Q2 LESSON 1: THE LANGUAGE OF
RESEARCH, CAMPAIGNS AND ADVOCACIES
Basic Research Terminologies
Research is a systematic, objective way to create
facts.
Aa
Abstract – a brief overview of a research study
Applied Research – research conducted to
generate knowledge that influences or improves
practice
A-score – the standard score on the normal curve
Bb
Basic Research – research that has theories
Cc
Concepts – stands for the building blocks of
theories
Conceptual definition – a variable such as
anxiety may be defined as a feeling of
uneasiness.
Constitutive definition – the basic or the
dictionary meaning
Control group – in experiments, the one that
doesn’t get the treatment.
Correlational study – a type of research design
that depicts a relationship between variables but
not necessarily one of cause and effect
Dd
Data – it means information; it can be number,
words, or plural form of datum (p.s. datum is any
piece of information).
Deductive reasoning – depends on premises
and is the basis for quantitative research
approach.
Dependent variable – the concept that the
researcher is most interested in understanding,
the quality he/she is observing.
Descriptive study – research design that
describes what is, for example, a survey.
Ee
Experiment – a research design used to find the
cause and effect.
Experimental group – the one that gets the
treatment
External validity – how generalizable the results
are outside of the study as it concerns other
populations and locations.
Extraneous – variables that may influence or
contaminate the data.
Hh
Heterogenous – groups under study that are very
different or varying
Homogenous – groups that are similar
Hypothesis – a statement written by the
researcher that states the relationship among or
between the variables.
Ii
Independent variable – the concept being
studied that usually indicates the influence or
cause, or simply to say, the one the researcher is
manipulating.
Inductive reasoning – the basis for the
qualitative research approach.
Internal validity – the extent to which a study
measures what is supposed to; the accuracy
within a study.
Mm
Mean – the arithmetic average
Measures of central tendency – averages, e.g.,
the mean
Measures of Variability – spread, e.g., the
standard deviation.
Median – the middle where half scores fall above,
half below, eliminates the influence of outliers
(p.s. outliers are the unusual values in a dataset).
Mode – the score that occurs the most
Oo
Operational Definition – how a term is used in a
study
Pp
Population – all groups of interest
Principle Investigator – the person who is in
charge of the research
Qq
Qualitative – it uses narrative data
Quantitative – it uses data the has numerical
representation of values
Rr
Random – by chance
Random sample – everybody has the same
chance of being assigned to every group.
Sometimes confused with who the researcher
would run into by chance.
Relationship – the bond or connection between
two variables.
Research design – also called as research
method, it is the gameplan or the method for
finding out what the researcher wants to know or
the experiment, the correlations, or the descriptive
studies.
Ss
Sample – a smaller group that represents
population of interests
Standard Deviation – it is a measure of spread
the average deviation of a group of scores from
the mean
Statistical Significance – an important finding
the did not likely happen by chance
Statistics – mathematical tool based on the
normal curve used to analyze data. It must match
with research designs.
Subject – the people being studied
Tt
Theory – an abstract generalization that
represents a systematic representation about
relationships among phenomena
T-score – the standard score on the normal curve
where the mean is assigned
T-test – a paramedic statistical tool that compares
differences between the main sub two groups,
assumptions for use include normal distribution
and at least interval data.
Vv
Validity – accuracy or the extent to which a test
or study measures what is supposed to measure
Variable – it is a quality of interest or concepts
that can be manipulated, observed, or studied.
Different Sections of Research Report
Writing the Introduction
In writing the introduction, you must think of
catchy devices or hooks that would get the
interest of the readers. This can be done through
the use of questions, direct quotations, startling
facts, or vivid descriptions.
 Brief Background – an overview of the scope
of the research.
 Objectives of the Study – articulating what
you intend to find out in the study, some
researchers use research questions that they
intend to address in the report, others articulate
the objectives of the study. Either way,
research questions or objectives are tools to
guide readers in knowing the direction of the
research
 Significance of the Study – discusses the
relevance of the study to your intended
audience, you will decide specific benefits that
they can get from the findings of the research
 Literature Review – discussed previous
studies done on the chosen topic, relate how
your research relates to these previous
researches.
Writing the Body
 The body of research reports contain the
substantial amount of information that needs to
be clearly and accurately presented and
analyzed.
 The data to be presented in this section are
meant to address the questions of objectives.
 In presenting the gathered information, you
may use pie charts, graphs or tables, note that
you must introduce each illustration
appropriately followed by an adequate
discussion of the data presented.
 Moreover, you need to use related literature
and studies to support or refute the findings;
remember to cite sources using the
recommended system of documentation.
Writing the Conclusion
 The one that will complete the section of the
research report, the conclusion is important in
bringing home the highlights of the research
paper.
 A well-written conclusion allows readers to take
a new perspective about the thesis.
 Moreover, it provides readers with a
recommendation that can be explored
concerning the topic.
 measurable topic. It is a question whether
something can be checked as true or not.

Advocacy
Claims of Value

An Advocacy is a political process by an  It is an assertion that something is good or bad,

individual or group which aims to influence public
policy and resource allocation decisions within
political, economic, and social systems and
institutions.
Types of Advocacies
 Express and Issue Advocacy – usually
regarding to specific political campaigns, letting
the public know what they should vote a certain
way to.
 Budget Advocacy – all about transparency
and how all levels of the government spend
their budget.
 Professional advocacy – professionals in a
field who work more methodically and
academically in preventing their ideas in policy
makers.
 Mass Advocacy – organized and orchestrated
through large groups like protests
 Media Advocacy – using media as a primary
means to promote a specific cause.
 Health Advocacy – supporting the rights of
patients and improving the community of
people who care about patients.
 Self-Advocacy – notions taken by individuals
to support their own rights
Campaigning in Advocacy
A campaign provides a framework in which
processes of advocacy can be easily developed
and enclosed. Last the design of the campaign, let
the advocacy action meet other activities and
dimensions that go beyond a specific objective of
the advocacy.
*Review Lesson 1 PDF in gclassroom.
Q2 LESSON 2: FORMULATING STATEMENTS
OF OPINIONS OR ASSERTIONS
more or less desirable.
 It argues about something that is moral,
aesthetic, or philosophical. It considers the
merit or advantages of something that is based
on relative judgment
 or it can be used to argue the value of topics
like films, lifestyle, students, or even civic
organizations.
Ex. It’s better to apply good nutritional choices at
home than teach them at school, because good
nutrition then becomes ingrained in the child’s
Claims of Policy
experience.
 It asserts that one course of action is superior
to another.
 It asserts what a reader should do, and what
course of action a reader should take.
 It argues about an actionable topic, which
means the topic is convertible to action.
 It convinces the reader about the merits of one
course of action as opposed to their forces of
action.
 P.s. keyword “should/ should not”
Ex. Just as smoking ads have been banned in
order to decrease the urge to engage in an
unhealthy behavior, soda ads should be banned
for the same reason.
Read Eng. Notebook for additional information.
“I can do all things through Christ who
strengthens me.”
Philippians 4:13

Formulating Opinions or Assertion – p.65

Formulating Claims of Fact – p.191;last paragraph
 Note: Claims of Fact assert whether
something is true or untrue, it argues about a