Site Selection

DISTANCE LEARNING ACTIVITY
AE 416 – Airport and Spaceport

Engineering
CHAPTER 1 – Site Selection
PREPARED BY:
ENGR. BRYAN JAKE B. AMARO
Instructor, Department of Aerospace Engineering
Air Link International Aviation College
AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
PART 1| ASSIGNED READING/SOLVING PROCEDURE

PART 2| WORKSHEET/PROBLEM SET
APPENDIX A| GRADING/RUBRICS
APPENDIX B| ENGINEERING FORMAT
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
 L.O. 1- Select the proper site to which an airport can be built.
COURSE CONTENTS
 Site Identification
 Screening Process
 Selection Process
 Sample Output
Page 1 of 41
PART 1 | ASSIGNED READING/SOLVING PROCEDURE
INTRODUCTION
The investigation of alternative sites for the construction of a new airport is a

complex task that involves the cooperation among scientists having complementary
disciplines. A typical investigation comprises a thorough examination of all pertinent
factors: existing and foreseen land use planning, characteristics of wind and weather
conditions, operational and safety aspects, interference with the existing road
network, earthworks, construction and expropriation costs as well as environmental
and socio-economic impacts. The preliminary analysis of the above aspects usually
results in more than one alternative solution that satisfies the above criteria in
different ways. The next step is the selection of the most appropriate solution, where
the use of multi-criteria techniques can be of great value. The scope of this work is
to describe such a multi-criteria approach, performed within the decision making
process concerning the site selection for the development of a new airport at the
island of Samothraki.
Page 2 of 41
A. Site Identification
Selecting a site for a new airport, or evaluating how well an existing site can be
expanded to provide a new major airport, is a complex process. A balance must be
achieved between aeronautical and air-transport requirements and the impact of the
airport on its environment.
From an aeronautical viewpoint, the basic requirement of an airport is that it has a

relatively flat area of land sufficiently large to accommodate the runways and other
facilities and that this area be in a locality free from such obstructions to air
navigation as mountains and tall buildings.
From the viewpoint of air-transport needs, airport sites must be sufficiently close to
population centers that they are considered reasonably accessible to their users.
Environmental considerations, on the other hand, dictate that the site should be far
enough away from urban centers that noise and other deleterious effects on the
population should be kept to acceptable levels. Furthermore, the airport should not
destroy areas of natural beauty or other significance. These two sets of requirements,
the aeronautical and the environmental, almost inevitably clash, with the conflict
becoming more severe as the scale of the envisaged airport increases.
Page 3 of 41
B. Screening Process
The site-selection process for large airports can take many months; in some notable
cases it has extended over many years. The procedure is complicated by the number
of factors that must be taken into account. First, the operational capability of the
site is assessed, particularly with respect to weather conditions such as wind, snow,
ice, fog, and low visibility and also with respect to obstructions to air navigation
around the airport, particularly on the approach and takeoff paths. The location of
the facility in relation to air-traffic-controlled airspace is also operationally
important. In addition, there must be an evaluation of the capacity of the available
land to accommodate the expected configuration of runways and other facilities. Flat
or very gently undulating land is necessary, because runways must be constructed
according to restrictions on maximum allowable slopes—which in turn are governed
by aircraft performance on landing and takeoff.
Ground access to the airport is also considered. An evaluation is made of the

distance from population centers, the regional highway infrastructure, public
transport facilities (including railways), and the availability of land for parking.
Development costs are also estimated, taking into account the nature of the terrain,
soil and rock conditions, drainage requirements, and local land values.
The environmental consequences of an airport development rank very high in any

site-selection procedure. The impact of aircraft noise on the neighboring population
is often the most significant environmental factor, but, in many countries, account
must also be taken of the impact on the flora and fauna of the area, pollution through
chemical runoff into local groundwater, the presence of endangered species or
significant cultural sites, and even undesirable changes in land use. Many
governments now require that environmental analyses of airport development
projects include evaluations of population relocation, changes in employment
patterns, and distortion of existing regional land use and transportation planning.
Page 4 of 41
C. Selection Process
I. Operational Capability
1. Airspace
In the United States, airspace is divided into different types and dimensions. It can
be confusing to the untrained pilot or passenger, but for those that fly through it
often, it (mostly) makes sense.
To start, the airspace over the United States is divided into four categories:
Controlled, Uncontrolled, Special Use and Other airspace.
 Controlled Airspace: Class A, B, C, D, and E
There are five different classes of controlled airspace: A, B, C, D, and E airspace. A

pilot requires clearance from ATC prior to entering Class A and B airspace, and two-
way ATC communications are required before flying into Class C or D airspace.
1. Class A airspace extends from 18,000 feet MSL to 60,000 feet MSL, or flight
level 600. (Aviation fact: Altitudes above 18,000 are referred to as “flight level
XXX” in hundreds of feet.)
2. Class B airspace surrounds the busiest airports from the surface to 10,000
feet MSL. The dimensions of Class B airspace vary depending on the needs of
the airport.
3. Class C airspace extends from the surface to 4,000 feet MSL. These airports
are busy enough to have an air traffic control tower and be serviced by radar
approach control. The dimensions are tailored to each individual airport, but
typically extend out to 5 miles for the inner layer and 10 miles for an outer
layer that covers 1,200 feet to 4,000 feet (think of an upside down wedding
cake.)
Page 5 of 41
4. Class D airspace surrounds smaller airports that have control towers and
extends from the surface to 2,500 feet MSL.
5. Class E airspace is controlled, such as airspace that surrounds instrument
approach paths or federal airways, in all other locations other than Class A,
B, C or D airspace, not including the uncontrolled Class G airspace.
 Uncontrolled Airspace: Class G
Uncontrolled airspace is defined as any airspace that is not controlled airspace.

There are almost no requirements for VFR aircraft flying in Class G airspace, other
than certain cloud clearance and visibility requirements.
 Special Use Airspace
Airspace reserved for specific uses, such as restricted areas, military operations
areas and alert areas is designated as special use airspace. These areas each have
their own requirements and limitations, depending on reason for the airspace. Some,
like military operations areas, even have operating hours.
 Other Airspace
Temporary flight restrictions (put in place when the President visits an area, for
example) are an example of what the FAA classifies as “other” airspace. This category
also includes military training routes, parachute jump areas, VFR routes and
National Security Areas.
Page 6 of 41
Figure 1
2. Obstruction
Obstructions are objects or entities which are present in the path of the aircraft or
on the facilities provided for the aircraft that cause hindrance to the safe and easy
movement of the aircraft. They are mainly related to the type of development and
height of development in case of buildings.
3. Weather
According to FAA statistics, weather is the cause of approximately 70 percent of the

delays in the National Airspace System. Hazards associated with convective weather
include thunderstorms with severe turbulence, intense up- and downdrafts,
lightning, hail, heavy precipitation, icing, wind shear, microbursts, strong low-level
winds, and tornadoes.
Page 7 of 41
II. Capacity Potential
1. Available Land
The most modest airport facility—with a single runway, an apron, and a building
that serves simultaneously as terminal, administration area, and control tower—can
comfortably be built on a site as small as 75 acres, since it requires only a flat, well-
drained area sufficient to accommodate a short runway and its surrounding safety
strip. Larger and more modern airport facilities, on the other hand, require multiple
runways of extended length, extensive terminal apron areas, and large expanses of
land devoted to parking and landside access roads. For such an airport, a minimum
area of 3,000 acres is likely to be required. Several major airports—such as Dallas–
Fort Worth International Airport in Texas, King Abdul Aziz International Airport near
Jiddah, Saudi Arabia, and Charles de Gaulle Airport near Paris—are built on sites
well in excess of this figure.
2. Suitability for Land Construction
Land use planning is critical to intelligent development and/or management of the

landscape around us. There are five main different types of land use: residential,
agricultural, recreation, transportation, and commercial. Managing the various uses
of land occurs through partnerships between state, federal, and municipal entities,
but many decisions affecting local projects occur at the municipal level.
3. Topography
Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. The topography
of an area could refer to the surface forms and features themselves, or a description
(especially their depiction in maps).
Page 8 of 41
4. Slope and Landforms
A landform is a feature on the Earth's surface that is part of the terrain. Mountains,
hills, plateaus, and plains are the four major types of landforms. Minor landforms
include buttes, canyons, valleys, and basins.
5. Elevation
In aviation the term elevation or aerodrome elevation is defined by the ICAO as the
highest point of the landing area. It is measured in feet and can be found in approach
charts of the aerodrome. It is not to be confused with terms such as the altitude or
height.
6. Soil and Land Characteristics
All soils contain mineral particles, organic matter, water and air. The combinations
of these determine the soil’s properties – its texture, structure, porosity, chemistry
and color.
 Soil texture
Soil is made up of different-sized particles. Soil texture refers to the size of the
particles that make up the soil and depends on the proportion of sand, silt and clay-
sized particles and organic matter in the soil. Sandy soils feel gritty when rubbed
between your fingers. Silts feel smooth – a little like flour. Most clays are sticky and
mouldable. If you’ve ever used pottery clay, you’ll know the feeling.
Soils are made up of different combinations of sand, silt and clay particles. Soils that
are a mixture of sand, silt and clay are called loams. The name of the soil often
identifies the dominant particle, for example, Timaru silt loam describes a soil that
has a predominance of silt. Other examples of New Zealand soils are Waikare clay
and Te Kopuru sand.
Page 9 of 41
Soil texture can influence whether soils are free draining, whether they hold water
and how easy it is for plant roots to grow.
a. Sand particles are quite big. The pore spaces between the particles in sandy
soils are also quite large. This allows water to drain quickly and air to enter
the soil. Sandy soils tend not to get waterlogged in winter but can be subject
to drought during summer.
b. Silt particles are too small for us to see with our eyes. Silt soils have much
smaller pore spaces but a lot more of them.
c. Clay particles are smaller than 0.002 mm in diameter. Clay soils are poorly
drained and hold on to the water in their pore spaces for much longer.
However, they can become very hard if they dry out.
 Soil structure
Soil structure describes the way the sand, silt and clay particles are clumped
together. Organic matter (decaying plants and animals) and soil organisms like
earthworms and bacteria influence soil structure. Clays, organic matter and
materials excreted by soil organisms bind the soil particles together to form
aggregates. Soil structure is important for plant growth, regulating the movement of
air and water, influencing root development and affecting nutrient availability. Good
quality soils are friable (crumbly) and have fine aggregates so the soil breaks up
easily if you squeeze it. Poor soil structure has coarse, very firm clods or no structure
at all.
 Soil porosity
Soil porosity refers to the pores within the soil. Porosity influences the movement of
air and water. Healthy soils have many pores between and within the aggregates.
Poor quality soils have few visible pores, cracks or holes. The way in which a soil is
managed can affect its porosity. For example, look at areas around your school where
students regularly walk. If the grass is worn away and the soil is exposed, it often
looks different because it has been compacted and has had its structure and porosity
Page 10 of 41
altered. These are also areas where puddles form because the water is not able to
drain away.
 Soil chemistry
Clays and organic matter in the soil carry negative charges. Water in the soil
dissolves nutrients and other chemicals. Nutrients like potassium and ammonium
have positive charges. They are attracted to the negatively charged organic and
mineral matter, and this prevents them from being lost through leaching as water
moves through the soil. Nitrate has a negative charge so it is not protected from
leaching in most soils.
Soils can be acid, alkaline or neutral. Soil pH influences nutrient absorption and
plant growth. Some plants, like potatoes, grow best in a more acidic soil (pH of 5.0–
6.0). Carrots and lettuces prefer soils with a neutral pH of 7.0. Soils can become
more acidic over time as minerals are leached away. Lime is often added to soil to
make it less acidic. New Zealand paddocks are regularly limed to improve pasture
growth.
 Soil color
If you thought that all soils are brown, think again. Soil colors range from black to
red to white. Sometimes it can even be blue! Soil color mostly comes from organic
matter and iron. Topsoil is often dark because of organic matter. An even, single
color indicates the soil is well drained. In contrast, rusty spots and grey patches
(sometimes even a light blue in color) indicate poor drainage.
7. Hydrology
Hydrology is the study of the distribution and movement of water both on and below
the Earth’s surface, as well as the impact of human activity on water availability and
conditions.
Page 11 of 41
III. Ground Access
1. Distance from the Demand for Aviation Services
2. Regional Highway Infrastructure
3. Available Public Transportation
IV. Developmental Costs
1. Terrain
Terrain or relief (also topographical relief) involves the vertical and horizontal
dimensions of land surface.
In physical geography, terrain is the lay of the land. This is usually expressed in
terms of the elevation, slope, and orientation of terrain features. Terrain affects
surface water flow and distribution. Over a large area, it can affect weather and
climate patterns.
2. Land cost and Land Values
Land value is the value of a piece of property including both the value of the land
itself as well as any improvements that have been made to it. This is not to be
confused with site value, which is the reasonable value of the land assuming that
there are no leases, mortgages or anything else present that would otherwise change
the site's value. Land values increase when demand for land exceeds the supply of
available land or if a particular piece of land has intrinsic value greater than
neighboring areas (e.g., oil can be found on the land).
Page 12 of 41
3. Availability of Utilities
 Electricity
 Water
 Telecommunications
V. Environmental Consequences
1. Aircraft Noise
Aircraft noise is the most significant cause of adverse community reaction related to
the operation and expansion of airports. This is expected to remain the case in most
regions of the world for the foreseeable future. Limiting or reducing the number of
people affected by significant aircraft noise is therefore one of ICAO's main priorities
and one of the Organization's key environmental goals.
2. Groundwater Runoff
When rain falls onto the earth, it just doesn't sit there, it starts moving according to
the laws of gravity. A portion of the precipitation seeps into the ground to replenish
Earth's groundwater. Most of it flows downhill as runoff. Runoff is extremely
important in that not only does it keep rivers and lakes full of water, but it also
changes the landscape by the action of erosion. Flowing water has tremendous
power—it can move boulders and carve out canyons; check out the Grand Canyon!
Runoff of course occurs during storms, and much more water flows in rivers (and as
runoff) during storms. For example, in 2001 during a major storm at Peachtree Creek
in Atlanta, Georgia, the amount of water that flowed in the river in one day was 7
percent of all the streamflow for the year.
Page 13 of 41
3. Existence of Endangered Species
Republic Act 9147 - an act providing for the conservation and protection of wildlife
resources and their habitats, appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes.
Healthy ecosystems depend on plant and animal species as their foundations. When
a species becomes endangered, it is a sign that the ecosystem is slowly falling apart.
Each species that is lost triggers the loss of other species within its ecosystem.
Humans depend on healthy ecosystems to purify our environment. Without healthy
forests, grasslands, rivers, oceans and other ecosystems, we will not have clean air,
water, or land. If we allow our environment to become contaminated, we risk our
own health.
4. Cultural Artifacts and Historical Features
5. Relocation of Families and Businesses
6. Changes in Socioeconomic Characteristics
VI. Compatibility with Wide-Area Planning
1. Impact on Land Use
2. Transportation Plans on the Local and Regional Levels
Page 14 of 41
D. Sample Output
Name of the Airport: Korona International Airport
I. Site Selection
1.1. Identification
The identification process was influenced by multiple factors based on the

researchers’ knowledge; tourist spots, topography, land area, access to certain
necessities (convenience stores, public transportation, etc.), nearby airports in the
area, and factors indicated in the table below. With these factors the researchers
decided with three areas that are within the criteria, Roxas, Surigao Del Norte, Anda,
Bohol, and Negros Occidental.
1.2. Screening Process
The screening process is a defined chart that was made as a checklist to aid the
search of a suitable land area for an international airport to be built on. Various
factors are included in the checklist below ranging from the factors affecting the
proposed airspace, the land area to be used, and the area’s capacity to host an
international airport. Included in this as well is the impact of the proposed airport
on the surrounding area as well as the airport’s compatibility with the community
residing near the proposed airport.
Page 15 of 41
Site No. 1
Screening Site No. 2 Site No. 3
Roxas, Surigao
Criteria Anda, Bohol Negros Occidental
Del Norte
Operational
Capability
 Airspace   
 Obstruction X X X
 Weather   X
Capacity
Potential
 Available
  
Land
 Suitability
for  X X
Construction
Page 16 of 41
Site No. 1
Site No. 2 Site No. 3
Screening Criteria Roxas, Surigao
Anda, Bohol Negros Occidental
Del Norte
Ground Access
 Distance from
the Demand
  X
for Aviation
Services
 Available
Public   
Transportation
 Regional
Highway   
Infrastructure
Developmental
Costs
 Terrain   
 Land Cost and
  
Land Value
 Availability of
  
Utilities
Page 17 of 41
Site No. 1
Site No. 2 Site No. 3
Screening Criteria Roxas, Surigao
Anda, Bohol Negros Occidental
Del Norte
Environmental
Consequences
 Aircraft Noise   
 Groundwater
 X X
Runoff
 Existence of
Endangered  X X
Species
 Cultural
Artifacts and
 X X
Historical
Features
 Relocation of
Families and   
Businesses
 Changes in
Socioeconomic   
Characteristics
Compatibility with
Wide-Area Planning
 Impact on
  
Land Use
 Transportation
Plans on the
  
Local and
Regional Levels
Page 18 of 41
1.3. Selection Process
Among the three airports being worked out, the researchers have chosen the least
obstructed and least vulnerable site considering the criteria of constructing an
international airport, which is the Municipality of San Isidro in the Island of Siargao,
Surigao Del Norte where almost all category such as ground access, capacity
potential, developmental cost, environmental factors and compatibility with wide
area planning have passed the screening process excluding only the obstruction.
1.3.1. Operational Capability
1.3.1.1. Airspace
In the area of Roxas City, Surigao Del Norte, which is close to plateaus and bodies
of water, the researchers agreed to build an International Airport, using the Class A
airspace. ATC clearance is required and all aircraft that are so cleared receive
separation services within the airspace which would be the better choice to construct
an International airport.
Page 19 of 41
1.3.1.2. Obstruction
Negros, Occidental is situated on an island making its location near a large body of
water. Sea levels have the ability to emerge, which may dampen the shorelines or
have a major impact on that area. Natural disasters are also possible, such as
earthquakes, tsunamis and climate change.
Anda, Bohol, on the other hand is found near mountains, making it very hard and
expensive for an aircraft to fly on plateaus. Mountain waves are produced by wind
flowing over mountains at high speed. Takeoff and landing distances are increased,
climb rate and actual service ceiling are decreased. The turning radius at a given
indicated airspeed is greater at high altitude.
1.3.1.3. Weather
The climate is humid, oppressive, windy, and overcast in Roxas City. The sky is clear,
partially clear, or partly cloudy 43 percent of the time. The cloudy portion of the year
continues around April and lasts for 7 months, concluding around December. The
temperature usually ranges from 76 ° F to 90 ° F.
As determined by the percentage of time in which the humidity comfort level is moist,
oppressive, or miserable, the perceived humidity level in Roxas City does not change
substantially throughout the course of the year, staying nearly 100 percent
throughout. However, significant seasonal variations in rainfall intensity arise in
Roxas City. Rain frequently falls throughout the year in the said City. During the 31
days based around July 2, with an average cumulative precipitation of 9.3 inches,
the most rain fell. With annual daily precipitation of 1.6 inches, the least rain occurs
around the month of March.
Page 20 of 41
Page 21 of 41
Page 22 of 41
1.3.2. Capacity Potential
1.3.2.1. Available Land
San Isidro, Surigao Del Norte is situated approximately 9°56'13.1"N 126°03'08.4"E.

The chosen site has a total land area of 4,527 Hectares, which could make way for
a 75-hectare space needed for the construction of terminal buildings and runways
of the international airport. Around 25-30% of San Isidro’s flatland will be occupied
by the construction of the proposed Korona International Airport.
Page 23 of 41
1.3.2.2. Suitability for Land Construction
Roxas, Surigao Del Norte is known to have the majority of its land area as flatlands.
With that being said, it is believed to be suitable for urban development. The
abovementioned land qualities make the area of Roxas feasible to adjust the
construction and reinforcement of flatland to massive pavement areas. A quarter of
Roxas, Surigao Del Norte’s constructive land will be occupied by the construction of
the proposed Korona International Airport.
Barangay Roxas, Surigao Del Norte
Description: Municipality of San Isidro, Province of Surigao del Norte
Coordinates: 9°56'13.1"N 126°03'08.4"E,
Elevation: 15.7 meters or 51.5 feet above mean sea level.
1.3.2.3. Topography
Ecological Index correlated with land suitability plays an important role in the
structural capacity of an airport. To have the capacity to withhold a huge amount of
operational pressure, the researchers must determine the properties of the land area
for the whole construction process. In this part, the researchers aim is to provide
information about the ecological sensitivity and soil quality of the Airport site,
Barangay Roxas, Surigao Del Norte.
Page 24 of 41
1.3.2.4. Slope and Landforms
San Isidro is mostly covered with flat floor corridors. Sapao formation composed of
volcanic rocks is found in the center of the island, exhibiting a rolling to moderately
steep topography with more or less uniform slope. The alluvium is located in the
central portion and the coastal areas of the island.
These areas developed due to the deposition both from land and the sea. Barangay
San Isidro, Orok, Day-asan, Nabago and a portion of Capalayan are located in the
Eastern side of the flat land areas. On the given slope map below, the airport site,
San Isidro, Barangay Roxas, lies on the level of alluvial plains.
Page 25 of 41
1.3.2.5. Elevation
The chosen site for the proposed Korona International Airport lies in the area of San
Isidro, Surigao Del Norte. Barangay San Isidro is one of the seven municipalities in
Siargao Island. Siargao island has an elevation level of 127 meters or 416.67 feet
above mean sea level. The municipality of San Isidro on the other hand, has an
elevation level of 15.7 meters or 51.5 feet above mean sea level.
Page 26 of 41
1.3.2.6. Soil and Land Characteristics
San Isidro, Surigao Del Norte has a soil parent material of colluvium soils from basic
rocks and sand stones. The soil cover of the islands is 86% Bolinao clay, 6.92%
Jamoyaon clay loam, 4% mountain soil. The Residual Landscape with colluvium and
residium deposits from conglomerates cover the central mainland of Surigao Del
Norte.
With the given information, the land is known to be permeable, moderately drained,
and suitable for both agricultural and structural reinforcement. San Isidro’s soil
infiltration is said to be mainly slow. Meaning, the soil that covers the area does not
allow much water to be stored. Thus, making it viable to organisms and more
suitable for structural reinforcement.
1.3.2.7. Hydrology
There are ten LGU-managed Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the vicinity of Siargao
Islands Protected Landscape and Seascape, with a total area of 996 hectares. These
were established through local ordinances. Freshwater ecosystems help prevent
flooding in the islands during heavy rains and serve as water basins. Large marshes
are located in Burgos, Jaboy, Pilar, Consuelo, General Luna, and San Isidro.
There are a few visible streams and small rivers in Siargao Islands. Around 575
hectares of inland fresh waters composed of small streams, ponds, lagoons and
lakes.
The nearest body of water around the vicinity of the airport is the Paghungawan
Marsh in Jaboy, Siargao, which is 21.8 from the South of Roxas San Isidro.
Page 27 of 41
1.3.3. Ground Access
1.3.3.1. Distance from the Demand for Aviation Services
Surigao Del norte is a very popular tourist destination to many travellers. San Isidro
alone has many tourist attractions. The proposed site is located at Roxas in the
municipality of San Isidro of Surigao Del norte will make things convenient for the
tourists and travellers who want to explore the island. One of the most popular
attractions is the pacifico beach which is only 7.4 km away and a 12 minute drive
from the airport. Accomodations like Sailfish surf and Big game fishing lodge,
Calypso Surf and dive, and Bamboo Garden are all only 15 minute drive from the
airport. It is very convenient since accommodations can be found along the beach.
Also, the proposed airport is 42 km away from General Luna and is 1 hour drive.
1.3.3.2. Regional Highway Infrastructures
Since there are already connected developed roads that lead from Roxas to other
barangay and municipalities, this will make Korona International Airport more
accessible to passengers. Small buildings and infrastructures can be found near the
airport or just right outside the airport. It wouldn’t be fancy like what travelers would
see in other international airports but the local stores, restaurants, and bake shops
made the location authentic or different from other international airports.
Page 28 of 41
1.3.3.3. Available Public Transportation
The airport can be accessed by any type of land transportation like what the locals
would use getting from places to places. The most popular mode of transportation
within the municipalities and far flung areas of Surigao Del Norte, is either via
tricycle or Habal-habal, a motorcycle taxi. Other inland transport options include
bus, jeepneys, and pedicab.
Passengers can also rent a motorcycle or hire a private van. The airport can also
offer shuttle services from Roxas to General luna, General Luna to Roxas, Roxas to
Santa Monica, and Santa Monica to Roxas. Since Burgos is along the way going to
Santa Monica, it can drop passengers off and pick them up at Burgos. The Shuttle
Service will operate in a certain time schedule that will be posted at the bus stops.
1.3.4. Developmental Cost
1.3.4.1. Terrain
Given below is the terrain map of the airport site in San Isidro, Surigao del Norte,
which indicates minimal map contours and a flat land area. Terrain in Siargao Island
is said to be rolling to steep.
Page 29 of 41
1.3.4.2. Land Cost, Land Values and Soil Conditions
The researchers are aiming to canvas a land size of 75 Hectares minimum space
needed for the construction of terminal buildings and runways. Usually in rural
places, land costs are more inexpensive compared to urban areas. The land values
usually range from 1,000-3,000 pesos per square meter, the total estimated value
will be around 75 - 225 million pesos. When it comes to the soil conditions of the
area, San Isidro has a soil parent material of colluvium soils from basic rocks and
sand stones and also presently among the forest or shrub zones of the latter.
1.3.5. Availability of Utilities
1.3.5.1. Electricity
Page 30 of 41
When it comes to the electricity distribution utilities according to the local

administrative area, San Isidro is under the Siargao Electric Cooperative
(SIARELCO).
1.3.5.2. Water
According to the department of environment and natural resources of mines one of

their projects back in 2018 is in line with the National Groundwater Resource
Mapping and Assessment Program one of the target places is located in Surigao Del
Norte including San Isidro, Santa Monica, San Francisco and etc.
1.3.5.3. Telecommunications
Signal Connection in Surigao del Norte has a stable connection and the location that
has chosen offers 2G, 3G 4G networks. In year 2017, According to some service
providers like PLDT, SMART and GLOBE that they will improve telecom services in
Surigao Del Norte.
1.3.6. Environmental Consequences
1.3.6.1. Aircraft Noise
As of the 2015 census by the National Statistics Office, the entire population of San
Isidro is around 7,325 with a density of 170 per square kilometer. 1,039 or 14.18%
of the population is from Barangay Roxas with a lot area of 5.31 square kilometer,
sufficient to construct an International Airport standard size. The proposed location
of the airport will be far enough to create unrestrained noise pollution that would
Page 31 of 41
adversely affect the residents of the area. Based on the critical aircraft of the initiated
airport design which is the A330, it generates only 63.2 decibels and the distance of
the airport from the nearest community which is 1km southwest.
According to United Kingdom Legislation, when a person is working in an

environment with 80 decibel level of noise he or she is obliged to wear hearing
protection. A 60 decibel is considered to be audible.
1.3.6.2. Ground Water Runoff
There were no occurrences of ground water runoff in the whole land of Surigao Del
Norte as it is surrounded with bodies of water near.
1.3.6.3. Existence of Endangered Species
The only wildlife sanctuary in Siargao is located in the municipality of Del Carmen
near the Sayak Domestic Airport. However, there are no vulnerable, endangered,
critically endangered and extinct species such as animals and plants that are
existing in the entire land of Surigao del norte and Siargao.
1.3.6.4. Cultural Artifacts and Historical Features
In 1990, only the archeological discoveries were made in Placer located near Surigao
City, by Panhutongan Primary School during the repair of the school’s septic tank.
The workers accidentally unearthed cultural materials such ah Chinese trade
ceramics and dugout wooden coffins containing skeletons. Siargao Island is 53.2
kilometers away from Surigao Del Norte’s mainland and in view of this, constructing
a proposed airport in San Isidro surigao Island will have no adverse effects on the
cultural artifacts and historical features of the island. As of now 2020, there are still
no other discoveries under the archaeological record.
Page 32 of 41
1.3.6.5. Relocation of Families and Business
The researchers have sorted out the best location where there will be no residents
and other business infrastructures need to be relocated. The area of barangay Roxas,
specifically where the constructions of airport will take place is wide enough and far
enough from resident and business infrastructure to avoid necessary relocations and
undesirable effects.
1.3.6.6. Changes in Socioeconomic Characteristics
A relationship in economic development and the airport is observed in both

managements. Considering the number of people living in Siargao Island together
with the tourist spots and leisure activities the island offers, opening an international
airport will bring a variety of opportunities that would change the socioeconomic
status of not only interested locals but aviation related employees as well. This would
bring a positive impact to the status of locals as the airport will be needing new
employees for its operations as an increase of economic activities help generate
employment which ultimately cause an increase in business travel. The international
airport would also attract and encourage businesses locally and from various parts
to start that would also bring a positive effect to Siargao’s economy and also the
Philippines’ tourism.
Page 33 of 41
1.3.7. Compatibility with Wide-area planning
1.3.7.1. Impact on Land Use
The proposed airport will bring opportunities to a lot of locals and to aviation
personnels as the new airport will be needing additional and new staff for its daily
operations. This will increase the demand and productivity of local businesses and
tourist activities. With this the international airport to be located in Siargao will
affect its economy positively and increase tourism in the Philippines.
An article by Cerini (2019) under the Condé Nast Traveler voted that Siargao is the
best island in the world as of 2019. From pristine white sands to untouched and
crystal clear water it is likely for you to fall in love as per Condé Nast Traveler. Added
to this was the welcoming and hospitable nature of the locals of Siargao. The only
problem is there are no direct flights internationally to Siargao. The only possible
way is from NAIA or Cebu International airport then to Siargao. Opening an
international airport will not only decongest or reduce connecting flights from Cebu
and Manila but will also significantly increase tourism as it eases the travel to
Siargao.
As per the researchers’ search there are no houses or families to be relocated in the
area as the international airport will be built in an open area consisting of plains.
Resulting to a positive impact to the area and bringing opportunities to locals and
opening new means to tourists interested in visiting Siargao.
Page 34 of 41
1.3.7.2. Transportation Plans at the Local and Regional Levels
Current local and regional public transportation in Siargao consists of tricycles, mini
multi-cab, jeepneys, habal-habal (motorcycle), or a private car available for rent. If
tourists prefer to go to the mainland they may use ferries or scheduled boats from
Siargao to the Mainland of Surigao Del Norte. These types of public transportation
can be used and seen around Siargao. These also are non-air conditioned (except for
private cars), which will provide a more immersive experience for tourists in Siargao.
Aside from these, the researchers plan to provide airport shuttle services that do
routes around Siargao providing a less hassle trip and can be more convenient for
new tourists in Siargao. These shuttles are set to go to destinations on a current
time to pick-up and bring tourists to their destinations by means of routes from the
international airport to the municipality of Alegria, Santa Monica (21.3 km, Northern
Siargao) while providing stops at Burgos, General Luna (42.1 km, Southern Siargao)
and around the municipality of San Isidro. There are no current plans of Siargao to
upgrade their current public transportation, once the airport is completed it is
expected that public transportation will adapt to the demand from the arriving
number of tourists.
Page 35 of 41
REFERENCES
Clemmer, C. B. (2018). Determining the location of runway exits using airport
surface detection equipment. Daytona Beach, FL: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical
University.
Babb, R. (2019). Building a 21st century multi-user commercial spaceport:

Development and application of the spaceport readiness level scale. Daytona
Beach, FL: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.
Pfisterer, H. (2017). European regulation of aerodrome safety management systems

in the EASA system. Kassel: Kassel university press.
PART 2 | WORKSHEET/PROBLEM SET

Title: Site Selection
Method: Handwritten
Format: Engineering (See Appendix B)
Requirements: Cross-Sectional Paper
Submission: Offline
Deadline: TBA
Assessment
Construction
Tools:
A. Construction (20 PTS)
Directions: Construct what is being asked in the following item/s. Use the format in
the appendices. See rubrics for the grading of the output.
1. Construct an output about site selection for airport construction considering all
factors discussed. You may add other factors if necessary. Use Sample Output as
guide.
Page 36 of 41
APPENDIX A | GRADING/RUBRICS
A. RUBRIC FOR PRESENTATION
Components of a good presentation: Cleanliness, Good Penmanship, Absence of

Erasure, Absence of Wrinkle on Paper, Diagrams, Tables and Figures are Well
Illustrated
5 Points 4 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 Point No Credit
All of the One of the Two of the Three of the Four of the All of the
components components components components components components
is present is missing is missing is missing is missing is missing
B. RUBRIC FOR FORMAT
Components of format: Appropriate Cover Page, Border Lines, Title Block, Correct
Paper Used, Correct Ink Used
5 Points 4 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 Point No Credit
All of the One of the Two of the Three of the Four of the All of the
components components components components components components
is present is missing is missing is missing is missing is missing
Page 37 of 41
C. RUBRICS FOR CONTENT
CRITERIA 10 Points 8 Points 6 Points 4 Points 2 Points
Most
Most
sentences are Sentences
All Most sentences are
well sound
sentences sentences well
constructed awkward, are
are well are well constructed
and have distractingly
constructed constructed but they have
varied repetitive, or
and have and have a similar
structure and difficult to
Sentence varied varied structure
length. The understand.
Structure, structure structure and/or length.
writer makes a The writer
Grammar, and length. and length. The writer
few error in makes
Spelling The writer The writer makes several
grammar numerous
makes no makes no errors in
and/or errors in
errors in errors in grammar
spelling but grammar and
grammar grammar and/or
they do not spelling that
and/or and/or spelling that
interfere with interfere with
spelling. spelling. interfere with
the understanding.
understanding.
understanding.
All required One of the Two of the Three of the Four or more
contents required required required of the required
Content
are contents is contents are contents are contents are
present. missing. missing. missing. missing.
D. CONSOLIDATION OF POINTS
ESSAY = 20 Points
PRESENTATION = 5 Points
FORMAT = 5 Points
Perfect Raw Score: 30 Points
Page 38 of 41
APPENDIX B | ENGINEERING FORMAT

Cover Page
Page 39 of 41
First Page
Page 40 of 41
Succeeding Pages
Page 41 of 41

Site Selection

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Site Selection

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DISTANCE LEARNING ACTIVITY

AE 416 – Airport and Spaceport

PART 1| ASSIGNED READING/SOLVING PROCEDURE

PART 1 | ASSIGNED READING/SOLVING PROCEDURE

The investigation of alternative sites for the construction of a new airport is a

From an aeronautical viewpoint, the basic requirement of an airport is that it has a

Ground access to the airport is also considered. An evaluation is made of the

The environmental consequences of an airport development rank very high in any

 Controlled Airspace: Class A, B, C, D, and E

There are five different classes of controlled airspace: A, B, C, D, and E airspace. A

 Uncontrolled Airspace: Class G

Uncontrolled airspace is defined as any airspace that is not controlled airspace.

 Special Use Airspace

According to FAA statistics, weather is the cause of approximately 70 percent of the

II. Capacity Potential

2. Suitability for Land Construction

Land use planning is critical to intelligent development and/or management of the

4. Slope and Landforms

6. Soil and Land Characteristics

III. Ground Access

1. Distance from the Demand for Aviation Services

2. Regional Highway Infrastructure

3. Available Public Transportation

IV. Developmental Costs

2. Land cost and Land Values

3. Existence of Endangered Species

4. Cultural Artifacts and Historical Features

5. Relocation of Families and Businesses

6. Changes in Socioeconomic Characteristics

VI. Compatibility with Wide-Area Planning

1. Impact on Land Use

2. Transportation Plans on the Local and Regional Levels

Name of the Airport: Korona International Airport

The identification process was influenced by multiple factors based on the

1.2. Screening Process

1.3. Selection Process

1.3.1. Operational Capability

1.3.2. Capacity Potential

1.3.2.1. Available Land

San Isidro, Surigao Del Norte is situated approximately 9°56'13.1"N 126°03'08.4"E.

1.3.2.2. Suitability for Land Construction

Barangay Roxas, Surigao Del Norte

Description: Municipality of San Isidro, Province of Surigao del Norte

Coordinates: 9°56'13.1"N 126°03'08.4"E,

Elevation: 15.7 meters or 51.5 feet above mean sea level.

1.3.2.4. Slope and Landforms

1.3.2.6. Soil and Land Characteristics

1.3.3. Ground Access

1.3.3.1. Distance from the Demand for Aviation Services

1.3.3.2. Regional Highway Infrastructures

1.3.3.3. Available Public Transportation

1.3.4. Developmental Cost

1.3.4.2. Land Cost, Land Values and Soil Conditions

1.3.5. Availability of Utilities

When it comes to the electricity distribution utilities according to the local

According to the department of environment and natural resources of mines one of

1.3.6. Environmental Consequences

1.3.6.1. Aircraft Noise

According to United Kingdom Legislation, when a person is working in an

1.3.6.2. Ground Water Runoff

1.3.6.3. Existence of Endangered Species

1.3.6.4. Cultural Artifacts and Historical Features

1.3.6.5. Relocation of Families and Business