Luminous flux ɸ = light power emitted by bulb, lumen

Luminous efficacy ɳ = light power/ Electric power, lm/watt

Luminous intensity I = light power/solid angle, Cd or lm/sr

E (illuminance) = ɸ (incident luminous flux)/A (surface area), lx or

lm/m2 or fc
1 fc = lm/ft2 = 10.76 lm/m2 = 10.76 lx
1m2 = 10.76 ft2
Inverse square law, E = I Cosβ/r2

L(luminance) = I (Luminous intensity)/A cosα (Projected area of source

seen by observer), Cd/m2

M (luminous exitance) = ɸ (departing luminous flux)/A (surface area)

lx or lm/m2
Mr (luminous exitance) = rE = rɸ (incident luminous flux)/A (surface
area) lx or lm/m2
Mt (luminous exitance) = tE = tɸ (incident luminous flux)/A (surface
area) lx or lm/m2 Illuminance E at point “P” in parallel horizontal plane to Strip source
EH =
M (luminous exitance) = ∏ L (Luminance)

Relation between luminous flux and intensity (For uniform), ɸ = 4 ∏ I

Relation between luminous flux and intensity (For cosine), ɸ = ∏ I If point “P” is located on the end of strip source, the divide above
equation by 2.
If the length “h” of strip becomes infinite
∏ 𝐿 𝑊 𝑞2
𝐸𝐻 =
2 (𝑞 2 + 𝑟 2 )3/2
If the length “h” of strip becomes very small with distance to point P
2 𝐿 𝑊𝑞 2 ℎ
𝐸𝐻 =
(𝑞 2 + 𝑟 2 )2
If Point “P” is in vertical plane parallel to Strip source
𝑟
𝐸𝑉𝐼𝐼 =
𝑞
Illumination for circular source as point source approximation = If point “P” is in vertical plane perpendicular to strip source
LA/(D2+R2), A = Area of circular source, D = distance from centre of 𝐿 𝑊𝑞ℎ2
source to top point, R = radius of point source 𝐸𝑉𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝 =
2(𝑞 2 + 𝑟 2 ) (𝑞 2 + 𝑟 2 + ℎ2 )
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Lumen ɸ, using Zonal Constant (Between two angles θ1 & θ2) = For Tube Source
I(θ) 2 ∏ (Cosθ1 – Cosθ2)

Illumination E at Point from rectangular source

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Luminous efficacy

Watt/m2 emitted by the lamp = ∫ 𝑀𝜆

Light watt/m2 emitted by the lamp = ∫ 𝑀𝜆 𝑉𝜆

Lumen/m2 emitted by the lamp = K ∫ 𝑀𝜆 𝑉𝜆

Where K = 683 lm/watt
For Parallel
∫ 𝑀𝜆 𝑉𝜆
Luminous efficacy of the lamp = K
∫ 𝑀𝜆

For Perpendicular

Solar beam diffuse component Ed

Solar Position Calculation Solar diffuse horizontal illuminance on the ground

Solar declination δ = 23.45 * sin( 360 * (n + 284)/365)

Γ = 360 * (n-1)/365
Equation of Time ET = Sky diffuse illuminance on the surface Ed

Solar beam reflected component from ground to surface Eg

Where, TZ is difference of local time (LT) and Greenwich time in Hours Ground reflected illuminance on the surface
Apparent solar time (AST)

Total illumination on the surface Etotal = Eb + Ed + Eg

Where,
LON = Local longitude (For Montreal LON = 73.56 W) Sun profile angle (d)
AST= Apparent solar time, decimal hours
LST = Local standard time, decimal hours
ET = Equation of time in minutes Where, α is solar altitude and ϒ = ɸ (solar azimuth) – Ψ (Surface
LSM = Longitude of the local standard time meridian (Positive for East azimuth)
of Greenwich)
Optimum Blind tilt angle (βopt)
Hour angle H If profile angle d<45, βopt = 180 – 2 d
If profile angle d>=45, βopt = 90
Solar altitude angle α ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hottel’s Clear sky model
L = Latitude of location, For Montreal L =45.5 N Zenith angle Z = 90 – α (Degree)
Beam Transmittance tb
Azimuth angle ɸ

Beam normal radiation, Ibn = tb * ION

Solar Incident angle θ

Isc = 1367 W/m2

Where, Coefficient for Hottel’s equation
Ψ = Surface azimuth angle
Β = Surface tilt angle
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Solar radiation calculation
Solar illumination constant Esc = 127.5 Klx

Extraterrestrial solar Illuminance

Extinction factor C = 0.21 for clear day and 0.8 for partly cloudy day
Correction for diffuse component Idh on horizontal plane (td)
Air mass (m) = 1/Cosθ

Direct Solar beam component Eb Horizontal diffuse component (Idh)

Solar beam nominal illuminance Ebn
Vertical diffuse component (Ids)
Solar beam illuminance on the surface Eb
Ground reflected radiation from a
horizontal surface Idg
Solar beam horizontal illumination Ebh
View Factor from Graphs:
Configuration factor for finite surfaces