Chapter "4"

Systems of Linear Equations; Matrices

1) If A =[2 −1] , B =[
−3 1
]
3 0 2×2 2 −3 2×2
Find (A + B), (B + A), (A – B), (B – A)
Sol.
−1 0
 A+B= [ ]
5 −3
−1 0
 B+A= [ ]
5 −3
5 −2
 A–B= [ ]
1 3
−5 2
 B–A= [ ]
−1 −3

2 1
4 −1 0
2) If A =[ ] , B =[−6 3 ]
2 1 3 2×3
0 −5 3×2
Find (A + B)
Sol.
 (A + B) is Not Defined.

3) If A =[6 2 −3
] , B =[
4 −1 2
]
0 −4 5 2×3 −5 1 −2 2×3

Find (A – B) & (10A)

Sol.
2 3 −5
 A–B= [ ]
5 −5 7
60 20 −30
 10A = [ ]
0 −40 50

1 2
4) A =[5 0] ,B=[ ]
0 5 2×2 3 4 2×2

Find (A×B)

Sol.
5×1+0×3 5×2+0×4
 A×B= [ ]
0×1+5×3 0×2+5×4
5 10
= [ ]
15 20

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5) A =[−3 1], Find A2
2 5
Sol.
−3 1 −3 1
A =[ ] ,A =[ ]
2 5 2×2 2 5 2×2

−3 × −3 + 1 × 2 −3 × 1 + 1 × 5
A2 = [ ]
2 × −3 + 5 × 2 2×1+5×5
11 2
=[ ]
4 27
6 2
−5 1 2
6) A =[2 3] & B =[ ]
4 −2 7 2×3
4 1 3×2
Find (A×B)
Sol.
A3×2× B2×3 =
(6 × −5) + (2 × 4) (6 × 1) + (2 × −2) (6 × 2) + (2 × 7)
[(2 × −5) + (3 × 4) (2 × 1) + (3 × −2) (2 × 2) + (3 × 7)]
(4 × −5) + (1 × 4) (4 × 1) + (1 × −2) (4 × 2) + (1 × 7) 3×3
−22 2 26
=[ 2 −4 25]
−16 2 15 3×3

7) A =[2 −1 3
] , B =[
−3 1
]
0 4 −2 2×3 2 5 2×2
Find (A×B) & (B×A)
Sol.
2 −1 3 −3 1
 A×B= [ ] × [ ]
0 4 −2 2×3 2 5 2×2
Not Defined
−3 1 2 −1 3
 B×A=[ ] × [ ]
2 5 2×2 0 4 −2 2×3
−6 7 −11
=[ ]
4 18 −4

8) Solve using Augmented Matrix Method;

3𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 = 1
𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 = 7
Sol.
3 4 1
[ ] Augmented Matrix
1 −2 7
 Start with the 1st column;
𝑟 1 4⁄ 1⁄
𝑅1 = 1⁄3 3 3]
[
𝑅2 = 𝑟2 − 1𝑟1 0 −10 ⁄3 20 ⁄3

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  The 2nd column;
𝑟
𝑅2 = 2⁄ −10
( ⁄3) 1 0 3 (reduced form
[ ]
0 1 −2 Matrix)
𝑅1 = 𝑟1 − 4⁄3 𝑟2

 Therefore;

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟐

9) Solve using Augmented Matrix Method;

2𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 = −2
−4𝑥1 + 6𝑥2 = 7
Sol.

2 −3 −2
[ ]
−4 6 7
 Start with the 1st column;
𝑟 −3⁄ −1
𝑅1 = 1⁄2
[1 2 ]
𝑅2 = 𝑟2 + 4𝑟1 0 0 3
 Therefore;

There is No solution

10) Solve using Augmented Matrix Method;

3𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = 7
2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 = 1
Sol.

3 −1 7
[ ]
2 3 1
 Start with the 1st column;
𝑟 1 −1⁄ 7⁄
𝑅1 = 1⁄3 3 3 ]
[
𝑅2 = 𝑟2 − 2𝑟1 0 11⁄ −11⁄
3 3
 The 2nd column;
𝑟
𝑅2 = 2⁄ 11
( ⁄3) 1 0 2
[ ]
0 1 −1
𝑅1 = 𝑟1 + 1⁄3 𝑟2

 Therefore;

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟏

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11) Solve;
2𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 3
3𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 7
𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 0
Sol.
2 −2 1 3
[3 1 −1 7]
1 −3 2 0
 Start with the 1st column;
𝑟 1 −1 1⁄ 3⁄
𝑅1 = 1⁄2 2 2
0 4 −5⁄2 5⁄2
𝑅2 = 𝑟2 − 3𝑟1
𝑅3 = 𝑟3 − 1𝑟1 −2 3⁄2 −3⁄2]
[0
 The 3rd column;
𝑟3
𝑅3 = ⁄(3⁄ ) 1 −1⁄3 0 2
2
5
𝑅2 = 𝑟2 + ⁄2 𝑟3 0 2⁄3 0 0
−4⁄
𝑅1 = 𝑟1 − 1⁄2 𝑟3 [0 3 1 −1]

 The 2nd column;

𝑟2
𝑅2 = ⁄(2⁄ )
3 1 0 0 2
1
𝑅1 = 𝑟1 + ⁄3 𝑟2 [0 1 0 0]
0 0 1 −1
𝑅3 = 𝑟3 + 4⁄3 𝑟2
 Therefore;

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒙𝟑 = −𝟏

12) Nutrition. A dietitian in a hospital is to arrange a special diet composed of three

basic foods. The diet is to include exactly 340 units of Calcium, 180 units of Iron,
and 220 units of Vitamin A. the number of units per ounce of each special
ingredient for each of the foods is indicated in the table.
Units per ounce
Food A Food B Food C
Calcium 30 10 20
Iron 10 10 20
Vitamin A 10 30 20
How many ounces of each food must be used to meet the diet requirements?
Sol.

Let: 𝑥1 represent the number of food A.

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 𝑥2 represent the number of food B.
𝑥3 represent the number of food C.
30𝑥1 + 10𝑥2 + 20𝑥3 = 340 (Calcium)
10𝑥1 + 10𝑥2 + 20𝑥3 = 180 (Iron)
10𝑥1 + 30𝑥2 + 20𝑥3 = 220 (Vitamin A)
30 10 20 340
[10 10 20 180] Augmented Matrix
10 30 20 220
 Start with the 1st column;

𝑟 1 1⁄ 2⁄ 34⁄
𝑅1 = 1⁄30 3 3 3
0 20⁄ 40⁄ 200⁄
𝑅2 = 𝑟2 − 10𝑟1 3 3 3
𝑅3 = 𝑟3 − 10𝑟1 80⁄ 40⁄ 320⁄
[0 3 3 3]
 The 3rd column;
𝑟
𝑅3 = 3⁄ 40
( ⁄3) 1 −1 0 6
𝑅2 = 𝑟2 − 40⁄3 𝑟3 [0 −20 0 −40]
0 2 1 8
𝑅1 = 𝑟1 − 2⁄3 𝑟3
 The 2nd column;
𝑟
𝑅2 = 2⁄−20 1 0 0 8
(reduced
𝑅1 = 𝑟1 + 1𝑟2 [0 1 0 2] form Matrix)
𝑅3 = 𝑟3 − 2𝑟2 0 0 1 4

 Therefore;

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟖 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟒

13) Cost Analysis. A company with two different plants manufactures. Its
production costs for each instrument are given in the following matrices:
Plant x Plant y
47 39 56 42
𝐴=[ ] 𝐵=[ ]
90 125 84 115
Find ½ (A + B), the average cost of production for the two plants.
Sol.
51.5 40.5
 ½ (A + B) = [ ]
87 120

14) A person has $5,000 to invest, part at 5% & the rest at 10%. How much should
be invested at each rate to yield $400 per year?

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 Sol.
Let: x represent the part invested @ 5%.
y represent the part invested @ 10%.
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5000
0.05𝑥 + 0.10𝑦 = 400
1 1 5000
[ ]Augmented Matrix
0.05 0.10 400
 Start with the 1st column;
𝑅1 = 𝑟1 1 1 5000
[ ]
𝑅2 = 𝑟2 − 0.05𝑟1 0 0.05 150

 The 2nd column;

𝑟
𝑅2 = 2⁄0.05 1 0 2000
[ ]
𝑅1 = 𝑟1 − 1𝑟2 0 1 3000

 Therefore;

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎

−2 1 𝑥1 −5
15) If [ ] × [𝑥 ] = [ ], that it can be written in a linear equation form &
−3 4 2 7
What are the values of 𝑥1 &𝑥2 ?

Sol.
−2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = −5
−3𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 = 7
Using Augmented Matrix Method,

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟓. 𝟒 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟖

2 2 𝑥1 −5 2
16) If [ ] × [𝑥 ] + [ ] = [ ], What are the values of 𝑥1 & 𝑥2 ?
2 3 2 2 3
Sol.
2 2 𝑥1 7
[ ] × [𝑥 ] = [ ]
2 3 2 1
2𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 = 7
2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 = 1
 Therefore;
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟗. 𝟓 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟔
17) Find the inverse of a Matrix;

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 1 −1 1
𝑀 = [0 2 −1]
2 3 0
Sol.
1 −1 1 1 0 0
[𝑀/𝐼] = [0 2 −1 0 1 0]
2 3 0 0 0 1
 Start with the 1st column;

𝑅1 = 𝑟1 1 −1 1 1 0 0
𝑅2 = 𝑟2 [0 2 −1 0 1 0]
𝑅3 = 𝑟3 − 2𝑟1 0 5 −2 −2 0 1

 The 3rd column;

1 3⁄ 1⁄
𝑟
𝑅3 = 3⁄−2 2 0 0 0 2
0 −1⁄ 0 1 1 −1 ⁄2
𝑅2 = 𝑟2 + 1𝑟3 2
𝑅1 = 𝑟1 − 1𝑟3 −5⁄ 1 1 0 −1⁄2]
[0 2

 The 2nd column;

𝑟
𝑅2 = 2⁄ −1
( ⁄2) 1 0 0 3 3 −1
𝑅3 = 𝑟3 + 5⁄2 𝑟2 [0 1 0 −2 −2 1 ] [𝐼/𝑀−1 ]
0 0 1 −4 −5 2
𝑅1 = 𝑟1 − 3⁄2 𝑟2
 Therefore;

3 3 −1
𝑀−1 = [−2 −2 1] The Inverse Matrix
−4 −5 2

To check 𝑴 × 𝑴−𝟏 = 𝑰

18) Find M-1, given M = [ 4 −1] ,

−6 2
Sol.
4 −1 1 0
[ ]
−6 2 0 1
 Start with the 1st column;

𝑅1 = 𝑟1 /4 1 −1⁄4 1⁄
4 0
𝑅2 = 𝑟2 + 6𝑟1 [ ]
0 1⁄2 3⁄ 1
2
 The 2nd column;

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 𝑟2
𝑅2 = ⁄(1⁄ )
2 1⁄
[1 0 1 2]
𝑅1 = 𝑟1 + 1⁄4 𝑟2 0 1 3 2

 Therefore;
1⁄
𝑀−1 = [ 1 2]
3 2

19) Using Inverse Matrix Method to solve:

𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = −5
2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 2
2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 = −3
Sol.
1 −1 1
𝐴 = [0 2 −1]
2 3 0
To find A-1;

3 3 −1
𝐴−1 = [−2 −2 1 ] (as calculated before)
−4 −5 2
𝑥1 3 3 −1 −5
𝑥
[ 2 ] = [−2 −2 1] × [2]
𝑥3 −4 −5 2 3×3 −3 3×1
𝑥1 −6
𝑥
[ 2] = [ 3 ]
𝑥3 4 3×1

 Therefore;

𝒙𝟏 = −𝟔 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟒

20) Production scheduling. Labor and material costs for manufacturing two guitar
models are given in the table
Guitar Model Labor Cost Material Cost
A $30 $20
B $40 $30
How many of each model should be produced each week to use exactly the allocation,
$1,800 labor and $1,200 material? (Using inverse matrix method)
Sol.

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 Let: 𝑥1 represent the number of model A produced.
𝑥2 represent the number of model B produced.

30𝑥1 + 40𝑥2 = 1800 (Labour allocation)

20𝑥1 + 30𝑥2 = 1200 (Material allocation)

30 40
𝐴=[ ]
20 30

30 40 1 0
[ ]
20 30 0 1
 Start with the 1 column;
st

𝑅1 = 𝑟1 /30 1 4⁄ 1⁄
[ 3 30 0]
𝑅2 = 𝑟2 − 20𝑟1 10⁄ −2⁄ 1
0 3 3
 The 2nd column;
𝑟
𝑅2 = 2⁄ 10
( ⁄3) 1 0 3⁄ −2⁄
[ 10 5]
𝑅1 = 𝑟1 − 4⁄3 𝑟2 0 1 −1 ⁄5 3⁄
10
 Therefore;
3⁄ −2⁄
𝐴 −1
=[ 10 5]
−1⁄ 3⁄
5 10

𝑥1 3⁄ −2⁄
1800
[𝑥 ] = [ 10 5] × [ ]
2 −1⁄ 3⁄ 1200 2×1
5 10 2×2
𝑥1 60
[𝑥 ] = [ ]
2 0 2×1

 Therefore;

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎

21) Resource allocation. An international mining company has two mines in

Voisey’s Bay and Hawk Ridge. The composition of the ore from each field is
given in the table
Mine Nickel (%) Copper (%)
Voisey’s Bay 2 4
Hawk Ridge 3 2
How many tons of ore each mine should be used to obtain exactly 6 tons of nickel and
8 tons of copper?

Sol.

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 Let: 𝑥1 represent the number of tons of Voisey’s Bay ore.
𝑥2 represent the number of tons of Hawk Ridge ore.

0.02𝑥1 + 0.03𝑥2 = 6 (Nickel)

0.04𝑥1 + 0.02𝑥2 = 8 (Copper)

0.02 0.03 1 0
[ ]
0.04 0.02 0 1
 Start with the 1st column;

𝑅1 = 𝑟1 /0.02
1 1.5 50 0
𝑅2 = 𝑟2 − 0.04𝑟1 [ ]
0 −0.04 −2 1
 The 2nd column;
𝑟
𝑅2 = 2⁄−0.04
1 0 −25 37.5
𝑅1 = 𝑟1 − 1.5𝑟2 [ ]
0 1 50 −25
−25 −37.5
 The inverse matrix; 𝐴−1 = [ ]
50 −25
𝑥1 −25 37.5 6 150
[𝑥 ] = [ ] × [ ] =[ ]
2 50 −25 2×2 8 2×1 100 2×1

 Therefore;

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎

****************************************************

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