.4 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 = 18℃ 𝑟𝑜 = 14 𝑐𝑚
℃−𝑚

𝜀 = 0.81