TYPE 2: COMPARISONS

I. Format of writing
1. Introduction: …
2. Overview: give general ideas (popularity, similarity, contrast)
3. Details
II. Ways to develop ideas in details
1. 1 chart, many subjects in it
2. 2 or more charts, same subjects, sometimes different

Inner-> Outer Outer Inner Inner//Outer

III. Tools for comparison
1. Basic comparison:

*Some phrases to express the level of comparatives (ho tro so sanh

khong bang)
- nowhere near as +Adj/adv+ as= big difference
- not nearly as…….= big difference
- not quite as ……= small difference= almost as…..
2. Advanced comparisons:
a. Noun phrases: not + V + as + Np +as…
Ex: C: sell 500 CDs, B: sell 700 CDs
 C does not sell as many CDs as B, with 500 compared to 700.
 C does not sell as many CDs as B, at 500 and 700 respectively.
Ex: The USA won 48 gold medals, but this was nowhere near as many
medals as China won.
b. Numbercial comparatives:
N1 + be Twice/three There be The number of
+half/twice/three times +as many +twice/3 times N1+V(be)
times + as+Adj+as +S +V+N1 than +as many N1 as half/twice..+
N2 N2 N2. SSh.
Sci-fi films are Twice as many There are twice The number of
only half as men like action as many covid-19 cases
popular as films than students in AN1 in DD was twice
comedies. comedies. as ones in AN2. higher than
ones in BD.

3. Other tools:
a. Describe numbers and percentages
Numbers Percentages
- approximately -10%: a/one tenth; one in ten; one
- about out of ten; one out of every ten
- just over - 20%: a/one fifth; one in five
-nearly/just under - 25%: a quarter
- between … and… - 50% a half
b. Linking devices:
- While/whereas + s+v, s +v
- as opposed to/ compared to + Np
Ex: Just 10% of the first-time buyers said they need a garage, as
opposed to 30% of buyers who said a large kitchen was necessary.
c. Ranking information:
- In the first/second/last place + be N1
- Top/ Bottom of the list + be…
- N1 be ranked first/second/ with + so lieu
- N1 headed the list with + so lieu
- Ranked in the first/second + be + N1
- The most/second most/next most/least popular +be+….
- Next came N2 (câu có đảo ngữ)
Ex: N1 was on top of the list, and next came N2
- This was followed by…

PRACTICE
EX 1
Phan tich:
I. Vocab:
-employment
= jobs (n), work (n), labor (n)
-sector= sphere, field
 career choices
= career preference
- distribution of employment (n)
- job market (n)
- Graduate (n)= bachelor
= finish studying programs
 work, employed, start work= enter work
Pursuit
II. Ideas:
1. Overview:
-SI, MI: 1
- E, PG: 2
2. Details:
- SI: 33% = [MI x 2] ii
- E, PG
- ST, TW
- C= Ox2
-Ch, S
A glance at the chart provided reveals the career choice proportion of bachelors
at Brighton University in 2019.

Overall, it can be seen that Service industries attracted the highest percentage of
workers. Also, while Manufacturing, Education and Politics and Government
stayed at the average rates, the others such as Charity and Sport were the least.

In details, Service industries took up the job market with 33%. This was nearly
twice as preferable as Manufacturing industry, which was ranked second. Next
position came Education, Politics and Governments, with 14.7% and 12.1%
respectively.

However, the number of University-leavers employed by the others was less

popular. Experiencing a roughly similar proportion, just over 7%, Science and
Technology, Transportation and warehousing were chosen next on the list. Twice
as many graduates chose Civil services than not mentioned fields. Being in the
bottom of the job preference was Charity and Sport, with 0.3% and 0.1%.

152 words.

Topic 2:
Danh:
A glance at the chart provided reveals the percentage of commuter cars manufactured by different countries
on the world in 2015.

Overall, it is evident that Greater China and Europe contributed the highest percentage of traveller cars. Also,
while North America, Japan, Korea stayed at the average rates, the others such as Africa and South America
were the least.

Looking at the details, Greater China and Europe lead the way in the contribution of passenger cars, with 26%
and 25% respectively. Came to the third rank, Moreover, some of the cars also created in Japan/Korea and
North America too, going with 19% in North America.

By contrast, the proportion of commuter cars manufactured in South Asia was not popular, just 8% as well as
South America who got half of the percentage of South Asia. In addition, Middle East and Africa were in the
least bottom place that produced cars accounted only 2%.

TA: 6.5 CC: 6 LR:6.5 GA: 6.5  Overall: 6.5

Chi:
A glance at the chart provided reveals the proportion of traveller cars manufactured by different countries on
the world in 2015.
Overall, it can be seen that Greater China and Europe contributed the highest percentage of traveller cars.
Also, while Korea, North America, Japan still remained at medium ratio, the rest such as South America, Africa
were on the bottom.

Looking at the details, Greater China and Europe were the leaders of the contribution of passenger cars, with
26% and 25% respectively. Following the third ranking, some of the cars also manufactured in Japan, Korea
and North America too, going with 19% in North America.

By contrast, the percentage of commuter cars created in South Asia was not popular with 8%, as well as South
America who got half of the percentage of South Asia. What’s more, Middle East, Africa were in the least
place that produced cars reported only 2%.

151 words

Trinh:
A glance at the chart provided reveals that the proportion of traveler cars in the world during 2015.

Overall, It is clear that the number of maximum car production was fabricated in Greater China and Europe
while the Middle East and Africa took up the least.

Looking at the details, the regions of Greater China and Europe lead the way in terms of the contribution of
passenger cars respectively 26 percent and 25 percent. On the contrary, the percentage of passenger cars of
the Middle East and Africa about 2 percent. With the South Asia and South America are twice time as popular
as the Middle East and Africa. Turning to the North America created peak at 19 percent in 2015. The Japanese
and Korean regions have production output reaching 16 percent.

132 words

Dung
A quick glance at the graph provided reveals that the percentage of global traveler car production between 7
countries in 2015

Overall, it is evident that the amount of producing passenger car in Greater China and Europe was... highest
while the proportion of Japan/ Korea and North America were lower than other two countries. Moreover, the
quantity of passenger car production in three countries: South Asia, South America and Middle East/ Africa
were ...lowest.

Look at the details, the Greater China dominated the chart with 26% and the next is Europe with 25%.
Respectively, North America contributed 19% ...and Japan/Korea took up 16% in car producing market.

In the contrary, the figure of commuter car manufacturing in South Asia was only half as high as Japan/ Korea
and the South America with 4% respectively. Finally, the ratio of passenger car production in Middle East/
Africa was the bottom in 2015.

150 words
Trinh
A glance at the chart provided reveals that what make made agrarian( ruộng đất) land less
productive during the 1990s.

Overall, it can be seen that the over- grazing was the main reason that lead led to less
productive agricultural land all over the world. Also, while the other rationale contributed
less than the above causes.

Regarding over grazing, which was the most severe problem, took part in more than a
third of all causes.

Besides, from the chart, it is clear that in 1990, agricultural estate was degraded by the
pretext of deforestation and over- cultivation, which peak was at nearly a third.

On the contrary, the other reasons contributed insignificantly to at/with 7 percent during
1990s.

 Chỉ dùng công cụ xếp hạng và trình số liệu chưa dùng cấu
trúc so sánh đa dạng.

Danh
A glance at the chart provided reveals the percentage of some factors that
negatively affect the productivity of farming lands around the globe in 1990.
Overall, it is evident that the main reason for land degradation is due to over-
grazing and deforestation. Also, while over-cultivation stayed at the average
rates, the rest factors were the least.

Looking at the details, (that /c2) the world lost green pastures fertility of
agricultural areas, which(c1) mainly came from over-grazing and
deforestation, with 35% and 30% respectively.

(that+S+V= mệnh đề danh từ)

Came to the third rank; the proportion of over-cultivation contributed to the

land/soil degradation going with 28%.

By contrast, the other made almost no contribution to degrated/ Depleted/

Infertile farmland accounted only a quarter of over-cultivation.

Jimin
A glance at the graph provided reveals the reasons of negative
transformation of agricultural land/areas in the world became poverty in
1990s.

Poor land= Infertile.

Overall, it is evident that the over- grazing, deforestation and over- cultivation
are were the main reasons of less productive agricultural land while the other
motive just took up a few percent.

Looking at the details, as for the under-grazing, the ratio of this problem were
was the highest with 35%, and the next were/ was deforestation which
contributed 30%. Followed by the over- farming with 28%, only 2% behind
agriculture. Following this, the over-farming was only 2% behind/ fewer.

However, the number of the other were the least/stayed at the bottom. The
percentage of this factor which caused the land degradation just occupied
7%.
Finally, we could see that the main reason made makibg cultivated lands
became/ become less productive are the over-grazing and deforestation. If we
dont have solution for it, it will make the agricultural land became worse and
worse.

CHI
A glance at the pie chart provided revealed that the main causes of
farmed land of manufacture decreased /………in the 1900s.
Overall, over-grazing and forest damage were the main reasons of
reducing land production fertility in the world. Also, While the
percentage of other factor were the least.
It can be see that over- Grazing took up the percentage of destroying
land market with 35% which occupied the most. The second rank is was
deforestation. It has was not quite as much as Over-pasturing, that which
made up 30%.
Besides that, the percentage of over-cultivation wasn’t was not treated
as second fiddle . It was responsible for the degradation of 28% of land in
the world. However, the other factor was contributed not nearly as much
as three reasons were said.
All in all, The ratio of over-grazing, deforestation and over cultivation was
were equivalent, with 35%,30% and 28% respectively.