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36 37
36 37
Хороший лікар:
1 знає імена всіх своїх пацієнтів.
2 у розмові з пацієнтами використовує повсякденну мову, а не медичні терміни.
3 розглядає використання альтернативних методів лікування, таких як гіпноз, акупунктура
та ароматерапія.
4 розповідає людям, як вести здоровий спосіб життя.
5 зі співчуттям слухає людей, які насправді не хворіють.
6 зазвичай призначає ліки (наприклад, таблетки від депресії).
7 ретельно обмірковує вартість будь-якого лікування.
Well ,yes, there is certainly a lot of training and it takes a long time to become qualified. There's a lot to learn. You do need to be
good at science, there's no doubt about that. Oh, and not mind the sight of blood! Seriously though, I think many people forget that
it is after all a job about people, and being able to deal with people. There is a very human side to being a good doctor. It's a
sociable job. For me ... well,
I try to make a real effort to engage with patients, simple things like remembering names. Some of my colleagues think I spend too
long with patients, and that I'm not efficient. Sometimes it can be difficult with certain cases - you know we call them
hypochondriacs - they like to come to the doctor, but are not really ill. It can be difficult to be sympathetic sometimes, as they are
time wasters, and doctors are busy people, you know!
Some doctors go a lot further and like to lecture people about their lifestyles. I don't think you can do that too much, but you can
chat to patients and find out what is going on in their lives. It is a good idea to be open-minded as far as treatments are concerned.
I'm constantly surprised by what does and doesn't work with different patients. Some patients respond to treatments which have no
effect on others.
In my experience, some of the alternative treatments really do work and doctors should consider them, although western science is
sometimes still very sceptical.
One thing I do feel, is that doctors today need to think about money. You can't just keep giving out tablets and medicine all the
time. They are very expensive. Another thing which…
Ex.2
Хороший лікар:
1 знає імена всіх своїх пацієнтів.
2 у розмові з пацієнтами використовує повсякденну мову, а не медичні терміни.
3 розглядає використання альтернативних методів лікування, таких як гіпноз,
акупунктура та ароматерапія.
4 розповідає людям, як вести здоровий спосіб життя.
5 зі співчуттям слухає людей, які насправді не хворіють.
6 зазвичай призначає ліки (наприклад, таблетки від депресії).
7 ретельно обмірковує вартість будь-якого лікування.
Ex. 4b
1 Лікар виписує рецепт, але вам потрібно віднести його до аптекаря, щоб отримати
ліки.
2 Після операції я проходив фізіотерапію двічі на тиждень протягом трьох місяців,
поки не зміг знову ходити.
3 Вони вчасно знайшли донора органів, тому, схоже, трансплантація відбудеться за
планом.
4 Людям, які страждають на діабет, необхідно приймати інсулін або регулювати
свій раціон.
5 Людей з розладами харчування, такими як анорексія та булімія, зазвичай лікує
психіатр.
6 Деякі препарати найкраще вводити пацієнтам у вигляді ін’єкцій.
7 Хвороби серця, часто спричинені неправильним харчуванням, є найбільшою
вбивцею в західному світі.
Ex. 6
X-ray
Radiation with shorter wavelengths (more energy) than the X-ray is called Gamma radiation (γ-
rays). These are all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.X-rays can go through many solid
materials. For this reason, taking photograms with X-rays is used in medicine in order to see
bones and other things inside the body. Sometimes the term "X-Ray" means these pictures
instead of the radiation that makes them.
The images do not show skin and muscle, however, because these tissues are transparent enough
for the X-rays to pass through them without being absorbed too much.
There are small amounts of X-rays in the air. Like other energy in the air, X-rays can change
living cells. Exposing the human body to high doses of X-rays for a long time is dangerous. It
can cause cancer. However, cancer cells are hurt more easily, so X-rays are sometimes used to
kill them.
Penicillin
Penicillin is a common antibiotic, used to treat bacterial infections. It was one of the first to be
discovered, and worked well against staphylococci and streptococci. Many strains of bacteria are
now resistant. Chemists keep changing part of its structure in the effort to keep it working
against the bacteria.
Penicillin was discovered by Scottish scientist Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928, but it was not
mass-produced until the 1940s. The antibiotic is naturally produced by fungi of the genus
Penicillium. There is now a whole group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium: penicillin G,
procaine penicillin, benzathine penicillin, and penicillin V.
Penicillin is sometimes used to pneumonia etc as well as other diseases. It was first used widely
during World War II.
Penicillin was discovered when Fleming noticed a mould that was stopping bacteria from
growing in a dish. Australian scientist Howard Walter Florey made the penicillin mould into a
medicine. Together with another scientist Ernest Boris Chain, Fleming and Florey were given the
Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945.
Some people are allergic to penicillin. Symptoms include nausea or rash. Rarely, patients who
are allergic to penicillin get a fever, vomit, or have serious skin irritation. Because it is such a
popular antibiotic, penicillin is the most common cause of serious allergic reactions to a drug.
They are now used regularly in hospitals.
Aspirin
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a drug. It is most commonly used as a pain killer, or to reduce
fever or inflammation. It also has an anti-platelet effect - it reduces the number of platelets in the
blood which reduces blood clotting- in that function it is used to prevent heart attacks. Aspirin is
one of the most-used medical drugs in the world.
Aspirin was invented in Germany in 1897. Bayer has a trademark on the brand name "aspirin" in
80 countries. But in other countries, "aspirin" is the common name for the drug.
Studies have found a link between taking regular aspirin and a reduced risk of cancer,
particularly colon cancer.
One study published in 2011 found that taking two aspirins a day lowered the rate of colon
cancer by 63 percent among people at high risk for colon cancer. Another study published last
year found that daily aspirin lowered the risk of death from cancer.
Anaesthesia
An anesthetic or anaesthetic is a substance that stops pain. It makes people either stop hurting, or
go completely to sleep during surgery. Anesthetic can be rubbed onto the skin, given by injection
("shot"), or given as a gas to breathe. The use of an anesthetic is called anaesthesia. Anaesthesia
blocks the pain during operations. This lets patients undergo surgery and other procedures
without the distress and pain they would normally feel. It comes from Greek roots an-, "without"
and aesthetos, "perceptible, able to feel".
The modern anesthetic was created by Joseph Lister. Before it, people sometimes used cocaine,
alcohol, and other drugs. Modern anaesthesia is highly complex and often involves a
combination of anaesthesia, analgesia and muscle relaxation to enable physicians to do their part.
These three tasks are known as the triad of anaesthesia.
Text
Анестезія є способом запобігання пацієнтам від відчуття болю під час операції. Кроуфорд
Вільямсон Лонг був першою людиною, яка використовувала ефір як анестетик під час
операцій у 1842 році. Потім 30 вересня 1846 року в Бостоні, штат Массачусетс, Вільям
Мортон, американський дантист, виконав безболісне видалення зуба після того, як дав
ефір пацієнту. Він також провів першу публічну демонстрацію використання ефіру для
анестезії пацієнта 16 жовтня 1846 року. Після демонстрації Мортон намагався приховати
ідентичність речовини, оскільки планував запатентувати її та отримати прибуток від її
використання. Однак швидко виявилося, що це ефір, і незабаром його почали
використовувати як у США, так і в Європі. Тоді було виявлено, що ефір легко загоряється,
тому в Англії його замінили хлороформом. Тим не менш досягнення Мортона стало
ключовим фактором у розвитку сучасної хірургії.
Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas in the body that controls the glucose level in the
blood.
People who cannot make insulin in their bodies, or who make it but their body cannot use it
properly, have the disease diabetes. When blood glucose levels fall below a certain level, the
human body begins to use stored sugar as an energy source through glycogenolysis. This process
breaks down the glycogen stored in the liver and muscles into glucose which can then be used as
an energy source. Insulin is a central metabolic control mechanism. Insulin is also used as a
control signal to other body systems.
Dr. Frederick Banting and Dr. Charles Best also did similar experiments while trying to find a
cure for diabetes. In these experiments they used dogs.
They first knew insulin would control diabetes in a person when they injected some insulin into a
14 year old boy named Leonard Thompson who was dying of diabetes. After the injection he
survived. Banting won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with John
Macleod, for the discovery of insulin. Best and Paulescu were not honored at that time.
The first genetically-engineered, synthetic "human" insulin was produced in a laboratory in 1977
by Herbert Boyer.
Доктор Фредерік Бантінг і доктор Чарльз Бест також проводили подібні експерименти,
намагаючись знайти ліки від діабету. У цих експериментах вони використовували собак.
Вони вперше зрозуміли, що інсулін може контролювати діабет у людини, коли ввели
інсулін 14-річному хлопчику на ім’я Леонард Томпсон, який помирав від діабету. Після
ін'єкції він вижив. Бантінг отримав Нобелівську премію з фізіології та медицини 1923
року разом з Джоном Маклеодом за відкриття інсуліну. Бест і Паулеску тоді не були
вшановані.
Defibrillation
Defibrillation is the act of defibrillating the heart to treat the heart when it is not pushing blood
because the heart muscle is not working in any pattern. Electricity causes a muscle to contract,
this is how nerves cause muscles to work. The heart is a large muscle, and certain parts need to
contract before other parts in order to push blood through the heart and out to the rest of body
correctly. Fibrillation is a type of arrhythmia when the whole heart is quivering, not organized to
make heart beats of any kind. Defibrillation is done with a defibrillator.
Defibrillation works by carefully sending a strong electric current to the heart, which resets the
heart, and hopefully returns a normal, coordinated heart rhythm. Defibrillators can work outside
the body with the use of a defibrillator, or inside the body with an implantable cardioverter-
defibrillator.
The first use of the technique on a human was in 1947 by Claude Beck, a professor of surgery at
Case Western Reserve University. The patient was a 14-year-old boy named Mickey.
Defibrillation is now used during open heart surgery, when the heart is stopped on purpose.
In1980 the first implanted defibrillator was put into a patient. Implanted defibrillators are put
into the chests of people at risk of going into fibrillation.
Defibrillation is most successful when done right when the problem starts. Success in the first
minute is about 90% and drops by 10% every minute after that. Having a defibrillator close by
during operation is very important.
дефібриляція
Дефібриляція — це акт дефібриляції серця для лікування серця, коли воно не виштовхує
кров, оскільки серцевий м’яз не працює за будь-яким шаблоном. Електрика змушує м'яз
скорочуватися, так нерви змушують м'язи працювати. Серце — це великий м’яз, і певні
частини повинні скорочуватися раніше, ніж інші частини, щоб правильно проштовхувати
кров через серце до решти тіла. Фібриляція — це тип аритмії, коли тремтить все серце, не
організоване для будь-яких серцевих скорочень. Дефібриляція проводиться за допомогою
дефібрилятора.
Дефібриляція працює шляхом обережного надсилання сильного електричного струму до
серця, який перезапускає серце та, сподіваємося, повертає нормальний координований
серцевий ритм. Дефібрилятори можуть працювати поза тілом за допомогою
дефібрилятора або всередині тіла за допомогою імплантованого кардіовертера-
дефібрилятора.
Перше застосування цієї техніки на людині відбулося в 1947 році Клодом Беком,
професором хірургії в Університеті Вестерн Резерв. Пацієнтом виявився 14-річний
хлопчик на ім'я Міккі.
Зараз дефібриляція використовується під час операції на відкритому серці, коли серце
навмисне зупиняється. У 1980 році пацієнту встановили перший імплантований
дефібрилятор. Імплантовані дефібрилятори встановлюють у грудну клітку людям, яким
загрожує фібриляція.
Дефібриляція є найуспішнішою, якщо вона виконується правильно, коли проблема
починається. Успіх у першу хвилину становить близько 90% і падає на 10% кожну
хвилину після цього. Наявність дефібрилятора під час роботи дуже важливо.
Ex.9
2 Do you think nurses and midwives are paid enough in your country? Why? Why not?
I think that nurses and midwifes aren’t paid enough in my country. But they deserve it. Doctors
are more valued in our country. Don't underestimate nurses though. Sometimes they are even
more concerned with the patient than the doctor. For example, an operation. The doctor does it
for several hours with the help of assistants. Then the nurse takes much longer care of the patient
during rehabilitation. It can last from one day to months. Of course, everything should depend on
the amount work that nurses or midwives do. You cannot compare the nurse in the hospital, who
fills the documents, and the one who takes care of seriously ill, for example. So in general, I
think nurses’ and midwives’ salaries should be bigger, although it depends on their
responsibilities.
3 Soon, medical advances will allow people to live to a very old age. Is this desirable? Why?
Why not?
It was a bit complicated question for me. First of all, I don’t think that if person lives longer, it is
better. It doesn’t change the quality of life. It is better to live the same number of years, but with
pleasure, with happiness, with family, having a lot of opportunities. Secondly, I don’t really
think that medical advances can really allow people to live longer. Because our health depends
on everything. But we see, that climate changes, the quality of water too, air is polluted, so I
don’t think that person’s life can become much more longer. But if so. I think it has both
advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, person can enjoy his living. But on the other
hand, our planet is not rubber, our cities have certain amount of houses. And overpopulation can
lead to bad effects, both for humanity and environment. Secondly, as I say, when person is old,
sometimes he just sits at home, doin nothing. So it is better to change the quality of health, so
person even in his 80 can enjoy his life.
4 Should new drugs be tested on both animals and humans before being prescribed by doctors?
It is really complicated and up-to-date question. A lot of people nowadays have position against
testing drugs on animals. There are even demonstrations in some countries. And I really support
them. Because we can’t rule or manage animals’ lives. They have feelings and right to live.
Moreover, I have seen a lot of videos with rabbits, who have terrible consequences of testing on
their eyes, skin, it is even impossible for them to live further. While others say that humanity is
not creature for experiment. I can support point of view against testing on animals. I think that
progress of our Planet is on high level now. And scientists can invent some kind of synthetic
materials, skins and so on, which will have similar features to human. So this way, both lives of
animal and human is saved, but drugs are useful and help person.