Adiabatic Fin tip (Qfin tip = 0) temperature variation

Boundary condition at fin tip

Energy balance eq. Plane wall (1-D)

Heat transfer from adiabatic fin =

Energy balance for Cylinder (1-D)

Specified Temperature(Tfin tip = TL) Temperature variation

Energy balance for Sphere (1-D)

Boundary condition at fin tip θ(L) = T(L)-T∞

Heat transfer from fin for specified temperature case =
Heat generation within solid

Convection from tip

Boundary condition at fin tip

Variation of temp in solid

resistance heater (Heat gen and
surface temp) Heat transfer from fin for convection from tip case =
Interface temp in solid resistance
heater (Heat gen, insulation and
insulation surface temp)
Surface temp in solid resistance heater (Heat gen, insulation and
convection on outer surface) Fin Efficiency
T(r)= T∞ + r12*egen/2 *( 1/(r2*h) + ln(r2/r)/Kins )
Thermal conductance of Temperature variation
cylinder (Hollow)=

Fin efficiency for very long fin

Thermal conductance of Temperature variation
Sphere (Hollow)

Fin efficiency for fin having adiabatic tip

Critical radius of Insulation for Critical radius of Insulation for
cylinder = Sphere =
Fin Effectiveness
Infinite Long Fin (Tfin tip = T∞) Temperature variation

Fin Effectiveness for very long fin

Boundary condition θ(L) = T(L)-T∞

Overall Effectiveness
At Base θ(0) = Tb-T∞
At tip θ(L) = T∞ - T∞ = 0
Heat transfer from very long fin =
Spectral blackbody emission power - Planks Law Prandalt Number
12

Friction Force over the surface

Wave length at which peak occurs for specified temp.- Wien

displacement law Raynold Number

Solid Angle Continuity equation

Momentum Equation
Radiation intensity (For surface I to j)
Conservation of energy
I i = Qij/(Ai Cosθi Wji)
Equation

Radiation Flux
Velocity boundary layer thickness
(laminar flow)
Intensity of radiation for Black body
Local Shear stress on wall

Intensity of emission Local friction coefficient

Ie (T) = E(T)/∏
Intensity of irradiation Temperature gradient at
Ii (T) = G(T)/∏ surface for Pr>0.6
Intensity of radiosity
I e+r (T) = J(T)/∏ Local heat convection
Average emissivity or total hemispherical emissivity coefficient

Local Nusselt number

Thermal boundary layer thickness

Film Temperature Stanton number

Total Irradiation Modified Raynold Analogy Modified

Raynold Analogy

Velocity boundary
7 Local friction
layer thickness coefficient
(Turbulent (Turbulent
flow) flow)
Avg. friction coeff. entire plate Avg. friction coeff. Turbulent flow
Laminar
For opaque surface, flow
Avg. friction coefficient combined Laminar + Turbulent flow
Surfaces with specified net heat transfer rate Qi
13
Local Nusselt number for laminar Local Nusselt number for Turbulent
Surfaces with specified Temperature Ti flow flow

Nusselt Number Average Nusselt number for entire laminar flow

6

Shear stress at Average Nusselt number for entire plate Turbulent flow
wall surface
Average Nusselt number for entire plate combined Laminar + Average temperature for internal force convection
Turbulent flow

Nusselt number for laminar flow Constant temperature case by Hydrasulic mean diameter Reynold number Re
Churchil and ozoe

Nusselt number for laminar flow Constant heat flux case by Entry Length for flow in pipe
Churchil and ozoe
1/3 1/2
0.4637 𝑃𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑥
Nux = hxX/K = 2
0.02050 1
[ 1+( Pr ) 3 ]^(4)

Flat plate with unheated starting length constant teperature case Exit mean fluid temperature for constant heat flux
Local Nusselt number for Laminar flow

Flat plate with unheated starting length constant temperature Exit mean fluid temperature for constant temperature
case Local Nusselt number for turbulent flow

Flat plate with unheated starting length constant temperature Heat loss using mean log
case Average Nusselt number for Laminar flow temperature

Press. loss and darcy’s friction coeff. Friction coefficient for circular tube
Laminar flow

Flat plate with unheated starting length constant temperature Circular tube Circular tube
case Average Nusselt number for turbulent flow laminar flow – laminar flow –
Constant heat flux qs Constant Temperature
Hydrodynamically developed and thermally devloping laminar flow

Flat plate with unheated starting length/ without unheated L Average nusselt number for thermal enterance region of flow between
constant heat flux case Local Nusselt number for Laminar flow isothermal parallel plates of length L by Edwards

Dh = 2 X Spacing of plates
Flat plate with unheated starting length/ without unheated L Devloping laminar flow in enterance region by Seider and Tate
constant heat flux case Local Nusselt number for turbulent flow

Cross flow over cylinder Nusselt number ,

Fluid property @ Tb = (Ti+Te)/2, μs @ Ts

Tf = (T∞ + TS)/2
Cross flow over Shpere Nusselt Number Nusselt number for fully developed turbulent flow in smooth pipe (Dittus
and boelter equation)
n = 0.4 for heating & n = 0.3 for cooling
Nusselt number for fully developed turbulent flow in smooth pipe when
, , the properties variation is large due temperature difference equation by
Fluid propery @ T∞ , μs @ Ts Sieder and Tate
Average velocity for internal force convection
8
Fluid property @ Tb = (Ti+Te)/2, μs @ Ts
Ghrashof number and
reyleigh number

9
Nusselt number for vertical plates (Surface temp Ts = Constant)
For enclosures tilted more than 90⁰

0Nusselt number for vertical plates (Heat flux qs = Constant)

For Vertical enclosures

Fulid propery Tf @ (TL/2 + T∞)/2
Characterisitc length for Characterisitc length for
vertical plate, Lc = L horizontal plate, Lc = As/p =
surface area/perimeter
Natural convection cooling of finned surfaces (Ts = Constant)

L = vertical dimension of fin For Vertical enclosures with large aspect ratio

Number of fins n = W/(S+t) = W/S

Fulid properties @ Tf = (Ts + T∞)/2
Natural convection cooling of vertical PCBs(qs = Constant)
Fluid properties Tf = (T1 + T2)/2

S = spacing of PCBS Concentric Sphere

Number of fins n = W/(S+t) = W/S

Properties @ avg. temp Tavg = (TL + T∞)/2

Fluid properties Tf = (Ti + To)/2
TL = Critical surface upper edge temperature
Concentric cylinder
Reyleigh number for enclosure

Lc = Distance between hot and cold surface

Effective thermal conductivity

Horizontal rectagular enclosure Fluid properties Tf = (Ti + To)/2

Bottom Hot plate (T1) > (T2) Top cold Plate & RaL > 1708
Enclosure contains air Combined Natural and Forced convection

For vertical plates n =3

Can be use for other gases having 0.5<Pr<2. For Horizontal plates n = 3.5
Enclosure contains water, oil For cylinder = 4
For forced convection
For water and other liquid based on experiment For natural convection
For natural + forced convection

Incilned rectangular enclosure