12-Apr-23

WRU07429: Water Supply Design Software

Components of water supply system – Lecture 2

1 – Water source intake

Water Source intake

 The basic function of the intake structure is to
help in safely withdrawing water from the source
over predetermined pool levels and then to
discharge this water into the withdrawal conduit.

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1 - Water source intake

Factors governing location of water source intake
Controlling device:
The controlling device should be located at a place which is accessible even
during floods.
Cost:
Materials for constructing the source water intake should be locally available
e.g., stone masonry, brick masonry, concrete blocks, reinforced concrete.

Navigation channel:
Intake should be never located near the navigation channel to prevent pollution
due to discharge of refuse and waste from ships and boats.

1- Water source intake

Factors governing location of water source intake
Permanency of supply:
Intake should be located so as to ensure supply of water even under the worst
conditions and even to meet with the future requirements.
Quality of water:
If surface level of water is varying, the openings at different heights should be
provided to draw off water. It is desirable to locate the intake where polluted
water does not get entry into it e.g., on the upstream side of the town because
such location will prevent the contamination of water by sewage disposal of the
town.

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1 - Water source intake

Factors Governing Location of Intake
Situation:
- The situation of an intake should be selected that it is least affected by floods,
scouring, silting and storms.
- The site of intake should be well connected by good approach roads and it should
be free from the attack of heavy currents
Location:
The intake must never be located at the downstream or in the vicinity of the point of
disposal of wastewater.

1 - Water source intake

Factors governing location of source water source intake
Distance:
As far as possible, the site should be near the treatment plant so that the cost of
conveying water to the city is less
Accessibility:
The intake site should remain easily accessible during floods and should not get
flooded. Moreover, the flood waters should not be concentrated in the vicinity of the
intake.
Sedimentation:
The intake should not be located at locations prone to sedimentation

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1 - Water source intake

1 - Water source intake

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1 - Water intake
Design of water source intake
The following factors are considered in the design of intakes:
Factor of safety:
Intake structure should effectively resist the external forces caused by heavy
waves and currents, ice pressures, impact of floating objectives etc.
Foundation:
The foundations should be sufficient to withstand any damage may be caused by
the water current.
Protection of sides:
If the intake is situated in navigational channel, its sides should be protected by a
cluster of piles all around from the blows of moving ships.

Design of water intake

Screens or strainers:
The screens or strainers should be provided at the entry level of an intake. The
screens avoid the entry of floating matter and fish. The screens may be of
coarse type or fine type.
• The coarse screens usually consist of metallic rods placed about 25 to 30
mm apart and they remove large objects.
• The fine screens usually consist of wire net having openings of size 6 mm x
6 mm or less and they remove small objects.

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Design of water supply intake

Self weight:
Weight of intake structure should be good enough to grant its stability and safety
Size and number of inlets:
- The size of inlets to an intake should be sufficient so that the required
quantity of water is allowed to enter.
- The number of inlets should also be more so that the difficulty of drawing
does not arise even if some of them are blocked due to any reason.

Type of water intake

Quiz:

1. Write down types of water intake you know

2. Assume you have been assigned to design a water intake to draw

water the lake, from your list what type of intake will you choose?

3. From 2 above, defend your answer

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2 - Water treatment plant

• Water treatment is the process of removing

contaminants (Physical, Chemical and Biological
contaminants) from raw water to produce water that
is pure enough for human consumption without any
short term or long term risk of any adverse health
effect.
• Its objective is to make potable water (safe to drink)
and palatable (aesthetically acceptable for drinking)
• There are three types of water treatment namely
Conventional treatment, Centralized System and
Reverse Osmosis.

2. Complete cycle of conventional COAGULATION

treatment process and
FLOCCULATION
SOURCE

SCREENING

STORAGE

SEDIMENTATION
DISINFECTION
FILTRATION

DISTRIBUTION

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2.1 - Screening

• Removes large suspended solids from the

water. For example logs, stones, dead
animals, plants etc.

• Protects pumps and pipes

• Screen is available in two forms namely:

• Course screen

• Fine screen

2.1.1 - Course screen

Course screen available in the

form of bar of size 10 to 25 mm.

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2.1.2 - Fine Screen

• Fine screen available

in the form of bar of
sizes up to 10mm.

2.2 - Coagulation and Flocculation

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2.3 - Sedimentation

Sedimentation:
Is the process that removes
suspended particles from the water
which could not be removed in the
screening process.

2.4 - Rapid Sand Filter

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2.5 - Slow Sand Filter (SSF)

• Slow sand filters are best suited for

the filtration of water for small towns.

• The sand used for the filtration is

specified by the effective size and
uniformity coefficient .

• The effective size, D10, which is the

sieve in millimeters that permits 10%
sand by weight to pass.

• The uniformity coefficient is calculated

by the ratio of D60 and D10.

2.6 - Water disinfection

Purpose of disinfection
- To make Drinking water free of any disease causing bacteria and microbes.
Methods of disinfection
There are 3 main method used for water disinfection in large scale namely:
1. Chlorination,
2. Ozonation and
3. Ultraviolet radiation

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3 - Water transmission system

Introduction
• Water conveyance from the source
to the point of treatment may be
provided either by pipelines or open
channels
• Water conveyance from
treatment/source (depending on type
of water source available) to the
community is provided by pipes
called transmission.

3 - Water transmission
(a) Open channel
• The behavior of open channel flow is
governed basically by the effects of
viscosity and gravity relative to inertial
forces of flow.
• In open channel, water is exposed to the
atmosphere and therefore there is
considerable loss of water due to
evaporation, percolation, etc. as well as Open channel diagram
chances of it being contaminated.

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(b) Pipelines

3 - Water transmission
Uniform flow of water in open channel follows the energy equation between
section A to B.

V2A/2g
Energy line hL
Water surface
V2B/2g
yA
V
yB
A

Channel bottom
ZA B

ZB
Horizontal Datum

Length
ZA + yA + V2A/2g = ZB + yB + V2B/2g + HL

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3 - Water transmission system

The pressure conduits are in the form of pipes and they are adopted when water is
to be conveyed under pressure.

V21/2g EGL
hL
HGL
V22/2g
P1/ɣ

P2/ɣ
Center line
1
z1 2
z2
Datum

Energy line (EGL) – is a linear value (Nm/N) represents the energy at each section .
It slopes (drops) in the direction of flow except where energy is added by
mechanical device like pump

3 - Water transmission system

Total energy

• The energy in the flow of the section with reference to datum line is the sum of the

elevation z of the pipe-center line, the piezometer height (P1/ɣ) and the

velocity head (V2/2g).

• Energy equation (Bernoulli’s equation) between section 1 and 2

Z1 + P1/ɣ + V21/2g + Hp = Z2 + P2/ɣ + V22/2g + HL

Where: Z = Vertical distance above horizontal datum; P1/ɣ= Pressure head

V= Average velocity of flow; Hp = Energy head imparted to the water by the pump;
HL = total head loss between two sections 1 and 2

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3 - Water transmission system

• Size of the conveying pipe depends on:
-Discharge through pipe
-Velocity of flow

• Equation

Q=
Where
Q = Discharge through pipes
A = Cross section area of the pipe
V = Velocity flow in the pipe

3 - Water transmission system

• Head losses in pipe determined using Hazen
Williams equation:

. .
= . .

Where: Q= discharge through pipe

C =coefficient of friction

L = Length of pipe

D = diameter of pipe

Hf= head loss due to frictions

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4 – Water Storage

Storage of Water
• The storage of water is necessary to supplement the deficit of
water. This may result from scheduled pumping, insufficient water
sources and variation of consumption.

• There are three main points to be considered when deciding for a

storage: type, location and volume estimated

4 - Storage of water

• Whether the water is supplied by gravity or pumping always some

storage should be provided for in the distribution systems for the
following reasons.
 To cater for the hourly variations within the rate of
consumption
 To maintain adequate pressure in all parts of the
distribution system
 To provide possibilities of repairing the rising main (source
and reservoir) without curtailing the consumer’s system

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4 – Water Storage

Reason cont’d

 To produce some buffer capacity for emergencies, in urban

areas especially for fire fighting draft

 To maintain a uniform operation of pumps throughout the day

which implies smaller pumps than otherwise

 To cut down the feeder diameter (source to storage tank)

therefore saving some funds. If consumers were fed directly
from a source the feeder diameter would have to be greater
than having a storage tank

4 – Water Storage
Depend on the topography type of water storage is divided into
(i) Surface storage/tank
(ii) Elevated st o ra ge / tank
- The elevation of the tank is based on the pressure requirement for the supply
system.
- The construction material is based on the capacity of the tank
1. Small size - Masonry concrete blocks with reinforcements or reinforced
concrete is preferred
2. Large size - Steel is preferred because of weight

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4 - Water storage
(a) Surface reservoir

4 – Water Storage

(b) Elevated tanks

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5 - Water distribution system

After treatment, water is to be stored temporarily and supplied to the consumers

through the network of pipelines called distribution system.

The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to the consumers with

appropriate quality, quantity and pressure

The cost of distribution is about 40 to 70% of the total cost of the entire scheme.

5.1 - Layout distribution network

• The distribution pipes

are generally laid
below the road
pavements, and such
their layouts generally
follow the layout of
roads

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5.2 - Method of layouts distribution pipe network

• Four method
 Dead end system
 Radial system
 Grid Iron system
 Ring system

5.2.1 - Dead end system

• This system is suitable for

irregular developed towns or
cities. In this system water
flows in one direction only
into submains and branches.

• The diameter of pipe

decreases at every tree
branch.

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Advantage of dead end system

• Discharge and pressure at any point in the distribution system is

calculated easily
• The valves required in this system of layout are comparatively less
in number
• The diameter of pipes used are smaller and hence the system is
cheap and economical
• The laying of water pipes used are simple

Disadvantage of Dead end system

• There is stagnant water at dead ends of pipes causing contamination

• During repairs of pipes or valves at any point the entire down stream
end are deprived of supply

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5.3 - Grid iron system

• From the mains water enters

the branches at all
Junctions in either directions
into submains of equal
diameters.

• At any point in the line the

pressure is balanced from
two directions because of
interconnected network of
pipes

Advantage of Grid iron system

• In the case of repairs a very small

portion of distribution are a will be
affected

• Every point receives supply at least from

two directions and with higher pressure

• Additional water from the other branches

are available for fire fighting

• There is free circulation of water and

hence it is not liable for pollution due to
stagnation.

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Disadvantage of Grid iron system

• More length of pipes and

number of valves are needed
and hence there is increased cost
of construction
• Calculation of sizes of pipes
and working out pressures at
various points in the distribution
system is complicated and
difficult

5.4 - Circular or ring system

• Supply to the inner pipes

is from the mains around
the boundary.

• The advantages and

disadvantages are same
as that of grid-Iron
system

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5.5 - Radial system

• The area divided into zones system.

• Water is pumped to the distribution

reservoirs and from the reservoirs it flows
by gravity to the dead system of pipes

• The supply pipes are laid rapidly ending

towards the periphery

• This is most economical system also if

combined pumping and gravity flow is
adopted

Pipes Materials

• Pipes convey raw water from the

source to the treatment plants in the
distribution system. Water is under
pressure always and hence the pipe
material and the fixture should
withstand stresses due to the
internal and external pressure, and
temperature stresses

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Requirement of pipe materials

• It should be capable of with standing

internal and external pressures
• It should have facility of easy joints

• It should be available in all sizes, transport

and erection should be easy.
• It should be durable
• It should not react with water to alter its quality
• Cost of pipes should be less
• Frictional head loss should be minimum
• The damaged units should be replaced easily.

Pipe network analysis

• Pipe network analysis involves the

determination of the pipe flow rates
and pressure heads at the outflows
points of the network.

Pipe network.

• The flow rates and pressure heads must

satisfy the continuity and energy
equation

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Head loss equations

• Commonly used friction loss methods include:-

o Darcy-Weibach Equation
o Hazen-Williams equation
o Chezy’s Equation
o Kutter’s Equation
o Manning’s Equation

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