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giớ i tính
Béo phì
Mộ t nghiên cứ u tiến cứ u trên 9.559 nam giớ i từ Scotland cho thấ y béo
phì là yếu tố dự bá o độ c lậ p về tỷ lệ tử vong do bệnh gan ở nam giớ i tiêu
thụ ít nhấ t 120 g rượ u mỗ i tuầ n (nguy cơ tương đố i đã điều chỉnh 18,9;
95% CI 6,84 đến 52,4) 76 . Trong nghiên cứ u này, rượ u và béo phì tương
tá c vớ i nhau theo cá ch hiệp đồ ng (chỉ số hiệp lự c 2,89). Tương tự , mộ t
nghiên cứ u dự a trên dâ n số ( n = 2.364 ngườ i tham gia) ở California đã
phá t hiện ra rằ ng việc tiêu thụ hơn 30 g rượ u nguyên chấ t mỗ i ngà y và
tình trạ ng béo phì đều có liên quan độ c lậ p vớ i việc tă ng nồ ng độ alanine
aminotransferase trong huyết thanh 77. Trong nghiên cứ u này từ
California, sự kết hợ p củ a cả hai yếu tố (tiêu thụ hơn 30 g rượ u nguyên
chấ t mỗ i ngà y và sự hiện diện củ a bệnh béo phì) dườ ng như có tá c độ ng
nhâ n lên trong việc tă ng mứ c alanine aminotransferase. Ngoà i ra, mộ t
nghiên cứ u dự a trên dâ n số đố i vớ i 13.580 cá nhâ n ở Hoa Kỳ đã xá c định
rằ ng việc tiêu thụ 14 g rượ u mỗ i ngà y có liên quan đến nguy cơ tă ng đá ng
kể nồ ng độ alanine transaminase trong huyết thanh ở nhữ ng ngườ i mắ c
bệnh béo phì 78 . Trong mộ t nghiên cứ u thuầ n tậ p ở Phá p gồ m 268 bệnh
nhâ n nghiện rượ u nặ ng, BMI là mộ t yếu tố nguy cơ độ c lậ p gâ y xơ gan
( r = 0,11 ± 0,04; P < 0,002) 79. Nhữ ng nghiên cứ u nà y cung cấ p bằ ng
chứ ng rõ rà ng rằ ng béo phì là m tăng tá c dụ ng độ c hạ i củ a rượ u và đẩ y
nhanh quá trình tiến triển thà nh xơ gan.
Đá i thá o đườ ng
Đá i thá o đườ ng týp 2 (T2DM) là mộ t yếu tố nguy cơ cho sự phá t triển củ a
xơ gan do tá c dụ ng tiền xơ hó a củ a glucose đố i vớ i cá c tế bà o hình sao ở
gan và sau đó gâ y ra tình trạ ng viêm mãn tính 84 , 85 . Mộ t nghiên cứ u trên
268 bệnh nhâ n mắ c chứ ng rố i loạ n sử dụ ng rượ u đã trả i qua sinh thiết
gan đã xá c định rằ ng đườ ng huyết lú c đó i tương quan độ c lậ p vớ i điểm
xơ hó a gan ( r = 0,115 ± 0,045, P < 0,011) 79 . Trong nghiên cứ u củ a Phá p
đã đề cậ p trướ c đâ y về bệnh nhâ n xơ gan do rượ u, sự hiện diện củ a ĐTĐ
týp 2 (HR đã điều chỉnh 1,6; KTC 95% 1,1–2,3; P = 0,029) là mộ t yếu tố
dự bá o độ c lậ p cho HCC 43. Tương tự , nghiên cứ u tạ i Hoa Kỳ đượ c thự c
hiện trong hệ thố ng chă m só c sứ c khỏ e Cự u chiến binh đã phá t hiện ra
rằ ng T2DM là mộ t yếu tố dự đoá n độ c lậ p cho sự phá t triển củ a HCC (HR
đã điều chỉnh 1,46; P <0,001) 46 . Kết hợ p lạ i vớ i nhau, nhữ ng phá t hiện
nà y chỉ ra rằ ng sự hiện diện củ a ĐTĐ týp 2 là m tă ng khoả ng 50% nguy cơ
mắ c HCC ở nhữ ng bệnh nhâ n xơ gan do rượ u. Nhữ ng nỗ lự c nên đượ c
thự c hiện để sà ng lọ c nhữ ng ngườ i nghiện rượ u nặ ng mắ c bệnh tiểu
đườ ng để xá c định nhữ ng bệnh nhâ n có nguy cơ mắ c bệnh xơ gan và HCC
cao hơn.
Mô hình và mứ c độ uố ng rượ u
Mộ t phâ n tích tổ ng hợ p trên 5.505 cá nhâ n (từ Mỹ, Ý , Đan Mạ ch, Anh và
Trung Quố c) bị xơ gan do rượ u đã chứ ng minh rằ ng nguy cơ xơ gan tă ng
theo cấ p số nhâ n ở phụ nữ vớ i bấ t kỳ mứ c độ uố ng rượ u nào, trong khi ở
nam giớ i, nguy cơ nà y chỉ tă ng theo cấ p số nhâ n. vượ t quá mứ c tiêu thụ
12 g rượ u mỗ i ngà y 86 . Mộ t nghiên cứ u trên 55.917 cá nhâ n từ Đan Mạ ch
cho thấ y nguy cơ xơ gan do rượ u ở nam giớ i uố ng rượ u hà ng ngày cao
hơn so vớ i nhữ ng ngườ i uố ng 2–4 ngà y mộ t tuầ n (HR 3,65; 95% CI 2,39–
5,55) 74 . Nghiên cứ u Million Women từ Vương quố c Anh cho thấ y rằ ng
uố ng rượ u hàng ngà y có liên quan đến nguy cơ mắ c bệnh xơ gan cao hơn
so vớ i nhữ ng ngườ i khô ng uố ng rượ u (RR 1,61, KTC 95% 1,40–1,85; P <
0,0001) 73. Ngoà i ra, uố ng rượ u trong bữ a ă n có liên quan đến nguy cơ xơ
gan thấ p hơn so vớ i uố ng rượ u ngoà i bữ a ă n (RR 0,69, KTC 95% 0,62–
0,77; P < 0,0001), sau khi điều chỉnh lượ ng rượ u tiêu thụ 73 . Cá c nhà
nghiên cứ u suy đoá n rằ ng uố ng rượ u trong bữ a ă n có thể dẫ n đến chậ m
là m rỗ ng dạ dà y và hấ p thụ ít nhanh hơn ở ruộ t, dẫ n đến nồ ng độ cồ n
trong má u thấ p hơn. Cá c nghiên cứ u bổ sung là cầ n thiết để xá c nhậ n giả
thuyết nà y 87 . Nhữ ng ngườ i uố ng nhiều rượ u hàng ngà y có nguy cơ cao
nhấ t bị xơ gan và sau đó là HCC 88. Cá c quố c gia/khu vự c có tỷ lệ mắ c bệnh
xơ gan và HCC do rượ u ngà y cà ng tă ng nên xem xét cá c chính sá ch để
giả m tiêu thụ rượ u nặ ng, chẳ ng hạ n như thự c thi giá tố i thiểu đố i vớ i
rượ u, tă ng thuế rượ u và thự c hiện lệnh cấ m quả ng cá o rượ u 18 , 89 , 90 . Ngoài
ra, cá c nguồ n lự c nên đượ c cung cấ p cho cá c nhà cung cấ p dịch vụ chă m
só c sứ c khỏ e ban đầ u để có thể sà ng lọ c cá c rố i loạ n do sử dụ ng rượ u
nhằ m hỗ trợ phá t hiện và điều trị sớ m ALD trướ c khi phá t triển xơ gan và
HCC 91 , 92 .
hú t thuố c
di truyền họ c
Bả ng chú giả i
Uống nhiều rượu Việc tiêu thụ >40 g rượu nguyên chất mỗi ngày trong một thời gian dài.
Tỷ suất chết chuẩn (ASDR). Trung bình có trọng số của tỷ suất chết đặc trưng theo tuổi, trong đó
hóa theo tuổi quyền số là tỷ lệ dân số chuẩn trong các nhóm tuổi tương ứng.
liên quan đến rượu Một trạng thái bệnh được cho là do uống nhiều rượu.
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