w'fmd'i' ^idudkH fm<& 2015 isg ls%hd;auljk kj ks¾foaYh

10 fY%aKsh

kdgH yd
rx. l,dj
w;HjYH igyka - m<uq jdrh

f;audj msgq wxlh

1' kdgHh hkq l=ula o@ 2
2' wfkl=;a l,djka w;r kdgH l,dfõ úfYaI;d y÷kd .ksuq' 3
3' kD;a;" kD;H yd kdgH 3
4' p,kh yd wNHdi 5
5' ldhsl yd udkisl tald.%;dj - wNHdi 6
6' laIKsl ;SrK .ekSfï yd ls%hd lsÍfï yelshdj 7
7' ks¾udKd;aul ksrEmKfhys fofouq' ^iduQysl$flaj, pß; ksrEmK& 9
8' Yajik $ yqiau .ekSfï wNHdi 10
9' ixfõok wNHdi 11
10' YsÓ,lrK wNHdi 13
11' Ñ;a; tald.%;dj we;s lrk wNHdi 14
12' lgy`v wNHdi 15
13' kdgH .S; 16
14' Y%S ,dxflah ixialD;sh yd kdgH l,dj
- my; rg Ydka;s l¾uj, yuqjk kdgHuh ,laIK y÷kd .ksuq' 18 - 21
^rg hl=u" ikaks hl=u" iQkshï hd.h&
15' YS% ,dxflah kdgH l,dfõ m%.ukhg odhl jQ kdgHlrefjda - 22 - 26
^foaYSh kdgH l,dfõ mqfrda.dó kdgHlrejka y÷kd .ksuq&
fykaß chfiak" ihsuka kj.;af;a.u" nkaOq, chj¾Ok"
iq.;md, o is,ajd" mrdl%u ksßwe,a,

iuSr ksYaYxl 0772805550 ^sameenis@gmail.com&

1
 kdgHh hkq l=ula o@

Drama hkqfjka bx.%Sisfhka ye¢kafjk jpkh —Dromenon˜ fyda Dran (To do) hk ,;ska
jpkfhka ìys jQjls' tys w¾:h jkafka wNskh u.ska lsishï l%shdjla fyda iajNdjhla fyda
ksrEmKh lr fmkaùu hs'

kdgHhla hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka fõÈldjla u; isÿjk fohla jqj o kdgH msgm;g o kdgH hk
jpkh Ndú; lrk wjia:d we;' wo fmd;a idmamqjlska —ukfï kdgHh˜ fyda —úlD;s kdgHh˜
ñ,§ .; yelsh' fj<| fmdf,ka ck l;djla" kjl;djla" m%nkaOhla fyda i;H l;djla fukau
kdgH msgm;la o ñ,§ f.k wmg ri ú¢h yelsh'

l;dkaorhlska kdgHhla fjkia jkafka flfia o@

l;djla lshkakd isÿjQ foa úia;r lrhs' ke;fyd;a ,shd ;sfnk l;djla lshjkakd isÿjQfha
l=ula±hs ±k .kS' l;d lrejdg hï wruqKla ;sìh yelsh' l;dj ri ú¢kakd ;=< pu;aldrh we;s
lsÍfï ydialula idys;H l;d l,djg o we;' l;dkaorhla hkq lshjd iy wid ri ú`§ug ;sfnk
isoaê ud,djla iys;" we;eï úg ixjdo we;=<;a §¾> l;d mqj;la iys; jQjls'

kdgHhla hkq úfYaIfhka f;dard .;a wjia:djla fyda isoaêhla f;aud lr .;a ixjdo we;=<;a"
m%n, fm<la iys; j krUd ri ú`§ug ;sfnkakls' oDYH l,djla f,i kdgH y÷kajkafka
tneúks'

kdgHhl we;=<;a isoaê ud,dj wkqms<sfj<ska f.dv kexùu wkjYH h' kdgHhl l;d jia;=fõ
úldYh flá ld,Sk úh hq;= fõ' kdgHhla hkq u;=msáka fmfkk w¾:hg jvd jHx.Hfhka
we`.fjk há fm<la iys; j fm%alaIlhdg rihla iy Ôú;djfndaOhla ,nd fokakls'

th fufia o j.=.; l< yelsh'

l;dkaorh fõÈld kdgHh
lshjd fyda wid ri ú¢h yel' rÕ±laùug" n,d ri ú£ug ;sfnkakls'
isoaê ud,djla we; isoaê ud,djla we;'
uq," ueo" w. iys; isoaê ud,djla we; isoaê ud,dj wkq ms<sfj,ska ;sîu wjYH ke;'
ixjdo we; ixjdo we;" tajd b;d m%n, úh hq;= h'
l;d jia;=fõ úldYkh §¾> úh yelsh úfYaIfhka f;dard.;a l;d jia;=jla úh hq;=h'
.egqï wjia:d we;' .egqï wjia:d we;'
tla mqoa.,fhl=f.a ks¾udKhla úh yelsh' iduQysl m%h;akhl m%;sM,hls'
l;d msgm;la we;' rx. úOdk iys; rÕ±laùug iqÿiq msgm;ls'
Y%djlhd fyda mdGlhd úiska ri ú¢ hs fm%alaIlhd úiska ri ú¢ hs'

kdgH l,dj ms<sn| úoaj;=kaf.a woyia

—f,dalfha meje;au wkqlrKh lsÍu kdgHh hs'˜ - Nr;uqKs

—kdgH jQ l,S lsishï ld¾hhla wkqlrKh lsÍu'˜ h' - weßiafgdag,a
—kdgHh hkq Ôúf;ka fm;a;ls'˜ - n¾kdâ fIda
—kdgHlrejd Ôú;hg levm;la w,a,hs'˜ - fYalaiamsh¾

—kdgH jkdys flfkl=f.a isf;ys my< jkakdjQ ks¾udK m%mxphls'

th jpkh Tiafia ixjdo njg fm/<S" k¿ks<shka yd fiiq l,d udOH j,
ixl,Kfhka" rx.N+ñhla u; Ôjh ,nhs'˜
- uydpd¾h we,¾vhska ksfld,a

2
 wfkl=;a l,djka w;r kdgH l,dfõ úfYaI;d y÷kd .ksuq'

kdgH l,dj wfkl=;a l,djkaf.ka fjkia jkafka flfia o@

uq,a ld,Skj frÈ. iudcfha wOHdmkh f,i .efkkafka l,dj b.ekaùuhs' igka l,dj" Okq
Ys,amh" fõo Ydia;%h wdÈ jYfhka l,d" Ys,am" Ydia;% iQieg l,d kñka y÷kajd ;sfí' ^tjeks
l,djka 64la ms<sn|j lshefõ&
Ñ;%" uQ¾;s" leghï jeks ±lSfuka muKla ri ú¢h yels udOH —oDYH l,d˜ ^Visual arts& jYfhka
o" .=jka úÿ,sh" .S; l,dj wdÈ Y%jkh lsÍfuka muKla ri j¢k udOH —Y%jH l,d˜ ^Auditory&
jYfhak o" Ñ;%mg" rEmjdyskS kdgH" nef,a" uqød kdgH" Tfmrd" ldgqka hkd§ weiSfuka yd
ne,Sfuka hk foflkau ri ú¢h yels udOH" —Y%jH oDYH˜ udOHhka ^Audio-visual& jYfhka o
ie,lsh yels h' ta ta l,d udOHhkag iqúfYaI ,laIK we;'
oDYH iy m%dix.sl l,d ^Visual arts & Performing arts& jYfhka l,d udOHh fjku y`ÿkd .;
yelsh'
nef,a" uqød kdgH" Tfmrd" rElv l,dj" ix.S; m%ix." k¾;k m%ix." ueðla ikao¾Yk" i¾lia
ikao¾Yk" wdÈ ikao¾Yk l,d udOH m%dix.sl l,d j,g WodyrK f,i fmkajd Èh yels h'
kdgH l,dfjys olsk iÔù nj" rx. ld,fha iy wjldY Ndú;fhys iSud iys; nj" fõÈldj u;
rEmKh l< yels foa muKla f;dard .ekSu" Ñ;%" ix.S;h" k¾;kh jeks l,d udOHhka kdgHh
yd odhl lr .ekSu" iDcq fm%alaIl m%;spdr ,eîu" il%Sh fm%alaIl iyNd.s;ajh" kej; kej;;a
ks¾udKh fjkia l< yelsùu" tla fõ,djl tla ia:dkhl muKla m%o¾Ykh ùu" iEu o¾Yk
jdrhlu kdgH ksIamdokhg odhl jQ msßia m%;s,dN ,eîu" .nvd lr ;nd .; fkdyels ùu jeks
lreKq ksid kdgH l,dj fïjd w;r úfYaI;ajhla .kS'
Ñ;%mgh yd fõÈld kdgH w;r iudk yd wiudk ,laIK fm<.iajd we;s whqre n,kak'
iskudj fõÈld kdgHh
1 Odjk ld,h meh 1 fyda 2 lg iSud fõ' rx. ld,h meh 1 fyda 2 lg iSud fõ'
2 pß; ksrEmK" ixjdo" .egqï wia:d we;' pß; ksrEmK" ixjdo" .egqï wia:d we;
3 rx. jia;%dNrK" wx.rpkd wdÈh Ndú; fõ' rx. jia;%dNrK" wx.rpkd wdÈh Ndú; fõ'
4 ;sr msgm;la wkqj wOHlaIKh flf¾' kdgH msgm;la wkqj wOHlaIKh flf¾'
5 oDYH m%fhda." leurd m%fhda. Ndú; fõ' fõÈldj u; o rEmK m%fhda. Ndú; fõ'
6 isoaê $wjia: yels;dla we;=<;a l< yelsh' isoaê$wjia:d fuka u pß; o iSñ; úh hq;= h'
7 isÿùu isÿjk ld,h yd ia:dk nyq, h' ld,h yd ia:dk iSud iys; h'
8 o¾Yk wjia:d f,i ixialrKh lr we;' kdgHfha wxl f,i bÈßm;a flf¾'
9 miq;, t<suyfka fyda Ñ;%d.drj, ksuefõ' fõÈldjla u; miq;, ks¾udKh flf¾'
10 iskud mgh .nvdlr ;nd .; yelsh' tfia l< fkdyel' kdgHhla iÔùj isÿfõ'

kD;a;" kD;H yd kdgH

ixp,kh - k¾;kh - kdgHh hkqfjka uQ,slj ú.%y l< yels jpk ;=kla we;' fuu jpk neÆ
ne,aug t;rï fjkila we;s njla fkdfmfka' ls%ia;= mq¾j ;=kajeks ishjfia muK rÑ; kdgH
l,dfõ uQ,.%Ka:hla fia ie,flk Nr; uqKsjrhdf.a —kdgH Ydia;%h˜ ys fuu f;jeoEreï —/Õ=ï
úfYaI˜ .ek ukdj ú.%ylr we;' —kD;a˜ fyda —kܘ hk uQ, Od;=fjka fuu mo ;=k u ìys ù
we;;a" tajdfha w¾: tlsfkflka fjkia h' ta .ek meyeÈ,s lr .ksuq'

—kD;a;˜ hkq wx. úlafIam Ndú; lrk" ßoauhdkql+, yd fYdaNudk oDYH rEmhla iys; ;d,dkaú;
kegquls' tys we;af;a k¾;khla muKs' kD;a; j, lsisÿ w¾:hla fyda yeÕSï m%ldYkhla
fkd±lafjk w;r" ta i`oyd ,S fl<s" l,f.ä kegqï jeks k¾;kdx. ksoiqka f,i ie,lsh yels
h' my; wjia:dj Tng yqre mqreÿ ±hs n,kak'
3
 tl .ilska ,S hhla lmd f.k - tl Wi we;s ifofkla f;dard f.k
.=reka w;g § ,S fnojdf.k - wmska fl<suq ,S foms< fn§ f.k
;dk ;kd ;ïfo kd ;ïfo ;ïfo kd kd - ;;k ;kd ;ïfo kd ;ïfo kd kd$$

fnda w;a;g je| isri kukafka - wdmiaig je| uqk fmr,kafka

ta me;af;a b| wm yuqjkafka - fnda m;a;sks ug wjir fokafka

br foúhkaf.a br ., .djd - i| foúhkaf.a i| ., .djd

m;a;sks foú÷f. fldaú, .djd - wms;a fl<suq ,S in ueo fndajd

—kD;H˜ hkq rx.k u.ska lsishï w¾:hla fyda Ndjhla ±lafjk ;d,dkaú; k¾;kdx.hls fuys §
wdx.sl" id;a;aúl fuka u wdyd¾h wNskh Ndú; fõ' ksoiqka jYfhka Nr; kdgHï yS rdOd
l%sIaKd" Ysj md¾j;S" rdud iS;d ksrEmKh flfrk k¾;k ú,dihka ±laúh yels h' uqød kdgHh
wh;a jkafka o kD;H wx.hka hg;g h'

kD;H wx. iajdëkj yuq fkdjqk o wmf.a Ydka;s l¾u ;=< wvx.= hï hï rÕmEï wjia:d
fnfyúka ±lsh yelsh' yskaÿ foaj mqrdK ^foújrekaf.a l;dkaor& weiqßka ìysjQ kD;Hdx.
miqld,Skj kdgH njg j¾Okh úh' fou< ckhd w;r m%p,s; l+;a;= kue;s kdgH úfYaIh tla
WodyrKhls' oUÈj isg ,xldjg f.kd kQ¾;s kue;s kdgH úfYaIh o kD;H hk jpkfhka ìysjQ
nj lsh fõ'

—kdgHh˜ i`oyd i;r wNskh u fhdod .efka' lsishï l;d mqj;la" isÿùula fyda wjia:djla
kdgHhla i|yd mdol lr .kakd w;r" kdgHhla hkq wmQ¾j wjia:djka f.ka hq;= j uq," ueo" w.
iys;j f.dkq fldg we;s" wdkqIx.sl l,djkaf.a ixl,kfhka" úúO ia:dkj, §¾> ld,hla
;siafia isÿjkakd jQ foa tla ia:dkhl iïmsKavkh lr olajkakla f,i ye¢kaúh yel'

^w¾:h fyda rih fma%laIlhka fj; f.k hk udOH wNskh hkqfjka ye¢ka fõ' wdx.sl wNskh"
id;aúl wNskh" wdyd¾h wNskh yd jdÑl wNskh hkqfjka wNskh i;r wdldr fõ' tajd i;r
wNskh kñka ye¢kafõ&
m%fNaoh wdx.sl wNskh wdyd¾h wNskh id;aúl wNskh jdÑl wNskh
1 kD;a;    
2 kD;H    
3 kdgHh    

i;r wNskh hkq l=ula±hs fláfhka úuid n,uq'

wNskh - ^wNs ¬ ks& hkq bÈßhg f.k yer mEu hs' wNskfhka hula bÈßhg f.k hhs' bÈßhg
f.k hkafka fudkjd o@ kdgHfhka lshefjk m%jD;a;sh l/ fmkaúh hq;a;ls' iEu wjia:djla u
m%ldYkh lsÍug k¿jdg isÿfjhs' ksoiqkla f,i —kß nEKd˜ njg m;ajk k¿jdg wjidkh
olajd u ck l;dfõ i|yka mßÈ tu pß;fha iajNdjh fm%alaIlhd bÈßhg f.k taug isÿ fõ'
fufia n,k l," kdgH fm<l wka;¾.;h krUkakd fj; meñKùug fhdod .kakd udOHh
wNskh f,i ye¢ka fõ' th ud¾. y;rls'
1' wdx.sl wNskh
k¿fjl=f.a w; mh" ysi l| wdÈ wx. j, p,kh" yd hdï - Bï j,ska fndfyda woyia
m%ldY fjhs' k¿fjl=f.a wx. m%;Hdx. fufyhjd hï yeÕSula" woyila lshd mEu wdx.sl
wNskh hs' ke;fyd;a" hï pß;hlg iudfrdamh ùfuka yd tu pß;h ;=< Ôj;a ùfuka
k¿jd ;=< bfí we;sjk yeisÍu wdx.sl wNskhhs' yia; uqød wÈh o wdx.sl wNskhg wh;a
h' ^idïm%odhsl N¾; kdgHï ys ta i|yd iïu; uqød ±lsh yel&'

2' jdÑl wNskh

ixjdo" fonia" .S;" lú fyda isxÿ wdÈ jpk u.ska rx.khg yd úúO wjia:djkg .e<fmk
mßÈ ,h yd iajr yiqrejñka flfrk lgy~ Ndú;h fuhg wh;a fõ' ixjdo iy .dhk
wkqidrfhka woyia m%ldY lsÍu jdÑl wNskh kï fõ' k¿jdf.a lgy~ kdgHfha l;dj
bÈßhg f.khdug fuka u kdgHfha wjia:d ;Sj% lrkq msKsi fnfyúka WmldÍ fõ'
tneúka k¿fjl=g jdÑl wNskh i|yd úfYaIfhka lvy~ mqyqKq lsÍug isÿfõ'
4
3' id;aúl wNskh
lsishï ne?reï wjia:djlg uqyqK ÿkaúg ish md,kfhka f;drj isÿjk m%;sl%shd
ksrEmKh lsÍu id;a;aúl wNskh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' w; mh oro`vq ùu" we`. .eiau" oyÈh
oeóu" l÷¿ bkSu" f,duq oeye .ekaùu" lgy`v fjkiaùu" isref¾ meyeh fjkiaùu"
isyske;sùu hk fïjd id;a;aúl ksrEmKfha § isÿfõ' fulS wNskh r`. olajd fmkaùu
wmyiq fyhska" pß;h ;=< tlS fjkiaùu isÿjk nj k¿jd jpkj,ska fyda fjk;a
l%uhlska m%ldY l< hq;= fõ'
id;aúl wNskfha § jeo.;a u wx.h jkafka uqyqKhs' i;=g" ìh" ,eÊcdj" wdorh" lreKdj"
.=ma; nj jeks Ñ;a; iajNdjhka wka whg ksrEmKh lr ±laùug wmg we;s n,j;au wx.h
uqyqK h' uqyqfKka woyia m%ldY lsÍu o id;aúl wNskhg wh;a h'
4' wdyd¾h wNskh
zisxy ndyqZ kdglfha k¿jdg ñksia iajrEmfhka fmkS isáh fkdyelsh' flair" ksh" o;a"
fr!ø nj ksrEmKh jk wdldrhg fjia j,d .ekSfï § Bg .e<fmk rx. jia;%dNrK"
wx. rpkh" wdÈh ukd f,i fhdod .ekSug isÿfõ' th ;j;a u;=fldg fmkaùug ix.S;h"
wdf,dalh" miq;, o¾Yk" wdÈh o jeo.;a fõ' wdyd¾h wNskh hkq rx. N+ñfha msg; isg
f.k tkq ,nk foaj,a h' fmr lS wNsk ;=ku k¿jd ;=< ;sfí' y;r jk wNskh k¿jdg
msgia;rj iemfha' fï ish,af,ka isÿjkafka kdgHfha woyi bÈßhg f.k hduhs'
fõI N+IK ^we÷ï me<÷ï& wx. rpkh" kdfgHdamlrK" miq;," ;sr" Ñ;% jia;%" rx.
wdf,dalh" ix.S;h wdÈ ish¨u wdkqYx. wdyd¾h wNskh g wh;a h'
^wx. hkq (- ysi" w;a" mmqj" Wl=<" fomd¾Yajh" mdo wdÈh o" m%;Hx. hkq (- fn,a," Wrysi"
ndyq" ueKslalgqj" j<¨lr" je,ñg" l,jd" oKysi wdÈh o" Wmdx. hkq (- weia" weia msydgq"
weiafnda," weysneu" lïuq," kdih" ylal" o;a" Èj" kslg" Wvqf;d, yd háf;d, o fõ&'

p,kh
iajdNdúl p,k" ks¾ñ; p,k yd ;d,dkql+, p,k jYfhka rEmkfha § p,kh wdldr 3lska
y÷kd .; yels h' fuu p,khka ms<sn|j jvd ksrjq,a wjfndaOhla .ekSu i|yd my; ±lafjk
rx. wNHdi ^Theatre Exercise& ksßlaIKh lruq'

rx. wNHdi j,§ fuu lreKq flfrys ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'

fïi mqgqj,ska f;dr mka;s ldurh fyda ksoyia wjldYhla iys; ia:dkhla f;dard.; hq;= h'
wNHdi i|yd mdjyka .,jd meñKsh hq;= h' rx. wNHdi lsÍug iqÿiq we`ÿulska ieriSu jvd;a
iqÿiq h' ta i|yd .=rejrhd f.a Wmfoia we;sj myiq" iqÿiq we÷ula f.k tAug l,ska ojfia ie<iqï
l< hq;= h'

p,k wNHdi
wNHdih 1 ( ^p,khka& isÿ lrk wdldrh
ish¨ u <uqka .=rejrhdf.a fufyhùu hgf;a" ysia wjldYh ;=< ksoyfia ta fï w; weúo hkak'
lsisÿ <ufhl= l;dny lsÍu" tlsfkld w;r wjOdkhla ±laùu yd úys¿ ;y¿ lsÍu iïmQ¾Kfhka
u je<lS isàug j.n,d .; hq;= h' fuys § tlsfkldf.a YÍrfhys fkd.eà wjldYfhys iEu w;
u weúÈh hq;= h' ^wjldYfha ysia ;eka we;s fkdjk mßÈ&

tfia weúÈk w;r .=rejrhd úiska w;amqählska fyda k<djlska ix{djla ÿka úg jdä ùu" Wv
mekSu" kej; weú§u jeks p,k ksoyfia lsÍug Tng isÿ fõ'

fufyhjk .=re;=ud" ish¨ u isiqka tla úOdkhlska kj;ajd iu fia lKavdhï follg fnokq
we;' tla lKavdhula jfÜg isg f.k n,d isák w;r wfkla ish¨ fokd fmr fia u weú§'
miqj wfkla lKavdhu weúÈk w;r wfkla ish¨ fokd jfÜ isg ksÍlaIKh lr;s'
5
tÈfkod Ôú;fha § wdhdihlska f;dr j wm úiska lrkq ,nk weú§u jeks p,khka iajdNdúl
p,k kñka ye`Èka fõ'

wNHdih 2 ( fjia ujk md,u

B,Õ mshjf¾ § isiqka ish¨ u fokd Yd,dfõ tla mfilg .kakd w;r" ñka bÈßhg hï
ie<eiaula ufkdafuka is;d .ekSug isÿfõ' tkï" isiqka bÈßfha we;af;a wä 5la muK m<,
md,ula nj;a tla isiqjd ne.ska tu md,fuka tf.dv úh hq;= nj;a" tfy;a tu md,fuka tf;r
úh yelafla ;udf.a iajdNdúl .uka ;d,hg fkdj" fjk;a l=uk fyda .uka ;d,hlg nj;a"
.=rjrhd ±kqï fohs' ^fydfrla" ìhiq¿ mqoa.,fhla" ud¨ fjf<kafola wdÈ'''& fuys § tla whl=
wkq.ukh l< l%uh fjk;a lsisjl=g l< fkdyelsh' tu .uka ;d, ish,a, ks¾ñ; p,k fõ'

ks¾ñ; p,khla isÿ lsÍfï § ;u mßl,amKhka tl;= l< hq;= h'

wNHdih 3 ( yevjev .uk

ó <`.g ixhqla; ;eáhlska fyda Yío úldYkhlska hï jdokhla wefia' thska wefik ix.S;
LKavh ri ú`Èkak' tys ;d,h y`ÿkd .kak' ±ka tu ix.S;fha ;d,hg wkqj wjldYfhys
weúÈkak' î*a ''' î*a ''' î*a ''' y`vla ksl=;a fjhs kï frdfnda hka;%hla ^ñksfila& f,i ;d,dkql+,
j w;a" md we;=¿ YÍrh p,kh lrúh yels h' ix.S; LKavh ksud j;a u ;d,dkql+, bÈßm;a lsÍu
kj;ajkak'

lsis hï rgdjlg wkqj lrkq ,nk p,k ;d,dkql+, p,k fõ'

tÈfkod Ôú;fha § wdhdihlska f;dr j isÿ lrk p,khka iajNdúl p,k nj;a" ;udf.a
mßl,amk Yla;sh fufyhjd W;amdokh lrk p,k rgd ks¾ñ; p,k nj ;a" ksYaÑ; ^.Ks;uh&
rgdjlg wkqj fnod fjka l< l%uhlg wkqj lrkq ,nk p,k ;d,dkql+, p,k nj ;a y`ÿkd
.ekSug Tng yelsh

ks¾ñ; p,k rEmK ld¾hfha § b;d u jeo.;a fõ' ks¾ñ; p,k iy ;d,dkql+, p,k u.ska
woyia m%ldY lsÍu isÿfõ'

wu;r ±kqu i|yd (

kdgH l,dj weiqf¾ iq,Nj Ndú; jk bx.S%is fhÿï ;=kla .ek fláfhka ±k.ksuq' tajd kï"

Motion - ^fudaIka& zp,khZ" idudkHfhka isÿjk p,khhs'

Kinesthetic - ^lhskaia;ála& pd,l úkaokh hkq k¿jdf.a p,kh weiqßka tu p,k rgd uq,a
lr .ksñka fm%alaIlhd ;=< we;s jk ri úkaokhhs' kdgHfha § fuka u k¾;kfha
§ o p,kh uQ,sl lrf.k fuu ls%hdj,sh isÿfõ'

Movement - ^uQukaÜ& ixp,kh hkq p,k lSmhla weiqßka hï woyila ksrEmKh lsÍuhs' ldhsl
m%ldYkh fkdfyd;a YÍr NdIKh ^Body Language& yd iïnkaO ls%hdj,shls'
ixp,kh jkdys kdgHfha uQ,sl wx.h hs'

ldhsl yd udkisl tald.%;dj

uki yd lh w;r iïnkaO;dj we;s lr .ekSug kï Ñ;a; tald.%;djla wjYH fõ' udkisl
tald.%;dj ;sfnk úg hula wjfndaO lr .ekSug myiq h' rEmK ld¾hfha § udkisl tald.%;dj
b;u;a u wjYH fohls' k¿jdg uki tla ;eka lr.; fkdyels kï ish rx. ld¾hh lsis fia;a
u l< fkdyel'

6
rx. wNHdi u.ska YÍrh iy uki ieye,a¨ lr .; yelsh' tfia uki iy isrer tald.% lr .;
yels wNHdihla lrk wdldrh my; ±la fõ'

fyd`Èka bvlv we;s ysia wjldYhla f;dard .kak' ish¨ isiqka ieye,a¨ we`ÿulska ieriS isáh hq;=
h' jD;a;dldr yevhlg isg .kak' tys ueo .=rejrhd isáhs' uq,ska u wdYajdi m%Yajdi wNHdihka
lrkq ,efí'

ish¨ isiqka f.a ol=Kq mdoh ok ysiska kjd jï

mdofhys iam¾Y jk fia ;nd .; hq;=h' ±ka úYd,
yqiaula by<g .kakd .uka oE;a ysig by<ska isák
fia tiúh hq;=h' kej; yqiau msg lrk .uka oE;a
iy mdoh fiñka my<g f.k tkak' .=rejrhd f.a
úOdkhg wkqj l%udkql+, j fufia lsysm jdrhla
lrkak' mdo udre lr th kej; kej; lrkak'
uki iy Yßrh tla wruqKlg m;a jQ úg fuh
myiqfjka l< yels h'

ish¨ u fokd ksy`v j wjldYh mqrd weúÈkak' Yío úldYk WmlrKhlska fmryerl y`vla
wefikakg i<iajhs' .=rejrhd f.a úOdkh fuys § wjYH fõ' zz±ka Tn iEu fokdg u fmryrl
y`vla wefikjd' fmryf¾ úúO wx. ;sfnkjd' Tkak ±ka Tn bÈßfhka fmryr .uka lrkjd'
fmryf¾ leu;s fldgilg Tn;a tl;= fjkjd' ;uka tl;= jQ wx.hg wod< j ;d,hlg wkqj
ßoauhdkql+, f,i ksrEmKhlska Tn fmryf¾ .uka lrkjd' hkqfjka .=rejrhd mji hs' Tn ta
wkqj wNskh olajñka .uka l< hq;=h' ±ka kej;;a ^wNHdih ksud lrkak'& ksoyfia weúÈkak'
l< oE ms<sn`o j idlÉPd lrkak'

wjfndaOh i|yd my; lreKq m%fhdackhg .kak (

• udkisl tald.%;dj hkq wkjYH is;=ú,s j,ska je,lS tla fohla ms<sn|j wjOdkh
mQ¾K f,i fhoùu hs'
• udkisl tald.%;dj u.ska YÍrh md,kh fõ' jeä yelshdjlska hula l< yels fõ'
• udkisl yd ldhsl tald.%;dj ,nd .ekSu iEu fohl g u b;d jeo.;a fõ'
• rEmK ld¾hh i`oyd udkisl yd YdÍßl wNHdi w;HdjYH fõ'

laIKsl ;SrK .ekSfï yd ls%hd lsÍfï yelshdj

mx;s ldurh ;=< <ufhl= la,dka; ù jegqfKd;a l=ula isÿ fõo@ iuyre;a l,n, fõ' iuyreka
ìhg m;a fõ' iuyreka úi÷ï fiùug bÈßm;a fõ' ;j;a iuyreka lsisjla lr.; fkdyelsj
n,d isá hs'

yÈis wjia:djl isÿ úh hq;af;a läkñka is;d n,d Bg wjYH úi÷u läkñka .ekSu hs'
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQ fudfyd;l hula isÿjQ úg laIKsl j l%shd;aul úh yels wdldr nyq, h'
tla tla wjia:dj, § l%shd;aul jk wdldrhka o úúO fõ' wjYH jkafka iQodkñka isàuhs'

rEmKfha fhfok k¿fjl=g laIKslj ;SrK .ekSu yd laIKslj l%shd;aul ùu w;HdjYH fohls'
fõÈldj u; isák k¿jd ks;ru iQodkñka isàu jeo.;a h' fuu l=i<;dj j¾Okh lr .ekSug
wNHdi fukau rx. lS%vd ^Theatre Game& /ila we;' tfia úfYaIdldrfhka f;dard.;a lS%vd lSmhla
my; ±la fõ'

rx. l%Svdj 1 ( - kdhlhd fiùu

mka;sfha isiqka bvlv iys; ia:dkhlg hkak' .=rjrhd ueÈlrf.k isiqka rjqug isg.kak'
.=rejrhd úiska tla isiqfjla tu ia:dkfhka uola bj;g f.k hdug ;j;a isiqfjl=g mjrkq
,nhs' Tjqka fkdfmkS .sh miq' lKavdhfï isák msßi w;ßka kdhlfhl= m;a lr .ks hs'
kdhlhd úiska olajk brhõj rjqfï isák wfkla wh wkqlrKh l< hq;= fõ' kdhlhd ysi
lihs kï" ish¨ msßi Tyqg wkqj tA bßhõju olajñka ysia lihs' fuys§ ie<lsh hq;= uQ,sl lreK

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kï ;ud iu. rjqfï isák kdhlhd foi lsisjl= tl jr fkdne,Suhs' kdhlhd ljq±hs y÷kd
.ekSu bj;g .sh YsIHdg mejfrkd lghq;a;ls' kdhlhd fiùug msßi iyh fkd±laúh hq;=h'
rjqfï ueog meñfKk fidhkakd' tla tla wh lrk bßhõj foi ksßlaIKh lr hs' fidhkakdg
kdhlhd wkqudk l< yelsh' wkqudk lsÍug wjia:d ;=kla ysñ fõ f;jk wjia:djg miq y÷kd
.ekSu wjika lr kdhlhdg Èkqu ,nd foa' hï f,ilska kdhlhd merÿfkd;a' fidhkakl= f,i
kej; bÈßm;a úh hq;=h' fidhkakd rjqug tl;= fõ' lSm jrla lS%vdj l< yelsh'

rx. l%Svdj 2( - fudrd iy ¥m;a

isiqka ksoyia t<suyka m%foaYhlg hkak' fõÈldj jqj o m%fhdackhg .; yels h'

m;a;r msgq fyda >k lvodis lSmhla fyda bá frÈ len,s lSmhla f.k iSud kï lrk ,o
m%foaYhl wms<sfj<g t< .kak'



• kï lrk ,o m%foaYh uqyqo fia i,lkak' t,k ,o m;a;r msgq l=vd ¥m;a fia i,lkak'
• ¥m;aj,g wäh fkd;nd uqyqÿ c,fha iEu fokdu mdù mdù hk wdldrhg úúO Èid Tiafia
.uka lsÍug wjia:dj ,efí' ^<uhska uqyqÿ c,fha mdù hk ñksiqka msßila nj
wjOdrKh flf¾&
• uqyqÿ iSudjg msg;ska fudarl= fia tla <ufhla /`§ isà'
• k,djla kdo jQ ú.i fudard ñksiqka ^YsIHhska& lEug meñfKk nj okajkak'
• fudard meñfKk úg ^ñksiqkag& YsIHhskag ¥m;g f.dv ùug yelshdj we;'
• fudard uqyqÿ iSudjg we;=¿ ù ñksiqka fidhd lEug iQodkï ù isà' ^ñksiqka f,i YsIHhska&
• fudard meñK iam¾Y l< úg fudard lEjd fia i,ld uqyqÿ iSudfjka bj;a úh hq;= h'
• fudard tla jrla lk úg tla ¥m;la uola hgfjhs' ^tla m;a;r msgqjla folg kjkak& tfia u
tl jrlg tl m;a;r msgla whska lrkak'
• hï wfhl=f.a ll=,la fyda m;a;r msgqfjka bj;g .Eù ;sfnk úg tu YsIHhd ;r.fhka bj;a
úh hq;=h'
• fï wdldrhg m;a;r msgqj kjñka ¥m;g f.dv jeÈh yels m%udKh wvq flf¾'
• m;a;r msgq bj;a lrñka l%Svdj bÈßhh lrf.k hhs'
• fudarl= tla jrla ñksiqka lE úg Tyq o ;r.fhka bj;a fõ' tfy;a lEug ,la jQ fjk;a
<uhl= B <`. fudard fjhs'
• fuys § lE .id Yío fkdlr ¥m;g f.dv úh hq;= h' lE .eiqjfyd;a ta wi,g fudard meñK
ta ñksid lhs'
• fuys § wjOdkfhka k,d y`vg wjOdrKh lrk <uhd wjidkfha ch .kS'
• l%Svdj wjidkfha 8 g muK kjk m;a;r msgla iu. <ufhl= ch .kS'
• fuu l%Svdj wjidkfha b;sßjk orefjda ch.%dylfhda fj;s'
• b;sß jQ YsIHhd ch.%dyS YsIHhd h'
• Tyq ;=< ;snQ laIKsl ;SrK .ekSfï yelshdj wjOdkh ch.%dyS b,lalh lrd hdfï .=Kh
nj is;g .kak'
8
fuu l%Svd j,ska w;ajk m%fhdack (
• iduQysl;ajh j¾Okh fõ'
• laIKsl ;SrK .ekSfï yelshdj yd laIKslj ls%hd lsÍfï yelshdj j¾Okh fõ'
• ch.%dyS b,lalh lrd hdug W;aidy lsÍu yd ;r.ldÍ;ajh ksid i;=gla we;sfõ' wd;au
úYajdih j¾Okh fõ'
• ch mrdch ú`o ord .ekSug yqre fõ' ifydaor;ajh j¾Okh fõ'
• wjOdkh" wjodku yd Y%jKh ms<sn`o ie,ls,su;a ùu ksid fm!reI j¾Okhg o fya;=fõ'

rx. lS%vd f,i l< yels ;j;a lS%vd lSmhla

• wdvq iy ùvq • wxl wkqj isiqka lKavdhï ùfï l%Svdj
• ófuda iy ófhda • nfgda" ng nfgda" nfgda fgdaia
• lS%vdj o¾mK lS%vdj • Èh" f.dv iy wyi g mekSfï
• Sip – Sap - Sop • f,akaiq yex.Su jeks ck l%Svd

pß;hla" isÿùula" wjia:djla fyda lsishï NdKavhla f;aud lr.;a

iduQysl$flaj, ksrEmK
iudcfha úúO pß;" isoaê" wjia:djka ksrEmKh lsÍfï § tajd ms<sn`o j ukd w;a±lSï ,nd ;sîu
fyda wOHhkh lr ;sîu w;HjYH fõ'

iudchl hï hï mqoa.,hka ms<sn|j ks;ru úuis,af,ka yd ishqï ksßlaIKhlska isàu hï pß;

iajNdjhla fõÈldjla u; m%;s ks¾udKh lsÍu fkdfyd;a wkqlrKh ^Imitation& lr bÈßm;a lsÍu
myiq h' tjeks pß; lSmhla my;ska ±lafõ'

ysÕkafkla" fidfrla" fudavfhla" úÿ,s ier jeÿkq ñksfila" fldfrla fyda wkaOfhla"
udhdldrfhla" idia;r ldrfhla" fydr fjfola" mÈl fjf<kafola" foaYmd,lfhla" mQcljrfhla"
hlÿfrla" jeoafola wdÈ jYfhka pß; úúOdldr fõ'

tÈfkod Ôú;fha wmg yuqjk úfYaIs; ia:dk" ta ia:dk yd iïnkaO jQ hï hï isÿùï flfrys o
fyd| ksßlaIKhlska lghq;= lsÍu kdgHlrefjl=g w;HdjYH fohls' fyd| bjiSulska yd fyd|
úuis,su;a lulska lghq;= lsÍfuka hï hï rij;a foa ±lSug yelsh'

my; i|yka wjia:d ms<sn|j is;d n,kak'

fj<`ofmd<la" újdy ux.,Hhla" wjqreÿ Wf<,la" u< f.orla" nia j¾ckh l< wjia:djl nia
kej;=ï fmd<la" uyck /<shla" fmd<sia ia:dkhla" msiaika fldgqjla" frday,la" wd.ñl ia:dkhla
wdÈ jYfhka úúO ;eka yd ta yd iïnkaO isÿùï ksßlaIKh lsÍug wmg yelsh'

ksrEmKfha È úúO øjH fhdod .ekSu

flaj, iy iduQysl ksrEmKfha id¾:l;ajhg i;r wNskh ksis mßÈ Ndú;h wjYH fõ' k¿jd
f.a YÍrh Wmfhda.S lrf.k isÿ lrk wdx.sl wNskh;a" lgy~ Wmfhda.S lr.;a jdÑl wNskh;a"
uqyqfKa yd wNHka;rfha mj;sk ishqï yeÕï ksrEmKh lrk id;aúl wNskh;a b;du;au
m%fhdackj;a fõ' by; ish,a, k¿jd ;=<ska meñfKa'

k¿jdg msáka fõÈldjg f.k tkq ,nk foaj,a weiqßka uefjk w¾: ksrEmKh i<lkafka
wdyd¾h wNskh f,i h' tneúka ksrEmKh i|yd ndysr fohla Ndú; lsÍfuka ksrEmKh id¾:l
lr.ekSu g msgqjy,ls'

úúO øjH mokï lrf.k ksrEmK lsÍug wjia:dj we;' l,ska iQodkï lr.;a fyda mdi,a
mßirfhka yuqjk mqgqjla" m;a;rhla" fnda;,hla" fifrmamqjla" fïi froaola" fldiaila" leã .sh
mqgq ll=,la jeks ,S lene,a,la" mdi,a nE.hla wdÈ ´kEu fohla rx. NdKavhla f,i Ndú;d
lrñka úúO wjia:d ks¾udKh lsÍug yels h'
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flaj, iy iduQysl ksrEmKfha § my; lreKq jeo.;a fõ'

• flaj, fkdfyd;a ;ksj bÈßm;a lsÍfï § mq¿,a ksoyila we;'

• wmQ¾j;ajhlska bÈßm;a lsÍu fkdfyd;a ljqre;a fkdl< fohla lsÍu jeo.;a h'
• ksrEmKfhys ,d ks¾udKYS,S Ñka;kh yd mßl,amkh jeo.;a fõ'
• iduqysl ksrEmKfha § wkHkaf.a woyia yd fhdackd úuiSu wjYH fõ'
• iduQysl ksrEmK ld¾hfhys ,d tlsfkldf.a tl`.;dj jeo.;a fõ'
• iduqysl ksrEmK j,§ jvd;a id¾:l fhdackdj,g m%uqL;dj §u wka whf.a hq;=luhs'

w.hSu (
• kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:djla f;dard .kak' • wjia:djg WÑ; mßÈ pß; fhdod .kak'
• wjia:djg WÑ; mßÈ øjH fhdod .kak' • wjia:djla ksrEmKh lrkak'
• iuia; rx.kh id¾:l j bÈßm;a lsÍfuka miq .=re ;=ud iu. we.ehSug ,la lrkak'

ksrEmk wjia:dj (
• nd, j¾.fha nvq úl=kQ fjf<kafola miqmi .ekqïlrejka yUd hk wjia:djla' ^flaj,&
• msiaika fldgqjg w¨;a msiafila weú;a ^flaj,&
• wjux.,H wjia:djl § bvï fnod .ekSug meñKs orejka isõ fofkla' ^iuQy&

mejreu (
• u.f;dfÜ § Tng yuqjQ úfYaI mqoa., pß;hla ms<sn|j úia;r lrñka igykla ,shkak'
^hdplfhl=" udkisl frda.sfhl=" îu;a mqoa.,fhl= fyda uy¿ mqoa.,fhl= .ek wOHhkh lrkak&

Yajik $ yqiau .ekSfï wNHdi

tla tla Ôúhdf.a Yjik fõ.h yd Odß;dj fjkia fõ' udkjhdf.a mjd Wmf;a isg urKh
olajd jhi wkqj Yajikfha ;;a;ajh fjkia fõ' iajNdjfhka mj;sk Yajik uÜgu mqyqKqj
;=<ska yd wNHdi ud¾.fhka jeäÈhqKq lr .; yelsh'

úúO i;=ka f.a wdYajdi m%Yajdi rgdjka wOHhkh lrkak' ^ñks;a;=jg yqiau .kakd jdr m%udKh&

0 - i;s 6l <orejl= 30 - 60 wYajhd 8 - 16

i;s 6lg jeä <orejl= 25 - 40 n,a,d 14 - 24
jhi wjq' 3lg jeä <ufhl= 20 - 30 yd W!rd 15 - 20
jhi wjq' 6lg jeä <ufhl= 18 - 25 n<,d 20 - 30
jhi wjq' 10lg jeä <ufhl= 15 - 20 ñksid ^jeäysá& 12 - 24

yqiau .ekSfï § mmq fmfoiska yqiau .ekSu yd l=fika ^nfvka& yqiau .ekSu hkqfjka wdldr
folla mj;S' idudkHfhka m¾Y= kñka y÷kajk b, weg Wia my;a ùfuka fmkye,a, msïîu yd
10
yels,Su isÿ fõ' yqiau .ekSu hkq tu ls%shdj,sh hs' fojk wdldrfha § b, weg fkdfi,aù ;sìh §
l=i msïî" uyd m%dÖrh Wvq w;g yd my;g jla ùfuka tu ls%hdj,sh u isÿ fõ' jvd;a §¾> yqiau
.ekSula i|yd fuu wdldr folu tl jr Ndú; fõ'
my; ls%hdldrlu Yajik wNHdihlg tla WodyrKhls'
t<suyka ia:dkhlg f.dia jD;a;dldr j isg.kak' bka miq rjqfuka ñ§ rjqfï bv m%udKh ;=<
;rula fõ.fhka ta fï w;g ÿjjkak' ^wka whg ndod fkdjkak j.n,d .kak& Èùu kj;d
rjqfï kej;S yqiau .ekSu mgka .kak' oEia mshd f.k myiqfjka isg b;d fyd`Èka kdifhka
yqiau .ekSu" iaj,am fõ,djla yqiau r`ojd ;nd .ekSu iy msg lsÍu jdr lsysmhla lrkak'

• §¾> yqiau .ekSu - fiñka msg lsÍu

• fiñka yqiau .ekSu - fõ.fhka msg lsÍu
• kdifhka yqiau .ekSu - láka msg lsÍu
• w;a Tijñka yqiau .ekSu hk l%shdldrlïj, fh§u isÿ l< yels h'

yqiau .ekSu iy msg lsÍfï § y`vla kef.k f,i isÿ l< yels h'
• wd" i" r" , jeks Yío kef.k whqßka y`v msg lsÍug;a
• y`v msg lsÍfï § thg .e<fmk f,i wx. p,khka o fhdod .ekSug;a
• wïfuda" foúhfka" fldfyfoda jeks jpk Ndú; lrñka yqiau msg lsÍug;a" iSidk úg k.k
y`v wd§ y`vj,a ke.Su l< yels h'

yqiau .ekSfï wNHdi u.ska we;s jdis fudkjd o@

• ixjdo fldgia y`v k.d lSfï yelshdj'
• jpk ksrjq,a j yd meyeÈ,s j m%ldY lsÍfï yelshdj'
• wjYH m%udKhg yqiau r`ojd ;nd .ksñka ixjdoh bÈßm;a lsÍu ^tl yqiaug lSfï yelshdj&'
• ixjdo fldgfia ye`.Su biau;= jk whqßka y`v Ndú; lsÍfuka bÈßm;a lsÍu'
• yqiau mrdihka wvq jeä lrñka tlu ixjdoh bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj'

ixfõok yelshj yd ixfõÈ;dj jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSu

wei" lk" Èj" kdih" YÍrh iy uki hkqfjka ñksidg bkaøshhka 6ls' tys l%shdldß;ajh wkqj
ndysßka wmg ixksfõokh jk ish¨ u ±kSï .%yKh lr .ekSug yelsh' ñksid i;=kag jvd
fjkia jk bkaøsh jkqfha ukihs' ukiska Wiia ñksid o¾Ykh" l,dj" foaYmd,kh jeks
ixlS¾K Ôjk ;;a;ajhka .%yKh lr .kakg iu;a fjhs' bkaøSka ksid ñksid we;=<dka;hg
muKla fkdj ndysrg o ls%hd lrhs' uqúka muKla fkdj isrer u.ska u woyia olajhs'

ksrEmK ld¾hfha § ta ta bkaøshhka uQ,sl lrf.k woyia bÈßm;a lrhs' ye`.Sï iy woyia
ksrEmKhg wod< jk whqßka ta ta bkaøshhka l%shd;aul lrùfï yelshdj we;' bkaøSka
lrkfldgf.k ye`.Sï ksrEmK l%shdj,sh jvd;a id¾:l j isÿ lsÍug yels h'

wmf.a bkaøShhka iajNdúlj ,eî ;snqK o tajd mqyqK l< hq;= h' mqyqKqj ;=<ska bkaøShfha
m%n,;dj j¾Okh fõ' iuyr jD;a;Ska fuu bkaøSkaf.ka m%fhdack ,nhs' WodyrK jYfhka Yío
mßmd,l Ys,amSka idudkH mqoa.,hska jqj o Y%jK bkaøShh mqyqKq l< wh fj;s' f;a ri mßlaId
lrk ^Tea teaster& mßlaIlhska Èj ixfõ§;dj mqyqKq lsÍu u.ska fyd|u f;a m%fNaoh f;dard .ks
hs' kdgH l,dfõ o bkaøSka mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd fjk fjku ixfõok wNHdi we;s nj my; tla
tla wNHdi lsÍfuka Tng jegfykq we;'

ixfõok wNHdi (
weia ms<sn`o ixfõok wNHdi 1
t<suyka bvlv we;s wjldYhlg meñfKk isiqka" wjldYh mqrd úiSÍ hk fia ta fï w;
weú§ug mgka .kS' .=rejrhdf.a fufyhùu hgf;a ish¨ fokdu wjldYfha tla milg frdla
fjhs' .=rejrhd úiska wä ;=kl muK ,S lene,a,la isiqka bÈßfha ;nkq we;' bka miq ish¨
fokdf.a u weia ,S lene,a, fj; fhduq l< hq;= h' .=rejrhd tu ,S lene,a, by<g tiùu" úúO
11
me;sj,g yerùu isÿ lrk úg isiqka weiaj, iïnkaO;djh /l .ksñka u ta wkqj p,kh fõ' ,S
lene,a, <x lsÍu" wE;a lsÍu wdÈh lrñka fufyhjkakd isiqkaf.a fofk;a úúO me;sj,g
p,kh lrkq ,nhs'

weia ms<sn`o ixfõok wNHdi 2

lKavdhfï ish¨ fokdf.a u weia ;uka isák ;ek isg l%ul%ufhka kerôh yels jeä u ÿr
olajd fhduq lrkak' kerôh yels jeä u ÿr m%udKh foi úkdähla muK n,d isákak' bka miq
l%ul%ufhka tu ÿr m%udKfha isg ;uka isák ;ek ^weig wdikaku jia;=jla foi ne,Su& olajd
weia fhduq lrjkak'

lk ms<sn`o ixfõok wNHdi 1

lKavdhï ish¨ fokdu wjldYh ;=< rjqug jdä fjkak' oEia mshd .kak' ;ud wjáka wefik
y`vj,a ms<sn`o wjOdkh fhduq lrkak' lk iómfhka wefik Yío i`oyd wjOdkh fhduq
lrkak' úkdä lsysmhla mqrd fufia úúO Yío i`oyd wjOdkh fhduq lrkak' tajd y`ÿkd .kak'
wjidkfha ta ms<sn`o j Tn ,;a w;a±lSï wka wh iu. idlÉPd lrkak'

lk ms<sn`o ixfõok wNHdi 2

isiqka kej; rjqu ;=< jdä jkk' oEia mshd .kak' .=rejrhd úiska l,ska ilid .kakd ,o øjH
lsysmhlska fyda leiÜ frfldavrhlska úúO Yío /ila ksl=;a lrhs' wjidkfha isiqka ta Yío
y÷kdf.k kï lsÍug mgka .kS' tys § Yío fjka fjka jYfhka u;l ;nd .ekSug yqre ùfuka
fuu wNHdih id¾:l lr .; yelsh' Wod( ldishla ìug jeàug bv yeÍu im;a;= y`v
cfka,hla fyda fodrla wefrk y`v

kdih iïnkaO ixfõok wNHdi 1

lKavdhfï ish¨ fokd u wjldYh uOHfha isákak' ish¨ fokdg u oEia mshd .kak' .=rejrhd
úiska l,ska iQodkï lr.;a mßÈ" lKavdhñka bj;a j iqj`o ú,jqka iaj,amhla mq¿ka lene,a,lg
f.k wjldYfha hï hï ia:dk j,g /f.k hhs' oEia mshd.;a isiqka mq¿ka lene,af,ka yuk
iqj| Tiafia .=rejrhd isák ia:dkh fidhd .; hq;= hs' ^wjxl j oEia mshdf.k fuu l%shdldrlu
l< hq;= hs&

kdih iïnkaO ixfõok wNHdi 2

isiqka wjldYfhka msg; r`ojd .=rejrhd ^isiqkag fkdfmfkk f,i& wjldYfha ia:dk ;=kl
iqj`o úf,jqka fyda fjk;a iqÿiq wd>%dKh l< yels øjH ;jrkq ,efí' bka miq isiqkag tu
wjldYhg meñK tu ia:dkh fidhd .ekSug yelsh' ksjerÈ j m<uq j wod< ia:dk fidhd
.kakd isiqjd ch ,nkq we;'

Èj iïnkaO ixfõok wNHdi

fuu wNHdih mka;s ldurh ;=< u fyda msg; ia:dkhl o isÿl< yels h' l,ska ;SrKh lr .;a
mßÈ .=rejrhdf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka foys" ¨Kq leg" fgd*s" fldfydU fld<hla jeks myiq øjH
lsysmhla ,nd f.k" iEu fldgilska u øjH isiqkag ,nd fohs' .=rejrhd kï lrk ta ta øjH
ish¨ fokd u ymk w;r túg uqyqfKa isÿjk fjkialï j, bßhõ mÍlaId lrkq ,efí' ish¨
øjH Ndú; lrñka isiqka lKavdhu ;uka ;=< isÿjk fjki iy wfkldf.a fjki jgyd
.ekSug W;aiy .kS' fï wkqj Èjg ±fkk úúO ri wkqj uqyqfKa bßhõ yd p¾hdjka fjkiajk
whqre jgyd .ekSfuka th rx.kfha § m%fhdackj;a jk whqre;a wjfndaO lr .; yelsh'

12
isrer iïnkaO ixfõok wNHdi
.=rejrhd mka;s ldur fïih u; fyda rx. wNHdi isÿlrk fjk;a ia:dkhl fyda isiqkag
fkdfmfkk f,i fi,a,ï nvq ^i;aj rEm " jdyk fyda fjk;a oE& lsysmhla f.kú;a isiqkaf.ka
jika fldg ;nhs' tla tla isiqjdf.a fofk;a jid fi,a,ï nvq ;sfnk ia:dkhg meñK wyUq
f,i hula /f.k th iam¾Y fldg wjfndaO lr.;a miq tys ku m%ldY lsÍug i,iajhs'
iam¾Yfhka hula y÷kd.kakd wdldrh ir<j thska wjfndaO lr.; yelsh'

uki iïnkaO ixfõok wNHdi

lKavdhfï ish¨ fokdg u ysia wjldYfhys ieye,a¨fjka weúÈkak' fõ.fhka yd fiñka weúo
wjidkfha rjqula isák fia jdä fjkak' fofk;a mshd .kak' bka miq .=re úOdkhg wkqj tu
Èk WoEik msì§fï isg fuu l%shdldrlu lrk fudfyd; olajd isÿ jQ ish¨ foh wdj¾ckd
lrkak' ish,a, wdj¾ckh l< miq oEia újr lrkak' ta ms<sn`o j idlÉPd lrñka ,o w;a±lSï
úia;r lrkak'

rEmK Ys,amshl= yg bkaøSh ixfõ§;dj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍfuka we;s jdis fudkjd o@
• fonia ksrjq,aj wid .ekSu yd fonia u;la lr fokakkaf.a ishqï lgy~ mjd fyd¢ka weiSug'
• Èj uq,a lr.;a úúO rihka ms<sn| yeÕSï ksishdldrj wka whg ikaksfõokh lsÍu g'
• ishqï iam¾Ihlska mjd fiiq k¿ ks<shka iu. woyia yqjudre lr .ekSfï yelshdj'
• rx.df,dalh ksjd ±uQ wjia:dj, mjd fyd¢ka fmkSfï .=Kh we;s lr .ekSu'
• úúO øjHhka ys .| iqjf|a iajNdjh yd fjki m%;sks¾udKh lr bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj'
• ishqï foa ukiska .%yKh lr .ekSfï yelshdj j¾Okh ùu'

YsÓ,lrKh hkq l=ula o@

Tfí w;g whsia leghla ,nd f.k n,kak' th álska ál Èhù hhs' ke;fyd;a bámkaoula o,ajd
tys l%shdldß;ajh wOHhkh lrkak' th o l%ul%ufhka l=vd ù hkq we;' ±äj ;snQ tajd uo
fõ,djlska Èhrhla ù hkq we;' uq,a iajrEmh fjkia fõ'

ysu lkaol PdhdrEmhla fyda ùäfhda o¾Ykhla krUkak' ysfuys isÿ jk l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn| j
is;d n,kak' tu l%shdldß;ajh fya;=fjka tu øjHhkayS we;s oeä .;sh l%ufhka bj;a ù ieye,a¨
ù hk wdldrh wjfndaO lr.kak'

úh<s brgqjla yd wuq brgqjla f.k" th kud n,kak' úh<s brgqj keófï § leã hkq we;' wuq
brgqj wjYH wdldrhg keñh yelsh' tys kuHYS,S njla we;' úh<s brgqfõ kuHYS,S nj fkdue;s
neúka yd ±ä nj jeä neúka leã hhs'

fï wdldrhg ñksia wmf.a o ±änjla ke;fyd;a oro~q iajNdjhla we;' wfma isrer fukau uki
o ld,hdf.a wejEfuka ±ä Ndjhlg m;aúh yelsh' tÈfkod Ôú;fha iajNdjh wkqj" wmf.a Ôú;
rgdj wkqj uki iy isrer ±ä;djhlg ,la fõ' tu ±ä nj Ôú; ls%hdldrlïj,g o n,mdkq
we;'

rx. l,dfõ § ldhsl iy udkisl ieye,a¨j w;HdjYH fohls' iuyr l%Svd j,§ udxY fmaIs ±ä
jk jHdhdu j, ksr; jqj o" rEmkfha § udxY fmaISkaf.a ,sys,a nj wjYH fõ' pß; ksrEmKhg"
wjia:d ksrEmKhg" wNskh ±laùug" iudfrdamhg muKla fkdj pß; w;r iñnkaO;dj mj;ajd
.ekSug o" fm%alIl iïnkaO;dj i|yd o ldhsl-udkisl ,sys,a Ndjh j¾Okh lr .; hq;= h'
ixfõ§;djlska hq;= iïnkao;djlg ,sys,a nj ke;sju neß h'

13
isrer yd uki ieye,a¨ lsÍfï ke;skï ,sys,a lsÍu hk woyi fok mdßNdIs; jpkh jkafka
^Relax& YsÓ,lrKh h' ta i|yd jk wNHdi ^Relaxation Exercise& YsÓ,lrK wNHdi kï fõ'
YsÓ,lrK wNHdihla my; ±lafõ'

YsÓ,lrK wNHdi (
rx. wNHdi i|yd iQodkñka ksoyia wjldYhla we;s ia:dkhlg hkak' wjldYh jgd rjqulg
isg.kak' .=re Wmfoia wkql+,j ieye,a¨fjka rjqu jgd weúÈkak' uq,ska u fo w;a ieye,a¨ lr
weú§ug mgka .kak' weú§u kj;ajkak' kej; rjqu jgd myiqfjka isg.kak' w;a by<g Tijd
miqj ksoyfia my<g fy,kak' ysi" fn,a," mmqj" Worh" bk" oksia" mdo wdÈh l%udkql+, j
ieye,a¨ lrjkak' fmaYSka oeä lrñka o" ,sys,a lrñka o w;a md wdÈh ,sys,a jk whqre wjfndaO
lr.kak'

1' ysu lkaola fuka Èh ù hEu'

isiqka wjldYh mqrd úisÍ isg.kak' oEia mshd.kak' .=re úOdkhg wkqj l%shd l< hq;= w;r
ish,af,dau fyd| wjOdkfhka yd lemùulska isÿ l, hq;= l%shdldrluls'

oeka fï isák ish¨ fokd ysu lkaola fuka hehs is;kak' ysu lkaola Èh ù hkjdfia ysfiys isg
l%ufhka YÍrdx. ,sys,a lsÍug wjYH fufyhùu .=rejrhd lrkq ,efí' ta wkqj YÍrdx. ish,a,
,sys,a lrkak' wNHdifha § isrer iïmQ¾Kfhka u ieye,a¨ jQ wjia:dfõ § ish¨ u isiqka ìu
È.dù isáh hq;= h' isrer iïmQ¾Kfhka u ieye,a¨ ù we;aoehs mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd tla isiqfjl=
f.a w;la iy mhla Tijd fid,jd n,kq ,efí' YÍrdx. iïmQ¾Kfhka u ieye,a¨ kï u< l<la
fia lvd jefgkq we;'

YsÓ,lrKh k¿jl=g m%fhdackj;a jkafka flfia o@

• hï pß;hl ienE f,i Ôj;a ùu fkdfyd;a iudfrdamh ùfï myiqj'
• wiSre rEmK wjia:d myiqfjka bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj yd hï mSvdjla ord .ekSfï yelshdj'
• isref¾ ieye,a¨j fuka u kuH;dj j¾Okh ùu ksid wjia:d ksrEmKh lsÍfï myiqj'
• udkisl wd;;sh jeks fohska ksoyia ùu ksid idjodkh yd isysh j¾Okh ùu'
• fõÈldj u; n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQ yÈis wjia:djlg mjd ieye,a¨fjka uqyqK §fï yelshdj'

Ñ;a; tald.%;dj we;s lrk wNHdi

udkisl wNHdi f,iska o ßoau wNHdi f,iska o Ñ;a; tald.%;dj we;s lrk wNHdi isÿ l<
yelsh' fïjdfha § jeo.;a jkafka wNHdih isÿ lrk wruqKhs' th isref¾ ßoauh j¾Okh lsÍfï
wruqKska fkdj uki tla wruqKl r|jd .ekSug isÿ lrk úg th Ñ;a; tald.%;dj we;slrk
wNHdi fõ' Ñ;a; tAld.%;dj we;slrk wNHdihl ±ka fhfouq'

l,ams; ijdßhla ^Imaginary Jerny&

rx. wNHdi i|yd iQodkñka ksoyia ia:dkhlg hkak' wjldYfha weú§u wdrïN lrkak' weúok
w;r ix.S; LKavhla wefia' ix.S; LKavh wiñka tu ßoauh ukfiys r|jd f.k weúÈkak'
ix.S; LKavh yd udkisl j nef|k whqßka wjldYh mqrd weúo hk w;r" tu ix.S; LKavh yd
wjOdkfhka hq;=j u .=re úOdkhkag o ijka fokak'

—Tn oeka weúÈkafka ,iaik u,a msmsKq u,a j;a;l" l=re¨ kdo wefia' iuk,fhda mshdU;s' Tn
tajd olshs' iuk,fhla w,a,kak yohs' u,l iqj| ú£' ^fï .=re úOdkhg wkqj ix.S; kdoh yd
tald;aul fjñka o ksrEmKh lrjkak'& u,a Whfka weúÈk Tng ysig by<ska iE§ we;s ñÈ
fmdl=re fmfka' fï rij;a ñÈ f.ä lvd.kakg Tn W;aidy orhs' fmdrlhs' f.ä lvd .kS' ri
n,hs' oefkk ye`.Sï ;d;a;aúl j iy jdÑl j m< lrkak' ix.S; kdoh fjkia fõ' th Nhdkl
iajNdjhla .kS' ^úYd, iq<`.la" jeiai jeks Yío fhdod .; yel& Tn l,n, fõ' ta fï

14
w; ÿjhs' ie`.fjkak W;aidy lrhs' ish¨ fokd u tlg .=,sfjñka wjldYfha ;eka ;ekaj,g
frdlafj;s'˜ ^ix.S; LKavfha Yíoh l%ufhka wvq lrkak'& ;u wNsu;h mßÈ isiqka lrk l%shdj
fjkia l< yels o fõ'

Ñ;a; tald.%;dj we;s lr .ekSfï m%fhdack fudkjd o@

• mßl,amk Yla;sh fkdfyd;a ks¾udKYS,Snj ÈhqKq ùu'
• u;lh yd isysh j¾Okh ùu' • hï pß;hlg udfrdamh ùug myiq ùu'
• fm%alaId.drfhka tk l=uk n,mEulg jqj fkdie,S uqyqK §ug we;s yelshdj'
• YÍr ÿn,;d uevf.k udkisl Yla;sh n,j;a ùu ksid ´kEu wjia:djlg bÈßm;a ùu'

lgy`v ^Voice&
y~ ^Noise& hkq Yíohhs' f,dalh úúO Yíoj,ska msÍ mj;S' iajNdúl fyda lD;su Yío f,i;a"
ñysß fyda wñysß Yío f,i;a" f;areï iys; fyda f;areula rys; Yío f,i;a tajd weish yels h'
ñksia Y%jK bkaøsh tajd .%yKh lr.ekSug úfYaIfhka ieliS we;'
Yío w;ßka uqúka ksl=;ajk Yío lgy~ ^Voice& f,i y÷kajhs' tla tla i;=kaf.a Yío úúO
ikaksfõokhkaf.ka hqla; fõ' kuq;a ta w;r ñksidf.a uqúka ksl=;ajk Yío b;d ÈhqKq wkaoñka
woyia yd yeÕSï yqjudre lr .ekSug yels jk f,i ilia ù we;'
ñksidf.a ziajrd,hZ fkdfyd;a W.=f¾ msysgd we;s úfYaI ziajr ;ka;%Z fya;=fjka tlsfklg
fjkia Yío ksmoùug yelshdj mj;S" fmkye,af,a tl;=jk jdhqj ziajr,hZ yryd .uka lsÍfuka
tu lgy~ ks¾udKh fõ'
ziajrd,hZ yryd meñfKk úúO iajr mrdihkaf.ka hq;a Yío uqL l=yrfha § hï hï
wjysr;djkag n÷ka ùfuka tlsfklg fjkia Yío ks¾udKh fõ' ñksia fud,h ÈhqK neúka tajd
NdIdjla f,i jeäÈhqKq lrñka tlsfkld iu. Wiia ikaksfõokhla lsÍug yels ù ;sfí' úúO
ck j¾. úúO ixialD;Ska yd N+f.da,Sh lreKq u; th fjkia fõ' WodryKhla f,i isxy,
wlaIr ks¾udKh ùu ms<sn|j i<ld n,uq'
uqj ;=< Yíoh .uka lsÍfï § Èj úúO ia:dkj, iam¾I ùfuka WmÈk Yío my; ±lafõ'
lKaGc fyj;a W.=f¾ ^fndgqfjys& WmÈk wlaIr - l" L" ." >" X" Õ" w" wd" w" wd" we" wE"
;d¨c fyj;a ;,af,a WmÈk wlaIr - p" P" c" Y" ®" {" [" b" B" h
uQ¾Oc fyj;a uqÿfKa WmÈk wlaIr - g" G" v" V" K" r" <" I
oka;c fyj;a o;aj, WmÈk wlaIr - ;" :" o" O" k" ," i
TIaGc fyj;a f;d,aj,ska WmÈk wlaIr - m" M" n" N" u" U" W
lKaG;d¨c fyj;a ;,af,ka yd W.=ßka WmÈk wlaIr - t" ta" ft
lKafG!IaGc fyj;a W.=ßka yd f;d,aj,ska WmÈk wlaIr - T" ´" T!
okaf;!IaGc fyj;a o;aj,ska yd f;d,aj,ska WmÈk wlaIr - j" õ
kdislH fydj;a kdifhka WmÈk wlaIr - Ù" [" K" k" u" x ^ìkaÿj&

fuys § ziajrZ iy zjH[ackZ jYfhka o Yíoj, fn§ula ±lsh yels h' ziajrZ hkq fjk;a
wlaIrhl wdOdrfhka f;dr j ;ks j WÉpdrKh l< yels Yío jk w;r zjH[ackZ hkq ;ksj
WÉpdrKh l< fkdyels Yío fõ' tfuka u zy%iajZ yd z§¾>Z hkqhka o iajr wlaIr WÉpdrKfha
§ wdldr folls' zy%iajZ hkq we§ula rys; j WÉpdrKh lrk wlaIr jk w;r z§¾>Z hkq we§ula
iys; j WÉpdrKh lrk iajr wlaIr fõ' ^zw,amm%KZ yd zuym%KZ kñka o f>daIdlaIr yd
wf>daIdlaIr jYfhka o wlaIr fnod ±lafõ' jeäÿr wjfndaOh i|yd isxy, mdvu wOHhkh
lrkak&'
lgy~ yelshdj bfí ÈhqKq fkdfõ' th wNHdi l< hq;= fõ' l=uk fyda NdIdjla m%.=K lsÍfï §
Bg wdfõKsl jQ wNHdi we;' kdgH yd rx. l,dj yodrK isiq isiqúhka g o lgy~ l=i,;dj
ÈhqKq lsÍug úfYaI wNHdi ks¾udKh lr we;' tajdhska lsysmhla y÷kd .ksuq'

15
lgy~ wNHdihla
• ksoyia wjldYhlg hkak' ksy~;dj wdrlaId lrf.k tu wjldYh mqrd úisÍ ksoyfia
weúÈkak' fõ.fhka fiñka hk wd§ jYfhka úkdä lsysmhla weúoao miq tlsfkld yd iam¾Y
fkdjk whqßka myiqfjka ÿßka ÿr isg.kak'

• myiqfjka isg w;a fol o my<g fhduq lr ;rula keó fyd¢ka yqiau .kak' ta yd iu`. w;a
fol by<g Tijñka yqiañka Worh mqrjd .kak' iaj,am fõ,djla r`ojd ;ndf.k l%ufhka
uqúka wd$´$,d$ jeks y`vla ksl=;a lrñka yqiau msg lrkak' fuh lsysm jrla isÿ lrkak'

• fyd`Èka wdYajdi lr Worh mqrjd .kak' bkamiq W.=r iam¾Y jk fia by; y`vj,a msg lrkak'
ta wdldrhg Wvq;,a," f;d,a" Èj" o;a" kdih iam¾Y jk fia y`v msg lsÍï isÿ lrkak' tla
bkaøSh fldgila uq,a lrf.k jdr lsysmhla wNHdih isÿlrkak'

lgy~ wNHdi i|yd Wmldrl (

• isxy, iajr wlaIr ud,dj fiñka iy y`v k.d lshùu' ^w" wd" we" wE" b" B" W" W!" t" ta" T" ´&
• isxy, fydaäfha wl=re rgd ^lll lll lll ll#" ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,#&
• bx.%Sis iajr wl=re ^a, e, i, o, u& úúO mrdi j,ska lshùu'
• nqoaO.Êch" ilialv jeks fmd;aj, wvx.= .oH moH fldgia lshùu'
• kdgH msgm;a j, fonia LKav lshùu'
^b;du;a wE; isák whg wefik fia y`v ke.Su" uOHu m%udKfha y`vlska iy b;du;a fiñka
wd§ úúO mrdihka Tiafia y`v kef.k f,i lshùu&

kdgH .S; .dhkd lsÍu'

kdgH .S;hla .dhkd lsÍu .=jka úÿ,s ir< .S;hla .dhkd lsÍug jvd fnfyúka fjkia h'
idudkH .Shla iduQyslj fyda ;ksj .dhkd lrñka riú¢h yels jqj;a kdgH .S;hla .dhkd lsÍu
Y%jH úkaokfhka Tíng oDYH úkaokh o iys; l%shdjls' kdgH .S;hl yeÕSï ksrEmKh b;d
m%n, h' tys jpkj, muKla fkdj ix.S; ;kqfõ o m%n, Ndj m%%ldIKhla ±lsh yels h' kdgH
.Shla ks¾udKh ù we;af;a rx.Kh i|yd u h' tys we;af;a Ôjfhka msreKq y~ls'
my; WodyrK foi n,kak' fïjdfha we;af;a tlsfklg fjkia Ndjhka h'
• .,a f,k ì|,d - fYdalh yd úfhdaj uq,a lr.;a .S; m%ldYkhls'
• udf.a wjir fkdu f.k - fldamfhka hq;a" .egqulg werhqï lrk wjia:djls'
• ufâ ,.sk ;drdjka kdjkak o ux - Wmydid;aul .dhkhls'
• tahs ysgm,a,d ysgm,a,d fkdf.dyska - hï lsisjl= miqmi yUd hñka isák wjia:djls'
• wkak n,ka i| - mßir fi!kaorhh iu. fm%aufhka fj,S isák hqj,l f.a m%ldYkhls'
• uQÿ m;=< hg b|,d - ore fifkyh lshd mdk wjia:djls'

kdv.ïj, isg kQ;k kdgH .Sh olajd kdgH .S; j¾. .Kkdjla yuq fõ' ta tl tlla .dhkfha
§ fuka u rx.kfha § o fjkia fõ' bka lsysmhla y÷kd .ksuq'
kdg.ï .S
kdv.ï .S;j,§ ±lsh yelafla kdgH O¾ó ffY,sh hs' w;aje,a .dhkd iys; j .dhkd jk
kdv.ï .S;j,g uoao,h" fydrkEj" rúls[a[h yd lhs;d,u Ndú;d úh' WÉp iajr rgd fuka u
È.= .S; Ndú; jQfha kdv.ï fmkajQ mßirh" fma%laIl iajNdjh" rx. ld,h wdÈh ksid h' kdgH
mqrd fnfyúka .S; wvx.= úh' kdv.ula kgkjd hkak woyia jkafka .dhkd yd k¾;dkdx.
iu.ska kdgH rÕ±lafjk neúks' kdv.ï ffY,shg ;rula lsÜgq Èla;, ld,f.da, kdgHfha
ld,f.da,hd Èlamsáhd iu. rxvq lrkafka .S;hla .dhkd lrñks' ^WreÜgqj kï fõ. ßoaufhka
.dhkd jk fldgila we;af;a kdv.ï .Sfha h&'
kQ¾;s .S

kQ¾;s .S;h kdgH O¾ó ffY,sh ±rej o kQ¾;shla rÕ±lajQ ia:dkh" rx. ld,h" fm%alaIl iajNdjh"
k¿ ks<shka yd ksIamd;ljrekaf.a iajNdjh" ix.S; NdKav yd ix.S; ;kq wdÈh kdv.ug jvd
fjkia úh' kQ¾;shla iaÓr f,i ksuejQ rÕy,la ;=< fmkajQ neúka y~k.d .dhkd lsÍu
16
kdv.fï ;rï u wjYH fkdù h' ;d,dkaú; fonia" ßoauhdkql+, .uka ;d, wdÈh kQ¾;sfha o úh'
kQ¾;sj, o fnfyúka .S; wvx.= j ;snqks' kuq;a wjia:djg wkqj .S; wdÈh fhdod .ekSu kdv.u
g jvd ixúOdkd;aul úh' iuqøfoaú kQ¾;sfha m%;sld,a ^mD;=.Sis& fikúhd iuqø foaúf.a fmu
m;df.l wef.a rej j¾Kkd lrkafka zf.dajZ foaYfha ^bkaÈhdfõ iqrEmS <÷kag m%isoaO k.rhls&
fu;rï reje;s <ÿka fkue;s ;rï hkqfjks'

kj kdgH .S
f,dal O¾ó kdgHhl .S; Ndú;h kdgH O¾ó kdgHhl .S; Ndú;hg jvd fjkia fõ' f,dal
O¾ó ffY,sfha § .S; .dhkd" kegqï wdÈh Ndú; jkafka l;dj bÈßhg f.khdfï wjYH;dfjka
fkdfõ' kdgH O¾ó .S;h ixjdohg u wh;a wx.hla jqj o f,dal O¾ó .S;h kdgHuh ixjdofhka
;rula neyer ù kdgHuh wjia:djla ;Sj% lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kq ,nkakls'

zfnr y~Z kdgHfha tk zfukak fufy jfrõ'''Z .S;h hlaI kdhlhd hl=kaj le|jd ish ld¾h
Ndrh meyeÈ<s lrk wjia:djls' zyqKq jgfha l;djZ ys zfy< .eUqrehsZ .S;h .DDId úiska .dhkd
lrkafka ìh ckl wjia:djl je,a md,ula u;ska .uka lrñks' r;= yeÜgldß kdgHfha lsß
úl=Kk ;reKsh §lsß .ek j¾Kkd lrkafka lsß úl=Kd wkd.; me;=ï bgq lr.ekSfï
n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjks' lsß úl=Kk wjia:dj kdgHfha l;d úkHdifha idudkH isÿùuls' tneúka
.S;h úfYaIfhka isÿ lrk bÈßm;a lsÍula fkdfõ'

kdgH .S;h ir< .S;fhka fjkia jkafka kdgH .Sfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wruqKh h' kdgH
.S;fhka Y%djlfhl=g ix.S; rih §u muKla wruqK fkdjk neúks' fm%alaIlhd kdgH Yd,djg
meñK isákafka hula n,d ri ú£ug h' th rifhka wkQkj iqmeyeÈ,sj ±ln,d .ekSu
fma%laIlhdf.a wruqKhs' ir< .Shla we|la u; ie;mS ke;fyd;a .ukla hñka fyda kgñka
Y%jKh l< yelsh' kdgH .Shla wikafka Bg wod< isÿùu isysfha ;nd f.k h'

kdgH ffY,sh wkqj .S;fha iajrEmh fjkia fõ' .dhkd lsÍfï § ;d,h" ,h" Y%e;sh" ßoauh wd§
.=Kdx. ms<sn| j fuka u ksjerÈ WÉpdrKh" y`v md,kh" Yío udOQ¾hh" pß;hg WÑ; ùu' Ndj
m%ldYkh jeks wxY ms<sn| j o ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'

10 fYaKshg wod< ks¾ÈIag kdgH fmf< jkafka Èla;, ld,f.da, kdgHh hs' tys tk .S; lSmhla
my; ±lafõ' tu .S; isiqka úiska lvmdvï lr.; hq;= nj i,lkak'

• wdf,a nekao udf. ruHjka • wms .ug huq

• r;or isßhd mrok • ysgm,a,d ysgm,a,d fkd.syska
• i;a wjqreoaola fufylr • wïnrfha i|fia'

my; i|yka kdgH .S; fyda fjk;a ´kEu kdgH .S; .dhkhg fukau wjYH mßÈ wNskh
±laùug;a isiqjd mqyqKq úh hq;= h'
• §lsß §lsß - r;= yeÜgldß • fidandj foa fumqr - ;drdfjda b.sf,;s
• weye, u,ska .ia msß,d - kßnEKd • fm%aufhka uk rxð; fõ - ukfï
• l=ug o fidnksfh l\q`M i,kafka - kßnEKd • uQÿ m;=, hg b`o,d - uQÿ mq;a;=
• yksl jfrõ fld,a,fka - fnry`v kdgHfhka • je,a md,fï .S;h - yqKq jgfha l;dj
• .,af,k ì|,d - isxyndyq • iqj| inka weÕ .d,d - rdclmqre

kdgH yd rx. l,djg iïnkaO Y%S ,dxflah ixialD;sfha ft;sydisl miqìu

foaYSh kdgHl,dfõ b;sydih yd ine¢ kdgH wxl=ruh wjia:d
foaYSh kdgH l,djla ms<sn|j úuiSfï § .%Sl kdgH l,dj" cmka kdgH l,dj fyda Ndr;Sh kdgH
l,dj fuka úêu;a kdgH l,djla ;snQ njg b;sydi.; idlaIs ke;' ,dxflah ixialD;sl
b;sydii wÈka jir 2600la ;rï merKs h' ^mqrd úoHd idlaIs wkqj kï ,xldfõ ÈhqKq
udkjhdf.a b;sydih jir 40"000lg tmsg hq.hlg Èjhk nj idlaIs we;&' w;S;fha isg ,xflah
iudchg bkaÈhdkq n,mEï nyq, h' úchd.uKhg fmr ,xldfõ ÈhqKq ixialD;shla ;snQ nj
lshfõ' kegqï" .ehqï jehqï ;snQ njg o idOl we;' wd.ñl weoys,sj,g iïnkaO kegqï yd
.dhkd wdÈh mj;skakg we;s nj úYajdi flf¾' uq,a ld,Sk ,dxflah udkjhd iajNdúl jia;+ka"
hl=ka" .%yhska" foúhka weoyQ wh fj;s' wd.ñl mQcdl¾u" hd. fydau wdÈh o ta u; mokï
17
jkakg we;' nqÿ oyu ,xldfõ ia:djr wd.u njg m;a jqj o mQ¾j weoys,s úYajdi isxy, ck
iudch iu. ksrka;rj noaO ù ;sìks'
nqÿ oyu yd isxy, ixialD;sh
isxy, ixialD;sh nqÿ oyfï u fldgils' isxy, ck iudch j¾Okh ùfï § nqÿ oyfï m%;sm;a;s
n,mdkakg we;' odk YS, m%;sm;a;sh u; msysgd lghq;= lsÍu uQ,sl lrf.k kD;H .S; modÈfhka
wE;a ù isàug isxy, fn!oaOhdg isÿúh' úydr is;=jï" nqoaO rEm wd§ Ñ;%" uQ¾;s l,d fuka u moH"
.oH idys;H o ìys ù we;af;a wd.ól rduqj ;=< msysgdf.k h'
uyd iïm%odh úiska l,djg w; ys; kqÿkak o isxy, .eñhd w;r ck l,dj fuka u n,s"
f;dú,a" yQkshï wdÈ Ydka;sl¾u me;sr mj;skakg úh' u<.sh m%dKlrejka" hl=ka kj.%yhska"
foúhka wdÈka fjkqfjka lrk ,o wNspdr isß;a .eñhd w;r mej;=ks'

fn!oaO wd.ñl ms<sfj;a ;=< we;s kdgH ,laIK

fn!oaOhd w;r by<slau ie,flk msß;a msxlu wd.ñl ixialDlsl ,laIK wvx.= wNspdr l%uhls'
msßf;a —wdgdkdáh˜ kue;s wjia:dj fyaúis ojq,a .id lrk úfYaI wjia:djla we;' i;s msß;
kue;s msß;a msxlfï uyd msß;a iÊcdhkfha zfodrlv wiakZ kue;s wx.h" úfYaI wjia:djls' t
yereKq fldg zwd,jl ouKhZ" zhq.dik nKZ" ziQúis újrKhZ" zñ,skao m%YakhZ wdÈh kdglSh
,laIK wvx.= wjia:d f,i ±laúh yels h'

kdgHuh ,laIK hkq fudkjd o@

fm%alaIl iyNd.s;ajh ^nK wik msßi&" fõÈldj ^w,xldr msß;a uKavmh&" wjia:d ksrEmKh
^wd,lj oukfha§ isÿjQ wjia:d&" wkqlrKh ^ ñ,skao rcq f,i&" fõY ksrEmKh ^fodrlv wiafka
§ foaj ¥;fhl=f.a fõia .ekSu&" ixjdo Ndú;h ^ wd,jlhd iy nqÿka jydkafiaf.a ixjdo&" wdÈhhs'

foaYSh Ydka;sl¾u w;f¾ kdgHuh ,laIK nyq, j olakg ,efnk nj tÈßùr irÉpkaøhka
isxy, .eñ kdglh kue;s fmdf;a i|yka lrhs' t;=ud lrk ,o §¾> m¾fhaIK weiqßka ilia
l< —isxy, .eñ kdglh˜ ta ta wjia:d idlaIs iys;j fmkajd fohs' foaYSh Ydka;sl¾u iïm%odhka
m%Odk jYfhka ;=kls' Wvrg" my; rg yd inr.uqj kue;s uyd k¾;k iïm%odhkag wdfõKsl
Ydka;sl¾u ms<sn|j fuu mßÉfþofha § wOHhkh flf¾'

foaYSh Ydka;s l¾u w;r my; rg Ydka;s l¾uj, kdgHuh ,laIK wvx.= wjia:d uq,skau
wOHhkh lruq' ^Wvrg yd wfkl=;a Ydka;s l¾u ms<sn|j bÈßfha § idlÉPd lrkq ,efí&'

my; rgg wdfõKsl Ydka;s l¾u ;=kla f,i rg hl=u" ikaks hl=u yd iQkshï hd.h y÷kajd Èh
yelsh'

rghl=u fkdfyd;a ßoaÈ hd.h

mj;ajk wruqK(
fuu mj;ajkq ,nkafka ore .enla ork ia;%shlg ore .en wdrlaId ù hym;a ore m%iQ;shla ,eîu
fyda Wmka orejdf.a wdrlaIdj fyda j|s ia;%Ska g orejka ,eîug lrkq ,nk Ydka;s l¾uhla f,i
h' tkï ia;%Ska úIfhys mj;ajkq ,nk my;rg tlu Ydka;sl¾uh ßoaÈ hd.h hs' .eínr l;=ka
wdrlaId lsÍug wu;rj njfnda. iïm;a;sh yd iY%Sl;ajh ms<sn| woyila o fuys .eíj mj;S'
Wm;a l;dj
roaÈ ìijqka i;a fofkls' ^Tjqka hlaIKshka i;a fofkl= hhs o" ßoaÈ ìijf.a ¥jre i;a fokd
kñka o" j| ìijqka hkqfjka o" lsß odkh yd iïnkaO lsß wïudjre i;a fokd f,i o úúO u;
mj;S&' fudjqg ore m, fkdue;s neúka fyakla fldgd lmq isgqjd tu lmqj,ska kQ,a idod §mxlr
nqÿka jykafiag fkdb÷,a i¿jla úhd mQcd fldg tu msx n, uysufhka ìijqka .eí .;a l;d
mqj; Wm;a l;dfõ ±lafjhs'

18
kdgHuh ,laIK
kdkquqrh
ßoaÈ ìijqkaf.a rEmh wkqrEmKfhka iakdkh i|yd ierfik wdldrh lrñka kdkq ñY% lr
fldkavfha ;jrd o;a ueo kd f;,a .d ysi mSrd yjßh ne| l+re .id ;e,a,la ne| f;davq oud ud,
me<| wjidkfha levm;lska rej n,k wdldrh ksrEmKh lr;s' ^fuu wjia:d fod<y md,sh
kñka o ye¢ka fõ&

.eyekq fjia .;a

weÿrd ( .=rekakdkafi" ±ka b;ska fudlo lrkafka @
.=rekakdkafi ( kdkq .d .;a; kï kdkak tmd h' Tfydu bkak mq¿jke hs @
.e' fj' weÿrd ( kdkafk fldfyka o@
u.=rekakdkafi ( ú,lska
.e' fj' weÿrd ( ´kEu ú,lska o@
.=rekakdkafi ( ´kEu ú,lska nE' kdu,a ú,la fjkak ´k' tod ta j| ìiõ kEj kdu,a
ú,g hkak ´k

lmqhlaldßh
rÕ u~, ueo t<k ,o meÿrla u; ilia lrk ,o lmq lák hka;%h" kvdj iy lmq .y ;nd
ìfidajre f,i fjia.;a weÿfrda lmq fk<Su" wõfõ jkd iqoao lsÍu" hka;%h wdOdrfhka lemSu"
wUrd" fmd,d" kQ,a leàu yd frÈ úhk wdldrh fnr jdokhg wkqj ksrEmKh lr;s' w,xldr
kdo ud,d iys; lú .dhkdj,ska ìfidajre i;afokd i¿j fidaod" wmq,a,d §mxlr nqÿkag ms¥
mqj; bÈßm;a flf¾'
ore ke<ú,a,
fndakslaflla fyda orefjl=f.a o~qrejla ^froaolska T;d& /f.k ú;a lú lshñka k<jk w;r Èh
n÷kl nyd kyjk nj" ;=re<g f.k lsß fok nj" welfh fydjd yqr;,a lrk nj wkqrEmKh
lrhs' orejd w; jkk wdldrh yd ysi fid,jk wdldrh o fm%alaIlhdg lr fmkajhs'
w;a;l msms u,la f,fia
fm;a;l we¢ brla f,fia
i;a;l uf. mq;=f. hfia
fk;a fol yer n,ka fufia

ikakshl=u fyj;a oy wg ikaksh

mejefjk m%foaY
l¿;r Èia;%slalfh;a" .d¨ Èia;%slalfh;a" fnka;r ^fnx .Õ fomi& m%foaYj,;a me;sr mej;sks'
thg wu;rj fld<U" ud;r" ^;x.,a,& yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalj,;a olakg ,enQ nj i|yka h'
meje;aùfï wruqK
ikaks hl=u meje;aùfï m%Odk wruqK f,i .efkkafka frda.dndO iqj lsÍuhs' ikaks frda.
jYfhka y÷kajk msiaiq" úldr" T,audo jeks udkisl frda. yd wÔ¾K" ysfia reodj jeks ldhsl
frda. iqjh m;d fuu Ydka;sh mej;afõ' fi;a Ydka;shg wu;rj Ydka;s l¾uh keröug meñKs
msßi fuka u wd;=rhska o ukd fma%laIdjla w;a ú¢ hs'
oy wg ikaksfha Wm;a l;dj
oUÈj ixLmd, rcq jerÈ jegySulska ish foaúh jQ wiqmd,s ìijj fom¿ fldg urjhs' ujf.a
u<l=fKka Wmka l=urd ^rdcuq¨ hlaIhd& mshd ueÍug jkfha YdL j,ska úY .=,s 18la iod .kS'
fuh ÿgq Yl%hd ómeKs ì÷j ne.ska tla fldg úI .=,s Tiq .=,s njg m;a lrhs' fuh ±k.;a l=ure
tajdhska hlaIhska 18 fofkl= ujhs' fudjqkaf.a kdhlhd uyd flda, ikaks hlaIhd h' fudjqka
úYd,d kqjrg je§ kqjr ÿ¾NslaIhla we;s lf<ah' nqÿka jydkafia ueÈy;a ù k.rfha ìh ÿre

19
fldg hl=ka msg ilaj,g mkakd ouk fial' tod isg hleÿrka úiska ikaks frda. i|yd tu
hl=kaf.a kdufhka ikakshl=ï Ydka;sh mj;ajhs'

ikaks hl=fï fm<md,s isÿjk wdldrh

mkaoï mo" iekaoE iuhu" l¿ hld" Íß hld" wNsudk hld" ,sÉpú wd§ kegqï meje;aùu" zmkaoï"
¥m" lvq" l<ia" flKaä" uq.=re" ;eô,s" ÿkq" l=l=¿" i¿ o¿uqr" w;=Z hk fod<y md,sh" l¿ l=udr
iuhu fofldK ú,lal= keàu yd uyfifydka iuhu keàu isÿjk w;r urejdf.a meñKSu;a
iu. isÿjk meÿf¾ ±mú,a," yQkshï hlaIKshf.a meñKSu wdÈh ±lsh yelsh' ^fïjdfha kdgHuh
,laIK we;&' ikaks hl=kaf.a meñKSu isÿjkafka bka wk;=rej h' miq od br Wodjg fmr uyd
flda, ikaks hld meñKSu isÿ úh hq;= neúka Bg fmr meñKsh hq;= ikaks hl=ka w;=ßka" ikaks
18u meñKSula ±lsh yels fkdfõ' ^ure" wuqlal=" lK" f.d¿ ikaks wksjd¾hfhkau meñfKa&'
wjidkfha foúhkag lú lshd msx fnr jhd hd.h wjika fõ' ^fuys we;eï wjia:d yd wkq
ms<sfj, fnka;r" fld<U" ud;r .=re l=< iïm%odhka wkqj fjkia fõ&'
kdglSh wjia:d
iQkshï hlaIKshf.a meñKSfï wjia:dj fyj;a iQkshï hlaIKshf.a fõI;%h
iQkshï hlaIKsh wjia:d ;=kl§ tkï ;reKshla" .ìkshla" ujla wdÈ N+ñld ;=kla ksrEmKh
lrhs' weh ;reKshla f,I meñfKk úg hlÿrd wehg wdÉÑ wïud f,i;a" wlalKaä f,i;a
wduka;%Kh l< úg weh fldam fõ' wjidkfha kx.s ydñ hkqfjka wduka;%Kh l< úg
wdorfhka <Õg meñfKhs' fojk jr meñfKk úg weh .eìkshls' kuq;a .eínr ù we;s nj weh
fkdokS weh is;kafka ;udg nfâ wudrejla iE§ we;s njh' wef.a fod<ÿla úuik hleÿrd weh
.eínr ù we;s nj wehg fmkajd fohs' f;jk jr meñfKk úg weh orefjl= jvd.;a ujls'
orefjla f,i fndakslafll= jvdf.k meñfKa weh orejdf.a mshd lõ±hs fkdokS' tu ksid ku
,shdmÈxÑ lrk rd<ydñ orejdg fyd|u ku —l,jïodi˜ hkqfjka mejiQ nj weh hleÿrdg
mjihs "

hlÿfrla ( wjq''' fyd| jeo.;a nvqjla jf.a''' wdjq'''^túg hlaIKsh weÕ wUruka Tuß
lrkakg mgka .;a;d h&
wksla hleÿfrda ( lrljkj jeähs' hdmfka nQñlïmdjla jf.hs'
fï wjia:djg miqj wjia:d foll È wh iu. úys¿ ;y¿j,ska hq;= ixjdo wjia:d ±lsh yel'
hlaIKsh ( w;a;l msms u,la f,fia
uf.a mq;d ug;a Wfia
fodhs fodhs fodhs fodhsh nnd '''

meÿf¾ ±mú,a,
Íß hldf.a wj;drhla jk urejdf.a fjia f.k meñfKk hleÿfrla úiska fuh isÿlrkq ,nhs'
tla mqoa.,fhla meÿrla ìu t<d tys È.d ù isák w;r" Nhdkl fõIfhka meñfkk urejd
fm%alaIlhd ìhjoaoñka meÿf¾ È.d ù isák mqoa.,hdf.a weÕ Wvg keÕ" lvqfjka wksk nj
wkqlrKh lrhs' miqj u<l=K meÿf¾ T;hs' wjidkfha meÿr fl<ska lr ìu ;nd th jgd kgd"
meÿr Tijdf.k m,d hhs'
ikaks hl=kaf.a meñKSu ^ikaks hla fm<md,sh&
hleÿrka úiska fjia uqyqKla me<| fyda Bg iudk f,i uqyqK wx.rpkh lrf.k hd. N+ñhg
meñfKa' ta ta ikaks i|yd ia:djr fjia uqyqKq we;' tla tla ikakshg wdfõKsl we÷ïj, t;rï
fjkila ±lsh fkdyels jqj;a" Tjqyq ;udg wod< jHdêfha ,laIK ujd md;s' fnrlre iu.
ixjdfha fhfok w;r lú .dhkd lrñka tla tla wjia:djka ksrEmKh lr;s'
uydflda, ikakshldf.a meñKSu
m;a;sks foúhka iy kd: foúhka f,i ieriqKq hlafoiaihska fofofkla fuda,a.ia folla l;sr
wdldrfhka ìu isgqjd lvj;la ilia lr.ks hss' Ndr; foaYfha isg meñfKk uyd flda, ikaks
hld uq,ska ;¾ckh lr" ierjer lr" lejqï flfi,a § lvj; ;rKh lsÍug W;aiy lrhs'
NdOdj bj;a lsÍug kï" nqÿkaf.ka ixfoaYhla /f.k meñKsh hq;= nj uqrlrejka mji hs' bka
wk;=rej hlaIhd ixfoaYh iys; m;abrejla /f.k meñfKa' th oE;" oKysi" Wrysi" kdih wd§
;ekaj, ;ndf.k meñfKk w;r uqrlrefjda mjikafka ikafoaYh f.!rj iïm%hqla;j /f.k
20
wd hq;= njhs' túg hlaIhd th ysia uqÿfKa ;ndf.k meñfKA' uqrlrefjda th lshjk f,i
hlaIhdg wK lrhs' i;=áka lshùug mgka.kakd hlaIhd tljru w~kakg mgka .kS' thg fya;=
úuik uqrlrejkag hlaIhd mjikafka nqÿka jykafia ukqIH f,alhg meñKSug wjir § we;s
kuq;a kr ì,s .ekSu ;ykï fldg we;s nj;a" ñksiqka f,v fldg Tjqkaf.ka fod< msfoaks f.k
Tjqkaj iqj lsÍug muKla ;udg n,h § we;s nj;a h' th weiQ uqrlrefjda i;=áka lvj; bj;a
lr .ks;s' ^hlaIhd nqÿkaf.a wKg lSlre lrjdf.k" fn!oaO hlaI" foaj jKav,hg we;=<;a
lr.kakd ieá fuys§ ksrEmKh fõ&'

f.ä ikaksh c, ikaksh fldr ikaksh .=,au ikaksh ìysß ikaksh f.d¿ ikaksh

iQkshï hd.h fkdfyd;a yQkshï lemSu

yQkshu" yQkshï lemSu" úk lemSu" yQkshï Ydka;sl¾uh" yQkshï hd.h" úk Ydka;sh" ueKslamd,
Ydka;sh" Tâäi hd.h fï wdÈ kïj,ska y÷kajk yQkshï hd.h yQkshï foaj;djd fkdfyd;a
yQkshï hlaIhd m%uqL fldg f.k meje;afjk hla f;dú,a úfYaIhls'
yQkshï hd.h meje;aùfï wruqKq
yQkshula hkq mqoa.,fhl= úiska ;j;a mqoa.,fhl=g úm;la isÿ lrk wruqKska mj;ajkakls'
ke;fyd;a tfia lrkq ,enQ úm;la ÿre lsÍu msKsi lrkq ,nkakls' kuq;a" wx. iïmQ¾K f,i
lrkq ,nk yQkshula wruqKq lsysmhla uq,afldg meje;afõ' tajd kï mqoa.,fhla fyda ksjeishka
iuQyhlf.a iqkH fodaI ÿre lsÍu lrkfldg f.k fyda ;u Okh yd foam, wkHkaf. weiajy"
lgjy" fydajy" wf~da weähd wdÈfhka wdrlaId ùu lrkfldg f.k fyda rdcH fyda wdh;kSh
ia:dkj, fodaI ÿre lsÍu i|yd fyda wdrlaIdjla lsÍu Wfoid" mqoa., lKavdhulg Ydka;sh me;Su
wdÈ wjYH;d fjkqfjka meje;afõ' wx.iïmQ¾K yQkshï hd.hla fjkqfjka j¾;udkfha úYd,
uqo,la jehùu o úfYaI;ajhls'
mejefjk m%foaY
je,s.u" .d,a," wïn,kaf.dv" fnka;r m%foaYj, fuh ±lsh yels jqj o ud;r yd ;x.,a,
m%foaYj, jvd;au iqúfYaI jQ Ydka;sl¾uh yQkshï hd.hhs'
Wm;a l;dj
uydiïu; rcq ^f,dalfha my< jQ m%:u krm;shd& újdy jQfha ueKslamd, foaúh ^úIaKq foúhkaf.a
ke.Ksh& iu.sks' uyd iïu; rcq wiqrhka iu. hqoaOhlg f.dia isá iufha jij¾;s udrhd
ueKslamd, ìijf.a leue;a; Èkd .ekSug fjfyiqk w;r th jHd¾: ùfuka yg.;a ffjrfhka
wef.ka m<s .ekSug úk fmdf<f.l= ,jd oIaG lrjd ±ä f,i frd.d;+r lrù h' fï nejq
uydiïu; rcqka úIaKq foúhka g mejiSfuka miq wcdl+G kï m¾j;fha jevjik uyd n, we;s
Tâäi iDIsjrhd le|jd muKla fuh iqjl< yels nj ±k .kS' úIaKq foúhkaf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka
Tâäi iDIsjrhd m%uqL iDIs jreka kj fofkla meñK hka;%" uka;% yd ;ka;% Wmfhda.S fldg
zueKslamd, Ydka;shZ fyj;a iQkshï hd.h mj;ajd ìijf.a úI fodaIh iqjm;a lf<a h' tod mgka
tu hd.h wo olajd mj;sk nj mdrïmßl Ys,amSkaf.a úYajdi h hs'
Ydka;sl¾ufha tk ieris,s
wgu., ùÈh iQkshï hd.fha ieris,s w;r m%Odk ia:dkhla .kS' flfi,a m;=re f.dla fld<"
ynr, fld<" wdÈhfka fuh ks¾udKh lrhs' Bg wu;rj yQkshï foúhka i|yd ;efkk yQkshï
ùÈh o úfYaI ks¾udKhls' fuys tk ieris,s w;r úúO fT!IO je,a j,ska hq;a je,a j<¨ 108la
^je,a j<¨ ;Skaÿj& lemSu o úfYaI;ajhls'

21
jä. mgqk
bkaÈhdfõ isg meñfKk nuqfKl=f.a fjia f.k hd. N+ñhg meñfKk weÿfrl= isxy, ni
fkdokakdla fuka úúO NdIdj,ska l;d lsÍu;a ^fou<" md,s" ixialD; NdIdj,ska lú yd fonia
lSu& fnr jdolhd tajd jerÈ f,i isxy,g mßj¾:kh lsÍu;a ydiH ckl wjia:djls' nuqKdf.a
wf;ys fmd;la" l=vhla yd ;d,ïmgla ±lsh yels h' úfYaIs; we÷ï lÜg,hlska ieriS isáhs' fï
w;r fnrjdhd md,s niska Tyq iu. l;d lrhs' ta w;r nuqKd w; n,d Ydia;% lSug okakd nj
mjik w;r" fnrjdhdf.a b,a,Su mßÈ wd;=rhdf.a w; n,d Ydia;% lSu;a" lú .dhkd iu.
w,xldr k¾;kj, fh§u;a isÿ lrhs' fuu wjia:dj wd;=rhdg udkisl iqjhla f.k fohs' jä.
mgqk kdgHuh ,laIK wvx.= rij;a wjia:djls'

jä.mqr foafi ka cgd ysi orñ k

i;a fok nuqKq weúÈ ka iqoao wIagl je,a o lr, k
l, jä. mgqfk ka l=vh f.k iqr;s k
fufia nuqfKda hd. lrñ ka fufia nuqfKla ifí kslauq K

wkqlrKh" iudfrdamh" wjia:d ksrEmKh" ixjdo Ndú;h" wkqrEmKh" fm%alaIl iyNd.s;ajh wd§
kdgHuh ,laIK we;'

foaYSh kdgH l,djg mqfrda.dó jQ kdgHlrefjda

ihsuka kj.;af;a.u 1940 - 2009
ihsuka kj.;af;a.u hkq kdgHlrefjl= fuka u rdcH iïudk,dNS
kjl;dlrefjl= o fõ' fuys§ úfYaI;ajhla jkafka Tyq úiska rpkd jQ
kdgH ish,a,lau iaj;ka;% ùuhs' Tyq iajlSh ks¾udK i|yd ri Ndj
mQ¾K NdId ffY,shla fhdod .;af;ah'
1974 jif¾ ks¾udKh l< Tyqf.a —iqn iy hi˜ ,xldfõ fuf;la ìysjQ
úYsIag;u kdgHhla jk w;r fm%alaIlhd w;r fnfyúka ckm%sh úh' tys
lshefjkafka wm rfÜ ft;sydisl l;d mqj;ls' tkï" isxy, rc jxYfha
i|yka jk rcq urd iqn kue;s fodrgqmd,hd rclu ,nd .;a isÿùu fõ'
kuq;a" yqÿ b;sydi jD;a;dka;hlg jvd tu isÿùug kj w¾:l:khla
iemhSu fuu kdgHfhays we;s úfYaI;ajh hs' iqrdfjka u;a jQfjl= jqj o"
i;H.rel Ndjh w.hk wfhl= jYfhka hi,d,l ;siai rcqf.a pß;h
ks¾udKh lr we;' fudyqf.a NdId Í;sh jHx.Hd¾: mQ¾K h' fuys hi
f.a pß;h ksrEmKh lrk ,oafoa o kj.;af;a.uhka úiskau h'
—iqn iy hi˜ g fmr 1970 § —.x.djla" im;a;= ln,la yd urKhla˜ kdgH o" 1972 § —mqiaf,davx˜
kdgH o Tyq w;ska ìys úh'
1976 § —ia;%S˜ kdgH o" 1978 § —.Õk irk lre,af,da ˜ kdgH o" 1977 § —iqÿ iy l¿˜ fyj;a —
j¾K˜ kdgH o rpkd úh'

kdgHh j¾Ih
.x.djla" im;a;= ln,la iy urKhla 1970 rpkh yd wOHlaIKh
.Õk irk l=re,a,fka 1971 rpkh yd wOHlaIKh
mqiaf,davx 1973 rpkh yd wOHlaIKh
iqn iy hi 1974 rpkh yd wOHlaIKh
iqÿ iy l¿ 1978 rpkh yd wOHlaIKh
mKavqldNh 1991 rpkh yd wOHlaIKh
fudKrms,a 1982 rpkh yd wOHlaIKh

22
fykaß chfiak 1931 - 2009
isxy, kdgH lafIa;%hg Tyq b;du;a u ckm%sh kdgH lrefjls' úYsIAg
.Kfha kdgH ìyslsÍfï ksiÕ yelshdjla Tyq ;=< mej;s' Tyq olaI
kdgH ks¾udKlrefjla fukau m%ùK k¿fjla o úh' yqKq jgfha
l;dfõ wivla f.a pß;h" ukfï kdgHfha ukfï l=uref.a pß;h"
yia;s ldka; uka;f¾ kdgHfha Wohk rcqf.a pß;h fm%alaIlhka weo
ne| .;a pß;hkg ksoiqka lSmhls' Ñ;%mg yd rEmjdyskS kdgHfha o Tyq
±lajQ rx.k odhl;ajh iod fkdueflk isysjgkhka h'

Tyq ksYamdokh l< kdgH w;r iaj;ka;% kdgH fukau mßj¾;k kdgH
o we;' —mõldrfhda˜" —cfka,h˜" —l=fõKs˜" —;j;a WoEikla˜" —
ukrxck jevj¾ck˜" —wmg mqf;a u.la kef;a˜" —irk isfhd;a fia
mq;=ks yUdhk˜ wd§ kdgH Tyq l< iaj;ka;% fõ' —ukd,fhda˜" —
jeo.kalu˜" —we;a; l=ula o˜" —wyia ud,s.d˜ —yqKqjgfha l;dj˜" —Èßh
uj iy wef.a orefjda˜" wd§ kdgH Tyqf.a mßj¾;k fõ'
1978 jif¾ iema;eïn¾ 15 gj¾ rÕy, h,s újD; lsÍu fjkqfjka isßiÕfnda kQ¾;shla Tyq úiska
ksIamdokh lrk ,È'
Tyq w;ska —cfka,h˜ kdgH ksIamdokh jQfha" kdgH O¾ó fkdfyd;a ffY,s.; iïm%odfhka Ôjk
m%Yak kdgHg kexùu ÿIalr hhs mejj;s u;hg ms<s;=rla jYfhks' weue;a;d" ä/lag¾" .jk¾" iy
uy;a;hd hk pß; Wmfhda.S lrf.k Ôjk w;a±lSïj,ska f;dr j by<g hk mqoa.,hd by< isg
mshú f,dj foi n,kakg lrk W;aiyh cfka,h kdgHfhka ishqï Wmydihlska hq;= j bÈßm;a
lr we;'
fykaß chfiakhkaf.a —l=fõKs˜ kdgHh o b;d Wiia ks¾udKhla úh' thska l=fõKsh f.a l;d
mqj; foi kj oDIaáhlska ne,Sfï W;aiyhls'
n¾fgda,aÜ fn%iaÜ kue;s c¾uka cd;sl kdgH lrejdf.a lD;shla weiqßka chfiakhka w;ska
,shejqK —yqKqjgfha l;dj˜ wm rfÜ fuf;la ìys jQ úYsIag;u kdgH lD;s w;f,diafika tlls'
tlu <ufhl=g ^uhsl,a g& Wreulï lshk ldka;djka fofofkl= f.a ^je¥ uj iy ye¥ uj&
.eg¿j lsisfjl= wfmalaId fkdl< wkaoñka úi|d fok wmQre úksiqre jrfhl= ms<sn| wmQ¾j l;d
mqj; yqKqjgfha l;djg mdol ù we;' —fohla fõ kï hï - iqÿiaidg u whs;s úh hq;=˜ hkak tys
f;audj úh'
fykaß chfiak hkq foaYSh kdgH l,dfõ wNsjDoaêh fjkqfjka lem jQ m¾fhaIKd;aul kdgH
lrefjls'

j¾Ih kdgH ksßudKh kdgHfha iajNdjh

1953 ukd,fhda fIâßka f.a —o rhsj,aia ˜ kdgHfha mßj¾;khls'
1954 jeo.;alu Tiald jhs,aâ f.a —w jquka T*a fkda bïfmdagkaia ˜ kdgHfha
mßj¾;khls'
1955 we;a; l=ula o@ weßiafgd*ksia f.a —j,dl=¿˜ kdgHfha mßj¾;khls'
1959 mõldrfhda iaj;ka;%
1962 cfka,h iaj;ka;%
1962 l=fõKs iaj;ka;%
1964 ;j;a WoEikla iaj;ka;%
1965 ukrkack jevj¾ck iaj;ka;%
1966 wyia ud,s.d fgkis ú,shï f.a —.a,dia fukdc͘ kdgHfha mßj¾;khls'
1967 yqKqjgfha l;dj n¾fgda,a fn%IaÜ f.a —fldflaishka fpdala i¾l,a ˜ kdgHfha
mßj¾;khls'
1968 wmg mqf;a u.la kef;a iaj;ka;%
1973 ulrd tõ.sks Iajdkaia f.a —o v%e.ka ˜ kdgHfha mßj¾;khls'
1972 Èßh uj iy wef.a orefjda n¾fgda,a fn%IaÜ f.a —uo¾ lf¾Ê ˜ kdgHfha mßj¾;khls'
1975 irk isfhd;a fia mq;=ks yUd hk iaj;ka;%
1978 isßiÕfnda kj kQ¾;shls

23
iq.;md, o is,ajd 1928 - 2002
iq.;md, o is,ajd hkq wm rfÜ iqm%lg kdgH lrefjls' Tyq tf;la
kdgHlrejka jeä jYfhka Ndú;d l< f,dal O¾ó ffY,sh Ndú;
lf<a h' fudyqf.a úfYaI;ajh jkafka kj m%jK;d wkqj kdgH
l,dj fufyhjQ ks¾udKYS,S kdgHlrefjlq ùuhs' tfuka u
úma,jldÍ" fmr<sldÍ l,dllrefjl= f,i Tyq uyck m%idoh Èkd
.;af;a h' idudkH ck;dj f.a m%Yak ms<sn| j lghq;= l<
l,dlrefjl= jYfhka o Tyq jeo.;a h' iq.;md, o is,aj f.a kdgH
lKavdhu —wfma lÜáh˜ kñka ye¢kaú h'
Tyq iaj;ka;% kdgH fukau mßj¾;k yd wkqj¾;k kdgH o
ksIamdokh lrk ,È' Tyqf.a iaj;ka;% kdgH w;ßka ld,Sk iudc
.eg¿ f;aud lr.;a kdgHhla jk —ÿkak ÿkq .uqfõ˜ ^1972& b;d
úYsIag ks¾udKhla úh' fuys lshefjkafka Okm;s mx;sh yd
jevlrk ^lïlre& ckd;dj w;r we;sjk >Ügkh hs' fuys tk"
wjxl" mrd¾:h w.h lrk jD;a;Sh iñ;s kdhlhd jevj¾ckh
wjia:dfõ ta fjkqfjka ish,a, lem lrk wdldrh kdgHfhka
lÈug ksrEmKh lr we;'
—tl j,af, fmd,a ˜" —fndaäxldrfhda ˜" —;Ügq f.j,a ˜" —ks,a lÜfrd,a u,a˜" —kkaÈúYd,d˜" —i;
iy i;˜ hk kdgH Tyqf.a ;j;a iaj;ka;% lsysmhls'
foaYmd,k f;audjla /.;a —oEjeoafoda ˜1979 § m¾fhaIKd;aul kdgHhla f,i zÑka;k kdgHZ
,xldjg y÷kajd ÿka m%:u wjia:dj f,i ie,lsh yelsh'
c¾uka cd;sl mSg¾ jhsia f.a —Marat Sade˜ mßj¾;kh lrñka Y%S ,dxflah fõÈldj u;g f.k wd
—urdidoa˜ iq.;md, o is,ajdf.a fyd|u kdgH ksIamdokhla f,i i<fla'
Tyqf.a wfkl=;a mßj¾;k yd wkqj¾;k w;r ¨hsð ms/kafvf,da f.a —Six Characters in Search of
an Author˜ lD;sfha mßj¾;khla jQ —yßu nvq yhla˜ kdgH o" fgkis ú,shïia f.a —Cat on a Hot
tin Roof˜ kdgHfha mßj¾;khla jQ —fyf,a ke.a. fvdax mq;d˜ kdgH o" n¾fgda,aÜ fn%iaÜ f.a
—Good Woman of Setsuan˜ ys mßj¾;khla jQ —ys; fyd| wïukaä˜ hk kdgH o fnfyúka ckms%h
úh'
m%xi cd;sl wef,laiekav¾ fn%f*daÜ f.a —b¾ud ,dvqIa˜ kue;s .S;kdgHfha mßj¾;khla jQ —uq;=
l=udߘ" cq,shia fya f.a —the Horse˜ kdgHfha mßj¾;khla jQ —;=rÕ ikaksh˜" j¾kaiayhsv¾ f.a
—The tea house of a August Moon˜ kdgHfha mßj¾;khla jQ —wei< i| wjkay,˜" hk kdgH
iq.;md, o is,ajdf.a ksIamdok fõ'

kdgHh j¾Ih
tl j,af,a fmd,a 1958 rpkh
fndaäxldrfhda 1962 rpkh yd wOHlaIKh
;Ügq f.j,a 1964 rpkh yd wOHlaIKh
yßu nvq yhla 1965 ¨hsð ms/kavf,da f.a zpß; yhlaZ wkqj¾;kh yd wOHlaIKh
fyf,a ke.a. fvdax mq;d 1966 fgkis ú,shïia f.a zleÜ Tka w fydÜ áka rE*a ys mß' yd wOH'
ks, lÜfrd,a u,a 1967 rpkh yd wOHlaIKh
ys; fyd| wïukaä 1969 n¾fgda,aÜ fn%IaÜ f.a z.=â jquka T* fiÜiqjdkaiaZ ys mß' yd wOH'
ÿkak ÿkq .uqfõ 1972 rpkh yd wOHlaIKh
uq;= l=udß 1973 wef,laiekav¾ fn%f*daÜ f.a zb¾ud ,dvqIaZ ys mß' yd wOHlaIKh
;=rÕ ikaksh 1975 cQ,shia f.a zo fydaiaZ mßj¾;kh yd wOHlaIKh
kkaÈ úYd, 1977 rpkh yd wOHlaIKh
oEjeoafoda 1979 rpkh yd wOHlaIKh
i; iy i; 1980 rpkh yd wOHlaIKh
wei, i| wjkay, 1981 j¾kaiayhsv¾ f.a zo à yjqia T* o T.iag uQka ys wkqj¾;kh yd wOHCI
urdidoa 1986 mSg¾ jhsia f.a zurdidoaZmßj¾;kh yd wOHlaIKh
idka;=jr fin<dfKda 1991 rpkh yd wOHlaIKh

24
nkOq, chj¾Ok
60-90 oYl w;r ld,fha ,dxflah fõÈldjg kdgH .Kkdjla odhdo
l< l,d lrefjls' ish ks¾udKd;aul mßl,amkh fhdod .ksñka
isoaëka yeisrùfï ukd yelshdjla t;=ud i;=j mej;sks' t;=ud
fmardfoKsh iriúfha o¾Ykh ms<sn| m%:u Wmdêh ,en miqj kdgH
l,djg wj;S¾K kdgH rplfhl=" Tyq" kdgH wOHlaIl jrfhl="
úpdrlfhl= fukau fn!oaO úYaj fldaIfha ixialdrljrfhl= f,i o
fiajh fldg we;'
1958 § f>daIl jia;=j kue;s iaj;ka;% kdgH ks¾udK lrñka nkaOq,
chj¾Ok kdgHlrKhg msúisfha h'
Tyq w;ska —fnr y~˜ kdgH .%Sl ieg¾ kdgHhla weiqßka ilia úh'
fidf*dla,Sia f.a —blafkdjqgdb˜ kue;s Bg mdol úh' —
fnr y~˜ kdgH .%Sl kdgHhl Wmqgd .ekSula jqj o foaYSh W!rejlska
ksIamdokh lsÍug W;aiy fldg we;' foaYSh .eñ ixialD;sfh ys
olakg ,efnk f;dú,a lú" jkaokd lú" fk¿ï lú wdÈfhys wdNdih
fnr yf~ ys olakg ,efí' tfukau isxy, ck kegqï fuys § Wmfhda.S lrf.k we;'
by; lS ,laIK ksid ieg¾ kdgHfha wkqj¾;khla jQ —fnr y~˜ fndfyda fma%laIlhka úiska
i,lkq ,enqfõ foaYSh iaj;ka;% kdgHhla jYfhks'
Tyq úiska 1999 jif¾ ksIamdokh lrk ,o —iaj¾Kud,s˜ kdgHhg jia;= ù w;af;a wmf.a ck
l;dj,g fnfyúka ióm b;sydi l;d folla jk ÿgq.euqKq rcq iaj¾Kud,s ffp;Hh
f.dvke.Sug ±rE m%h;akh iy id,sh l=ure wfYdalud,d flfrys fmïne| rclu w;yer ±óu
ms<sn| l;djhs'
óg wu;rj ìys jqK —fndai;dKks˜fpfldiaf,djelshdkq kdgHlre ler,apefmla ifydaorhka
f.a Insect Play lD;sfha wkqjdoh f,iska o" —il,ck˜ uOHld,Sk hq.fha ,shejqKq fudre,sá
.Kfha kdgHhla jQ yshqf.da f*dka fyd*a ukaia;d,a f.a Gederman ys wkjdoh f,i o" —fuKr
ms,a˜ fud,sh¾ kue;s m%xY kdgHlrejdf.a —o nq¾Iqjd fckaáf,daï˜ kue;s m%yik kdgHfha
wkqjdoh f,iska o wkqj¾;k kdgH /ila nkaOq, chj¾Ok ksIamdokh lr we;'
—iaj¾K yxi˜" —f>daIl jia;=j˜" —Èhfiak fkdmeñKSu˜" chj¾Okhka f.a ;j;a iaj;ka;%
lsysmhls'

kdgHh j¾Ih iajNdjh

f>dIl jia;=j 1958 iaj;ka;%
fnr y~ 1961 fidf*dla,Sia f.a —blafkõgdb˜ kï ieg¾ kdgHfha wkqj¾;kh
Èhfiak fkdmeñKSu 1963 iaj;ka;%
iaj¾K yxi 1965 iaj;ka;%
ìysjqKs fndai;dKks 1966 ler,a pefmla ifydaorhkaf.a —lDñ kdgl˜ ys wkqj¾;kh
il, ck 1991 —tõß uEka˜ke;fyd;a —fcv¾ uEka ˜ ys wkqj¾;kh
fudKrms,a 1992 fud,sh¾ f.a —o nq¾Iqjd fckaáf,daï˜ kdgHfha wkqj¾;kh
iaj¾Kud,s 1999 iaj;ka;%

nkaOq, chj¾Okhkaf.a Ydia;%Sh fiajdj f,i

rEmK 1 iÕrdj" .%Sl kdgH l,dj yd fm%alaIl Tn ^pkaøfidau ú;dkf.a iu.&" iïNdjH .%Sl
kdgH l,dj ^úfÊr;ak m;srdc iu.&" kdgH m%fNao - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha m%ldYkh"
kdgH fm< wOHhkh - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha m%ldYkh'
1976 § isxy, kdgH wkquKav,fha iNdm;s OQrh ±rE nkaOq, chj¾Ok fou< kdgH wkquKav,h
o tlaj cd;sl kdgH W;aijhla meje;aúh' 1984 jif¾ kej;;a iNdm;s úh fuu ;k;=r ;=<
kdgH l,dj fjkqfjka uy;a fiajdjla bgq lf,ah'

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mrdl%u ksßwe,a,
udOH ;=kl mrdl%ufhka hfYdardjh kexjQ fhdO fijke,a, kñka Tyq
ms<sn|j wNskh 9 jeks l,dmfha pkaøisß fnda.uqj i|yka lrhs'
fõÈldj" iskudj yd rEmjdysksh hk ;=ka wEÿ;= udOH ch.;a Tyq uq,a
ld,fha PdhdrEm Ys,amshl= o fõ'
1974 jljdkqfõ Oïu cdf.dv wdrïN l< l,d flakaø rx. Ys,am
Yd,sldfõkdgH l,dj yeoEÍug tla jQmrdl%u ksßwe,a,hka ,xldfõ ùÈ
kdgH mqfrda.dñhd jQ .dñKS y;af;dÜgqfõ.uiu. tlaj m%:u ùÈ kdgH
lKavdhu wdrïN lsÍugo odhl úh' tkï 1979 § wdrïN l< —újD;
kdgH˜ ke;skï —újD; rx.h˜ kñka ye¢kajQ ck;dj w;rg hk
ikaksfõok udOHhla jYfhks' bka fkdkej;S y;af;dgqfõ.u iu.
úúO .ï okõ j, l=i<;d msß ;reK ;reKshka fjkqfjka kdgH jev
fmd,j,a ^workshop& kñka kdgH mqyqKq meje;aùug tla úh'
1976 § m%isoaO fõÈldj i|yd —filal=j˜ ks¾udKh lrk ,È' 70 oYlh
jeks wmßK; foaYmd,k kdgH ìysjQ jljdkqjl —filal=j˜ jeks fõÈld kdgHhla kdgH l,djg
úYd, fufyjrla bgq lf<a h' —filal=j˜ jif¾ fyd|u kdgH f,i cd;sl kdgH W;aijfha
iïudk /ila ysñlr.;a w;r" flá l;djla weiqßka" —fidlߘ —flda,ï˜ jeks ck rx.hka ys
idOkSh ,laIK iy ck lúfha wdNdIh o f.k ks¾udKh jQjls' —uy;ek˜" —mrilaj, wuq;a;d˜"
—rd<˜" —f.dkqka fofofkl=˜ wdÈ pß; ,dxlSh iudcfha ta ta hq.j, úiQ pß; ksfhdackh lrk
ixfla;d;aul pß; f,i bÈßm;a lrhs'
1979 § —úksYaph˜ kdgH fõÈldjg f.k tk ,oafoa m%xY niska rÑ; we,anhd leuQ f.a ^Les Justes&
wkqj ks¾udKh jQ mßj¾;k kdgHhla f,ih
1984 § n¾fgda,a fn%IaÜ úiska rÑ; Das Leben des Galilei lD;sh —.e,s,sfhda ˜ kñka wOHlaIKh
lf<a h' b;d,s cd;sl úoHd{fhl= jQ .e,s,sfhda .e,s,s f.a Ôjk pß;h mokï fldgf.k ,shk
,oaols' fuys w;s ±jeka; fõÈld miq;, ks¾udKh lr ;sîu o pß; 54la jQ kdgHfha k¿jka 44
fofkl=f.a muK iyh ,nd .ekSug isÿùu o ksßwe,a, uqyqKÿka wNsfhda.hls' meh 3la muK
§¾> kdgHhls'
1989 § —W;a;udù˜ kdgH f*%âßÉ vqfrkauÜ kue;s iaúia cd;sl kdgHlrejdf.a The Visit of the
Old Lady weiqßka isxy, fõÈldjg /fyk tk ,È'

1995 § b;d,s cd;sl kdgHlre vdßfhda f*da f.a The Accidental Death of Anarchies lD;h weiqßka
—jfrka;=˜ ixy, fõÈldjg f.fkk ,È'
mrdl%u ksßwe,a, m¾fhaIkd;aul kdgH lrefjls' ld,dkqrEmShj kdgH l,dj ck;dj w;rg
f.khdug Tyq ±rE W;aiyfha ;j;a m%;sM,hls —cklr,sh˜ tÉ' ta' fmf¾rd iu. iïnkaOù
—cklr,sh fkdfyd;a cx.u rÕu~,˜ wdrïN lsÍu;a iu. ks¾udK /ila odhdo lrkakg yels
úh' ,xldfõ úúO ia:dkhka fj; f.dia l|jqre ne|f.k fmkajQ tjka kdgH w;r" —wkaor u,a˜"
—iS;ïnr mg˜" —ulrrdlaI˜ ^tõ.sks Iajdkaia f.a The Dragon ys mßj¾;khla&" —prkaodia ˜ ^bka§h
kdgH yîí ;kaú,a prkaodia fpda¾ ys mßj¾;khls&" —ueá lr;a;h˜ ^Y=øl f.a uDÉPlál
m%lrKh& —l,amdka;h˜ hk kdgH fõ'
kdgHh j¾Ih iajNdjh
filal=j 1976 rpkh yd wOHlaIKh
úksYaph 1979 we,afnhd leuQ ,shQ —The Just˜ ys mßj¾;kh
.e,S,sfhda 1984 iaj;ka;%
W;a;udú 1989 iaj;ka;%
jfrka;= 1995 vdßfhda f*da f.a o welaisvkaI,a fv;a T* wekeisia ys mßj¾;kh
prkaodia 2005 prkaodia fpda¾ ys mßj¾;kh

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