ENGLISH

PRONUNCIATION
Contents
Introduction to the course
2

Phonetic Symbols, Monophthongs

1 Word Stress
5

Diphthongs, Sentence Stress, Weak

2 forms 14

3 Consonants, Ending Sounds, Clusters 23

Consonants, Nasal Sounds, Ending

4 Sounds 30

5 Consonants, Thought Group

34

6 Elision, Assimilation, Intonation 38

American T, Consonant Cluster, Ending

7 Sounds
46

8 Phonetic Symbols Review, Word Stress 54

9 Word Stress, Linking Sounds, Intonation 58

10 Course Summary 62

1
 LỜI TỰA

Các học viên của aroma thân mến,

Lời đầu tiên, aroma xin cảm ơn các anh/chị học viên về sự tin tưởng và lựa chọn aroma để
cải thiện khả năng tiếng Anh của mình!

Các anh/ chị đang sở hữu cuốn sách Chuẩn Hóa Phát Âm (CHPA) dành riêng cho người đi làm.
Cuốn sách rất ngắn gọn này được “chắt lọc” từ nhiều nguồn tài liệu khác nhau. Do thời lượng
của khóa học phát âm chỉ có 10 buổi, đội ngũ chuyên môn và giảng viên của aroma đã chọn
lọc những nội dung cô đọng nhất nhưng vô cùng hữu ích.

Phát âm thường được coi là điểm đau (pain point) của người học do hầu hết chúng ta được học
đọc, viết và ngữ pháp trước khi được học nghe và nói. Chúng ta học tiếng Anh trong một thời
gian dài mà vẫn chưa thể nghe và nói tốt. Với cách tiếp cận “Đánh vào điểm đau (pain point)
của người học”, aroma hy vọng sau khóa học phát âm các anh/ chị sẽ sửa triệt để được các lỗi
như:

 Nhìn một từ tiếng Anh và đọc theo tiếng Việt: ví dụ từ “daughter”: có rất nhiều anh/ chị
đọc là “đau tờ” trong khi phát âm chuẩn là /ˈdɔːtə(r)/.

 Không phát âm âm cuối: ví dụ các từ sau nếu các anh/ chị không đọc âm cuối là giống
hệt nhau: “nice, nine, night, knife, knight” hay “white, while, wife, wide” sẽ giống với
“why”

 Hay “sờ lung tung” : chúng ta có xu hướng thêm /s/ vào cuối các từ; thậm chí nhiều
anh/ chị còn biến hóa âm /t/ và /d/ thành “sờ” ví dụ “hot” đọc thành “hót sờ” hay “hót
ssssss” và “need” thành “nít sờ” hay “nít ssss”

 Thêm dấu tiếng Việt vào tiếng Anh: ví dụ: “report” đọc thành “rì pọt”; “partner” đọc
thành “pạt nơ”

 Nói không có trọng âm từ (word stress), trọng từ của câu (sentence stress) và ngữ điệu
(intonation) nên các âm và các từ cứ đều đều buồn buồn

 Không biết tận dụng ngắt nghỉ đúng chỗ để nói tiếng Anh một cách tự nhiên, lấy hơi và
suy nghĩ thêm khi bị tắc ý (thought group)

Chúc các anh/chị thành công trong công cuộc “khổ luyện” để cải thiện khả năng phát âm và
năng lực tiếng Anh của mình! PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT

Cuối cùng, do nội dung sách và chương trình học quá cô đọng nên quá trình biên soạn sẽ
không tránh khỏi những thiếu sót. aroma rất mong được lắng nghe ý kiến từ phía học viên để
hoàn thiện sản phẩm và chất lượng dịch vụ của mình.

Đội ngũ chuyên môn và giáo viên aroma

2
 HƯỚNG DẪN SỬ DỤNG FILE NGHE CHƯƠNG TRÌNH CHUẨN HÓA PHÁT ÂM

Các học viên của aroma thân mến,

Hẳn mỗi chúng ta đều biết câu chuyện Thomas Edison làm hàng ngàn lần thử nghiệm thất bại
để tìm ra đúng vật liệu làm sợi dây tóc trong bóng đèn. Sau nhiều lần “thử” (trial) và “sai”
(error), cuối cùng Thomas Edison đã phát minh ra bóng đèn sợi đốt – một phát minh làm
“sáng bừng” cả thế giới.

Việc học bất kỳ một ngoại ngữ nào về bản chất cũng là quá trình “thử” (trial) – “sai” (error) –
học hỏi (learning). Để tận dụng được tối đa thời gian và công sức học phát âm, điều đầu tiên
các anh/chị cần làm là chuẩn bị sẵn sàng cho mình một tâm thế “thử và sai”: hãy mạnh dạn tự
mình đọc to các từ, nói ra và nói nhiều trên lớp. Chỉ có nói ra thoải mái, chúng ta mới biết
chúng ta sai ở đâu để giáo viên và các học viên khác trong lớp cùng sửa cho các anh/chị. Việc
học cũng giống như muốn rót nước vào một ly nước đầy thì việc đầu tiên là chúng ta phải “lấy”
hết nước trong cốc ra, nghĩa là phải nói ra.

Vậy, để sử dụng tốt file nghe chúng ta nên tự đọc vài lần để “thử sai” trước khi bật file nghe
chuẩn. Việc đọc to và lặp đi lặp lại khiến não ghi nhận âm thanh tốt hơn. Ngoài ra, với mỗi một
từ việc nhớ âm thanh qua việc đọc to và lặp lại chưa bao giờ đủ, các anh/chị hãy liên tưởng và
lấy ví dụ cụm từ/câu có từ đó; sau đó hãy đọc to cả cụm từ/câu lên đồng thời ghi chép lại, việc
học sẽ trở lên hiệu quả rất nhiều.

Chúc các anh/chị thành công với Phương pháp học Thử sai (Trial and Error Method)!

Đội ngũ chuyên môn và giáo viên aroma

Các trang web học phát âm hiệu quả:

1. 44 sounds (BBC):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdRmGvmeY1U&list=PLD6B222E02447DC07

2. Funny English:

a. Mind your language: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59ZABmeWeRs&t=122s

b. Popular English: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxUm-2x-2dM

c. Learn English with Kenny Nguyen:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7SZQzAAa1U&list=PLP86Y-o3C1EAd1z-
AmsgAQjd169Vi9u0P

3. Everyday English conversation:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_RgTfNjoc4I&list=PL6E41B95CF7A7C1A8&index=2

4. BBC learning English

5. BBC learning English 6 minute English

6. VOA learning English

3
Cấu trúc khóa học

❖ Thời lượng khóa học

❖ Nội dung trọng yếu của khóa học
● Phonetics symbols
● Word stress
● Sentence stress
● Ending sound
● Sound linking
● Thought group
❖ Bài tập tiêu biểu
● Ghi âm bài hội thoại
● Thuyết trình tại lớp

4
 Lesson 1
Unit goals: Phonetic symbols Monophthongs Word stress

Vowel sounds

◻ His ◻ He’s
Live ◻ Leave
◻
❖ Employee
◻ B*tch ◻ Beach
◻ Sh*t ◻ Sheet ❖ Interviewee

◻ Piss ◻ Piece ❖ Trainee

◻ College ◻ Colleague

5
Vowel Sounds

spot sport Install awful

Launch block
shot short
Shock call
cost course Awesome

Vowel Sounds

Book Boot ★ Beautiful

★ Wonderful
Foot Food
★ Education
Full Fool

6
Phonetic symbols

hut heart ★ marketing

★ architect
much march
★ currently
cut cart

7
Vowel sounds

Bad Bed ◻ manager

Sad Said
Dad Dead ◻ happy
Man Men
Had Head ◻ salary

8
 VOWEL PRACTICE
VOWEL CHASING
Words

skill store push meal

blood meet month fill
far send turn hurt
door boost debt map
can drop run pull
cook star lose strong
pool many more visit

Vowel sounds

ɪ iː e æ ʌ
ɒ

uː ʊ ɑː ɔː ɜː ə

9
Word stress

◻ Tiếng Việt
◻ Eng-lish
◻ Syl-lable
◻ Comfortable
/ˈkʌmftəbl/
◻ Important /ɪmˈpɔːtnt/
◻ Impotent /ˈɪmpətənt/

Word stress

❏ Representative ❏ /ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv/
❏ photograph
❏ music
❏ photographer
❏ interesting
❏ photographic
❏ necessary
❏ economy
❏ industry
❏ economic
❏ comfortable

10
Word stress
❏ Music /ˈmjuːzɪk / ❏ Photograph
/ˈfəʊtəˌɡrɑːf/
❏ Interesting /ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/
❏ photographer
❏ Necessary /ˈnesəs(ə)ri/ /fəˈtɒɡrəfə(r)/
❏ Industry /ˈɪndəstri/ ❏ Photographic
/ˌfəʊtəˈɡræfɪk/
❏ Comfortable
❏ economy /ɪˈkɒnəmi/
/ˈkʌmftəb(ə)l/ ❏ Economic /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/

Practice

11
12
 UNIT 1 – PRACTICE

What do you do?

I’m Denise O’Connor. I work for an advertising company in Dublin.
I’m responsible for all printed publicity material that the company produces,
such as leaflets and brochures. It’s my job to ensure that we give our
clients the best printed advertising possible. I love my work because it’s
interesting and the people I work with are great fun.

Practice reading the dialogue aloud. Record your voice to

compare your production with the recording.

13
 Lesson 2
Unit goals: Diphthongs Vowels review
Sentence stress The weak form

GETTING TO KNOW EACH OTHER

Questions Student 1 Student 2 Student 3

1. What’s your name?

2. Where are you from?

3. How much time do you

spend on Facebook every
day?

4. Which bill do you hate

paying most?

5. What do you like to do in

your free time?

6. Name three things you

really like to do

Diphthongs
Please read these following words out loud.
Coat Eight
Great Educate
Note Postpone
Road Airplane

14
 Diphthongs

/eɪ/
- place, space, engage , cake, make, break
- saving, evaluate, demonstrate
- There are eight potatoes in the fridge
- I hate cake

Diphthongs

/aɪ/
- climb, mind
- finance, tonight
• This guy is very nice
• The child is right.

15
Diphthongs

/aʊ/
• house, how, south
• about, accounting, flower
• The sound of mouse is terrible
• My mother allows me to climb mountain.

Phonetic symbols

/eə/
- hair, pair, share
- compare, careful, airport
- I want to share my coin
- It’s over there under the chair

16
Diphthongs

/əʊ/
• Hope, phone, boat
• October, owner, moment, postpone
• Please, phone me tomorrow
• No! I don’t want to go home!

Phonetic symbols

/ɪə/
• here, hear, peer
• engineer, career, appear
• They have a very good beer here
• We came here last year

17
 Diphthongs

/ɔɪ/
• Coin, point, oil
• Appointment, avoid, noisy.
• The boy pointed mistakes
• I enjoy her voice

Diphthongs

/ʊə/
• Poor, tour,
• Assurance, tourist
• He is a poor person
• I take a tour to Japan
• I am sure that she was a doctor.

18
 Sentence stress

• I didn’t tell you to go argue with him, I

didn’t tell you to fight with him, and I
certainly didn’t tell you to smash his
stereo. I just told you to go to talk to him
• Rule of sentence stress
- content words are stressed
- structure words are unstressed

Sentence stress

Content words are stressed

Content words Example

Main verbs (Động từ chính) SELL, GIVE, EMPLOY

Nouns (Danh từ) CAR, MUSIC, MARY

Adjectives (Tính từ) RED, BIG, INTERESTING

Adverbs (Trang từ) QUICKLY, LOUDLY, NEVER

Negative auxiliaries (Trợ ĐT phủ định) DON'T, AREN'T, CAN'T

19
 Sentence stress
Structure words are unstressed
Structure words Example

Pronouns (Đại từ) he, we, they

Prepositions (Giới từ) on, at, into

Articles (Mạo từ) a, an, the

Conjunctions (Từ nối) and, but, because

Auxiliary verbs (Trợ ĐT) do, be, have, can

Sentence stress
• I’ll type the letters and send them to him
• Jane will call you later
• If I’ve known she was a vegetarian, I’d have
cooked something special for her
• The parcel should arrive by Friday
• I enjoy the meal but it was a bit expensive
• You’d better take an umbrella. It looks like it’s
going to rain

20
Weak form

American /əˈmerɪkən/
Familiar /fəˈmɪliə(r)/
Photographer /fəˈtɒɡrəfə(r)/
Can /kæn/  /kən/
I can sing very well
To /tuː//tə/
She drives to Las Vegas

Strong form and weak form

• I went to the hotel and booked a room for two

nights for my father and his best friend.
• I went to the hotel and booked a room for
two nights for my father and his best friend.
/aɪ ˈwent tə ðə həʊ ˈtel ən ˈbʊkt ə ˈru:m fə ˈtu:
ˈnaɪts fə maɪ ˈfɑ:ðər ən hɪz ˈbest ˈfrend/

21
 Practice
On time or to be dead

Man: I can’t believe I overslept. It looks as though I’m going to be late

for work again. I’m going to get into so much trouble. It’s the third time this
month

Woman: It’s only 8:30. You can make it if you hurry.

Man: No way, I don’t think I can get there in half an hour in rush hour

traffic. My boss is going to kill me.

Woman: Don’t worry. I’m sure you’ll get there in time.

22
 Lesson 3
Unit goals: Consonants Ending sounds Clusters

Consonants
◻ Time
◻ Tam
◻ Car
◻ Ca
◻ Train
◻ Trà đá
◻ Get
◻ Ghét
◻ Hi, Hello

Consonants
◻ Time
◻ Tam
◻ Car

Consonant symbols
◻ Ca
◻ Train
◻ Trà đá
◻ Get
◻ Ghét
◻ Hi, Hello
Voiceless

Voiced

23
Consonants

■game ■came
■glass ■class
■great ■create
■google ■architect
■aggressive ■mechanic
■leg ■think
■big ■stomach

Consonants

• bay • pay

• buy • pie

• bark • park

• bread • promise

• bring • please

• able • apple

• problem • impossible

• ability • apology

• club • shop

24
Consonants

• wrong • twin

• write • win

• where
• would
• work
• twenty
• aware
• twelve

25
Consonants

■two tell ■Do date

■Ten water ■Dinner address
■Dentist attendant ■Middle drink
■Presentation talent ■Dry decide

Consonants

◻hear
◻behind
◻he
◻behave
◻home
◻unhappy
◻Happy
◻Who

26
Consonants

• young • year

• you • yes

• The United • unit

States • view

• new • Few

• Student

Ending sound
of off

I lie you I like you

Em /em/ /eM/

How are you?

I’m fine. Thank you very much.

27
Ending sound

why /waɪ/ /waɪ_/

wine /waɪn/
wife /waɪf/
white /waɪt/

wide /waɪd/

while / waɪl/

Clusters
Fact costs
best asks
help tests
film desks

28
 Sound Travel - Rules of game
➢ 2 groups standing in 2 lines

➢ ONLY the last person in each group can see the word (don’t say it)

➢ Whisper to your next standing friend

➢ The first person writes the word on the board:

➢ 1 point for faster and correct word + 1 point for correct

pronunciation

➢ Notes: Whispering only

Don’t translate it

Don’t spell it

Practice: Listen to the dialogue and fill in the blanks

Happy Birthday

BOB: Hi, Barbara!

BARBARA: Hi, Bob. It’s my birthday today.

BOB: Oh, yes! … Your birthday! … er … Happy birthday, Barbara!

BARBARA: Thanks, Bob. Somebody (1) ______ me this blouse for my birthday.

BOB: Oh, what a beautiful blouse! It’s got … mm … er … blue butterflies on it.

BARBARA: (2) ____ big black buttons.

BOB: Did … er … um… Ruby buy it for you?

BARBARA: Yes. And my brother gave me a book about (3) _____.

BOB: I didn’t remember your birthday, Barbara. I’m terribly sorry. I’ve been so
busy with my new job.

I left my old job. The one in the pub. Guess what? I’m driving a (4) ____.

BARBARA: A cabbie! Congratulations! Don’t worry about the birthday present, Bob.

But remember that proverb: “(5) _______ late than never”.

Practice reading the dialogue aloud. Record your voice to compare your
production with the recording.

29
 Lesson 4
Unit goals: Consonants (cont.) Nasal Sounds Ending sounds

Consonants

◻Love ◻Rain
◻Little ◻Address
◻Mail/oil ◻Four
◻Three ◻Them
◻Clothes ◻With

Consonant

/l/ /r/
load road
play pray
loyal royal
supplies surprise
Wall war
Clara is really clever The rabbits run
but Lilly’s a bit silly around the ring

30
Consonant

/θ/ /ð/
Thank This
Think They
Healthy Mother
Worth Father
Birthday Brother

Nasal sounds

/m/
Mum Problem
Film Stadium
Come Museum

31
Nasal sounds

/n/
June Entertain
Mine Government
Nine Routine

Nasal sounds

/ŋ/
Thing Anything
Bring English
Sink Marketing

32
 Sound linking

Got up at eight There was an old man

Got on a bus called Greg,
Went into work Who tried to break open
Worked until two an egg.
Went out for lunch He kicked it around,
Worked until six But fell on the ground,
Back on the bus And found that he’d
Switched on the box broken a leg.
Slept in a chair

Practice
What is for dinner?
Wife: I think you'll like the chicken, yes. Now, what would you like with it?
Husband: Hm, let’s see ... what is there?
Wife: Well, there’s rice, or noodles ... or you could have a salad.
Husband: I like all of those. I’m not actually feeling very hungry, so ...
Wife: Maybe not the rice, then?
Husband: Perhaps not. I’ll have a salad, I think - but I love noodles.
Wife: You could have them next time.
Husband: Yes ... you’re right.

Practice reading the dialogue aloud. Record your voice to compare your production
with the recording.

33
 Lesson 5
Unit goals: Consonants (cont.) Thought group

Consonants

◻Sure ◻Position

◻Watch ◻Confidence

◻Enjoy ◻Measure

Consonants

/z/ /s/
Zone Saving

Zero Science

Easy Assistant

Exactly Conversation

Confuse Produce

Because Increase

34
Consonants

/ʒ/ /ʃ/
Version Short
Decision She
Television Sugar
Measure Nation
Leisure
Receptionist
Beige
Establish

Consonants

/ʧ/ /ʤ/
Cheap General

Change Agenda
Manager
Challenge
Job
Question
Dangerous
Future
Advantage
Match Generous
Approach Majority

35
Listen and complete these sentences. Then practice them.
1. I can ………… of six thin things, but I can think of six ……… things too.
2. ……… sells sea shells by the ……….. shore
3. I scream, you scream we …….. scream for ………………...
4. If you ……………. to buy, buy. If you don’t want to ………, bye bye

Thought group

Once upon a time, /there was a beautiful princess /who lived in

a big castle with her father, /the king, /and her mother, /the
queen. /Even though she had everything she asked for, /she
was not very happy.

Draw lines (/) showing where the speaker divides the

words into groups

A man wanted to buy his wife a new dress because it was her
birthday so he went to a department store and looked around and
he was looking for about an hour but he couldn’t decide and finally
this shop assistant came and asked if he needed help he said he
was looking for a dress and the shop assistant asked is it for you
sir?

36
 Practice
Making an appointment
Tara: Hello, Tara Luckman
Jenny: Hello, Tara. This is Jenny Young from BK Plastics.
Tara: Hi, Jenny. How are you?
Jenny: Fines, thanks, and you?
Tara: Very well. What can I do for you?
Jenny: We’ve got some new products which I think you might be interested in.
Tara: OK.
Jenny: Can I come and see you this week to show you what we’ve got?
Tara: Well, I’m pretty busy this week, but…let me look my diary…OK.
Jenny: I’m free all day Wednesday.
Tara: Sorry, Jenny. I’m interviewing all day Wednesday…but I am free all day
Thursday.
Jenny: Ah, I’m tied up Thursday morning and I have another appointment on
Thursday afternoon.
Tara: What about Friday? I’m out in the morning but I’ve got nothing in the
afternoon.
Jenny: Let me see…I’ve got plans but I can cancel…and I’m visiting another client in
the morning so I could come straight to you in the afternoon. Is two o’clock OK?
Tara: Two o’clock is fine.
Jenny: Great. OK…see you on Friday then.
Tara: Thanks, Jenny. See you then.
Jenny: Bye.
Tara: Bye.

Practice reading the dialogue aloud. Record your voice to compare your production
with the recording.

37
 Lesson 6
Unit goals: BE and AE difference Elision Assimilation Intonation

BE and AE Difference
Monophthongs - /ɒ/  /ɑː/
Word BE AE

Chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ /ˈtʃɑːklət/

Clock /klɒk/ /klɑːk/

Possible /ˈpɒsəbl/ /ˈpɑːsəbl/

Hot /hɒt/ /hɑːt/

Got /ɡɒt/ /ɡɑːt/

Sorry /ˈsɒri/ /ˈsɑːri/

Stop stɒp/ /stɑːp/

BE and AE Difference

Monophthongs - /æ//ɑː/
Word BE AE

Pass /pɑːs/ /pæs/

Class /klɑːs/ /klæs/

Ask /ɑːsk/ /æsk/

Staff /stɑːf/ /stæf/

Example /ɪɡˈzɑːmpl/ /ɪɡˈzæmpl/

Advantage /ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/ /ədˈvæntɪdʒ/

38
BE and AE Difference

Monophthongs - /juː/  /uː/

Word BE AE

New /njuː/ /nuː/

Suit /sjuːt/ /suːt/

Student /ˈstjuːdnt/ /ˈstuːdnt/

Produce /prəˈdjuːs/ /prəˈduːs/

Assume /əˈsjuːm/ /əˈsuːm/

BE and AE Difference

Diphthongs: /əʊ/  /oʊ/

Word BE AE

Go /gəʊ/ /goʊ/

No /nəʊ/ /noʊ/

Promotion /prəˈməʊʃn/ /prəˈmoʊʃn/

Growth /ɡrəʊθ/ /ɡroʊθ/

Romantic /rəʊˈmæntɪk/ /roʊˈmæntɪk/

39
 Elision (nuốt âm)

• Next day
/nekst/ /deɪ/ => /neks/ /deɪ/
• Last month
/lɑːst/ /mʌnθ/ => /lɑːs/ /mʌnθ/
• Making: /ˈmeɪkɪŋ/ => /ˈmeɪkɪn/
• Taking: /ˈteɪkɪŋ/ => /ˈteɪkɪn/

Assimilation (biến âm)

1. / d / changes to / b / before / m / / b / or / p/
• good morning: /ɡʊd/ /ˈmɔːnɪŋ/ => /ɡʊb/ /ˈmɔːnɪŋ/
• bad boy: /bæd/ /bɔɪ/ => /bæb/ /bɔɪ/
2. / s / changes to /ʃ/ before /ʃ/ or / j /
• dress shop: /dres/ /ʃɒp/ => /dreʃ/ /ʃɒp
3. / t / changes to / k / before / k / or /g/
• credit card: /ˈkredɪt/ /kɑːd/ => /ˈkredɪk/ /kɑːd/
4. /θ/ changes to / s / before / s /
• both sides: /bəʊθ/ /saɪds/ => /bəʊs/ /saɪds/

40
 Assimilation (biến âm)

1. /t/ + /j/ => /tʃ/

• Future: /ˈfjuːtʃə(r)/
• What you want is impossible
• /wɒt/ /juː/ /wɒntid/ /ɪz/ /ɪmˈpɒsəbl/ => /wɒtʃuː/ /wɒnt//ɪz/
/ɪmˈpɒsəbl/
• Nice to meet you
• /naɪs/ /tə/ /miːt/ /juː/ => ~ /miːtʃuː/
2. /d/ + /j/ => /dʒ/
• Educated: /ˈedʒukeɪtɪd/
• Would you like…
• /wʊd/ /juː/ /laɪk/ => /wʊdʒuː/ /laɪk/

Intonation

• Introducing tones
• Asking and checking tones
• Continuing and finishing tones

41
Introducing tones

Sid Shh!
Joe: what?
Sid: bear!
Joe: Bear?
Sid: Bear
Joe: Where?
Sid: There
Joe: Far?
Sid: No!
Joe: Near?
Sid: Yeah!
Joe: Run?
Sid: Run

Asking and checking tones

• Asking tones
- Wh – question
We generally start with the high pitch and go down at
the end
- Yes – no question
We often make our voice go up at the end
• Checking tones
We often make our voice go up at the end

42
 Listen to the audio. Does the voice go up or down at the end?
Work with your partner to practice these questions
1. Excuse me. Where can I register for the Intermediate course?
2. How much are the course fees?
3. How long does the course last?
4. What time does the class usually start?
5. Which floor is my classroom on?
6. Where can I buy my course books?
7. Where can I buy coffee?
8. Who will my teacher be?
9. When can I go to the next level?
10. How do I join the library?

Listen to the audio. Does the voice go up or down at the end? Work with your
partner to practice these questions
1. Can I buy you a drink?
2. Are you married?
3. Are you a student?
4. Do you like your teacher?
5. Do you like the weather here?
6. Do you like spicy food?
7. Have you got any brothers or sisters?
8. Did you come here by bus?
9. Would you like a cigarette?
10. Is there a phone near here?

43
 Practice the following conversation
A: Help, we’re lost!
B: Where are you?
A: I don’t know. There’s a supermarket and a river.
B: Oh, I think I know where you are…can you see a bridge?
A: Yes.
B: OK, well go across the bridge and turn right.
A: Turn right?
B: Uh uh. Now, can you see some trees on the left?
A: Yes
B: Turn left after the trees
A: What, in front of the bar?
B: Yes, in front of the bar. You’ll see my house on the left.
A: It’s opposite the farm?
B: That’s it. Well done, you’re here!

Continuing and finishing tones

Continuing tones
Voice goes up at the end
A: you know Max’s grandfather died?
B: Yes
A: well, he left all his money for the charity
Finishing tones
Voice goes down at the end
A: you know Max’s grandfather died?
B: Oh
A: yeah, terrible, isn’t it?

44
 Practice the following conversation
A: You know Angela?
B: Yes.
A: And you know her brother David?
B: Uh huh.
A: Well, you know he lives in Southside?
B: Mmm…
A: Well, somebody broke into his house last night?
B: Oh, really?

Homework

45
 Lesson 7
Unit goals: American t Consonant Cluster Ending Sounds

American T

1. True sound /t/

2. Sound /t/ as sound /d/

3. Sound /t/ is omitted

True sound /t/

• The regular /t/ sound is always pronounced

as usual when

Test
Telephone
Attach
Pretend

46
Sound /t/ as sound /d/

• The /t/ sound becomes voiced and

pronounced like quick /d/ sound when

Better
University Vowel Quick /d/ Vowel
sounds
Put it on sounds sound

Computer

The sound /t/ omitted

• The /t/ sound is omitted when

Vowel
Center sounds

Interview
/n/ sound Omitted/t/
Twenty
Gentle
/l/ sound

47
 Ending sound
s/es
1. s/es => /s/ when preceded by voiceless
- stops: /stɒps/
- months: /mʌnθs/
- looks: /lʊks/
2. s/es => /z/ when preceded by voiced
- plays: /pleɪz/
- trees: /triːz/
- plans: /plænz/
3. s/es => /iz/ when preceded by some sounds /s/
/ʃ/ /tʃ/ /dʒ/
- challenges: /ˈtʃælɪndʒiz/
- matches: /mætʃiz/
- boxes: /bɒksiz/

Ending sound
/ed/
1. Ed => /t/ when preceded by voiceless
- Stopped: /stɒpt/
- Worked: /wɜːkt/
- Watched : /wɒtʃt/
2. Ed => /d/ when preceded by voiced
- planned: /plænd/
- changed: /tʃeɪndʒd/
- played: /pleɪd/
3. Id => /id/ when preceded by sounds /t/ and /d/
- Wanted: /wɒntid/
- Needed: /niːdid/
- Educated: /ˈedʒukeɪtɪd/
- Recommended: /ˌrekəˈmendid/
•

48
Cluster

1. Please, screen, splash, split, street,

green

2. Film, best, help, fact

Cluster

Special case

/sts/ and /sks/ sounds: the /t/ and

/k/ can be dropped

• costs (cos:s) masks (mas:s)

• masts (mas:s) asks (as:s)
• tests (tes:s) desks (des:s)

49
 Practice – Making Presentation

Introduction

It’s good to have Paul Kim here from Korean office.

Welcome, Paul.
Thank you, Sara. It’s good to be here today.

Hello. Thank you for coming

Ok, if we’re all here, let’s begin.
As you know, I’m Martin Weller, Senior Sales Representative.

I’m talking to you today as the leader of this project.

By the end of this session, you’ll know the details of your project.
Sam asked me to explain the project to you.

Right. Today I’d like to talk about the future of our business.
First, I’d like to describe the past.
After that, I’d to talk about the present.
Finally, I’ll try to predict how the business will develop in the future.

If you have any questions, please feel free to stop me.

There’ll be time for questions at the end.

Here you are.

Please take one and pass them round.
Did everyone get a copy?

50
Step Structures
Name of step
(no)

Get the audience's  Right. Well. OK. Er…m. Let's begin.

attention and signal
1 the beginning
 Good. Fine. Great. Can we start?
 Shall we start?
 Let's get the ball rolling.
 Let's get down to business.

 Hello ladies and gentlemen.

 Good morning members of the jury.
 Good afternoon esteemed guests
2 Greet the audience
 Good evening members of the board Fellow
colleagues Mr. Chairman/Chairwoman

 Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen, let me

introduce myself.
 Good morning everyone, I'd like to start by
introducing myself. My name is... I am a
student at the INT where I am a doctoral
candidate,
 I am X. Y. from 3 Com. I'm the manager of…
 I am a researcher from …
 I've been working on the subject now for X
years and I've had wide experience in the field
Introduce yourself
of ...
(name, position,
responsibility in the NOTE: Sometimes, especially when invited to speak,
3
company) the host introduces the guest, gives the same
information as above and then gives the floor to the
guest speaker.

 I am very pleased and proud to introduce …who

is….
 He/she is known for…

Now I'll turn the floor over to today's speaker. (take

the floor, to have the floor, to give the floor to
someone.)
 I plan to speak about...
Give title and
 Today I'm going to talk about...
introduce subject  The subject of my presentation is...
4
 The theme of my talk is... I've been asked to
talk to you about…

 My purpose in doing this paper is to give you a

Give your objectives solid background on the subject of oral
(purpose, aim, presentation so that in the future, at the INT or
5 elsewhere you can deliver a successful speech
goals)
in front of a group.
 What I would like to do today is to explain...
 to illustrate...
 to give a general overview of...

51
  to outline...
 to have a look at...
 What I want my listeners to get out of my
speech is...

 I have broken my speech down/up into X parts.

 I have divided my presentation (up) into Y
Announce your parts.
outline  In the first part I give a few basic definitions. In
6 the next section I will explain In part three, I
am going to show...
 In the last place I would like/want to give a
practical example...

Questions and  I'd ask you to save your questions for the end.
comments from the  There will be plenty of time at the end of my
speech for questions and discussion.
7 audience.
 You may interrupt me at any moment to ask
questions or make comments

52
Vienna - Billy Joel

Slow (1)……………… you crazy child

You're so (2)…………………… for a juvenile
But then if you're so smart tell me why
Are you still so (3)……………..?
Where's the fire, what's the hurry about?
You better cool it off before you burn it out
You got so much to do and only
So many (4)………………... in a day

But you know that when the (5) …………… is told

That you can get what you want
Or you can just get (6)……………….
You're gonna kick off before you even get halfway through
When will you realize...Vienna (7)…………… for you

Slow (8) …………… you're doing (9)……………….

You can't be everything you want to be
Before your time
Although it's so (10)…………………….. on the borderline tonight (tonight)
Too bad but it's the life you lead
You're so ahead of yourself
That you forgot what you need
Though you can see when you're wrong
You know you can't always see when you're right(you're right)

You got your (11)…………………. you got your (12)………………

But don't you know that only (13)……………… are satisfied?
Dream on but(14) …………… imagine they'll all come true
When will you realize
Vienna waits for you

Slow (15)…………… you crazy child

Take the (16)……………… off the hook and disappear for a (17)…………………
It's alright you can afford to lose a day or two
When will you realize...
Vienna waits for you.

And you know that when the (18)…………… is told

That you can get what you want
Or you can just get (19)……………
You're gonna kick off before you even get halfway through

Why don't you realize...Vienna waits for you

When will you realize...Vienna waits for you
53
 Lesson 8
Unit goals: Review Phonetic Symbols Word stress

Word stress

1. General rule

2. Word stress with the suffix

General rule
1. Stress on first syllable
Rule Example transcript

Most 2-syllable /ˈekspɔːt/, /ˈtʃaɪnə/,

Export, China, table
nouns /ˈteɪbl/

Most 2-syllable /ˈprɪti/, /ˈklevə(r)/,

Pretty, Clever, Happy
adjectives /ˈhæpi/

2. Stress on last syllable

Rule Example transcrips

Most 2-syllable to present, to export, /prɪˈzent/, /ɪkˈspɔːt/,

verbs to decide, to begin /dɪˈsaɪd/, /bɪˈɡɪn/

54
Word stress with the suffix
1. -ee, -ese, -eer, -ique or -ette: stress is
usually on that syllable
Suffix Example Transcript
agree /əˈɡriː/
guarantee /ˌɡærənˈtiː/
ee /ˌtreɪˈniː/
trainee
interviewee /ˌɪntəvjuːˈiː/
engineer /ˌendʒɪˈnɪə(r)/
eer volunteer /ˌvɒlənˈtɪə(r)/
pioneer /ˌpaɪəˈnɪə(r)
Japanese /ˌdʒæpəˈniːz/
ese Chinese /ˌtʃaɪˈniːz/
Vietnamese /ˌvjetnəˈmiːz/
cassette /kəˈset/
ette /ˌsɪɡəˈret/
cigarette
unique /juˈniːk/
ique /tekˈniːk/
technique

Word stress with the suffix

2. -ic, -sion and -tion: stress in on the syllable right
before the suffix

Suffix Example Transcript

mechanic /məˈkænɪk/
ic economic /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/
politic /ˈpɒlətɪk/

provision /prəˈvɪʒn/
sion decision /dɪˈsɪʒn/
comprehension /ˌkɒmprɪˈhenʃn/

education /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn/
tion production /prəˈdʌkʃn/
attraction /əˈtrækʃn/

55
Word stress with the suffix
3. -ty, -phy, -cy, -gy, -al: Stress on third from end (ante-
penultimate) syllable

Suffix Example Transcript

ability /əˈbɪləti/
ty university /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/
responsibility /rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti/
philosophy /fəˈlɒsəfi/
phy geography /dʒiˈɒɡrəfi/
photography /fəˈtɒɡrəfi/
bankruptcy /ˈbæŋkrʌptsi/
cy expectancy /ɪkˈspektənsi/
efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃnsi/
critical /ˈkrɪtɪkl/
al
geological /ˌdʒiːəˈlɒdʒɪkl/

Practice

Oo oO Ooo oOo

56
 Staging the body of your talk

FUNCTION EXAMPLES OF SIGNPOST LANGUAGE

The first point I would like to address is…

Begin the body of the talk
Let me first raise…

For example…
Develop the first point
This is especially important because…
Sum up the first point So, we can see that…

Introduce the second point Secondly, I’d like to turn to…

An important statistic in this area is…
Develop the second point
It means that…
Sum up the second point It’s evident that…

Bring in the final point Finally, we need to look at…

This situation exists because…

Develop the final point
It’s worth noting that…

Sum up the final point Thus, the result is…

I’d like to stress that…

Emphasizing a point
Let me repeat that…

By the way…
Introducing a contrasting idea
Incidentally…

To summarize…
Sum up the body of the talk and
To review, we have found that…
remind listeners of the topic
What I have been saying is that…

57
 Lesson 9
Unit goals: Word Stress (cont.) Linking Sounds Intonation

Stress in the Compound words

desktop
Nouns
on the first pencil case
(N + N)
part bookshelf
(Adj. + N)
greenhouse

home – made
Adjectives On both or on second - hand
Compound
(Adj. + the last part well-meant
Participle) (the verb part) hard-headed
old-fashioned

understand
Verbs On the last part
overlook
(prep. + verb) (the verb part)
outperform

Stress in the sentence

Remember

Structure
words are CONTENT
unstressed WORDS ARE
STRESSED

58
Linking sounds
Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs
Example A: How did you feel?
B: I felt (feel) all right.
1 A: What do you think of yoga?
B: I don’t know, I’ve never ……………………..(try) it.
2 A: What happened to my favorite cup?
B: It…………………..(fall) off the table.
3 A: Which film shall we go to?
B: I don’t mind. I’ve ………………….(see) all of them before.
4 A: You looked pleased.
B: Yes, I’ve ……………………..(find) a new job.
5 A: What did you do last night?
B: I just……………………(stay) at home.
6 A: Where did you buy that hat?
B: I………………………….(make) it myself!
7 A: Does your dog like biscuits?
B: I don’t know, I’ve never…………………………….(ask) it.
8 A: How did you get here?
B: I …………………………………(swim) across the river.

Listen to check your answers. Check with the Key. Then listen and repeat.
Be sure to link the final consonant of the verb with the vowel at the
beginning of the next word.

59
 Intonation

High tones
1. A: We’ve won a holiday for two in
Jamaica
B: Brilliant
Voice goes high to show our strong feelings
2. A: Our flight have been cancelled
B: Brilliant
Flat voice means the opposite

Practice

Task 1:

Write these sentences in the correct column. Then, listen, check and repeat.

The bus was late. Come and look Close the window. What do you want?

The water’s cold. Give me a call What did you say? Phone and tell me.

Nice to see you. Where’s the car? It’s cold and wet What’s the time?

0oo0 o0o0 0o0 0o0o

The bus was late.

60
Task 2: Listen and tick the sentence you hear, A or B.

A B

1 I can swim. I can’t swim.

2 Are you coming? Aren’t you coming?
3 We were tired. We weren’t tired.
4 She can help you. She can’t help you.
5 Can you see? Can’t you see?
6 They were talking. They weren’t talking.

Task 3: Listen to this story and mark the pauses like this: /

A few years ago / I read in a newspaper / that the staff at a library…

A few years ago I read in a newspaper that the staff at a library in a

small town in the west of England had noticed that the number of
visitors to the library was going down, and the number of books they
were borrowing was going down even faster. They couldn’t understand
this, so they decided to do some research to find out the reason. They
interviewed people and asked them to fill in questionnaires and so on.
And guess what they discovered. The reason was simply that everybody
had read all the books already!

Task 4:

The responses to the pairs of sentences a and b are the same, but the speaker
pronounces the differently. For example, in the response to Example a, the voice is
flat, but in the response to Example b, the voice goes high. Draw lines to show if you
think the voice will be flat or go high. Then listen and check.

EXAMPLE

a – We had to stay in a five-star b – We had to spend two days in the

hotel. airport.

- How awful for you! - How awful for you!

1a - Forget the beach; it’s raining 1b - They say we don’t have to pay; it’s
again! free.

- Brilliant! - Brilliant!

61
 2a - I got an A in the exam! 2b - I’ve crashed the car again!

- Well done! - Well done!

3a - I can count three in German.
- Amazing!
4a - We could pick fresh fruit off 4b
the trees in the garden.
3b I learnt how to fly a plane while we
were on holiday.
- Amazing!
- We had a tiny bit of cheese on a
dry, old piece of bread.

- Delicious! - Delicious!
5a - Frank says he’ll take us to 5b - The car’s broken down and there
the airport. are no taxis.

- Excellent! - Excellent!

Task 5:

Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs

Example A: How did you feel?

B: I felt (feel) all right.

1 A: What do you think of yoga?

B: I don’t know, I’ve never ……………………..(try) it.

2 A: What happened to my favorite cup?

B: It…………………..(fall) off the table.

3 A: Which film shall we go to?

B: I don’t mind. I’ve ………………….(see) all of them before.

4 A: You looked pleased.

B: Yes, I’ve ……………………..(find) a new job.

5 A: What did you do last night?

B: I just……………………(stay) at home.

6 A: Where did you buy that hat?

B: I………………………….(make) it myself!

7 A: Does your dog like biscuits?

B: I don’t know, I’ve never…………………………….(ask) it.

8 A: How did you get here?

62
B: I …………………………………(swim) across the river.

Listen to check your answers. Check with the Key. Then listen and repeat. Be sure to
link the final consonant of the verb with the vowel at the beginning of the next word.

Task 6:

Listen. What do Sue and Jim think about the people they are speaking about? Write
the names in the correct column.

People they like People they don’t like

Jeremy

SUE: Jeremy is going to stay at the same hotel as us.

JIM: Oh great!

JIM: Anne’s invited us to a party.

SUE: Fantastic!

JIM: Kathleen’s coming to stay with us for a few days.

SUE: That’ll be fun!

SUE: Gail and Tim want to come on holiday with us.

JIM: That’ll be nice!

63
 Lesson 10

Unit goals: Review

Lesson 10

1. Review the course

2. Practice
3. Tips for presentation

Tips for presentation

64