Pavement Structure (20 Marks)

Pavement or pavement structure is a structure consisting of one or more layers of processed

materials. A pavement consisting of a mixture of bituminous material and aggregate placed on highquality
granular materials is referred to as flexible pavement. When the pavement consists of a slab of portland
cement concrete (PCC), it is referred to as rigid pavement. Both structures of pavement are typically found
at airports, although often there are preferences to a given type of pavement depending on such factors as the
type and frequency of aircraft usage, climatic conditions, and costs of construction and maintenance.
Airfield pavement, whether flexible or rigid, typically consists of series of layers consisting of a
surface course, base course, and one or more subbase courses, resting on the ground, or prepared “subgrade”
layer.
The surface course consists of a mixture of bituminous material (generally asphalt) and aggregate
ranging in thickness from 2 to 12 in for flexible pavements, and a slab of PCC 8 to 24 in thick for rigid
pavements. The principal function of the surface course is to provide for smooth and safe traffic operations,
to withstand the effects of applied loads and environmental influences for some prescribed period of
operation, and to distribute the applied load to the underlying layers.
The base course may consist of treated or untreated granular material. Like the surface course, it
must be adequate to withstand the effects of load and environment and to distribute the applied loads to the
underlying layers. Untreated bases consist of crushed or uncrushed aggregates. Treated bases consist of
crushed or uncrushed aggregate that has been mixed with a stabilizing material such as cement or bitumen.
The subbase course is also composed of treated or untreated material, typically unprocessed pit-run
material or material selected form a suitable excavation on the site. The function of the subbase is the same
as that of the base. Whether or not a subbase is required, or how many subbase layers are required, is a
function of the type of loads on the pavement, as well as the type and quality of soil, or subgrade, on which
the pavement will be resting. For most rigid pavements, the surface course rests directly on the subbase.

The Functions of FAA (10 Marks)

The FAA performs the following functions:

1. Encourages the establishment of civil airways, landing areas, and other air facilities
2. Designates federal airways and acquires, establishes, operates, and conducts research and
development and maintains air navigation facilities along such civil airways
3. Makes provision for the control and protection of air traffic moving in air commerce
4. Undertakes or supervises technical development work in the field of aeronautics and the
development of aeronautical facilities
5. Prescribes and enforces the civil air regulations for safety standards, including:
a. Effectuation of safety standards, rules, and regulations
b. Examination, inspection, or rating of airmen, aircraft engines, air navigation facilities, aircraft,
and air agencies
c. Issuance of various types of safety certificates
6. Provides for aircraft registration
7. Requires notice and issues orders with respect to hazards to air commerce
8. Issues airport operating certificates to airports serving air carriers
The Objectives of ICAO (10 Marks)

The objectives of ICAO are to develop the principles and techniques of international air
transportation so as to
1. Ensure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the world
2. Encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes
3. Encourage the development of airways, airports, and air navigation facilities for international
aviation
4. Meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe, regular, efficient, and economical air transport
5. Prevent economic waste by unreasonable competition
6. Ensure that the rights of contracting states are fully respected and that every contracting state has a
fair opportunity to operate international airlines
7. Avoid discrimination between contracting states
8. Promote safety of flight in international air navigation
9. Promote generally the development of all aspects of international civil aeronautics

Runways and Runways Configurations (10 Marks)

Runways
A runway is a rectangular area on the airport surface prepared for the takeoff and landing of aircraft.
An airport may have one runway or several runways which are sited, oriented, and configured in a manner to
provide for the safe and efficient use of the airport under a variety of conditions. Several of the factors which
affect the location, orientation, and number of runways at an airport include local weather conditions,
particularly wind distribution and visibility, the topography of the airport and surrounding area, the type and
amount of air traffic to be serviced at the airport, aircraft performance requirements, and aircraft noise.

Runway Configurations
The term “runway configuration” refers to the number and relative orientations of one or more
runways on an airfield. Many runway configurations exist. Most configurations are combinations of several
basic configurations. The basic configurations are (1) single runways, (2) parallel runways, (3) intersecting
runways, and (4) open-V runways.

Airport Lighting, Airfield Marking and their Functions (10 Marks)

Specific lighting systems include:

1. Approach lighting
2. Runway threshold lighting
3. Runway edge lighting
4. Runway centerline and touchdown zone lights
5. Runway approach slope indicators
6. Taxiway edge and centerline lighting
 Airfield marking and signage includes:
1. Runway and taxiway pavement markings
2. Runway and taxiway guidance sign systems

Airfield lighting, marking, and signage facilities provide the following functions:
1. Ground to air visual information required during landing
2. The visual requirements for takeoff and landing
3. The visual guidance for taxiing

Subsurface Drainage (10 Marks)

The functions of subsurface drainage are to (1) remove water from a base course, (2) remove water
from the subgrade beneath a pavement, and (3) intercept, collect, and remove water flowing from springs or
pervious strata.
Base drainage is normally required (1) where frost action occurs in the subgrade beneath a pavement,
(2) where the groundwater is expected to rise to the level of the base course, and (3) where the pavement is
subject to frequent inundation and the subgrade is highly impervious.
Subgrade drainage is desirable at locations where the water may rise beneath the pavement to less
than 1 ft below the base course.
Intercepting drainage is highly desirable where it is known that subsurface waters from adjacent
areas are seeping toward the airport pavements.
Types of Pipe (10 Marks)

The following types of pipe have been used for subdrainage:

1. Perforated metal, concrete, or vitrified clay pipe. The joints are sealed. The perforations normally
extend over about one-third of the circumference of the pipe. The perforated area is usually placed
adjacent to the soil.
2. Bell-and-spigot pipes are laid with the joints open. Vitrified clay, cast iron, and plain concrete are
used in the manufacture of bell-and-spigot pipes.
3. Porous concrete pipe collects water by seepage through the concrete wall of the pipe. This type of
pipe is laid with the joints sealed.
4. Skip pipe manufactured of both vitrified clay and cast iron is a special type of bell-and-spigot pipe
with slots at the bells.
5. Farm tile is made of clay or concrete with the ends separated slightly to permit the entrance of water.
This type of pipe is rarely used on airport projects.

Evaluation of the Financial Plan (10 Marks)

Criteria for measuring the financial effectiveness of an airport plan are usually determined by
considering various evaluative measures including these:
1. The effectiveness of functional areas as measured by the ratios of the amount of public space,
revenue space, airline exclusive space, and concession space to the total space within the terminal
building
2. The relative effectiveness of areas within the terminal building, as indicated by the ratio of airline
exclusive space to the number of gates and the ratio of the ramp area to the total building area
3. An evaluation of annual costs and revenues for various items in each of the cost-center categories, as
shown by the cost and revenue per enplanement, per operation, per 1000 lb of aircraft landing
weight, and per square foot of building space
4. The effectiveness of the schedule plan of the airline, as indicated by the number of departures per
gate and enplaned passengers per unit of airline exclusive space

The Categories and Items of Airport Projects (10 Marks)

The categories and items typically found in airport projects for which capital, operating,
maintenance, and administrative cost estimates are required includes:
1. Airfield facilities
a. Runways, taxiways, and aprons
b. Fueling and fixed power systems, crash, fire and rescue units
c. Air traffic control facilities, lighting, and navigational aids
2. Terminal building facilities
a. Terminal buildings and connectors
b. General aviation servicing buildings and hanger areas
c. Boarding devices, mechanical and electrical systems
d. Communications and security systems
e. Air cargo buildings
f. Maintenance and administrative buildings
g. Furnishings
3. Access facilities
a. Roadways, drives, and curb frontage
b. Rental car, limousine, and transit areas
c. Parking lots and garages
d. Graphics, signage, and lighting
4. Infrastructure facilities
a. Landscaping and drainage
b. Utilities including water supply, sewage disposal, power supply systems
c. Land acquisition
No.1; Determine the runway length requirements according to the specifications of FAR 25 and FAR 121
for a turbine-powered aircraft with the following performance characteristics:
Normal takeoff:
Liftoff distance = 7000 ft
Distance to height of 35 ft = 8000 ft
Engine failure:
Liftoff distance = 8200 ft
Distance to height of 35 ft = 9100 ft
Engine-failure aborted takeoff:
Acceleration-stop distance = 9500 ft
Normal landing:
Stop distance = 5000 ft .

No.2; It is necessary to compute the average delay to arriving aircraft on a runway system which services
only arrivals if the mean service time is 60 s per aircraft with a standard deviation in the mean service time
of 12 s and the average rate of arrivals is 45 aircraft per hour.

No.3; An airport has four gates available to all aircraft. The air craft mix at the airport in the peak hour
consists of 30 percent type A, 50 percent type B, and 20 percent type C aircraft. Type A aircraft require a
gate occupancy time of 60 min, type B require 45 min, and type C require 30 min. Normally, due to the
distribution of demand, the maximum gate utilization which can be expected is 70 percent. It is required to
find the capacity of the gates at this airport to process aircraft.

No.4; An airport has 10 gates available for aircraft. These gates are restricted in the types of aircraft which
can be accommodated. The five type I gates can accommodate any type of aircraft, the three type II gates
cannot accommodate a type A aircraft, and a type III gate can only accommodate a type C aircraft. The mix
and the gate occupancy times of the aircraft using the airport in the peak hour is the same as in Example
Problem 12-13. The gate utilization factor is 1.0. Determine the capacity of the gates to process aircraft at
this airport.

No.5; A runway is to service arrivals and departures. The common approach path is 7 mi long for all aircraft.
During a particular interval of time the runway is serving only two types of aircraft, a type A with an
approach speed of 120 mi/h and a type B with an approach speed of 90 mi/h. Each arriving aircraft will be
on the runway for 40 s before exiting the runway. The air traffic separation rules in effect are given in Table.
By using the error-free analytical equations, it is necessary to determine the arrival capacity of the runway in
an error-free context where aircraft separations are maintained in the airspace along the common approach
path between the entry gate and the arrival threshold. There are four possible interarrival cases, a leading A
and a trailing A, a leading B and a trailing B, a leading A and a trailing B, and a leading B and a trailing A.