Thesis Sewage Water Treatment

Performance Analysis of 25 MLD Sewage Treatment Plant in Kalaburagi City, Kalaburagi.
Chapter- 1
INTRODUCTION
Department of Civil Engineering, Page 1

Sharnbasva University, Kalaburagi
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
Water is one of the most important things required for life and our planet Earth is the
only planet which is has liquid water. Earth is almost covered with 71% of water and most of
the earth’s water is in oceans which cover almost 97% of the Earth’s water which is saltwater
and the rest of the water i.e. 3% is present as freshwater .The sources of water are mainly
classified as surface water and ground water. Rivers, Lake, Streams, Reservoirs, Wetlands,
Wells, Hand pumps, Tube wells, Rain, Snow, Hail are some of the examples for sources of
water.
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological characteristics of water. It is

measured by several factors, such as the concentration of dissolved oxygen, amount of
materials suspended in water (turbidity), biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen
demand, bacteria levels, salinity, temperature, pH, H2S. In some water bodies, the
concentration of microscopic algae and quantities of pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals, and
other contaminants may also be measured to determine the water quality. Scientific
measurements are used to define the water quality absolute pure water is never found in
nature and it contains number of impurities in varying amounts. The rain water which is
originally pure also absorbs various gases, dust, and other impurities while falling. This water
when moves to ground further carries salt, organic and inorganic impurities. So water should
be treated well for the safety of public health, economy, and protection of various industrial
processes. The water supplied for public should be monitored to the standards laid down from
time to time.
Water pollution control is now one of the most pressing challenges faced (Lu et al.,
2015; Yu et al., 2019).Pollution in its broadest sense includes all changes that effects natural
utility and exert deleterious effect on human life. The rapidly growing population and
industrialization that is resulting in degradation of the environment causes a threat to the
quality of life. Degradation of water quality is the unfavorable alteration of the physical,
chemical and biological properties of water that prevents domestic, commercial, industrial,
agricultural, recreational and other beneficial uses of water. Sewage and sewage effluents are
the major sources of water pollution. Sewage is mainly composed of human fecal material,
domestic wastes including wash-water and industrial wastes. Domestic waste water contains

all sort of waste such as fecal solids, fruits waste, gasoline, trash, pulp, rags, woods and
plastic and other materials.
Rapid growth of industries has enhanced the productivity, but resulted in the
production and release of polluting substances into the environment. India faces a number of
water and wastewater issues and water related health hazards. . Standards were later raised
with attention paid to the protection of lakes, inland streams and most importantly, public
health using various treatment systems (Grigg, 2012; Jenna, 2016). Almost 80% of the water
supplied for domestic use, comes back as wastewater. The term wastewater typically
encompasses liquids and waterborne solids from residential, agricultural or commercial
purposes as well as other waters that have been used in the activities of man, whose quality
has been compromised and which is discharged. The growing environmental pollution needs
for decontaminating waste water result in the study of characterization of waste water,
especially domestic sewage. In the past, domestic waste water treatment was mainly confined
to organic carbon removal. Recently, increasing pollution in the waste water leads to
developing and implementing new treatment techniques to control nitrogen and other priority
pollutants.
Sewage Treatment Plant is a facility designed to receive the waste from domestic,
commercial and industrial sources and to remove materials that damage water quality and
compromise public health and safety when discharged into water receiving systems. It
includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove various contaminants
depending on its constituents. Using advanced technology it is now possible to re-use sewage
water. The pH directly affects the performance of a secondary treatment process (Metcalf and
Eddy, 1991 & 2003) because the existence of most biological life is dependent upon narrow
and critical range of pH. Sewage treatment plants (STP), which were once regarded as an add-
on facility and adopted by a few building complexes in the city fringes (EPA 1997), has now
become mandatory in large scale constructions that lack sewerage network.
Physical characteristic of waste water:
Odour: It depends on the substances which arouse human receptor cells on coming in contact
with them. Pure water doesn’t produce odour or taste sensations. Thus waste water which
contains toxic substances has pungent smell which makes it easy to distinguish. Odour is
recognized as a quality factor affecting acceptability of drinking water. The organic and

inorganic substance contributes to taste or odour. The ultimate odour tasting device is the
human nose. The odour intensity is done by threshold odour test
Taste: The sense of taste result mainly from chemical stimulation of sensory nerve endings in
tongue. Fundamental sensations of taste are, by 5 convention more than by research evidence,
salt, sweet, bitter, and sour.
Colour: Colour in water results from the presence of natural metallic ions such as Fe or Mg,
humus and peat materials, planktons and weeds. It is removed to make water suitable for
general and industrial applications. After turbidity is removed the apparent colour and that
due to suspended matter is found out. Tristimulus, Spectroscopic and Platinum cobalt method
is used.
Total solids: It refers to matters suspended or dissolved in water and waste water. Solids
affect the water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Water with highly
dissolved solids are not palatable and may cause physiological reaction in transient consumer.
A limit of 500 mg dissolved solids/L is desirable for drinking waters. Evaporation method is
used to separate total solids and their weight is found out.
Floatables: One important criterion for evaluating the possible effect of waste disposal into
surface water is the amount of floatable material in the waste. It is important because it
accumulates on the surface and may contain pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
Turbidity: Clarity of water is important in producing products destined for human

consumption and in many manufacturing uses. It is caused by 6 suspended matter such as
clay, silt, finely divided organic and inorganic matter, soluble colored organic compounds.
Turbidity is an expression of the optical property that causes light to be scattered and
absorbed rather than transmitted in straight lines through the sample. The standard method for
determination of turbidity has been based on Nephlometer.
 Chemical characteristic of waste water: Chemical characteristics of water state the

presence of metals their treatment, the determination of inorganic non-metallic
constituents and the determination of organic constituents.Parameters :
BOD(Biochemical Oxygen demand) The BOD is an important measure of water
quality .It is measure of the amount of oxygen needed by bacteria and other organisms

to oxidize the organic matter present in a water sample over a period of 5 days at 20
degree C.
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) :The COD Measures all organic carbon with the exception
of some aeromatics (benzene,toluene,phenol etc.) which are not completely oxidized in the
reaction. COD is a chemical oxidation reaction Ammonia will not be oxidized.
Total Suspended Solids: Total suspended solids(TSS) include all particles suspended in water
which will pass through a filter. As levels of TSS increase, a water body begins to lose its
ability to support a diversity of aquatic life. Suspended solids absorb heat from sunlight,
which increases water temperature and subsequently decreases levels of dissolved
oxygen(warmer water holds less oxygen than cooler water)
Biological characteristic of waste water :
Water quality has a key role in deciding the abundance, species composition, stability,
productivity and physiological condition of indigenous populations of aquatic communities.
Their existence is an expression of the quality of the water. Biological methods used for
evaluating water quality include the collection, counting and identification of aquatic
organisms. Most microorganisms known to microbiologists can be found in domestic
wastewater like Bacteria, Protozoa, Viruses, and Algae. Planktons, Periphyton, Macro-
phyton, Macro-invertebrates, Fish, Amphibians and Aquatic reptiles are the biotic group of
interdependent organism. Wastewater contains vast quantities of bacteria and other
organisms. Aerobic bacteria break down organic matter in the presence of available oxygen.
Anaerobic bacteria disintegrate organic matter which is shut off from free oxygen, such as in
the interior of a mass of feces or a dead body. The products of anaerobic decomposition have
an extremely nauseating odor. Matter in which this condition exists is said to be septic. A
multitude of the bacteria in wastewater are Coliform bacteria: those found in the digestive
tract of normal humans. It is these comparatively few pathogenic organisms that pose the
greatest public health hazard. Waste water which is not properly treated may eventually find
its way into a community water source and spread waterborne diseases
With the rapid growth in population and industrialization is leading to the depletion of natural
resources and causing major environmental problems such water pollution, soil pollution etc.
In a relatively developed Middle Eastern country such as Iran, totally untreated sewage has
been injected into the Tehran city’s groundwater (Tajrishy and Abrishamchi, 2005). The

environmental problem which is of our concern is water pollution which is mainly caused due
to the discharge of heavy metals from steel ,dairy and fertilizer industries and
nitrogen ,phosphorus, sulphides and chlorides . Due to rapid use of nitrogen in fertilizer
industries an excessive amount of it may cause several health related problems and causes
eutrophication and acidification of water bodies. To overcome this process there are various
methods which have been adapted over decades.
Wastewater or sewage treatment is one such alternative, wherein many processes are
designed and operated in order to mimic the natural treatment processes to reduce pollutant
load to a level that nature can handle. In this regard, special attention is necessary to assess
the environmental impacts of existing wastewater treatment facilities (Jamrah, 1999).
Wastewater treatment methods are broadly classifiable into physical, chemical and biological
unit processes. These unit processes use a combination of physical forces (e.g. gravity
settling), biological reactions (e.g. aerobic, anaerobic degradation), or chemical reactions
(e.g. precipitation) in a treatment train to reduce wastewater contaminants to acceptable level
(Michael and David, 2011) Experiments began used the method of SBR in the 1970s. Dosing
fluctuation negatively affects the performance of the treatment plant, so it is possible to
benefit from the treatment method with (SBR) in wastewater treatment. One of the reasons
for avoiding this method of treatment previously was the need for continuous monitoring.
However, this problem was addressed with programmatic logical controls. This method is an
ideal solution to the problems occurring in the traditional method of treatment of wastewater.
In addition to the economic benefit achieved by dispensing from the secondary sedimentation
basin, the counterbalance basin, and the sludgy return pumps .In another study to treat
wastewater using the (SBR) method, the researchers stated that using a single basin in the
(SBR) system to treat municipal wastewater which is the best choice because it prevents the
growth of algae common in pond systems and achieves excellent removal of BOD5 and SS.
Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is an advanced technology that uses a fill and draws
activated sludge system for wastewater treatment. It is best for treating both industrial and
municipal wastes. The main difference between SBR technology and other STP technologies
is that SBR uses a single batch reactor/single tank to process the equalization, aeration, and
clarification compared to other technologies that use different batch reactors for various
processes. SBR systems have been successfully used to treat municipal wastewater and
industrial waste water and are uniquely suited to wastewater treatment applications

characterized by low or intermittent flows. Hence, successive sequential processes in the SBR
reactor basin can be observed.
SBR technology is considered to be one of the highest performed solutions
for wastewater treatment. It requires minimum maintenance and has low costs. It can handle
continuous batch operations successfully. The distinct qualities of SBR technology are as
follows:
1. High removal capacity
2. Versatile
3. Compliant with stringent discharge standards
4. High-quality product generation
One of the most advanced and high-class technology for treating wastewater, it works
in various phases in a single batch reactor, often known as tanks. When sewage water is sent
to the SBR tanks, then the activated sludge system gets activated. After that, activities occur
in a timely sequenced manner, and the water gets purified.
SBR OPERATING PRINCIPLE:
SBR phases: A cycle consist of 4 phases
1) FILL PHASE: during the fill phase the basin receives influent wastewater. The
influents bring food to the microbes in the activated sludge, creating an environment
for biochemical reaction to take place. Their are different type of fill static fill, mix
fill, aerated fill.
2) SETTLE PHASE: during this phase the activated sludge is allowed to settle under
quiescent condition. The activate sludge tends to settle as flocculent mass.
3) DECANT PHASE: clarified treated effluent (supernatant) is removed from the tank.
No surface foam or scum is decanted.
4) IDLE PHASE: this step occurs between the decant phase and fill phase. The idle
phase is used when the system is waiting for enough effluent to process.
LIMITATION OF SBR:
A high level of sophistication is required especially for larger system of limiting units and
controls.
Higher level of maintenance is associated with more sophisticated control, automated
switches and automated valves.
Potential plugging of aeration devices during selected operating cycles, depending on the
aeration system used by the manufacturers.
CHAPTER- 2
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

CHAPTER- 2
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of the present study is to the performance of 25MLD sewage treatment plant
with following objectives.
1) Collection of water sample from inlet and outlet of the sewage treatment plant.
2) Assessment of physic chemical parameters.
3) Evaluating the results with the standards.
4) Preparation and Submission of the project report.

CHAPTER-3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

CHAPTER- 3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
K.N.Rukmini Florence, et al., 2020 they did a case study on sewage treatment plant and
found out that the study indicated that there is a efficient reduction in parameter from
treatment units of sewage treatment plant. They obtained that pH value were in required
range .The total suspended solids in the inlet screen of the collection tank was in permissible
limit. The total dissolved solids, biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand,
settable solids , oil and grease were all in the permissible limit . Hence they concluded that
the effluent plant treats with the permissible limit and can be disposed into the agriculture
field. Apart from nitrates which can be used for gardening purpose.
Hongchen Wang, et al., 2019 had a review and revisited the development history of china’s
municipal wastewater management and identified that there are many challenges apart from
treating wastewater, sludge disposal, effluent discharge standards there are remaining
challenges to bring sustainable development and exploring Chain’s own wastewater
management path and to establish a new concept of WWTP with a vision of turning site of
pollutant removal into plant of energy, water, and fertilizer recovery and an integrated part of
urban ecology in China. After looking back to the 40 years of rapid development history of
China they came to a conclusion that wastewater sector had a remarkable achievements and
numerous failures, many problems were left behind like under developed sewers and sludge
disposal facilities, operating performance. But in the near future Chaina is in the transition
stage and needs new concept WWTP.
K. Sundar Kumar, et al., 2010 they have analyzed the performance efficiency of
Nesapakkam Sewage Treatment Plant waste located in Chennai. The plant recives the sewage
from 4 zones and is designed to cater for an average flow of 23 MLD (million liters per day).
Water samples were collected from the different treatment units and analyzed for the major
water quality parameters such as BOD, COD, TSS, TDS and the performance efficiency of
each unit in treating the pollutants were calculated. The plant operates with Activated Sludge
Process as biological treatment method has been considered for performance evaluation.
They came to a conclusion that overall performance of the existing was satisfactory. The
removal efficiency of BOD was found to be 94.56% and that of TSS was 93.72%.

E.A.Oluwadamisi, et al.,2019they have aimed in assessing the performance of the Wupa

Basin Sewage treatment plant in Abuja and have compared its efficiency to National Water
Quality Standards for discharge into the environment. As Wupa is a small community district
and an Industrial zone its sewage treatment plant recovers an area of 297,900sq meters. They
collected samples spanned from January to December 2015. Composite sampling method was
used for parameters such as COD, BOD, and TSS by an automatic sampler while other
monitored parameter were manually carried out by grab sampling .their were significant
differences from the influent and effluent concentration. Total Suspended solids (TSS)
recorded highest removal efficiency of 91.70% followed by Total Coliform, Total BOD and
COD of 91.62, 87.65, and 82.27% respectively. After considering all the parameters and data
collected it was concluded that the Performance Evaluation of Wupa Sewage Treatment plant
to be functional and high efficient plant.
Masud Hassan, et al.,2017 did a case study on sewage waste water characteristics and its
management in urban areas in Pagla Sewage Treatment plant, Dhaka. Bangladesh is one of
the densely populated country in the world and proper care for sewage waste water treatment
is mandatory as it directly impacts on the ecosystem, agriculture and river systems. So they
conducted a investigation to monitor the characteristics of waste water and its usability in
different purposes. They aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties and
concentration of certain materials like Cadmium, Iron, and Manganese. After analyzing they
came to a conclusion that the treated water can be used for irrigation purpose without any
further treatment because it justifies all standards needed for irrigation . but the current
treatment is not promising in N, P, Fe, and Mn concentration . Therefore as per the results
they concluded that the effluent should be treated before disposing into environment. Modern
methods in treating tertiary treatment method should be adapted.
B.G.Mahendra, et al.,(2013)evaluated the performance of wastewater treatment plant

(WWTP) at KMF dairy, Gulbarga. The Samples were collected from seven points.
Parameters analyzed for evaluation of performance of WWTP are pH, Acidity, Alkalinity,
COD, BOD5 @ 20° C, TSS. They identified as waste is generated from milk based food
industry from cleaning the tank, trucks, can, pipe, and other equipments that is performed
after every processing. Then they studied the composition and the characteristics of the waste
water that is being produced in that industry. Using grab sampling method they collected the

samples from the WWTP and various parameters were analyzed. Conclusion was found that
the COD removal efficiency of WWTP was found to be 49.89%. the BOD and TSS were
74.07% and 53.16% respectively. They came to a conclusion that the COD and BOD was
treated satisfactory but its value in treated effluent exceeds the standards hence it is
recommended to redesign the WWTP to plan and achieve better performance. The treated
waste water can be used for eco-plantation and irrigation agriculture. Eucalyptus, teak, and
jatropha. They concluded to redesign the WWTP to improve its efficiency.
Ravi Kumar, et al., (2010) identified that the Bangalore city hosts two urban waste water
treatment plant (UWTP’s).That are located in Nellakedaranahalli village of Nagasandra and
Mailasandra Village, Karnataka, India. The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewage Board
(BWSSB) oversee the task of essential amenities that the community desires. The
Nagasandra STP handles an average flow of 20 MLD followed by minimum and peak flow
of 10 to 40 MLD respectively. The STP in Mailasandra is designed to handle an average flow
of 75 MLD with minimum and peak flow of 45 and 155 MLD respectively. The samples
were collected in the clean samples from different unit and were analyzed with different
parameters like pH, TDS,TSS,DO,COD and BOD . They came out with a result that the
overall efficiency order in Mailasandra STP was in the order TDS < COD < TSS < BOD and
in the other STP in Nagasandra was in the order TDS < COD < BOD < TSS. They concluded
that both the aeration tank and secondary clarifier was nearly up to the mark.
Mohammed H.M, et al.,(2020): analyzed municipal waste water treatment using sequencing
batch reactor (SBR). SBR treatment consists of sequencing of processes series in one basin,
the total of these sequencing processes (filling, reaction, ventilation, sedimentation, treated
water withdrawal, sludge stop and withdrawal) is called one cycle. The study was carried out
in the operations hall in Al-Zaafaraniya residential complex. The wastewater was taken from
the residential energy complex and the laboratory tests were carried out with an aerobic and
anaerobic treatment using activated sludge system of sequencing dosing along with the
adoption of Batch flow, It was called sequencing due to the sequence of the treatment
processes in the same basin. The system was operated according to different times for the
processes, the withdrawal of models and to conduct necessary tests to know the best time to
remove pollutants from sewage and get the best water produced. After analysis the samples
that were collected they came to a conclusion that the removal efficiency of ammonia was

affected by the cycle time, and the efficiency of suspended materials is achieved due to high
sedimentation and biodegradation process. The best cycle time in this work at 2 hours
Anoxic, after that, 2 hours in the ventilation, and sedimentation for half an hour, then the
system has stopped for two hours, the withdrawal and addition is done again.
YANG Jing, et al.,( 2021) had a review on SBR process in effluent treatment . They observed
that degradation law of organic matter in SBR process is similar to that in push flow aeration
tank. The push flow aeration tank is push flow in space (length), and SBR reaction tank is
push flow in the sense of time. They Compared the SBR technology with other effluent
treatment technologies, SBR process has its unique advantages. The process is simple and
cost-effective. The process meets the basic principles of biological reaction process and unit
operation.SBR tank is suitable for automatic control system, which can change the reaction
time according to the influent water quality and quantity. After knowing the process they
came to know about some improvements in the development process of SBR focus on the
process itself. After years of development, there are many kinds of deformation, which enrich
the core of SBR process, such as ICEAS process, CASS process, cast process, DAT-IAT
Process, etc. They came to a conclusion that SBR is a kind of sewage treatment technology
which is still developing, and the relevant management platform and management mode need
to be constantly updated and improved.
Uzma Showkat, et al.,(2019) studied on the efficiency of the sequential batch reactor

(SBR)-based sewage treatment plant. The study was carried out to evaluate the performance
of 16.1 MLD sewage treatment plant (STP) located at Brari Nambal (J&K), India. They
analyzed 14 different physicochemical parameters. The samples were collected from influent
and effluent of the wastewater treatment plant. Wastewater samples were collected on a
monthly basis from inlet and outlet of the STP during morning hours for a period of 1 year in
white plastic containers that were prior cleaned with metal-free soap, rinsed repeatedly with
distilled water, then soaked in 10% nitric acid for 24 h and finally rinsed with ultrapure water.
The study revealed that SBR-based treatment plant significantly removed the objectionable
physiochemical properties of wastewater prior to its discharge into water body, but least
reduction in ortho-phosphate, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids is issue of
concerns.

Jayanthi, et al., (2015) : did a performance evaluation of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in
multistoried buildings. Generation of wastewater in a relatively small area i.e., in a
multistoried building, makes mandatory to have a mini Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) inside
the premises itself. They selected four technologies, namely extended aeration, sbr, mbr and
fbbr for the study. Many treatment technologies are available currently, hence it is essential to
find an appropriate technology for treating the wastewater hence this study aims studying
different technologies and its design concept, life cycle and cost . , A technology assessment
framework is developed to address the problem of selecting appropriate technologies. They
selected four different area with four different technologies. First area in Guduvancherry with
the total capacity of 580 KLD which operates on Extended Aeration Technology. Second
area was located in Semmancherry with the total capacity of 30 KLD which operates on
FBBR Technology. And third area was located in Perungudi with the total capacity of 50
KLD and that operated on SBR technology. And the fourth area was located in Nolambur
which has a total capacity of 120 KLD and which operated on MBR technology. Performance
of the treatment schemes was evaluated by monitoring the quality of the raw wastewater and
treated wastewater. The conclusion was made by not only considering the benefits of the
system, but it is made by calculating its relative closeness from its positive ideal solution and
the negative ideal solution and the study reveal that SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor) is the
most appropriate technology for the multistoried buildings.
Ruksana, et al., (2019): had a review on waste water treatment technologies. To meet the
basic needs of the population we need technology to deliver secure and safe sources of water
for production of food and energy. They had a review on various waste water treatment
technologies and describe the process of selection of suitable technology based on certain
established criteria. Activated Sludge Process, Moving Bed Bio Reactor, Sequencing Batch
Reactor. Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket, Membrane Bio Reactor were some of the
technologies considered for the study. They came to a conclusion that employing advanced
waste water treatment methods which would significantly improve the performance of
treatment plants and the production of high quality effluent suitable for various reuse
applications.

CHAPTER-4
MATERIAL AND METHOD

CHAPTER-4
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 STUDY AREA
 The present study deals with the performance of sewage treatment plant .
 Source : municipal and industrial sewage water around Kalaburagi.
 Location : 25 MLD STP, Ansari Garden Rd, Malgathi, Karnataka 585104
 Capacity : 25 MLD
 Type of treatment : The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is carried out in this plant ,it
is a fill-and- draw activated sludge system for wastewater treatment.
 Waste water samples are collected from the sewage treatment plant from the inlet and
outlet and characterized for different parameters like PH, Temperature, TSS (total
suspended solids), dissolves oxygen(DO), biological oxygen demand(BOD),
chemical oxygen demand(COD), hydrogen sulphide (H2S) etc.


 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
 Waste water samples are collected from plant (WWTP) at the inlet and outlet points
for parameters pH, Temperature , Electronic conductivity , DO , BOD , COD, TSS,
Hydrogen sulfide etc.
 : Instruments used for measurement of different parameters
Methodology for determination of pH value Method used –
ELECTROMETRIC METHOD
Apparatus – pH meter, beaker, glass rod etc
Principle – The potentiometric Ph meter measures the voltage between two electrodes and
display the result converted into the corresponding pH value.
Procedure –
• Switch on the instrument pH meter and calibrate it by using standard buffer solution 4, 7, 9,
2 respectively
• After calibration wash the electrode with distilled water.

• 50 ml water sample in a clean beaker and dip the electrode.
• Note down the reading from display
Methodology for determination of Temperature Method-
ELECTRODE THERMOMETER
Apparatus – Electrode thermometer
Principle – Temperature is principle parameters that need to be monitored and controlled in
most engineering application such as heating, cooling, drying and storage.
Procedure –
• Measure the water temperature by submerging the thermometer two – third below the
surface of the water.
• Take the measurement in a central flowing location.
• Let the thermometer adjust to the water temperature for at least one minute before
removing the thermometer from the water and quickly take the reading.
Methodology for determination of Electric conductivity Method used –
ELECTRODE METHOD
Apparatus – Mill ampere meter or pH meter, platinum electrode, calomel electrode.
Principle – conductivity is sample two plates are placed in the sample , a potential is applied
across the plates ( normally a sine wave voltage ), and the current that passes through the
solution is measured.
Procedure –
• Take water sample in a beaker.
• Dip the electrode together in water sample and connect them with mill ampere meter.
• Switch on the meter and turn selector switch to 0 to 1000 Mv range.

• Record the deflection on scale, if it is beyond the scale turn selector switch to 0 to 1000 mV
scale and record the deflection.
• Switch off the meter and remove and wash the electrode.
Methodology for determination of Dissolved oxygen Method used –
Winkler’s Azide method
Apparatus – Beaker, burette, conical flask, burette stand etc.
Reagents –
• Manganous sulphate
• Alkaline potassium iodide solution
• Sodium thiosulphate solution (0.025N)
• Starch indicator
• Sulphuric acid (concentrated ) Principle – oxygen combines with Mn(OH)2 and forms
higher hydroxide which on subsequent acidification in the presence of iodide, titrate iodine in
an amount equivalent to the original dissolved oxygen content of the sample.
• The I2 is then determined by titration with Na2S2O3. Procedure –
Methodology for determination of Biological oxygen demand Method used –
Winkler’s Azide method
Apparatus –
BOD bottles, incubator, burette, pipette, measuring cylinder.
Reagents –
Principle – the dissolve oxygen content of the sample is determined before and after five days
at 20℃ samples devoid of oxygen or containing less amount of oxygen are diluted several
times with special type of dilution water saturated with oxygen in order to provide sufficient
amount of oxygen for oxidation.
Procedure –

• BOD bottles filled with water sample up to the neck without air bubbles.
• 2 ml of MnSO4 solution , 2 ml of alkali iodine oxide solution is added and lid is closed.
• Excess of water is removed and it is allowed to stand for 5 min.
• After the formation of precipitate add 2 ml of concentrated H2SO4 solution and shake and
mix it until precipitate gets dissolved.
• 200 ml of this prepared sample its taken into conical flask adding starch it forms blue
colored complex.
• After titration the solution becomes colorless which is the end point of titration calculated
the dissolved oxygen according to the formula.
Dissolved oxygen (mg/lit) =
Here N – normality of standard Na2S2O3
B R – Burette reading
Methodology for determination of chemical oxygen demand Method used – open reflux
method
Apparatus –
COD digester tube, burette, pipette, conical flask, etc
Reagents –
• Standard potassium dichromate solution ( 0.25N )
• Standard ferrous ammonium sulphate (0.1N )
• Ferroin indicator
• Mercury sulphate
• Silver sulphate
• Concentrated sulphuric acid
Principle – COD is measurement of oxygen in water consumed for chemical oxidation of
pollutants under specific condition of oxidizing agent temperature and time.

Calculation –
COD =
Here,
B – Volume of FAS for blank.
A – Volume of FAS for sample.
N – Normality of FAS (0.01N)
V – volume of sample taken.
Procedure –
• Take the COD digester tubes one for blank and for sample.
• Add 20 ml of water sample and 20 ml distilled water.
• Add pinch of silver sulphate and mercury sulphate.
• Add 10 ml of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) solution.
• Now add 30 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4), slowly and carefully.
• The addition of chemical takes place in the ratio 1:2:3 (K2Cr2O7:sample:H2SO4).
• Keep the COD tubes in COD digester for 20 min at 150℃.
• After 90 min, cool the content of the tube.
• Take 50 ml of blank and 50 ml of sample separately in conical flask.
• Add ferroin indicator (few drops).
• Now titrate the content with ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS) (0.25N) until the color
changes from bluish green to wine red the red color indicating the end point.
• Note down the burette reading.
• Calculate the COD using the given formula.
Methodology for determination of Hydrogen sulphid Method used –
Titration
Apparatus – beaker, burette and stand, conical flask, sample bottle.

Reagents –
• Hydrochloric acid (4N)
• Iodine solution
• Cadmium chloride solution
• Starch indicator
• Sodium thiosulphate solution (0.025N)
Principle – The sulphide (S2) is precipitated with CdCl2 when the precipitate is settled the
supernatant is removed and CdS is dissolved in an acid iodine solution. The excess iodine is
treated with sodium thio-sulphate. H2S + I2 → S + 2H+ + 2I
Calculation – H2S (mg/lit) = Here T – Volume of sodium thiosulphate B – Volume of
sodium thio-sulphate used against blank N – Normality of sodium thio-sulphate
Procedure –
• Take about 100 ml sample in a glass stoppered bottle. Avoid any bubbling while filling the
bottle.
• Add 1 ml of cadmium chloride solution, place the stopper and shake well the bottle.
• Let the bottle stand for over 24 hours to allow precipitate of cadmium sulphide to settle
down.
• decant the supernatant with the help of a pipette and dissolve the precipitate in exactly
known small volume of iodine solution and 5 ml of hydrochloric acid.
• Titrate the contents against sodium thio-sulphate solution using starch indicator. a change
from dark color to colorless solution is the end point.
• Run a distilled water blank in similar manner.

Methodology for determination of Total Dissolved solids (TDS)
Method used – Hot water bath
Apparatus – water sample, evaporating dish for water sample, platinum dish or vycor glass
air for sewage effluent samples use porcelain dish.
Reagents –
Principle –
Calculation – Total solid =
Procedure –
• Clean the evaporating dish and subject to a primarily drying on oven at temperature 130℃
to 150℃.
• Cool in a desiccators and weight and place it on a water bath and measure into under
damaged 10 ml or suitable adequate of well mixed samples.
• Evaporate to dryness and further dry at 103℃ to 105℃ or 179℃ to 181 ℃ for 1-2 hours in
an oven and then cool at desiccator .
• And weigh the dish.

CHAPTER-5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER- 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 SAMPLE COLLECTED : 17 sept 2022

 PROJECT : performance analysis of STP
 SAMPLE LOCATION : 25MLD STP KAPNOOR AREA
 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION : INLET AND OULET WATER SAMPLE.
 MODE OF SAMPLING : GRAB SAMPLING.
Sl no Parameter Influent Effluent
1. PH 8.11 7.93
2. Temperature 32.6 32.2
3. Electrical conductivity 0.31 S/m 0.22 S/m
4. Dissolved oxygen 5.6 mg/L 13.6 mg/L
5. BOD
6. COD
7. Hydrogen sulfide 54.8 mg/l 0 mg/L
8. TSS 2.4 mg/L 27.6 mg/l
CONCLUSION
The need for effective and efficient wastewater collection, treatment and effluent
management so as to have a healthy environment and populace cannot be over
emphasized. Due to this, there have been extensive and diversified researches into this

topic which have led to significant improvement in treatment techniques, sludge and
effluent management over the years
The assessment of wastewater treatment in 25MLD wastewater treatment plant in
Gulbarga to analyses how the process of purification takes place and is carried out and
work focuses on the key issues responsible for the different strategies undertaken during
purification.
.The treatment process of the plant is of very high standard and it is one of the most
efficient treatment units in Gulbarga

REFERENCES
REFERENCES
K.N.Rukmini Florence, Chiranjeevi Rahul Rollakanti, Dr. C. Venkata Siva Rama Prasad,
C. Venkata Sai Nagendra (2020). Performance evaluation of waste water treatment: A

case study on sewage water treatment plant (STP). Journal of Xi’an University of
Architecture and technology. Volume 9,issue 4 ,2020 ISSN: 1006-7930.
Jiuhui Qu, Hongchen Wang, Kaijun Wang, Gang Yu, Bing Ke, Han-Qing Yu, Hongqiang
Ren, Xingcan Zheng, Ji Li, Wen- Wei Li, Song Gao, Hui Gong (2019). Muncipal
wastewater treatment in China: Development history and future perspectives.
K. Sundara Kumar, P. Sundara Kumar, Dr. M. J. Ratnakanth Babu (2010). Performance

evaluvation of waste water treatment plant . International Journal of Engineering Science
and Technology. Volume 2(12), 2010. ISSN : 0975-5462.
E.A.Oluwadamisi, S.. O. Jacob, J. A. Tanko (2019). Performance evaluation of

WupaBasin Sewage Treatment Plant in Abuja, Nigeria. International journal of
application or innovation in engineering and management (IJAIEM).Volume 8, issue 8,
August 2019 ISSN: 2319-4847.
Masud Hassan, Rakib Hassan, Md Anik Mahmud, Hunsa Israt Pia, Md Arafat Hassan, MJ
Uddin (2017). Sewage Waste Water Characteristics and its Management in Urban Areas-
A Case Study at Pagla Sewage Treatment Plant, Dhaka. Urban and Regional planning.
Volume 2, No 3, 2017.
B.G.Mahendra, Prema (2013). Performance Evaluation of Existing Waste Water

Treatment Plant. IJRET International Journal of Research in Engineering and
Technology. eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308.
Ravi Kumar, Liza Britta Pinto, Somashekar, R.K. (2010). Assessment of the efficiency of
sewage treatment plants: a comparative study between Nagasandra and Mailasandra
sewage treatment plants. Kathmandu university journal of science, engineering and
technology vol. 6, November, 2010, pp 115-125
Mohammed H. And Kheria M. (2020). Municipal Waste Water Treatment Using

Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). 3rd International Conference on Sustainable
Engineering Techniques (ICSET 2020). IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials
Science and Engineering 881 (2020) 012182 .

YANG Jing, LIANG Wei-li and HUANG Fu-chuan (2021). Review of SBR process in
effluent treatment. E3S Web of Conferences 233, 01 (2021) IAECST 2020
Uzma Showkat, Ishtiyaq Ahmed Najar (2019) . Study on the efficiency of sequential

batch reactor (SBR)-based sewage treatment plant. Applied Water Science (2019).
Jayanthi ganesan and vasudevan namasivayam(2015). Performance evaluation of sewage

treatment plants (STP’s) in multistoried buildings. Nature environment and pollution
technology an international quarterly scientific journal. ISSN: 0972-6268 vol. 14 no. 4 pp.
891-896 2015
Ruksana T P and Priyanka T (2019) . Waste Water Treatment Technologies - A Review.

International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 8 Issue 04, April-2019 .


Thesis Sewage Water Treatment

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Performance Analysis of 25 MLD Sewage Treatment Plant in Kalaburagi City, Kalaburagi.

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 1

Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological characteristics of water. It is

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 2

Physical characteristic of waste water:

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 3

Turbidity: Clarity of water is important in producing products destined for human

 Chemical characteristic of waste water: Chemical characteristics of water state the

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 4

Biological characteristic of waste water :

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 5

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 6

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 8

2) Assessment of physic chemical parameters.

3) Evaluating the results with the standards.

4) Preparation and Submission of the project report.

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 9

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 10

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 11

E.A.Oluwadamisi, et al.,2019they have aimed in assessing the performance of the Wupa

B.G.Mahendra, et al.,(2013)evaluated the performance of wastewater treatment plant

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 12

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 13

Uzma Showkat, et al.,(2019) studied on the efficiency of the sequential batch reactor

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 14

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 15

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 16

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 17

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 18

 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

for parameters pH, Temperature , Electronic conductivity , DO , BOD , COD, TSS,

Hydrogen sulfide etc.

 : Instruments used for measurement of different parameters

Methodology for determination of pH value Method used –

Apparatus – pH meter, beaker, glass rod etc

display the result converted into the corresponding pH value.

• After calibration wash the electrode with distilled water.

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 19

• 50 ml water sample in a clean beaker and dip the electrode.

• Note down the reading from display

Methodology for determination of Temperature Method-

Apparatus – Electrode thermometer

Principle – Temperature is principle parameters that need to be monitored and controlled in

most engineering application such as heating, cooling, drying and storage.

surface of the water.

• Take the measurement in a central flowing location.

Methodology for determination of Electric conductivity Method used –

Apparatus – Mill ampere meter or pH meter, platinum electrode, calomel electrode.

• Take water sample in a beaker.

• Switch on the meter and turn selector switch to 0 to 1000 Mv range.

Department of Civil Engineering, Page 20

scale and record the deflection.

Methodology for determination of Dissolved oxygen Method used –

Winkler’s Azide method

Apparatus – Beaker, burette, conical flask, burette stand etc.

• Alkaline potassium iodide solution

• Sodium thiosulphate solution (0.025N)

an amount equivalent to the original dissolved oxygen content of the sample.

• The I2 is then determined by titration with Na2S2O3. Procedure –

Methodology for determination of Biological oxygen demand Method used –

Winkler’s Azide method