63

A[ym-bw c≠v

N-cn-{Xm-Jym-\-Øn-s‚ LS\
 65

"t\m-h¬' F-∂ B-Jym-bn-I-bp-sS Ie hn-I-kn®-Xv N-cn-{X-Øn¬ hf-

sc ssh-In-bm-sW-¶nepw, A-Xn¬ ]dbp-∂ I-Y-sb Bkz-Zn-°p∂ {]{In-
bbv°v a-\p-jy-Ip-e-tØm-fw ]-g-°-ap≠v. a\p-jy¿ I-Y-Iƒ C-„-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xn\v c-≠v Im-c-W-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv. H-∂v A-Xn-se bm-Ym¿-∞yhpw as‰m-∂v
I-ev]-\mssh-`-h-hp-amWv. C-h c≠pw hn-]-co-X-am-bn tXm-∂p-sa-¶nepw Ch-
sb ]-cn-]q¿-Æ-am-bn th-¿-Xn-cn°pI {]-bm-k-amWv. ]m-›m-Xy km-ln-Xy-
Øn¬ hmƒ-´¿ kv-tIm-´n (Waltter Scott)s‚ sF-hm≥tlm (Ivanhoe) t]m-
ep≈ t\m-h-epIƒ k-lr-Z-b-cpsS A\p-`-h-Po-hn-X-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-
°p-∂-Xn-\v {][m-\ Imc-Ww `m-h-\m-i-‡n (Fantacy)°v \-Ωp-sS B-¥-cn-I-
Po-hnX (Inner life) hp-am-bn _-‘-ap-s≠-∂ Xn-cn-®dn-hmWv.

kz-Im-cy-am-bXpw kz-bw B-kzm-Z-\-£-a-hpam-b `mh-\mi-‡n in¬]

hn-j-b-Iam-b B-Jym\ (Artistic Fiction) Øn¬ \n∂pw cq-]-s∏-´-XmWv.
Cßs\ cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂ Im¬-]-\nIamb ]-¶p-h-bv-°emWv t\m-h-en-kv-‰n-\v
hf-sc hen-b hmb-\m k-aql-sØ sImSp°p∂Xv. C-XmI-s´, ]-e-t∏mgpw
F-Xn¿∏p-Iƒ°pw Im-c-W-am-Im-dp≠v. "B-Jym-\-߃ kw-`-hn-°m-Ø Im-
cy-ß-fmWv ]-d-bp-∂-Xv', "{`-am-fl-I I¬-]-\-Iƒ P-\-k-aql-sØ h-gn-sX-‰n-
°p∂p' Fs∂√m-ap-≈ hm-Z-KXnIƒ B-Jym-\߃ cq-]-s∏-´ Im-ew ap-
X¬-t° D-b¿-∂p h∂n´p≠v. aqeym-[n-jvTnX (moralist) hm-Zn-Iƒ B-Jym\-
sØ lo-\w (evil) Bbn I-W-°m-°p-∂p. tπ-t‰m-bp-sS BZ¿-i cm-{„-k-¶-
ev-]w I-hn-I-sf- \n-cm-I-cn-°p∂p F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv AXn-\m-em-Wv. Ncn-{X-
Ønse Hcp {]-tXy-I A-h-k-c-Øn¬ {_n-´≥ Xo-b-‰-dp-Iƒ ]q-´n-°p∂p≠v.

H-cp k-lr-Zb-s\ kw-_-‘n-®v bm-Ym¿-∞yhpw I¬-]-\bpw X-Ωn-ep-

≈ hy-Xym-kw a-\- n-em-°m≥ I-gn-bpw. H-cph-s\ B-Jym-\-tØm-Sv ASp∏n-
°p∂-Xv hn-Nn-{X-I¬]\ (fantacy) tbm-Sp-≈ hnt\m-Z-a√ a-dn-®v A-Xn-\p-≈n-
ep-≈ bm-Ym¿∞y (Reality) tØm-Sp-≈ Xm¬-]-cy-amWv. A-Xn-\p-≈ {][m-
\ Imc-Ww `mh\ kz-]v-\-߃°pw hn-Im-c-߃°pw [ym\m-fl-I-amb sh-
fn-®t- a-Ip-sa∂-XmWv. in¬-]hn-jb - amb (artistic fiction) B-Jym-\s
- I - a∂Xv
 66

kz-]\
-v s
- Ø-°mƒ D-W¿-hp-≈Xpw \nb-{¥-Wa
- p-≈Xpw h-kX
-v p-\n-jT
v h
- p-amWv.
a-ebm-f km-lnXy-Øn-se {]-Y-a N-cn-{Xm-Jym-\w F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ B-Zcn-°-
s∏-Sp∂ "am¿Ømfi-h¿Ω' Iem-in-ev]]
- c
- a
- mb Hcm-Jym-\a
- m-Wv. B t\mh-
ens‚ L-S-\m-]-cam-b A-]-{K-Y-\-amWv Cu A≤ymbw.

""Hcp a-\p-jy≥ hf-sc \√-h-\m-Im≥ Ah-s\ X-s∂ a-s‰m-cm-fp-sS

ÿeØv/a-‰p≈-h-cp-sS ÿe-Øv {]-Xn-jvTn-°Ww. A-t∏mƒ Ah-s‚ h¿-
§-Øns‚ th-Z-\-Ifpw k-t¥m-j-ßfpw A-h-t‚-Xm-bn am-dp∂p. [m¿-Ωn-I-
am-bn \-∑-bn-te-°p-≈ hen-b D-]m-[n `m-h-\-bmWv. A-Xv \n¿-Δ-ln-°-s∏-
Sp∂-Xv A-Xn-\m-bn {]-h¿-Øn-°p-tºm-gm-W'v '. sj√n (Shelly) Defence of Poetry
F-∂ {K-Ÿ-Øn¬ ]dbp∂ C-°mcyw t\m-h-ens\ kw-_-‘n®pw A¿-∞-
h-ØmWv (Boulton, 1985:5).

H-cp t\m-h¬ k-Xy-am-sW-∂p ]-d-b-W-sa-¶-n¬, A-Xv Bflm¿∞am-

b \nco-£W
- a
- p-≈Xpw ]-cn-⁄m-\w \¬-Ip-∂Xpw Bbn-cn-°Ww. am-{Xa√,
a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-sW-∂p≈ tXm-∂¬ D-f-hm-°p-Ibpw thWw.
Bkzm-ZI-\v Dƒ-°-cpØpw hn-th-N-\-i-‡nbpw IqSnb A-dnhpw {]-Zm-\w
sNøWw. A-Xn-\p km-[n-°p-sºm-gm-Wv H-cp B-Jym-\ X{¥w an-I-®-Xm-
sW-∂v A-hI
- m-is
- ∏-Sm≥ km-[n-°p-I. A-\p-]a
- amb ssh-Imcn-I A\p`hw
AØ-cw B-Jym-\-Øn¬ Dƒ-t®¿-∂n-´p-≠m-Ipw. bmYm¿-∞y-Øn¬ \n∂pw
hf-sc A-I-se-bm-Wv hn-Nn-{X I¬-]-\Iƒ (Fantacy) \n-e-sIm≈p-∂Xv. C-
Xm-Is´, B-Jym-\-Øn-s‚ {][m-\ `m-Khpw B-Zm-\-{]Zm-\hpw B-Ip∂p.
kz-`m-h-KpWw, t{]c-W, [¿Ωw, C-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ A-\p-`-h-ßfpw Dƒ-°m-
gv-Nbpw C-Xn-eq-sS e-`n-°p∂p. A-Xmb-Xv, aqeyßsf hn-`n-∂ co-Xn-bn¬
hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ B-hn-jv°m-c kzmX{¥yw B-Jym-\-߃-°v e-`n-
°p∂p. C-Xn-eq-sS BJym\-߃-°v A-Xn-t‚Xm-b [¿-Ωw \n¿-Δ-ln-°m≥
I-gn-bpw. 'Novel' F-∂ k¶ev]Øn\v Oxford English Dictionary \¬-Ip-∂
\n¿-ΔN-\w, ""K-Wyam-b h-ep-∏-ap≈-Xpw k-¶o¿-Æa√m-ØXpamb C-Xn-hr-
Øw. b-Ym-X-Yam-b PohnXsØ {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-߃. A-
 67

h-cp-sS {]-hr-Øn-Iƒ. CsX√mw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ H-cp km-¶-ev]n-I K-Zy- B-

Jym-\w.'' F∂mWv.

Chamber’s Twentieth Century Dictionary \¬-Ip-∂ \n¿-hN-\w "Pohn-

X-Øns‚ i-cnbm-b Nn{Xw \¬-Ip-∂Xpw H-cp ]p-cp-js‚-tbm kv{Xo-
bpsStbm Po-hn-X-Ønse \n¿-Æm-bI ssh-Imcn-I {]-Xn-k-‘nsb Nn-{Xo-
I-cn-°p-∂Xpamb H-cp km-¶-ev]n-I KZyIY' F-∂mWv. The complete
Dictionary of Arts and Science F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Croker's Dictionary \¬-Ip-
∂ \n¿-h-N-\-hpw {]-k-‡-amWv. "H-∂n-\p ]pd-sI a-s‰m-∂m-bn hcp-∂, Po-
hn-X-Øn-se B-I-kv-an-Ihpw hn-t\m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xpam-b kw-`-h-ß-f-Sßnb
H-cp km-¶-ev]n-I N-cn-{Xw. Ah Im-Øp-kq-£n-°p-∂ \n-b-am-h-en-Iƒ tIh-
ew sdmam≥kn¬ \n-∂v t\m-h-en-s\ hy-Xy-kv-X-am-°p∂p. AhnsS \mb-
It\m \m-bn-Itbm cm-P-Ip-am-ct\m cm-P-Ip-amcntbm Bbn-cn°pw {]-[m\w.
F-∂n-´v kw`h߃ a-lm-Zp-c-¥-Øn-te-°v \-bn-°pw. A-Xv Nn-e-t∏mƒ bp-
‡n-lo-\hpw Akzm-`m-hn-I-hp-am-Ipw'. C-{]-Imcw {][m\-s∏-´ \n¿-Δ-N-\-
ß-sf√mw N-cn{X-t\m-h-ep-I-fpsS kz-cq-]-sØbpw \n¿Æ-bw sN-øp∂p≠v.

N-cn-{Xm-Jym-\-Øn-s‚ {]m-cw`w
Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j-∑m-sc hym-Jym-\n-°m≥ H-cp t\m-h-en-kv-‰v sNøp∂ {i-
a-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv N-cn-{X-t\m-h¬ \-Ωp-sS {i≤-sb Imev]-\n-I-ambn D-Zm-
Øo-I-cn-°p∂-Xv. ""N-cn-{X-Øn¬ \-S-∂ kw-`-h-߃-°p ]n-∂n¬ hy-‡n-
Iƒ hym-]-cn-® co-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ A-t\zj-Ww b-Ym¿-∞ N-cn{X-t_m-
[-Øn-s‚ kr-„n-bm-Ip∂p'' (_m-e-Ir-jv-W≥ I-ev-]-‰, 1988:20). N-cn-{X
t\mhen¬ B-hn-jv-Ir-am-Ip∂ `mh-\-bp-sSbpw bm-Ym¿-∞y-Øn-s‚bpw X-
e-ß-sf°pdn®v _-Z¿-^o¬-Uv Cß-s\ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.

N-cn{X-t\m-he
- n¬ hn-hc
- n-®n-cn-°p-∂ kw-`h
- ß
- ƒ b-Ym¿-∞Ø
- n¬
\-S-∂-Xm-sW-∂v hm-b-\-°m¿-°v tXm-∂Ww. H-cm-sf-°p-dn-®p ]-
d-bp-∂ F√m Im-cy-ßfpw i-cn-b-s√-∂p h-t∂-°m-sa-¶nepw A-
bmƒ Po-hn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂v A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. I-Y-bp-sS X-
 68

¥p°ƒ, t\m-he
- n-s‚ C-gK
- p-Ww N-cn-{X-]c
- s
- a-∂v tXm-∂n-°psºm-
gm-Wv A-Xn-s‚ k-Xymw-i-Øn-\v Xo-jv-W-X Iq-Sp-∂Xv. C-ß-s\
t\m-°p-tºmƒ `q-X-Im-e-Øn-te°v, N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚ kw-`-h-ß-fn-
te-°v Xn-cn-™p t\m-°p-∂ H-cp F-gp-Øp-Im-c≥ H-cp {]-Ir-Xn-
Zriyw I-≠v AXp-sIm-≠v F-s¥-¶nepw sN-øm-\m-{K-ln-°p-∂,
AXns\ a-s‰-s¥-¶n-ep-am-bn am-‰p-∂ ]p-\x-kr-„n sIm-Xn-°p-∂,
hm-kvXhn-IX
- ]p\x-kr-„n-°m\pw A-ßs
- \ {]-Im-in-Xa
- m-Im\pw
sIm-Xn-°p-∂ I-em-Im-c-s\-t∏m-se-bm-Wv ({iotZ-hn, 1997:32).

F-∂ A-`n-{]m-bw N-cn-{Xm-Jym-bn-I-fp-sS k-a-{K-KpW-sØ \n¿-h-Nn-°p∂p.

- m-ln-Xy-Øn¬ hmƒ-´¿ kvt- Im´v (Walter Scott) B-Wv N-cn-{X-sØbpw
tem-Ik
`m-h-\-tbbpw Iq-´n-bn-W°n-sIm-≠v "ln-kv-s‰mdnIv sdm-am≥-kv' F-∂ B-
Jym-\-Øn-\v XpS-°w Ip-dn®Xv. kvtIm´ns‚ t\mh-ep-I-fmWv C∂pw
AØcw B-Jym-\-co-Xn-bp-sS e£-W-sam-Ø B-hn-jv-°m-c߃. C.Fw.
t_-°-dp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ kv-tIm´n\v apºpw ]-e N-cn-{X t\m-h-en-kv-‰p-
Ifpw DZ-bw sN-bv-Xp-sh-¶nepw A-hcn¬ N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚ `m-h-\ hf-sc Ip-d-
hm-bn-cp∂p. `q-X-Ime-sØ BfpIfpsS Po-hn-Xw F-¥m-bn-cp∂p? kz-Im-cy-
Po-hn-X-Øn-se ASn-sbm-gp-°pIƒ F-¥m-bn-cp∂p? Im-eL-´w am-dp-∂-Xn-\-
\p-k-cn-®v F-s¥√mw am-‰-ßfmWv kw-`-hn-®Xv? C-sX√m-am-Wv H-cp N-cn-{Xm-
Jym-bn-Im-Im-c-s\ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ L-S-I߃. Hcp `q-X-Ime-sØ X-s‚
ap-∂n¬ hn-fn-®p h-cp-Øn A-Xn¬ Po-hn-® a\p-jysc Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-
Ibpw kμ¿-t`m-Nn-X-am-bn A-h-cp-sS s]-cp-am-‰ßƒ B-hn-jv-I-cn°p-Ibpw
sNøm≥ H-cp b-Ym¿∞ t\m-h-en-kv-‰n-t\ Ignbq. kv-tIm-´mI-s´ h¿-Ø-am-
\-Ime-sØ `q-X-Im-e-Øn¬ {]-t£-]n-°p-Ibpw k-a-Imen-I Po-hn-X-sØ-
°p-dn-®p-f-f X-s‚ A-Sp-Ø-dn-hp-Iƒ ]q¿-ΔIm-e I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-sf a-\p-jy-h-
Xv-I-cn-°m≥ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. sdm-am≥-kn-s‚bpw dn-b-en-
k-Øn-s‚bpw i-{Xp-X \-in-∏n-°m-\m-Wv kv-tIm-´v {i-an-®Xv. kv-tIm-´n-s‚
A-\p-I¿-Øm-°-fnepw C-tX k-hn-ti-j-X Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw.
 69

C¥y-bn¬ N-cn{X-t\m-h-en-\v XpS-°w Ip-dn-°p∂-Xv {_n-´o-jp-Im-cm-

Wv. 1857 \v ti-jw C-¥y-bn¬ h-∂-am-‰w km-ln-Xy-sØbpw _m[n®p. {_n-
´o-jv `c-Ww A-Xn-s‚ k¿-Δ-i-‡nbpw A-[n-Im-c-cm-{„obhpw C-¥y-bn¬
{]m-h¿-Øn-I-am-°m≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-® Im-e-am-WXv. B ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬
1859˛¬ e^v. tI-W¬ F-tUz¿-Uv tam-Wn-bp-sS kmlnXy-kr-„n-bmbn ‘The
wife and the ward’ F-∂ N-cn{X-t\mh¬ ]nd∂p. in-]m-bn-e-l-f-bp-sS ]n-

∂m-ºp-dß
- ƒ A-Sn-ÿm-\a
- m-°n-bm-Wv Cu t\mh¬ c-Nn-°s
- ∏-´Xv. C-¥y°m-
tcm-Sp-≈ {]-Xn-Im-chpw sh-dp-∏p-am-Wv A-Xn¬ {]-I-S-am-°p-∂-sX-∂v
s{]m^.tKmI-Jv Nq-≠n-°m-´p∂p. I-ev-]-‰ _m-e-Ir-jv-W≥ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v {_n-´o-jv F-gp-Øp-Im-cn¬ \n-∂v A≥-]-tXm-fw t\m-h-
ep-Iƒ N-cn-{X-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´v \-ap-°v e`n-°p∂p≠v. {_n-´o-jp-Im-cp-sS
hn-P-b-Øn-em-Wv in-]m-bn-e-l-f ]-cy-h-km-\n-®-sX∂pw ta-[m-hn-Xz-]-cam-b
a-t\m-`m-hØ
- n¬ \n∂pw {_n-´o-jv ho£Ww hn-ap-‡a
- √ F-∂Xpw Cu t\m-
h-ep-I-fp-sS s]m-Xp-kz-`m-h-amWv. F-∂m¬ C-Xn-s\m-cp _-Z¬ C-¥y≥ km-
ln-Xy-Øn¬ cq-]-s∏-´n√ F-∂-Xv h-kvXp-X-bmWv. tIm-f-\n-hm-gv-N-bp-sS A-
ÿn-hm-cw D-d-∏n-® A-°m-ew `q-cn]-£w C-¥y≥ P-\-X-bp-sSbpw t_m-[-X-
e-ß-sf kv-]¿-in°pI t]m-epw sNbvXn√ F-∂-Xm-Wv bm-Ym¿-∞yw. A-Xn-
\p-ti-jw C-¥y-bn-se a-‰p ]e `m-j-I-fn-te°pw C-Xn-s‚ hym-]-\-ap-≠m-
Ip∂p. AXm-I-s´, X-t±-io-bhpw hn-tZ-io-b-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. AXn-¬ G-‰hpw
{i-t≤-bam-b c-N\Iƒ D≠m-bXv _w-Km-fn km-ln-XyØnem-bn-cp-∂p.

1857 se e-l-f-bp-sS ]-›m-ØeØn¬ Ip-d-s®-¶n-epw _-Z¬ c-N-\-

Iƒ D-≠mb-Xv _w-Km-fn km-ln-Xy-Øn-emWv. {_n´ojv K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚ A-
Sn-®-a¿-Ø-epI-sf A-h-K-Wn®p-sIm-≠m-Wv _w-Km-fn km-lnXyw ap-t∂-dn-
bXv. _¶nwN-{μ Nm-‰¿-Pn-bp-sS "Zp¿t§-i\-μn-\n' (1865), `q-tZ-hv ap-J¿-Pn-bp-
sS "Aw-Kpeo-b hn-\na-bw' F-∂ IYsb B-kv-]-Z-am-°n-bm-Wv c-Nn-®-sX-
¶nepw H-cp N-cn{X-t\m-h-en-s‚ c-k-Iq´pIƒ A-Xn¬ Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw.
`mc-X-Øn-s‚ `q-XIme ssh-in-„y-sØ hc®p Im-Wn-°m≥ t\m-h-en-kv-‰v
{i-an-°p-∂p≠v. ]n-∂o-Sv ln-μn km-ln-Xy-Ønepw [m-cm-fw N-cn{X-t\m-h-ep-
 70

Iƒ ]n-d-hn-sb-Sp-°p∂p. A-Xn-s‚-sb√mw ]n∂n-ep-≈ e£yw {_n-´o-jv hn-

cp-≤-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. {_n-´o-jv N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS ]-£-]m-X-]-chpw X-߃-
°-\p-Iq-e-hp-am-bp-≈ N-cn-{X hym-Jym-\-ß-fn¬ Ncn{X-t_m[-sØ ]p-\-cm-
Jym-\w sN-øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu t\mh-ep-I-fp-sS-sb√mw {][m-\ e-£yw.
`-K-h-Xn-N-c¨ i¿-Ω-bp-sS "Nn-{X-teJ', Zzn-th-Zn-bp-sS "Nm-cp-N-{μte-J', "]p-
\¿-\-h', hr-μm-h≥ i¿-Ω-bp-sS "Qm≥kn Io dm-Wn' Xp-S-ßn-b- Ir-Xn-Iƒ
{]m-[m-\y-a¿-ln-°p-∂-h-bmWv. X-an-gn-se B-Zy N-cn{X-t\m-h-em-bn I-W-°m-
°p∂-Xv I¬-°n-bpsS "]m¿-∞n-h≥ I-\-hv' BWv. A-Sn-a-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-
bp≈ t]m-cm-´-am-bn C-Xn-s\ hym-Jym-\n-°p∂p. F∂m¬ {_n-´-s\-Xn-sc C-
¥ym-°m¿ \-S-Øp-∂ k-a-c-sa-∂ h¿-Ø-am-\ k-Xy-hp-ambpw C-Xn-s\ \n-cq-
]-I¿ Im-Wp∂p. I-∂-U km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ e-£v-a-W-dm-hp K-tU-°¿ c-Nn-
® "kq-cy-Im-¥' bm-Wv B-Zy N-cn-{Xm-Jym-bn-I-bm-bn I-W-°m-°s∏Sp-∂-
Xv. 1913˛¬ c-Nn-® "Ip-ap-Zn-\n' F∂ t\m-h-epw 18˛mw \q-‰m-≠n-se N-cn-{X-
kw`h-sØ {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-øp-∂p≠v. C-tX Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ sX-ep-¶v
km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ kvt- Im-´n-s‚ Ir-Xn-If
- p-sS X¿-÷a-Ifpw A-\p-Ic
- W
- ß
- fpw
cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂p. sX-ep-¶v km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ N-cn-{Xm-Jym-bn-Im-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ {]-
ap-J-cm-Wv tlm-cn \-c-knw-l-im-kv-{XnIƒ, kp-∫-dmhp, sh¶nS-im-kv{Xn Xp-
S-ßn-bh¿.

]sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ c-Nn-°-s∏-´ c-≠v kp-{][m\ t\mhep-I-

em-Wv "Zp¿-t§-i-\-μn-\n'bpw "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω'-bpw. hmƒ-´¿ kv-tIm-´ns‚
"sF-hm≥ tlm' F-∂ N-cn{X-t\m-hen-t\m-Sv \n-cq-]-I-∑m¿ km-Zriyw I¬-
]n-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw c-≠p t\m-h-ep-Ifpw `m-cXo-b kmwkv-Imcn-I N-cn-{X-
sØbmWv {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-øp-∂Xv. 1857\p ti-jw C¥ybn¬ cq-]-s∏-´
{_n-´o-jv km-{am-Py-Xz {]-hW
- X
- b
- v°
- v F-Xn-cm-bp-≈ _-Z¬ am\-kn-Im-hÿ
c-≠p t\m-he
- nepw Im-Wmw. cm-{„\-∑°
- m-bn {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ ln-μp˛ap…ow
sF-Iy-sØ C-cp t\m-h-ep-Ifpw Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p∂p. hn[nbpsS `m-K-am-bn I-
„-X-Iƒ A-\p-`-hn-t°-≠n h-cp∂ [otcm-Zm-Ø≥-amcm-b I-Ym-]m-{X-am-bn
 71

PK-Xv knw-l\pw A-\-¥-]-Zv-a-\m-`\pw \nd-™p \n¬-°p∂p. "am¿-Øm-fi-

h¿-Ω-'bn-se kp-`-{Z-°v k-am-\-am-bn "Zp¿-t§-i-\-μn-\n'bn¬ hn-a-e I-S-∂p-h-
cp∂p. ]m-dp-°p-´n-°v k-am-\a
- m-bn Xn-temØa \n-es
- Im-≈p∂p. ÿ-e˛Ime
h¿-Æ-\Iƒ, bp-≤-cw-K-߃ F-∂n-h-bnepw km-Zriy-X Im-Wp-∂p≠v.
tUm.sI.A-ø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xp-t]m-se-

k-aI
- men-I ]m-›m-Xy t\m-he
- p-It- fm-Sv F-∂X
- n-s\-°mƒ IqSpX-
em-bn `m-c-Xo-b C-Xnlm-k ]p-cmW-ß-tfm-Sm-Wv C-h-bv-°v Iq-Sp-
X¬ kmZriyw. D]I-Y-Ifpw D-]m-Jym-\-ßfpw tN¿-Øv I-Ym-i-
co-c-Øn-\v B¥cn-I hym-]v-Xn \¬-Ip-∂-Xn\pw B-Jym-\-ssi-
en-bp-sS {]-tXy-IX sIm-≠v Z¿-i-\-k-a{K-X t\-Sp-∂-Xn\pw c-
≠p t\m-h-en-kv-‰p-Ifpw {i-≤ sN-ep-Øp-∂p≠v. "Zp¿t§-i\-μn-
\n'°pw "am¿-Øm-fih
- ¿-Ω'°pw X-Xz-Ønepw cq-]Ø
- nepw {]mNo-
\ `m-cXo-b C-Xn-lmk-ß-tfmSpw Im-Zw_-cn t]m-ep-≈ IY-I-
tfm-Sp-am-Wv ]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-se Cw-•o-jv AYhm bq-
tdm-]y≥ t\m-hen-t\m-Sp-≈-Xn-s\-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X-e-Sp∏w (Aø-∏-
∏-Wn-°¿, 2014:43).

tI-cf
- h
- ¿-Ω h-en-bt- Im-bnØ-ºp-cm-s‚ A-`n-{]m-bhpw C-hn-sS kw-KX
- a
- mWv.
A-t±lw C-{]-Im-cw tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.

B-[p\n-I `m-cXo-b I-Ym-km-lnXyw t\mhen-s‚ X-\n-∏-

I¿∏msW∂v I-cp-Xp-∂ \n-cq-]-I≥-am-cp≠v. Aßs\ ]-d-bp∂-
Xv k-Xy-Øn-s‚ A-h-tl-f-\-am-Wv. bq-tdm-∏v B-sI-∏m-sS
C¥y°p \¬-Inb-Xv H-cp ]pXn-b kw-hn-[m-\w; ]pXn-b k-t¶-
Xw am-{X-am-Wv. _¶nw-N-{μ≥ Cu \ho-\ k-{º-Zmb-sØ X\-Xp
e-£y-߃-°m-bn D-]-tbm-Kn®p. B ]-cn-W-X I-em-cq-]-amI-s´
kw-kvIr-X km-ln-Xy-Øn-se GXp Ir-Xn-tbbpw t]m-se ip≤-
ta `m-c-Xo-b-am-bn Xo-cp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp (`mjm-km-ln-Xn, 59:62).
 72

Cu A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw D-cp-Øn-cn-bp-∂ h-kvXpX F-s¥-∂m¬

D-]t- Z-io-bhpw X-t±-io-bh
- pam-b \-∑I-sf ho-s≠-Sp-°m-\p-≈ {i-aa
- m-Wv Ccp
t\m-h-en-kv-‰p-I-fpw sN-bv-XXv.

Cw•o-jv t\m-he
- n-\n√m-Ø N-cn-{X-kw-_‘
- nbm-b {]m-[m\yw _w-
Km-fn t\m-h-en\pw a-ebmf t\m-h-en\pw D-s≠-∂p tXm-∂p∂p.
t\m-h¬ F-gpXn-b Ime-sØ kmwkv-Imcn-I {]-Xn-k-‘n-bp-sS
A-\p-c-W-\-߃ ˛ H-cp hntZ-i ta¬-t°m-bv-a-tbm-Sp-≈ tZio-b
kw- k v - I m- c - Ø n- s ‚ {]- X n- I - c - W - ß ƒ ˛ _- ¶ nw- N - { μ- s ‚bpw
kn.hn.bp-sSbpw Ir-Xn-If
- n¬ Im-Wmw (Aø-∏∏
- W
- n°¿, 2014:44).

kn.hn. sb kw_-‘n-®v Iq-Sp-X¬ A-Sp-∏w {Zm-hn-Umw-i-ß-tfm-Sm-bn-

cp∂p. Imc-Ww Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚ K-XIm-e N-cn-{X-am-Wv kn.hn. bp-sS
Xq-en-I-bv-°v hnj-bo-`-hn-®Xv. A-Xn-eq-sS A-t±-lw A-\m-hc-Ww sN-bvX-Xv
hn-`n-∂ hy-‡n-Xz-ß-fp-sS-bpw am-\-h k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚bpw B-sI°q-Sn-bp-
≈ hnImk-]-cn-Wm-a-ß-sfbmWv. kn.hn. bp-sS N-cn-{X-]-cam-b Dƒ-°mgv-N
tIhew cm-{„o-bØntem cm-Pm-°-∑mcntem H-Xp-°n \n¿-Øm≥ I-gn-bp-
∂X√. N-cn-{X-]p-cp-j-∑m-sc [o-tcm-Zm-Ø≥-am-cm-bn A-h-X-cn-∏n°p-I am{X-
am-bn-cp-∂n√ kn.hn. bp-sS e-£yw. kn.hn. A-\n-gw Xn-cp-\mƒ am¿-Øm-fi-
h¿-Ω-bp-sS Im-e-L-´-am-Wv A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-sX-¶nepw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ a-
\- n¬ \nd-™p \n¬-°p∂-Xv X-s‚ Np-‰p-]mSpw \-S-°p-∂ cm-{„o-bhpw
km-aq-ln-Ihpw kmw-kvI
- m-cn-Ih
- pam-b am-‰a
- mWv. H-cp P-\X
- b
- p-sS kz-]v\
- hpw
`o-Xnbpw \n-cm-ibpw {]-Xo-£-bp-am-Wv kn.hn. BJym\w sN-bv-XXv (A-ø-
∏-∏-Wn-°¿, 2014:46).

C-Ø-c-Øn¬ X-t±-io-bX-sb B-Jym-\w sN-øm≥ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ P\-

Io-b-ambn kzo-I-cn-® am-[y-aw t\m-h-em-bn-cp∂p. ]m-›mXy-t\m-h¬ k-¶-
ev-]-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øn t\m-°p-tºmƒ hfsc henb ssh-cp-≤ymfl-I-
X CXn¬ Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw. Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚ in¬]n-bm-bn A-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂ A-\n-gw Xn-cp-\mƒ am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω bp-h-cmPmhns\ tI-{μo-I-cn-®v
 73

c-Nn-® N-cn-{Xm-Jymbn-I a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy N-cn-{Xm-Jym-\-sa-∂-Xn-ep]-

cn BJym-\-Øns‚ ]pXn-sbmcp inev]-k-ap-®-b-am-bn-Øo¿∂ IrXn-bmWv.
thK-X-bnepw {Iao-I-c-W-Ønepw Xøm-sd-Sp-∏nepw kn.hn. Fgp-Øns‚
kwkvIm-csØ ]p\¿\n¿Ωn® IrXn-bm-W-Xv. B IrXn-bpsS LS-\m-]-c-
amb HXp-°-hpw, AtX-k-abw LS-\m-¥-c-amb X®p-im-kv{Xhpw inev]-
ssh-Z-Kv≤ysØ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hf-°q-dp≈ Dgp-\n-e-am-Wv.

IYm-h-kvXp (Plot)
a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn¬ A-ÿn-Iq-S-Øn-\p-≈ {]m-[m\yw H-cp t\mh-en¬
I-Ym-h-kvXp (Plot) hn-\p≠v. A-ÿn-Iq-SamWv Pohs‚ cq-]w \n¿W-bn-°p-
∂Xpw, ico-c-Po-hnX {]-h¿-Ø-\ß-sf G-tIm-]n-∏n®p- ap-t∂m´psIm≠p-
t]m-hp-Ibpw sN-øp∂Xv. C-tX [¿-Ω-am-Wv, H-cp t\m-h-en¬ I-Ym-h-kv-Xp-
hn-\p-≈Xv. I-Ym-h-kv-Xp I-YbpsS Poh-{]-am-WamWv. ]c-kv]-c-_-‘-ap≈
Ipsd k-ab-sØ GXm\pw kw-`-h-ß-fp-sS {I-ao-I-c-W-am-WXv. C-\n-sb-¥v
kw-`-hn-°p-sa-∂ Nn-¥-bn-eq-sS A-\p-hm-NI-s\ apt∂m´v \-bn-°p-I-bm-Wv
an-I® t\m-h-en-s‚ [¿Ωw. B-Imw-£-bm-Wv A-\p-hm-NI-s\ ap-t∂m-´p \-
bn-°p-∂Xv. b-Ym¿-∞ I-Ym-X-¥p-hn-s‚ khn-tij-X, H-cp kw-`-hw a-s‰m-
∂n-te-°v \-bn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv. C-Xn\v BZn-a-[ym¥ s]m-cp-Øw A-\n-
hm-cy-amWv. AXn-s\m-cp cq-]-amXrI kr-„n-t°-≠-Xp≠v. C-XmWv Hmtcm
t\m-h-en-s\bpw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-°p∂ L-SIw. kw-`-h-߃ am-{X-a√; t{]c-
W, ]-cn-Wn-X-^ew, _-‘-߃ F∂nh-bp-sS Xp-S¿-®bpw C-Xn-s‚ {]-tXy-
I-X-bmWv. CXn-s\m-cp {]-[m-\ N-´-°q-Sm-bn \n-e-sIm-≈p∂-Xv I-Ym-h-kv-
XphmWv. B-Zy-taX-s∂ F-¥mWv kw-`-hn-°m≥ t]m-Ip∂-Xv A-s√-¶n¬
F-¥m-Wv kw-`-hn®-Xv F-∂ Xm¬-]cyw P-\n-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv an-I-® I-YmX-
¥p (Plot) sN-tø-≠Xv.

kn.hn. bpsS "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿Ω' t\m-h-en-se B-Zy A-[ym-b-Øn-

s‚ B-cw-`w A-Xn\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. ]-©-h≥-Im-´n¬ ap-dn-th-‰p In-S-°p-∂
bp-hm-hn-s\ h¿-Æn-®p sIm-≠m-Wv t\m-h¬ B-cw-`n-°p-∂Xv. a-lm-`m-c-X-
 74

Øn-se A`n-a-\yp-hn-\v k-am-\\m-b Hcp bp-hm-hn-s‚ Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-Øn¬ Xp-

S-ßn Xp-S¿-∂-tßm-´p-≈ A-[ym-b-߃ hm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ t{]-c-W P-\n-
∏n-°p-∂ B-Jym-\-co-Xn-bm-Wv t\m-h-en-kv-‰v kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. c-lky-
tbm-K-߃, A-]m-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-epIƒ, km-l-kn-Iam-b c-£t\S¬, \nKq-
Vamb {]-hr-ØnIƒ, bp-≤-߃ F-∂n-h-bn-eq-sS-bp-≈ k-©mcØneqsS
Hmtcm A[ym-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw a-s‰m-∂n-te-°v k-©-cn-°m-\p-≈ B-Imw-
£ t\m-henÃv \¬-Ip-∂p≠v. B-I-kv-an-Iam-b kw-`-h-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-≈ A-
h-Xc-Ww A\p-hm-N-I-cn¬ D-tØ-P-\-hpw, A-¤p-Xhpw P-\n-∏n-°p∂p. C-Xv
D-Ø-aam-b I-Ym-h-kv-Xp (Plot) hn-s‚ ^-e-amWv.

Xm¬-]-cy-Øn-\v ]pd-sa I-Ym-h-kv-Xp (Plot) hn-s‚ [¿-Ω-am-Wv F-gp-

Øp-Imsc hy-‡am-b h-gn-I-fn-eq-sS \-S-Øn°p-I F-∂Xv. bp-h-cm-Pm-hn-
s\ A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ F-Øn°p-I F-∂ IYm[¿-Ω-Øn¬ \n∂p hyXn-N-en-
°m-sX-bm-Wv t\m-h¬ ap-t∂m-´p t]m-Ip-∂Xv. A-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ [¿Ωw
\n¿-Δ-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n a-s‰√m L-S-I-ß-sfbpw H-cp-an-∏n-®p \n¿-Øp-
∂-Xn-\v kn.hn. °v I-gn-™n-´p-≠v. C-Xn-\m-em-Wv "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω-'bn-se
I-YmX-¥p D-Ø-a-am-bn am-dp-∂Xv. DtZzK-]q¿Æamb L-´-ßfn-eq-sS k-©-
cn-°p-tºm-gpw I-Ym-h-kv-Xp-°-fn¬ ]-e-t∏mgpw Zp-c-¥-\nan-j-߃ I-S-∂p-h-
cpw. B k-ab-Øv ap-t∂mt´m ]n-t∂mt´m A-\p-hmNI-\v k-©-cn-t°-≠-
Xm-bn h-cpw. C-Xn-te-Xm-Wv a-s‰m-∂n-s\ \-bn-°p-∂-sX-∂ k-tμ-lhpw tXm-
∂mw. A-ß-s\-bm-Ip-tºmƒ H-cp {]-hrØnsb ]n≥-Xp-S¿-∂v A-Xn-s‚ ^-
ew A-\p-`-hn-®-dn-bp-I, A-\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v ]mT-apƒ-s°m-≈p-I, _-lp-a-
XnIƒ, in-£Iƒ, {]-Xn-Im-c߃ (]-I-cw-ho-´-ep-Iƒ), £-a \¬I¬, tbm-
Pn∏v (H-Øp-Xo¿-∏v), s]m-cp-Ø-s∏S¬, sX-‰n-≤m-c-WIƒ, Nn-e hy-‡n-I-
fn¬ \n-∂p-≠m-Ip-∂ {]-Xn-IcWw, Nne hy-‡n-Iƒ kr-„n-°p-∂ kw-`-
h߃, ]p-Xp-Xm-bn cq-]w sIm-≈p-∂ {]-Xym-Lm-X߃, a-‰p kw-`-h-߃
F∂n-h N-cn-{Xm-Jym-\-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw. D-tZz-K-sØbpw
hn-Im-ch
- n-t£m-`s
- Ø-°mfpw ]-Iz-aX
- n-Ifpw, _-≤{- i-≤cpam-b hm-b\
- °
- msc
kw-_-‘n®v ta¬-∏-d-™ Pohn-X k-a-ky-I-fp-sS hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°-em-Wv Iq-Sp-
 75

X¬ Xm¬-]cyw P-\n-∏n-°p-∂Xv. B-Jym-\-Øn-s‚ hm-kv-X-hnI-X ]cn-tim-

[n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ hn-[-ap-≈ A-\p`-hw CØ-cw B-Jym-\-ßfn¬ \n-∂p
am-{X-ta B-kzm-ZI¿°v e-`n-°p-Ib
- p≈q. N-cn{X-t\m-he
- n¬ Cu L-SI
- ß
- ƒ-
°v k-hn-ti-j-am-b ÿm-\-am-Wp-≈Xv. am¿-Øm-fi-h¿Ω t\m-h-en¬ B-
hn-jv-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ hy-Xykv-X L-S-I-߃-°v k-a-{Kamb ]T-\w A-\n-hm-
cy-amWv. hyXy-kv-X-X-bv°v {][m-\ Im-cWw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdns‚ N-cn-{X-`q-
an-Isb tI-{μo-I-cn-®p hn-I-kn-°p-∂ I-Ym-X-¥p-hmWv.

I-Ym-h-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ a-s‰m-cp [¿-Ω-am-Wv F-gp-Øp-Im-¿ ]-d-bm≥ Dt±-in-

°p-∂ h-kv-XpX-°v A-Sn-ÿm-\w \¬-Ip-I F∂Xv. IYm-Im-cpsS hy‡n-
\n-jvTam-b Xm¬-]cyw I-Ym-]m-{X-Ønepw, D-t±iyw Im-c-W-Øn-ep-am-bn-cn-
°pw {]Xn-^-en-°pI. F-∂m¬ C-sX√mw I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fp-sS {]-hr-Øn-I-
fn-eq-sS shfn-s∏-tS-≠-Xpap≠v. F-gp-Øp-ImcpsS {][m-\ e£yw Xn∑-sb
]p-dØp-sIm≠p h-cp-I, A-s√-¶n¬ A-Xn-s\-Xn-sc {]-Xn-tj-[n-°pI F∂Xm-
Wv. Cu I-Ym-I-Y-\-co-Xn Xn-∑-bp-sS B]-Øv t\-cn-tS-≠n-hcp-∂ hm-b-\-
°msc Nn-e-t∏mƒ kzm-[o-\n-°pw. k-aq-l-Øn¬ cq-V-aq-e-am-bnØo¿-∂ Nn-
e {]hW-XI-sf Xp-d-∂p-Im-´m≥ \n-›n-Xam-b a-‰p {]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ-°mƒ
H-cp cN-bn-Xmhn\v Xs‚ B-Jym-\-Øn-eq-sS km-[n-°pw. kn.hn. bp-sS
BJym\-X-{¥-Øn-s‚ e-£yhpw A-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Xm≥ Po-hn-®n-cp-∂ Np‰p-
]m-Sn¬ cq-]s
- ∏-´ cm„o-b A-Sn-aØ
- Ø
- n-s‚ t\¿-Nc
- n-{X-sØ h-c®
- p-Im´m\pw
{]-Xn-tcm-[n-°m\pw kn.hn. B-Jym\-sØ D-]-tbm-Kn®p. sImtfm-Wn-b¬
Po-hn-X-]-cn-kc-Øv \n∂p-sIm-≠v a-l-Xz-]q¿-Æam-b X-t±io-b kw-kv-Ir-Xn-
sbbpw ]m-c-º-cy-sØbpw A-[n-Im-c-sØbpw Ip-dn-®p-≈ Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Ø-
em-bn "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿Ω' t\m-h-en-se I-YmX-¥p (Plot) am-dp∂Xv AXn-
\m-emWv.

i-cnbm-b co-Xn-bn¬ cq-]-I¬-∏-\ sN-bv-XXpw Ir-Xy-am-bn K-Wn-®-

Xpamb I-Ym-hk v- p (Plot) L-S\
- X - b
- mWv ]m›m-Xy-t\m-h¬k-¶ev]w apt∂m-
´p-h-bv°p-∂Xv. AXn¬ {]-I-Sam-b ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-ap-≠m-°p-∂-hn-[w `m-Ky-]-
 76

co-£-W߃, B-I-kv-an-I-Xzw, I-s≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ F∂nh D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

ap≥-Im-e-ß-fn¬ C-„-s∏-Sp-∂ {]-ta-bw bm-{Xtbm A-t\zj-Wtam B-Imw.
F-∂m¬ A-Xnepw ap≥-Xq-°w I-YmX-¥p (Plot) hn-\m-bn-cn-°pw. AXv ]q¿-
ÆX ssI-h-cn-°m≥ ]-cym-]v-X-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw. hn-hmlw, sX-‰p-Xn-cp-Ø-s∏-
S-epIƒ, hn√-s‚ tXm¬hn, s]m´n-t]m-b IÆn-I-fp-sS H-cp-an-®p-tN-c¬ F-
∂n-h-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Zp-c-¥hpw k-t¥mjhpw C-S-tN¿-∂ ap-lq¿-Ø-ß-
fp-sS I-Ym-X-¥phpw C-Xn¬ I-S-∂p-hcpw. "a-m¿-Øm-fi-h¿Ω' t\m-h-en¬
A-h-km-\w cm-P-]-£-Øn-s‚ hn-P-b-am-sW-¶nepw A-Xn-te-sd ap-∂n-´p-\n¬-
°p∂-Xv kp-`-{Z-sb-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-amWv. bp-h-cm-Pm-hn-s‚ c-£-°m-bp-≈ bm-
{X-bm-Wv I-Ym-h-kv-Xp-sh-¶nepw A-Xn¬ \n∂pw hy-Xn-N-en-°m-sX X-s‚
]n-Xm-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ A-t\z-j-Whpw sX-‰n-≤m-c-W Imc-Ww X-∂n¬
\n∂pw A-I∂p-t]m-b `¿-Øm-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ A-t\z-j-Whpw kp`-{Z `w-
Kn-bm-bn \n¿-Δ-ln-°p-∂p≠v. Zm-cp-Wam-b A-¥y-Øn-s‚ hn-[n-hn-f-bm-´-Øn-
\v C-c-bm-tI-≠n h-∂-t∏mgpw X-s‚ Po-hn-Xm-`n-em-j-Øn-s‚ k^-e-X kp-
`-{Z-bn¬ Zr-iy-am-bn-cp∂p. F-∂m¬ kp-`-{Z-°p]n-∂m-se t]m-Im-sX A-\p-
hm-NI-sc ]n-Sn-®p \n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw h-kv-XpX-sb \n-Kql-\w sN-bvXp-sIm-
≠v I-Ym-h-kv-Xp-hn-\v bmsXm-cp t]m-d-ep-ta¬-°m-sX kw-c-£n-®p \n¿-Øp-
∂Xn-\p-ap-≈ {]-Xn-`m-im-enXzw kn.hn. bn¬ Zr-iy-amWv.

Imew (Time)
"Imew a-\p-jym-\p-`-h-ß-fn-se ssN-X-\y-hØm-b km-∂n-≤y-am-sW-
∂v' sI.]n.A-∏≥ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p (1969:19). hy-‡n-I-fpw k-aq-lhpw
Ime-sØ A-dn-bp-Ibpw A-\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw sN-øp-∂p. A-tXm-sSm-∏w A-h-
cp-sS Po-hn-Xw Im-e-Øm¬ \n-b-{¥n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sN-øp∂p. {]IrXn-bn¬
\n-∂p-≈ a-\p-jy-s‚ A-\p-`-h-ß-fm-Wv Im-e k-¶-ev-]-Øn\v B-[mcw. cm-∏-
I-ep-Iƒ, E-Xp-t`-Z-߃ Xp-Sßn-b {]-Ir-Xn {]-Xn-`m-k-ß-sf√mw Ime-sØ
kq-Nn-∏n-°p∂p. Ime-sØ c-≠m-bn Xn-cn-°mw. a-lm-Imew (Cosmic Time),
{]-mXn-`m-knI-Imew (Phenominological Time). BZytØ-Xv im-kv{X-t_m-
[-Øn¬ A-[n-jvTn-X-amWv. {]m-Xn-`m-knI-Imew (Phenominological Time)
 77

Cu tem-I-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ hy-‡y\p-`-h-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p.

C-Xp-Iq-Sm-sX c≠v k-ab
- ta-Je - ƒIqSn t\mh-en-\p≠v. I-Ym-kabw (Story
- I
time), hy-hl - abw (Discourse Time). IYm-ka-bw kq-Nn-∏n-°p∂-Xv t\m-
- m-ck
h-en-s‚ I-Ym-h-kv-Xp-hn-\v B-[m-camb kw-`-h-ß-fp-sS k-a-b-{]-hm-l-sØ-
bmWv. hy-h-lm-c-ka-bw kq-Nn-∏n-°p∂Xv c-N\-°v A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-bn kzo-
I-cn-® k-a-b {]-hm-l-sØ-bp-amWv. C-Xn¬ F-gp-Øp-Imc-s‚ k-hn-ti-jam-
b Im-e-t_m-[hpw Ir-Xn-bn¬ B-hn-jv-Ir-X-am-Ip-∂ Im-e-t_m-[hpw ]-c-kv-
]-c-]q-c-I-am-bn Xo-cp∂p. C-Xn-s\m-cp {Iaw \n›-bn-®n-´p≠v. A-XmI-s´ I-
Ym-Im-e-Øn¬ \n∂pw B-Jym-\-Im-e-Øn-te-°p-≈ hy-Xn-bm-\-sØ-°p-dn-
®p-≈ A-t\z-j-W-amWv. A-Xn-s\ {Iaw (order) F∂pw I-Ym-k-a-bhpw hy-
hlm-c k-a-bhpw XΩn-ep-≈ Af-h-phy-Xymk-sØ ssZ¿Lyw (Duration)
F-∂pw kq-Nn-∏n-°mw. Im-e]
- c
- amb ssZ¿-Lyhpw ÿ-e]
- c
- am-b \n-e\
- n¸pw
X-Ωn-ep-≈ _‘-am-Wv B-Jym-\-Øn-se thKX (speed). BJym-\th-K-X
\n¿-Æ-bn-°p∂Xv Im-e-ssZ¿-Lyhpw B-Jym-\-Øn-s‚ ssZ¿-Lyhpw X-Ωn-
ep≈ _-‘-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv.

Im-ew bm-Ym¿-∞y-amWv, A-tX ka-bw `-b-¶-cam-b IS-¶-Y-bp-

amWv. `m-Kn-Iam-b I-s≠-Ø-en-\p am{Xw hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂ H-cp
{]tl-fn-I-bmWv. a-\p-jy a-\- n¬ Im-ew F-ß-s\ A-\p-`-h-am-
bn Xo¿-∂p-sh-∂ hnj-bw a-\p-jy-hw-i-Øn-s‚ N-cn{Xw ap-X¬
{]-]-© L-S-\m-im-kv{Xw h-sc \n-_n-U-am-bn ]-S¿-∂p-I-b-dp-∂
H-cp hn-j-b-k-a-ky-bmWv (A∏≥, 1996:22).

B-Jym-\-Øn-¬ B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂ Ime-sØ {I-a-s∏-Sp-Øn t\m-°n-

bm¬ A-Xv kv-a-c-Wbpw {]-h-N-\-hp-am-bn am-dp∂p. {]-tXy-In-®v N-cn{X-t\m-
h-ep-I-fp-sS ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ c-≠v h-kv-Xp-X-Isfbpw ]cn-tim-[-\m-hn-t[-
b-am-t°-≠-Xp≠v. h¿Ø-am-\Im-e kw-`-h-ß-sf A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n `q-XIm-
e kw-`-h-ß-sf A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ A-Xv kv-a-c-W-bm-Ip∂p. A-Xn-eq-sS
`m-hn-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ kq-N-\ \¬-Ip-tºmƒ A-Xv {]-h-N-\-am-bn Xo-cp∂p. ]-
 78

sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ D-Ø-cm¿-∞-Øn¬ \n∂pw kz-bm¿Pn-X A-\p-`-

h-ßf
- p-sS sh-fn-®Ø
- n¬ am¿Øm-fih
- ¿-Ω bp-hc
- m-Pm-hn-s‚ Im-ea
- mb 18˛mw
\q-‰m-≠n-s‚ ]q¿-Δ-Im-e-sØ-bm-Wv kn.hn. "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω'bn¬ B-
Jym-\w sN-øp-∂Xv. A-Xn¬ I-Ym-k-a-bhpw hy-hlm-c k-a-b-hp-ap≠v. t\m-
h-en-s‚ C-Xn-hrØ tI-{μam-b kw-`-h-߃ \-S-°p-∂ kw-`-h-Im-ehpw, c-
N\-°v kzo-I-cn-® k-a-bkw-hn-[m-\-sØ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂ B-Jym-\-Im-ehpw
Ir-Xn-bn¬ B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v. Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω-
bp-sS ImeØv B-cw-`n-°p-∂Xpw kn.hn. bp-sS Im-e-sa-Øn-b-t∏m-tg°pw
]q¿Æ-am-bnØo¿-∂-Xpam-b sshtZinI ta[m-hnXzw N-cn-{X-h-kv-Xp-X-bm-
Wv. {_n´ojv A-[n-\nth-ii-‡n-bp-sS {I-aam-bh-f¿-®bpwIm-es
- sZ¿-Lyhpw
"am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω-'bn¬ Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn A-¥¿-eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. `m-jm-
]-chpw cm{„obhpw kmw-kv-Im-cn-Ihpw km-aq-ln-I-hpam-b km-∂n-≤y-am-bn
ImesØ kn.hn. B-Jym-\w sN-øp∂Xv AXn≥{]-Im-c-amWv.

kktμ-lXzw (Verisimilitude)
DØaam-b B-Jym-\w H-cp co-Xn-bn¬ b-Ym¿-∞ Po-hn-X-sØ-bm-Wv
Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv. k-XyØn-s\m-∏-sa-Øm≥ H-cp-]m-Sv ]-cn-{i-a-߃ B-h-
iy-am-bn-h-cp∂p. \-S-∂n-´n√m-sb-∂v \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂ Im-cy-ß-ƒ t]mepw
kw-`-hn-®-Xm-Im-sa∂ tXm-∂-ep-f-hm-Ip∂p. Im-cWw, Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h-߃
F√mh¿°pw H-cp t]m-seb√. t\m-h-en-kv-‰v Bhn-jv-I-cn-°p∂-Xv b-Ym¿-
∞ Po-hn-Xa
- m-sW-∂v Nn-e hy-‡n-Iƒ hn-iz-kn-°p∂p. F-t∏mgmtWm ]pXn-
sbm-cp A-\p`-hw D-≠m-Ip∂-Xv A-t∏m-gXn¬ Dd-®p hn- i z- k n- ° p- I tbm
A- ` n- { ]m- b - ß-sf ]-cn-jv-I-cn-°p-Itbm sNøpw. s]m-Xp-th-bp-≈ [m-c-W-
bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬ ap-Jy-[m-cm t\mhenkv‰pIƒ F√mw ]-cn-{i-an-°p∂-
Xv Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ i-cnbm-b coXn-bp≈ Nn{Xw \¬-Im-\mWv. CØ-cw t\m-
h- e n- k v - ‰ p- I ƒ H- c p Ncn-{X-Imcs\ (Historian) -t∏m-se-bmWv. Ncn-{X-Im-c¿
{i-an-°p-∂Xv ]ckv]c
- w _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xpw A¿-∞h
- Øm-bXpamb kw-
`-hßsf hn-hcn°m\pw, F-t∏m-ƒ Fßs\ B-fp-Iƒ Po-hn-®p F-s∂ms°
Im-Wn-°m-\pamWv. H-c-h-km-\-hpan√m-sX sI-´p ]nW-™p In-S-°p-∂Xpw,
 79

H-cp-]m-Sv sX‰n≤m-c-W-Iƒ D≠m-°p∂-Xpw, ]-cn-{`m¥amb tem-Imh-ÿ-

Isf cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw hn-]co-X hnIm-cßsf {]-I-Sn∏n-°p∂pw ]q¿-Æ-
am-bn H-cmƒ Im-Wn-®n-´n√m-Ø-Xpam-b kw-`-h-ß-fmhpw t\m-h-en-kv‰n\v B-
hn-jv-I-cn-t°-≠n-h-cp∂Xv. H-cp t\m-h-en-kv-‰v Xm≥ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂ I-Ym-
X-¥phpw am-Xr-I-Ifpw D-]-tbm-Kn-®v k-¶o¿-Æ {]-iv-\-ß-sfbpw, Nn¥m-Ip-
e-am-b-Xpw hn-c-k-am-b-Xpam-b kw-`-h-ßsfbpw `mhm-fl-I-am-bn Nn-{Xo-Icn-
°p∂p. AXn-\p-th≠n A-{]-Xo-£n-Xam-b a-\p-jy-Po-hnX-sØ hy-‡-X-
bp-≈Xpw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-hpam-b {I-a-Øn-em-°p∂p. k-Xy-Øn-s‚ Aw-
i-sØ `m-hm-fl-I-am-°n Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS H-cp Dƒ-°mgvN (Insight)
hm-b-\-°mcn¬ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km-[n-°p∂p. B-Jym-\-߃ an-°Xpw
AkXy-sØ-°mƒ k-Xy-sØ Dƒ-s°m-≈m≥ {i-an-°p∂p. AXn-\m¬ \-
Ωp-sS ho-£-Whpw hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Ifpw k-¶o¿-Æ-X-bn¬ \n∂v emfn-Xy-
Øn-te°p hgpXnam-dp∂p. A-km-[m-c-Whpw A-kw-`-hy-sa∂p tXm∂n-°p-
∂-Xp-amb bm-Ym¿-∞y-Øn¬-\n-∂v H-gn-™p-am-dp∂ (escapist) I-Y-I-fn¬
t]mepw k-Xy-ß-fpsS \nXm¥kz\nabp≠m-Ipw. A-Xmb-Xv, \-sΩ hn-kv-
a-bn-∏n-°p-∂ {`-am-fl-I I¬-]-\-I-fn¬ t]mepw hkvXpX(fact)bpsS ss\c-
¥cyw D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. A-Xv Poh¬k-Xy-ßfp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´-Xp-am-bn-cn-
°pw. A-Xn¬ A-\p-hm-NI¿°v k-tμ-lw D-≠m-tb°mw. GXmWv bm-Ym¿-
∞yw G-Xm-Wv I¬-]n-Xw F-∂ k-tμ-lw. Cu ktμ-lsØ ssIImcyw
sNøp-∂-Xn-emWv an-I® t\m-h-en-kv-‰n-s‚ in-ev-]-ssh-Z-Kv≤yw \n-e-sIm-≈p-
∂-Xv. A-Xmb-Xv H-cp t\m-h-en-kv-‰n\v X߃ k-Xy-tØm-Sv A-Sp-Øv \n¬-
°p-∂p F∂ tXm∂¬ (verisimilitude) hmb-\-°m-cn¬ D-≠m-°m\m-bn-s√-
¶n¬, B t\m-h¬ A-\p-hm-NI-cpsS k-lm\p-`qXn (sympathy) °v A¿-l-
am-bn-Øo-cn√.

"am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω' t]m-ep-≈ ap-Jy-[m-cm t\m-h-ep-I-fp-sS {]tXy-I-

X B-Jym-\-Øn¬ H-cp kXyw (fact) D-s≠-∂ A-\p`-hw kr„n-°p-∂p-sh-
∂-XmWv. F-∂m¬ k-Xy-tØm-sSm-∏w A-\p-hm-N-I-\n¬ ktμ-lhpw (veri-
similitude) AXp kr-„n-°p∂p. B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂ F√m kw-`-h-߃°pw
 80

sXfn-hp-≠m-IW
- s
- a-∂n√. ]-eXpw kw-`h
- n-®n-´p-≈X
- √m-sb-∂d
- n-bm-sa-¶nepw
kw-`-h-ß-fp-sS Nn-{XoI-cW ssh-Z-Kv≤yw sIm-≠v \-ap°v \-S-∂ kw-`-h-ß-
fm-bn Ah A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂p. kn.hn. sb-t∏m-ep≈ t\m-h-en-kv-‰p-I-ƒ C-Xv
t\-Sp∂-Xv kq-£v-a-\n-co-£-W-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv. \m-´n¬ {]N-cn-®Xpw A√m-
Ø-Xpam-b A-dn-hn-s‚ ti-Jc-w C-Xn-\v k-lm-bn®n-´p-≠m-Ipw. C-Xn¬, ]-c-
a-{]m-[m\w Hm¿-ΩIƒ°mWv. kmaq-ln-Im-t_m-[Ø
- n¬ sFXo-ly-ßf
- mbn
cq]-s∏-Sp-∂X
- n\p ]mI-ambn, ]g-Inb ho™p-t]mse InS-°p∂ Nne Hm¿Ω-
I-fp-ap-≠m-Ipw. Ah-bpsS {Zhy-X-sbbpw al-Ømb cN-bn-Xmhv Xs‚ D]-
Zm-\-ß-fm°n am‰pw. kn.hn. Aß-s\-sbm-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂p. CØcw B-Jym-
\-Øn¬ X-s‚ Np-‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ-°-∏p-dw ]p-dw tem-I-sØ-°p-dn®pw hn-i-Zo-Ic-
Ww \¬-Ip-Ibpw A-Xv Ir-Xy-am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sN-øpw. "a-lØm-b km-
lnXyw F-gp-Xp-hm≥ F∂t]m-se hm-bn-°p-hm\pw {]-bm-k-amWv' [Great
literature is not only harder to write, but harder to read] (Boulton, 1985:23). F-

∂ hmIyw al-Ømb H-cm-Jym\w At\Iw k-tμ-l߃°v CS\¬-

Ip∂XmWv F∂ kqN\ \evIp∂p. AXp-t]m-se, t\m-h-ep-I-fp-sS hn-
izm-kyX-°v {][m-\ Imc-Ww B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂ a-\p-jy-lr-Z-b-sØ-°p-dn-
®p-≈ Dƒ°m-gv-N-bmWv. kaq-lhpw A-Xn-s‚ B-h-iy-ß-fpw a-\p-jy\pw
Ahs‚ Ip-Spw-__-‘-ßfpw Iq-´p-Im-cpw a-\p-jy-s‚ B-Xy-¥n-Iam-b G-
Im-¥h
- y-‡n-Xz-hpw I-Ym-kμ
- ¿-`ß
- f
- n¬ k-tμ-l߃°v C-S \¬-Ip∂ LS-
I-ß-fmWv. F-∂m¬ Ah H-cp \n-e-]m-Sn-se-Øm≥ A-\p-hm-NI-sc k-lm-
bn-°p-Ibpw sN-øp∂p. a-X-ß-fpsS B-hn-jv-Imcw, X-Xz-Nn-¥, cm-{„o-b-kn-
≤m-¥ßƒ C-h-bp-sS B-Jym-\hpw k-¶o¿-Æ-X kr-„n-°p∂p. ]-e co-Xn-
bn-ep-≈ DZvt_m-[\w \¬-Ip-∂ Po-hn-X-`m-K-ßfpw A-Xn-s‚ {]-iv-\-ß-fp-
am-Wv Chbn¬ {]-[m-\a
- mbpw k-¶o¿-ÆX
- kr-„n-°p-∂Xv. D-Zm-Øam-b inev]
ssh-Z-Kv≤yamWv CØ-cw {]-iv-\-߃-°v DØ-cw tX-Sm-\p-≈ t{]-c-W \¬-
Ip-∂Xv. A-Xn-\p-≈ Dƒ-°mgv-N B-Jym-\hgn {]-Zm-\w sN-øp∂p. Nne-Xv
hy-‡-ambpw a-‰p NneXv kqN-\-I-fm-bp-am-Wv B-Jym-\-Øn¬ Dƒ-t®¿-∂n-
´p-≠m-hp-I. {]-Xn-`m-[-\cmb B-Jym-\-IrØv Bflm¿∞ambn kXyw ]-d-
 81

bp-hm≥ B-{K-ln-°p-∂bmfpw k-Xy-tØm-Sv A-Sp-Øv \n¬-°p-∂bmfp-am-

- n¬ k-Xy-amb (verisimilitude) Im-cy-߃ ]-d™
hpw. {]-Xy-£Ø - mWv Ah¿
hn-izmky-X t\-SpI. A-\p-hm-N-Icn¬ B-Jym-bn-Im-Imc-s‚ k-Xy-k-‘-X-
sb hn-izm-k-tbm-Ky-am-°nØo¿°p-∂Xv Cu kao-]-\-am-Wv.

Imgv-N-∏mSv (point of view)

IYIƒ A-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p am{Xw ]-d-bp-∂-X√. BcmtWm IY ]-d-
bp∂-Xv A-bmƒ-°v I-Y-bp-am-bn F-hn-sS-sb-¶nepw H-cp _-‘w D-≠m-Ipw.
B _-‘-Øn-s‚ kzm-[o-\-X-bm-Wv A-bm-sf I-Y ]-d-bm≥ t{]-cn-∏n-°p-
∂Xv. Ip-´n-°meØv tIƒ-°p-∂ `m-h-\m-]-cam-b I-Y-Iƒ, kXy-amb sI´p-
I-Y-Iƒ Ch-sb√mw Abmsf kzm[o-\n°pw. B-Jym-\-Øn-s‚ {]-iv-\-sØ-
°p-dn-®v At∏mƒ Nn-¥n-°mdn√. H-cp X-c-Øn-ep-≈ t\m´-∏mSmWv ap-t∂m´v
\-bn-°p-∂Xv. G-XpX-cw t\m´-∏m-Spw H-cp \n›n-X kwL-sØ am{Xw D-t±-
in-®p-≈-Xpw {]-tXy-I-X \nd™-Xp-amWv. A-\p-`-h-߃-°m-Wv C-Xn¬ {]m-
[m-\yw I¬∏n-°p-∂Xv. H-cp sNdn-b A-\p-`-hsØ-t]mepw kq-£va-X-tbm-
sS Xn-c-s™-Sp-Øv \nco-£n-°p-tºmgm-Wv H-cp t\m-h-en-kv-‰n¬ Im-gv-N-∏m-
Sv cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ImgvN-∏mSv cN-\m-]-c-amb Db¿∂ \ne-]m-Sm-Wv. AXn¬
cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ am\-kn-Ia
- mb Z¿i\w Dƒs∏-´n-´p-≠m-Ipw. AXn¬\n-∂mWv
hmb-\-°m¿ Xß-fpsS \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xm¥m-ß-fpsS
ImgvN/t\m´w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. C-Xv t\m-h-en¬ c-≠p X-c-Øn¬ B-
Jym-\w sN-øs∏Sp∂p.

Nn-e F-gp-ØpIm¿ sN-dn-b A-\p-`h-sØ kq-£va-X-tbm-sS Xn-c-s™-

Sp-Øv hn-h-c-Wm-fl-I-am-bn A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p. a-‰p Nn-e-cmI-s´ H-cp hn-im-
eam-b I-Ym-k-μ¿-`-Øn¬ X-s‚ A-\p-`-h-t_m[sØ-°p-dn®v (Im-gv-N-∏mSv)
kq-£v-a-hn-hc-Ww \¬Ip∂p. Hmtcm t\m-h-ep-I-fnepw Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-Iƒ hf-
sc hy-Xy-kv-X-amWv. X-s‚ Im-gv-N-]m-Sv A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Hmtcm
t\m-h-en-kv‰pw hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b X-{¥-߃ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p.

X-t‚Xm-b \n-e-]m-Sv AhXcn-∏n-°m≥ {]-[m-\-s∏-´Xpw hf-sc hn-c-f-

 82

am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xpam-b coXnIƒ Nne t\m-h-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-

°m-dp≠v. ]-co-£-Wm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ X-{¥-߃ C-hn-sS H-gn-hm-°p∂p.
a-s‰m-cp co-Xn, t\m-h-en-kv‰n-\v H-cp hy-‡n-bp-sS Im-gv-N-]m-Sn¬ \n-∂v I-Y ]-
dbmw F-∂p-≈XmWv. C-Xn¬ t\m-h-en-kv-‰v {]-Xn-cq-]-I¬]\ (Impersonal-
ity) sN-øp-Ibpw DØa a[y-a {]-Y-a-]pcp-j I-Ym-Jym-\-Øn-eq-sS A-h-X-cn-
∏n-°p-Ibpw sN-øp∂p. C-Xn¬ F-gp-Øp-Imcpambn k¿h \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-
em-bn-cn°pw B-Jym\w ]ptcm-K-an-°p-∂Xv. Xt‚Xm-b A-`p-cp-Nn-°-\p-k-
cn-®v Nn-¥n-°p-Ibpw h¿-Æn-°p-Ibpw sN-øp-∂ co-Xn-bm-Wv B-Jym-bn-
ImIrØv apJy-ambn kzo-I-cn-°p-I. I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-sfbpw kw-`-h-ß-sfbpw
Ip-dn-®p-≈ hy-‡am-b [mcW-bm-Wv B-Jym-bn-Im-IrØns\ C-Xn-te-°v \-
bn-°p-∂ L-SIw. bYm¿∞ Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \-Ωp-sS \n-e-sb-°p-dn-®v \-ap-°v
a-\ 
- n-em-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂X
- n-\∏
- p-dt- Ø-°v B-Jym-\I
- rØv a-\ 
- n-em-°p-Ibpw
B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sN-øp∂p. H-cp-]m-Sv B-fp-I-fp-sS {]-Xn-cq-]-am-bn am-dn
I-Y ]-d-bm-\p-≈ I-gnhpw B-Jym-bn-Im-IrØn-s‚ Im-gv-N-]m-Sn-s\-bm-Wv kq-
Nn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. hn-c-f-am-bn F-gp-Øp-Im-¿ A-hn-sSb√ F-∂v A-`n-\-bn-°m-
dp≠v. A-Ø-c-Øn¬ F-¥v h-kv-Xp-\n-jvTam-b sX-fn-hp-Iƒ hm-b-\-°mc-\v
\¬-In-bmepw t\¿-tc-Jm N-cn-{X-am-bn t\m-h-en¬ A-Xv \n-g-en°pw. ap-Jy-
[m-cm t\m-h-ep-I-fn¬ an-°Xpw k¿-Δ-⁄\m-b H-cm-fp-sS Im-gv-N-]m-Sn-em-
Wv A-h-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv. a-s‰m-cm-fp-sS A-\p-I-c-W-am-Im≥ B-Jym-bn-Im-
Im-c≥ B-{K-ln-°p-∂n√. X-t‚Xm-b hy-Xy-kv-X-X ]p-e¿-Øm≥ {i-an-°m-
dp≠v. C-Ø-c-Øn¬ a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ hy-‡amb Im-gv-N-]m-tSm-Sp-
Iq-Sn N-cn-{Xm-Jym\-sØ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Ønb-Xv kn.hn.cm-a≥-]n-≈-bmWv. A-
Ø-c-Øn¬ B-hn-jv-I-cn-® B-Zy N-cn-{Xm-Jym-\-amWv "am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω'.
kz¥w A-\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw cq-]-s∏-´, Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈
hy-‡am-b Dƒ-°m-gv-N-bm-Wv kn.hn. sb A-Xn-\v t{]-cn-∏n-®Xv. Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-
Iq-dn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ `q-XIm-e a-ln-a-bn¬ k¿h-⁄-\m-Ip-∂ kn.hn. A-Xn-
s\ B-Jym-\-cq-]-Øn¬ B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv sN-bv-XXv. I-Ym-h-kv-Xp-
hn-s‚ `m-Kam-b A-\h-[n I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ sN-dpXpw h-ep-Xpam-b H-cp-]m-Sp
 83

k-μ¿-`-ß-fn¬ h-∂p t]m-Ip∂p. CØcw I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw A-h-

scm-cp-°p-∂ k-μ¿-`-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw X-s‚ Im-gv-N-]m-Sm-Wv kn.hn. hy-‡-am-
°p-∂Xv. Nn-e k-μ¿-`-ß-fn¬ I-Ym-]m{X-ß-tfm-sSm-∏w k-©-cn-°m-sX I-
Ym-]m-{X-ß-fp-sS ]p-d-In¬ \n-∂v \n-co-£n-°p-Ibpw A-Xv tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-
Ibpw sN-øp∂p. ]mdp-°p´n, i-¶p-hm-im≥, amt¶m-bn-°¬ Ip-dp-∏v, Xn-cp-ap-
J-Øp-]n-≈, kp-`{Z, F-´p-ho-´n¬]n-≈-am¿, lm°napw Ip-Spw-_-hpw Xp-S-
ßn-b-h-cn-eq-sS X-s‚ A-`n-{]mb-sØ kn.hn. tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sN-øp-
∂p. hn-`n-∂am-b Im-gN
v- ]
- m-Sv cq-]s
- ∏-Sp-Øp-∂X
- n\pw B-hn-jI
v- c
- n-°p-∂X
- n\pw
Po-hn-X-k-μ¿-`-sØ-°p-dn®pw AØcw k-μ¿`-sØ {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-øp-
∂Xn\p≈ I-Ym-]m-{X-krjvSn-sb-°p-dn®pw B-g-Øn¬ a-\- n-em-t°-≠Xv
A-\n-hm-cy-amWv. N-cn-{Xm-Jym\-sØ kw-_-‘n®v, B-hnjv-I-cn-°p-∂ Im-
cy-߃ ]-e-t∏mgpw ssh-cp-≤ym-fl-I-hpw hy-Xy-kv-Xhpw k-tμ-lw \n-d-™-
Xpw B-bn-cn-°pw. CØ-cw k-μ¿-`-Øn¬ A-{]-[m-\ I-Ym-]m-{X-߃-
°pt]mepw {][m-\ {i-≤ \¬-tI-≠n-h-cpw. `m-h-\m-fl-I-am-bn N-cn-{X-sØ
]p-\-cm-Jym-\w sN-øp-tºmƒ t\m-h-en-kv-‰n-s‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sv ]-c-a-{]m-[m-\y-
a¿-ln-°p-∂ h-kv-Xp-X-bm-bn am-dp∂p. C-{]-Im-cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ "am¿-
Øm-fi-h¿Ω' t\m-h-en-s\ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn¬ {][m-\ ]-¶p-h-ln®-Xv
t\m-h-en-kv-‰n-s‚ ImgvN-∏m-SmWv.

IYm-]m{Xw (Character)
alØmb t\m-h-en-kv-‰p-I-fp-sS G-‰hpw {i-t≤-bam-b t\-´w I-Ym-]m-
{X-kr-„n-bmWv. I-Ym-h-kv-Xp-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ Hm¿-Ω hy-‡n-Ifn¬ \n-e-
\n¬-°m-dp≠v. AXp-t]m-se t\m-h¬ hm-b\
- °
- m-sc kw-_‘
- n-®v X-ßf
- psS
Hm¿-Ωb
- n¬ X-ßn-\n¬-°p-∂h
- b
- m-Wv A-Xn-se I-Ym-]m-{X߃. kn.hn. t\m-
h-ep-I-fn-se k-hn-ti-j-X Po-hn-X-K-‘nbm-b IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmWv. am¿-Øm-
fi-h¿-Ω-bn-se kp-`{Z, {`m-¥≥ Nm-∂m≥, A\¥-]-Zv-a-\m`≥, ]m-dp-°p´n,
i-¶p-hm-im≥, Im¿-Øym-b-\n-b-Ω, cm-a-\maTw Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ F-´p-ho-´n¬-
]n-≈-am¿, am-t¶m-bn-°¬-°p-dp∏v, th-ep-°pdp∏v, N-S-®n-am¿-Ømfi≥, kp-
 84

μ-cø≥, B-\¥w, Xn-cp-ap-J-Øp-]n-≈, cm-acmb¿, bp-h-cm-Pmhv, lm-°nw,

kp-te-J Xp-Sßn-b \n-ch-[n I-Ym-]m{X߃ C∂pw k-lr-Z-b a-\- n¬ \n-
e-\n¬-°p-∂-h-bmWv.

F√m IYm-]m-{X-߃°pw H-tc [¿-Ω-a√ B-Jym-bn-I-bn-ep-≈Xv.

Hmtcm IYm-]m-{X-Øn\pw hy-Xykv-X [¿-ΩßfmWv \n¿-Δ-ln-°m\p≈Xv.
I¬]-\m kr„amb I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ ]-eX
- c
- Ø
- n-em-Wv B-Jym-\Ø
- n¬ hym-
]-cn-°pI. an-I® t\m-h-ep-I-fn-se I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X A\p-
hm-N-I-scbpw B I-Ym-]m-{X-am-°n am-‰m-\p-≈ I-gn-hmWv. a-\- n¬ X´p∂
CØ-cw I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fm-Wv A-\p-hm-NI-sc G-‰hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ kzm-[o-\n-
°p-∂Xv. C-Xv ]-e-t∏mgpw bp-‡n-]q¿-Δ-am-bn-cn-°pw. Nn-e I-Ym-]m{Xßsf
A\p-hm-N-I¿ C-„-s∏-SWsa-∂n√. Nne-t∏mƒ Ah¿ C-„-s∏-Sp∂-Xv I-
Ym-]m-{X-Øn-s‚ hy-‡n-Xzk-hn-ti-j-X-Isfbm-bn-cn-°pw. Zp-c-¥-Øn-\v Cc-
bm-tI-≠n-h-cp-∂ I-Ym-]m-{Xß-sf Nn-e-t∏mƒ C-„-s∏-Sm≥ CSbm-sb-∂p
h-cmw. Cß-s\ hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b A-\p-`-h-ß-fm-Wv B-kzm-ZI-sc I-Ym-]m-
{X-ß-fp-am-bn A-Sp-∏n-°p∂-Xv. {]-Xn-\m-b-I-sc H-cn-°epw anI® cq-]-Øn¬
Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°m-dn√. kzm¿-∞-_p-≤n-bmbpw e-l-cn-bn¬ ap-gpIn I-gn-bp-∂-h-
\mbpw A-{]-[m-\c
- pw h-©\
- \n-d™
- h
- cpw H-s°-bm-bn AØ-c°
- msc Nn{Xo-
I-cn-°p∂p. kv-t\-ln-°-s∏-Sm≥ B-{K-ln-°p-∂-hcpw F-∂m¬ kv-t\lw
tXm-∂n-°m-Ø-hcpw kv-t\l-sØ \-in-∏n-°p-∂ {]-hr-Øn sN-øp-∂-h-cp-am-
bn Nn-e I-Ym-]m-{Xß-sf Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p∂p. Nne I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ \√-Xm-
hm≥ B-{K-ln-°p∂p. F-∂m¬ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp∂p. _p-≤n-]q¿-Δ-a√m-ØXpw
`o-cp-Xzw \n-d-™Xpw Ip-d-hp-I-fn¬ Ip-Sp-ßn In-S-°p-∂-Xpamb I-Ym-]m-{X-
ßfpw kr-„n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. H-cp a-\p-jy-\v kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bn kw`-hn-°p-∂ ]n-
g-hpIƒ, B-i-b-°p-g-∏߃, ]-cn-{`-a-߃ F∂n-h D-Ø-a B-Jym-\-Øn-eq-
sS B-hn-jv-I-cn-°s∏Sp∂p. B-Jym-\-Øn¬ \mw Im-Wp∂Xv ]-e-t∏mgpw
B-fp-Iƒ kz-¥-a√m-Ø sX-‰p-I-fn¬-s∏-´v D-g-ep-∂-XmWv. CXn-eq-sS A-\p-
`-h-ß-ƒ H-cp a-\p-jy-\v ]mT-am-Ip-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂v \mw a-\- n-em-°p∂p.
Aß-s\ Po-hn-Xw Iq-Sp-X¬ ho-£-W-ap-≈Xpw Ip-sd-°q-Sn sa-®-s∏-´-Xpw
 85

⁄m-\-ap-≈-Xp-am-bn am-dp-∂p. am-{X-a√, H-cp kw`hw F-ß-s\-bm-Wv A\p-

hm-NI
- cn¬ ap-dn-th¬-∏n-°p-∂Xv, Zpx-J]
- q¿-Æa
- m-Ip∂-Xv F∂v B-Jym-\Øn-
eq-sS Im-´n-Ø-cp∂p. CØ-cw Im-cyß-sf kzPohnXØn¬ \o-Xo-I-cn-°p-
Itbm {]-Xo-£-bn√m-Ø H-∂m-bn Im-Wp-Itbm sN-øp∂p. C-sX√mw _p-
≤n-]-c-am-bn kz-bw a-\- n-em-°p∂Xn\pw kz-bw hn-a¿-in°p-∂Xn-\pw a-‰p-
≈h-sc hn-th-I-]-cam-b A-dn-hn-eq-sS hnebn-cp-Ø-p-∂Xn\pw k-lm-b-I-am-
Ip∂p. \-∂m-bn B-kz-Zn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ IYm]m{X-ß-ƒ B-kzmZIa\-
 n¬ F-∂pw Po-h-\p-≈-Xm-bn \n-e-\n¬-°pw. IYm-]m-{X-߃ k-Ωm-\n-°p-
∂ _p≤n-]c
- hpw sshIm-cn-Ih
- p-amb D-W¿-hm-Wv CXn\v Im-cWw. BgØn-
ep-≈Xpw a\ ns\ IqSp-X¬ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-Xp-amb kw-`-hy-X-sb-°mƒ
Nn-e I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ A\p-hm-N-I-cn¬ kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-Øm-dp≠v. A-Xn-
- p-sS kz`mh-KpW-ßtfm tN-„m-hntij (Man-
\p-≈ {][m-\ ImcWw A-hc
nerism) tam Bbncn°pw. "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω' t\m-h-en-se cm-a-\m-aTw, kp-

μ-c-ø≥ XpSßn-b I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ A-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.

- p-Iƒ \-Ωp-sS {KlW (understanding) ti-jn h¿≤n-∏n-

DØa-t\m-he
°p-∂-h-bmWv. A-Xn-\m¬ H-∂n-s\bpw A-kw-`hyw F-∂p ]d™v X-≈n-
°-fbp-I km-[ya√. an-° B-fp-Ifpw \-∂m-bn a-\- n-em-°p∂-Xv Po-hn-X-]-
¶m-fn-sb A-s√-¶n-¬ A-Sp-Ø _-‘p-°sftbm Bfl-an-{X-ßs
- ftbm BWv.
\√ _-‘-߃ \-ap-°p-≠m-Im-dp-s≠-¶nepw kua\kyw tXm-∂p-∂h¿,
Zb Im-Wn-°m≥ tXm-∂p-∂h¿, A-h-cp-sS ku-lr-Z-am-bn-cn°pw \-Ωƒ Iq-
Sp-X¬ C-„-s∏-Sp-I. AXp-t]m-se an° t\m-h-en-kv-‰p-I-fp-w Nn-e I-Ym-]m-
{X-ß-sf lr-Z-b-kv-]¿-in-bm-bn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p∂p. {][m-\ I-Ym-]m-{X-߃
h-gn I-≠p-ap-´p-∂ Nn-e hy-‡n-Xz-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v hm-Iy-ß-fn-eq-sS hn-e-bn-cp-
Øm≥ km[n-°pw. {]Xn-]m-Z-\-co-Xn-bn-eq-sS Ch-sb th¿-Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-≥ I-
gn-bpw. t\m-h-en-kv-‰n-s‚ ta[m-i-‡n-bm-Wv C-Xn-\p-]n-∂n¬ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-
∂Xv. a-\-im-kv-{X-h-gn-I-fn-eqsS (psychological process) k-©-cn-°m\pw Im-
Wp-∂X
- n-s\-°mƒ \-∂m-bn Po-hnX-sØ Nn-{Xo-Ic
- n-°m-\p-ap-≈ I-gn-hm-WnXv.
 86

e-fn-X-am-b Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p-f-f hn-h-c-W-a√ t\m-h-en-kv-‰v B-{K-ln-°p-

∂Xv. b-Ym¿-∞ PohnXw t]m-se ]-e L-S-I-ß-fp-≈Xpw {]m-[m-\y-ap-≈-
Xpam-b IYm]m{Xß-sf B-hn-jv-I-cn-°m-\m-Wv {i-an-°p-∂Xv. C-Xn¬ I¬-
]nXhpw b-Ym-X-Y-hpam-b I-Ym-]m-{X-߃-°v {]m-[m\yw ssI-h-cp∂p. hm-
kv-X-ham-b I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fn-eq-sS kw-`-hß-sf A-tX]-Sn A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-
tºmƒ I-Ym-]m-{X-h-Xv-°-c-W-Øn-\v B-kv-]-Z-am-b L-S-I-ßsf cq-]-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂-Xv I¬-]n-X-I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fp-sS hy-‡n-Xz k-hn-ti-j-X-bmWv.

{]-[m-\a
- mbpw aq-∂v X-eß
- ƒ I-Ym-]m-{X Nn-{Xo-Ic
- W
- Ø
- n¬ Im-Wm≥
I-gn-bpw. "B-Jym-\mfl-I I-e]
v- n-XI
- Y
- m-]m-{X-߃, {]-IS- hpw \n-Kq-Vh
- pamb
I-Ym-]m-{X-߃, B-fl-\n-jvThpw A-\y-h-Xv-Ir-X-hpam-b I-Ym-]m-{X߃'
(Manfred Jahn, 2000:7) B-Jym-\-Øn-se I-Ym-h-kv-Xp-hp-am-bn A-Sp-Ø _-

‘w ]p-e¿-Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv B-Jym-\-I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-ƒ. IYmKXnsb b-Ym-X-

Y-am-b co-Xn-bn¬ ap-t∂m´p-sIm-≠p t]m-Ip-I-bmWv CØ-cw I-Ym-]m-{X-
ß-fp-sS [¿Ωw. BJym\-sØ k-lm-bn-°p-∂ XcØn¬ H-cp hn-jb-sØ
I-Ym-]m-{X-am-°n am-‰p-I-bm-Wv I¬-]n-X-IYm-]m-{X-߃ sN-øp-∂Xv. I-Ym-
h-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ hn-Im-k-Øn-\v Ir-Xn-bn-ep-S-\o-fw CØ-cw I-Ym-]m-{Xß-sf
B-Jym-bn-Im-Imc-\v B-{i-bn-t°-≠n-hcp∂p. D-Zm-lc
- W
- Ø
- n\v, am¿-Øm-fi-
h¿Ω t\m-h-en-se kp-`-{Z-bpƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ I-Ym-]m-{X-ßfm-Wv I-Ym-K-Xn-
sb ap-t∂m-´p \-bn-°p-∂Xv.

{]I-Shpw \n-Kq-V-hpam-b I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ kz-¥w hy-‡nXzw a-‰p-≈-

h-cp-sS hm-°p-I-fn-eqsStbm X-s‚ X-s∂ hm-°p-I-fn-eqsStbm A-h-X-cn-∏n-
°p∂p. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn {]-I-S I-Ym-]m-{X-h-Xv-Ic-Ww kw-`-hn-°p-∂Xv hn-
h-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv. \n-Kq-V I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fn¬ hy-‡n-Xz k-hn-ti-j-
X-Iƒ hn-h-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-b√ a-dn-®v s]-cp-am-‰-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv hy-‡-am-°p-
∂Xv. I-Ym-]m-{X-Øn-s‚ k-hn-ti-jam-b B-Imcw, h-kv-{X-[m-cWw, s]-cp-
am‰w, hy-‡n`m-j F-∂n-hs
- b√mw \n-Kq-Vh
- X
- I
v- c
- W
- Ø
- n\v Im-cW
- a
- m-Ip∂p.
C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv kn.hn. "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω-'bn¬ Nm∂ms\ cq-]-I¬-]-\ sN-
 87

bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv. I-Ym-]m-{X hy-‡nXzw I-Ym-]m-{X-Øn¬ \n-∂pX-s∂ A-dn-

bm≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xm-Wv B-fl-I-Ym-]m-{X Nn-{Xo-I-cWw. CØ-cw I-Ym-]m-{X-
ßsf Ahcp-sS X-s∂ Nn-¥, `mjWw Xp-Sßn-b cq-]-Øn-eq-sS t\m-h-en-
kv-‰v A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p. "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω' bn-se am-t¶m-bn-°¬-Ip-dp∏v,
Xn-cp-ap-J-Øp-]n-≈ Xp-S-ßn-b-h¿ A-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.

A-\y-I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fn-eq-sS H-cp I-Ym-]m-{X-Øns‚ hy-‡n-Xz k-hn-

ti-j-X-Iƒ sh-fn-hm-°p-∂ B-Jym-\ X-{¥-am-Wv A-\y-I-Ym-]m-{X Nn-{Xo-
I-cWw. CØ-cw I-Ym-]m-{X߃ an°-t∏mgpw km-aq-ln-Iam-b ÿm-\-am-\-
ß-fp-sS kz-`mh-sØ {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p∂p. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn\v, "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-
Ω' -bn-se bp-h-cm-Pm-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ kq-N-\ e`n°p∂-Xv a-‰p I-Ym-]m-{X-
ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv. B-Jym-\-Øn-se {In-bmwi-sØ hn-I-kn-∏n°p-I F-∂
e-£y-tØm-sS kr-„n-°p-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-߃°pw {]m-[m-\y-ap≠v. {In-bm{]-
[m-\amb t\m-h-ep-I-fn¬ CØ-cw I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-ƒ F-Æ-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X-em-
bn-cn-°pw. N-cn{X-t\m-hem-b am¿-Øm-fi-h-¿-Ω-bn¬ C-{]-Im-cw ap-…nw,
Cugh, \mb¿, ]-d-b¿ k-apZm-b {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ Dƒ-s∏-sS \n-ch-[n I-Ym-
]m-{Xß-sf Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v.

B-Jym-\-Øn¬ I-S-∂p-h-cp-∂ a-‰p Nn-e I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fm-Wv B-Zy-

¥w ÿn-c-kz`mhhn-ti-jWß-tfm-sS \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X߃.
CØ-cw I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ ]-cnWm-a kz-`m-hw Im-Wn-°p-∂-h-bmWv. H-cp {]-
tXy-I kz-`mh-sØ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°m≥ th-≠n-bm-Wv F-gp-Øp-Im-c≥ CØ-
cw I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-sf kr-„n-°p-∂Xv. kn.hn. Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂ kpμ-c-ø≥
C-Xn-\p-Zm-lc
- W
- a
- mWv. A-Sp-Ø \n-an-jw G-Xp-\n-eb
- n¬ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-sa∂v
Du-ln-°m≥ I-gn-bm-Ø-hn-[w Zp-cq-lam-b a-t\m-L-S-\-bp≈ I-Ym-]m-{X-
߃°pw B-JymXmhv cq-]w \¬-Im-dp≠v. C-Xm-Is´, a-\-im-kv-{X-]-cam-b
B-hn-jv-Im-c-amWv. a-\p-jy-a-\- n-se hn-Nn-{Xamb tNm-Z-\I-sf C-Xn-eq-sS
B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p∂p. s]m-Xphm-b Po-hn-Xw am-{X-ap-≈ I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ ]-e-
t∏mhpw B-Jym-\-Øn¬ I-S-∂p-h-cm-dp≠v. kz-¥-ambn H-cp Po-hn-X-an√m-
 88

Ø I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fm-Wn-h. I-ep-jn-Xamb kmaqlnI km-l-N-cy-ß-fp-sS

kr-„n-Iƒ F-∂ \n-eb
- n-em-Wv CØ-cw I-Ym-]m-{Xß-sf Nn-{Xo-Ic
- n-°p-∂Xv.
Nn-e-t∏mƒ k-¶-ev-]w am-dnbpw hcmw. tim-`-\amb Hcp km-aqln-I L-S-\-
bp-sS kr-„n F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ s]mXp-Po-hn-Xw cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-
ß-fm-Wn-h. N-cn{X-t\m-h-ep-I-fnse {][m-\ {]-tXy-I-X N-cn-{X-I-Ym-]m-{X-
ß-fm-Wv. N-cn-{X-kw-`-hß-sf ]p\-cm-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw aq-ey-\n¿Æ-bw
sN-øp-∂-Xn\pw hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw CØ-cw I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ D-]I-cn-
°pw. C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv 'am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω-' bn-se bp-h-cm-Pmhpw A-t±-l-hp-
am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ N-cn-{X-hkvXp-X-Ifpw km-aq-ln-I-L-S-\bpw kr-„n-®n-cn-
°p-∂-Xv. a-s‰m-cp {]-tXy-I-X C-Xnlm-k ]p-cp-j-∑m¿-°v k-am-\am-b I-Ym-
]m-{X-kr-„n-bmWv. [m¿-Ωn-I-Xbpw hn-[n-ln-X-ß-fp-am-Wv CØ-cw I-Ym-]m-
{Xß-sf k-hn-ti-j-am°nØo¿-°p-∂Xv. a-\p-jy-s‚ Po-hn-XK-Xn Ah-s‚
ssI-If
- n-es
- √∂pw at‰tXm \n-bm-aI
- i-‡n-bp-sS \n-b{- ¥-WØ
- n-em-sW∂pw
hy-‡-am-°m≥ C-ß-s\-bp-≈ I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ D-]-I-cn-°p∂p. Nn-e I-Ym-
]m-{X-߃ Imcy-\n¿ΔlW (secretarian) Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn am{Xw {]-Xy-
£-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bmWv. A-h-cp-sS Npa-X-e F-s¥-¶nepw B-ib-sØ ssI-
amdp-I F-∂-XmWv. A-Xn-ep-]-cn-bm-bn a-s‰m-cp {]m-[m-\yhpw B I-Ym-]m-
{X-߃-°n√. a-‰p Nne IYm-]m-{X-߃ tIƒ-hn-°m-¿ am-{X-am-Ip-∂p. k-
tμ-i-߃ F-gp-Xp-∂ H-cmƒ am-{X-am-bn A-bm-ƒ am-dp∂p.

hn-a¿i-\-Øn\p am-{X-am-bn \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-sfbpw B-

Jym-\-Øn¬ Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw. CØ-cw I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ sh-dp-°-s∏-´ Po-
hn-X-co-XnI-sf hn-a¿-in-°p∂p. A-bm-fp-sS kz-¥w co-Xn-bn¬ \n-e-\n∂p-
sIm-≠v k-aql-sØ hn-a¿-in-°p-∂p. i-¶p-hm-im-s\ t]m-ep-≈ I-Ym-]m-{X-
sØ kn.hn. B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p∂-Xv A-{]-Im-c-amWv. H-cp I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ Po-
h-kp-‰X
- m-°n am‰p-∂X
- n-\v H-cp-]m-Sv L-SI
- ß
- ƒ B-hi
- y-amWv. C-°m-cy-Øn¬
hy-Xy-kv-Xamb Nn-¥-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv. Po-h- p-‰ I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fn¬ t]mepw
\-Ωƒ k-¶o¿-Æ-X Im-Wp∂p. hn-izmky-tbm-Ky-am-b tbm-Pn∏v, A-h¿ k-
©-cn-°p-∂ h-gn-Iƒ F∂n-h kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn k-aq-l-tØm-Sv _-‘-s∏-´
 89

co-Xn-bn-em-hWw. A-Xp-a-s√-¶n¬ A-Xn¬ \n-∂p-≈ hy-Xym-k-Øn-s‚ hn-i-

Zo-Ic
- W
- a
- m-IWw. k-¶o¿-ÆX
- a-\p-jy-Xz-Øn-s‚ `m-Ka
- mWv. {]-Xn-`m-[\
- \mb
t\m-he
- n-k‰
v- v \-∑b
- p-sS Zu¿-_e
- yw, Xn-∑b
- p-sS {]m-b›
- n-Øw sNø¬, kwi-
b-߃, Nn-¥m-Ip-g-∏߃, I¿-Ø-hy-Øn-s‚bpw Xm¬-]-cy-Øn-s‚bpw G-
‰p-ap´¬, hy-‡n-I-fp-sSbpw km-l-N-cy-ß-fp-sS-bpw ]-e X-c-Øn-ep-≈ {]-Xn-
I-c-W-߃ F-∂n-h-bn¬ {i-≤ h-bv-t°-≠-Xp≠v. a-\p-jy-Xz-Øn-s‚ k-¶o¿-
Æ-X-bp-sS N-cn-{X-Øn-\v {]-[m-\-ambpw th≠-Xv B-¥cn-I Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-
dn-®p-≈ [m-c-W-bmWv. Nn-¥Iƒ, hn-Im-c-߃, Hm-¿-ΩIƒ, t{]c-W, k-¶-
ev-]-߃ F∂n-h ÿn-c-am-bn \n-e-\n¿-Øm≥ C-h-bp-sS ]-c-kv]-c-s∏m-cp-
Øw B-h-iy-amWv. CØ-cw tbm-Pn-∏v kq-£va-am-bn ssI-Imcyw sN-tø-≠
Im-cy-amWv. am-\-kn-Imh-ÿ, kw-`-h-ß-fpsS K-Xn F-∂n-h-bv-°v ap≥-K-W-
\m-{I-a-Øn¬ am-‰w kw-`-hn-°mw. C-hn-sS-sb√mw B-i-b-Ønepw {]-hr-Øn-
bnepw HØp-t]m-Ip-∂, ]-c-kv-]c s]m-cp-Ø-ap-≈ I-Ym-]m-{X Nn-{Xo-Ic-Ww
A-\n-hm-cy-amWv. I-ev-]n-Xhpw N-cn-{X-]-c-hpam-b I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fm¬ k-º-
∂-am-Wv "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿Ω'bpw.

B-sI-bp-≈ \m¬-]-Xn-e-[n-Iw I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fn¬ F-´p-ho´n¬

]n≈-am-sc Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ Iq-Sn N-cn-{X-I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ ]-
Xn-\mtdm-f-ta h-cn-I-bp≈q. tijn-®-h-sc√mw I-ev-]n-X-]m-{X-ß-
fmWv. H-cp]s£ "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω-'bn-se N-cn-{Xmw-ihpw I-
ev-]n-Xmw-ihpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-\p-]m-Xw C-Xn¬ \n∂pw I-≠p-]n-
Sn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv (A-ø-∏-∏-Wn°¿, 2014:39).

C-{]-Imcw k-hn-ti-j-am-b-Xpw D-Ø-a-am-b-Xpam-b I-Ym-]m{X Nn-{Xo-

Ic-Ww "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿Ω-'sb Ncn-{X-ssh-cp-≤y-Øns‚ D-Zm-Ø- am-Xr-I-
bm-°n am-‰p∂p.

kw`mjWw (Conversation)
a\p-jy-_‘
- ß
- s
- f-°p-dn-®p-≈X
- m-Wv t\m-he
- pIƒ. B-ib
- h
- n\n-ab
- h
- p-
am-bn Iq-Sp-X¬ _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂ km-ln-Xy-cq-]-am-WnXv. B-i-b-hn-\na-
 90

bw ap-Jy-ambpw \-S-°p∂-Xv kw-km-cw h-g-n-bmWv. ap-Jy-[m-cm t\m-h-epI-

sf kw-_-‘n-®v kw-`mj-Ww {][m-\ L-S-I-am-bn \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p. an°
t\m-h-ep-Ifpw hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fpw hym-Jym-\-ß-fpw (Zo¿L-hn-h-c-W߃)
H-gn-hm-°n kw-`m-j-W-cq-]-Øn¬ Imcy-߃ A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p. \m-S-I-sØ-
t∏m-se k-a-b-]-cn-[n B-Jym-bn-Im-Imc-s\ \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂n√. F-∂m¬
BJym-bn-Im-Imc-s\ kw-_-‘n-®v t\-cn-Sp-∂ G-‰hpw hen-b {]-iv-\w kw-
`m-j-W-Øn-eq-sS I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ sh-fn®-Øp sIm≠p hcp-I F-∂-XmWv.
A-Xn-eq-sS-bmh-Ww IY-sb ap-t∂m-´p \-bn-t°-≠Xv.

B-Jym-Xm-hv {]-Xy-£-Øn¬ k-Xy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂ Im-cy-߃-°v {]m-

[m\yw \¬-Ip-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ kw-`mj-Ww Po-h-\p-≈Xpw bm-Ym¿-∞yhpw
Bbn-cn-°pw. kw-km-c`m-j AXp-t]m-se A-\p-I-cn°p-I {]-bm-k-am-Wv. \-
∑-bp-sS i-‡am-b hn-Im-c-߃ hm-°p-Iƒ A√m-Ø i-–-ß-fmbpw {]-I-Sn-
∏n-t°-≠n-h-cpw. A-Xn-s\ D-®m-c-W-{]-Im-cw ]-I¿Øp-I {]-bm-k-amWv. th-
Z\ sIm-≠p-≈ I-c-®n¬, a-‰p hn-Im-c-{]-I-S-\-߃ F-∂n-h B-hn-jv-I-cn°p-
I {]-bm-k-amWv. "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿Ω' t\m-h-en¬ cm-a-\m-aT-Øn-s‚bpw kp-
μ-cø
- s
- ‚bpw tKm-„n-Iƒ, Nn-e {]-tbm-Kß
- ƒ F∂n-h C-Xn-\p-Zm-lc
- W
- a
- mWv.
hy-‡nhy-Xym-k-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v B-i-b-߃ {]-I-Sn-∏n°p-I {]-bm-k-amWv.
A-e-£y-am-bn kw-km-cn-°p-I, kz-bw Xn-cp-ØpI, H-tc ka-bw ]-e Im-cy-
߃ ]-d-bp-I, X-S- -߃ A-\p-`-hn-°p-I, \ni-–-X C√m-Xm-°p-hm-\p-≈
]-cn-{i-a-߃ \-S-Øp-I, H-cp {]-iv-\w ]-d-bm-Xn-cn-°m≥ \n- m-cam-b Im-cy-
߃ ]-dbp-I XpS-ßnb co-Xn-Iƒ \-Ωƒ kw-`m-j-W-Øn¬ kzo-I-cn-°m-
dp≠v. AXp-t]m-se B-Jym-bn-Im-Im-c\pw F√m X-c-Øn-ep-ap-≈ kw-`m-j-
W-߃ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp≠v. ]-c-kv]c-_-‘-an√m-ØXpw hn-c-k-am-b-
Xpam-b kw-`m-j-W߃, bp‡n-c-l-n-Xamb kw-`m-j-W-߃, C-{]-Im-cw
G-Xp X-c-Øn-ep-≈ kw-`m-j-W-ßfpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp≠v. am-{Xa√, b-
Ym¿-∞ Po-hn-X-Øn-se kw-`m-j-W-ß-sf-°mƒ D-b¿-∂ X-e-Øn-ep-≈ B-
i-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\m-Wv B-Jym-\-Ønse kw-`mj-Ww {]-[m-\yw I¬-]n-°p-
 91

∂-Xv. A-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ kw-`m-j-W-Øn-em-Wv {]-Xn-`m-[-\≥-amcm-b B-Jym-

bn-Im-Im-c-∑m¿ {i-≤ tI-{μo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xpw.

B-Jym-\Ø
- n-se hy-‡n-Iƒ b-Ym¿-∞ Po-hn-XØ
- n-te-Xn-s\-°mƒ Iq-
Sp-X¬ {i-≤ ]p-e¿-Øp-∂-h-cmWv. b-Ym¿-∞ Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \Ω-tfm-Sp ]-d-
bp-∂ Im-cy-߃ ]q¿-Æ-ambpw Xp-S¿-®-bmbpw {i-≤n-®p tIƒ-°m-dn√. Nn-e-
t∏mƒ \-Ωƒ tIƒ-°p-∂-Xm-bn A-`n-\-bn-°p∂p. aSp-∏n-°p-∂ kw-`m-j-W-
ß-tfm-Sv \-Ωƒ {i-≤ hy-Xn-N-en-∏n-°p∂p. £oWw, ZpxJw, A-kp-Jw F-
∂n-h-bm-sW-¶n¬ F-¥m-Wv A-Sp-Øp ]-d-tb-≠-sX∂v \-Ωƒ Nn-¥n®p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°pw. H-cp B-Jym-bn-Im-Im-c≥ C-Ø-c-Øn-ep≈ I-m-cy-߃ {]-I-Sn-∏n-
°p-sa-¶nepw BJym-\-Øn-se I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ s]mXp-sh {i-≤m-ep-°-fm-
bn-cn-°pw. A-h-cp-sS kw-`mj-Ww i-cnbm-b Bi-b -ssI-am-‰-co-Xn A-h-ew-
_n-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°pw. F-∂m¬ H-cm-JymXmhv am-\-Io-Ir-X-`m-j-bn-eq-sS
Im-cy-߃ A-hX
- c
- n-∏n-°m-dn√. Imc-Ww A-Øc
- Ø
- n-ep-≈ kw-`m-jW
- ß
- ƒ
hm-b-\-°m-c-\n¬ hn-izm-k-°pd-hv kr-„n-°p∂p. Xp-S¿-®bm-b A-\p-c-Rv-
P\w, kq-£v-a-am-bXpw k¥p-en-X-hpam-b {]-hr-Øn, kzm-`m-hn-I-a√m-ØXpw
B-e-¶m-cn-I-hpam-b `mjWw, bm-Ym¿-∞y-Øn-s‚ {]-Xo-Xn \n-e-\n¿Ø¬
Xp-Sß
- n-b Im-cy-ßf
- n¬ B-Jym-bn-Im-Im-c≥ A-Xo-h{- i-≤ ]m-en-t°-≠X
- p≠v.
N-cn-{Xm-Jym-bn-I-I-fp-sS c-N-\-bn-em-Wv B-Jym-bn-Im-Im-c-∑m¿-°v Iq-Sp-X-em-
bn CØ-cw {]-Xnk-‘n t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xv.

18˛mw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ N-cn-{X-am-bn-cn°pw B-hn-jvI

- c
- n-t°-≠Xv. bYm¿∞-
amb Ncn-{X-L-´hpw B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂ Im-e-L´ (F-gp-Øp-ImcpsS Imew)
hpw X-Ωn¬ \q-‰m-≠p-If
- p-sS hy-Xym-kw Im-Wpw. `m-jb
- n-epw `m-jW
- Ø
- nepw
h-f-sc-tb-sd hy-Xym-kw h-∂p-Ign™n-cn°pw. C-hn-sS B-Jym-bn-Im-IrØv
h-f-sc-tb-sd Pm{K-X ]m-en-t°-≠-Xp≠v. C-°m-cy-Øn¬ kn.hn. _-≤-{i-≤-
\mbncp∂p. ""kn.hn. an-°-hmdpw F√m I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fp-sSbpw kz-`m-hm-hn-
jv-I-c-W-Øn-\v A-h-cp-sS {]-hr-Øn-I-tfm-sSm-∏w kw-`mj-W-ssi-en-bpw
{]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn'' (Ir-jvW≥, 1988:18).
 92

A-t±-lw Po-hn-®n-cp-∂ Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ \n∂pw \q-‰m-≠p ap-ºp-≈ am¿-

Øm-fi-h¿-Ω bp-h-cm-Pm-h-n-s‚ Im-e-L-´-sØ B-hn-jv-I-cn-°m≥ I-Ym-]m-
{X-ß-fp-sS kw-`m-j-W-Øn-\v AXoh {]m-[m\yw \¬-In. I-Y \-S-°p-∂
Ime-sØ `m-jbpw kw-`m-j-W-co-Xnbpw hy-‡n-hy-Xym-k-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v
B-hn-jv-I-cn-°m≥ kn.hn. °v km-[n®p. am-t¶m-bn-°¬-°p-dp∏v, i-¶p-hm-
im≥, B\-¥w Xp-S-ßn-b-h¿-°v tZ-i`m-j \¬-In-bn-cn-°p∂p. Im¿-Øym-
b-\n-b-Ω-bp-sS hm-°p-Iƒ Ah-sc Po-h- p-‰ I-Ym-]m-{X-am-°p∂p. A-Xn-
km-[m-c-W-]-Z-ßfpw D-®m-c-W-Øn-se tZ-i-Om-bbpw B I-Ym-]m-{X-Øn-\v
Po-h≥ \¬-Ip∂p. Ahcp-sS BI¿-j-Iam-b kz-`m-hhpw Ip-‰-t_m-[-hpw
kw-`m-j-W-ß-fn-eq-sS B-hn-jv-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p. kn.hn. kw-`m-j-W Nn-{Xo-
I-c-W-Øn-\v ]e co-Xn-Ifpw kzo-I-cn-°p∂p. Hmtcm L-´-Ønepw co-Xn-I-
fnepw am-‰w h-cp-Øp∂p. G‰hpw F-fp-∏w Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ B-Jym-
\-coXn, D≤-c-Wn-Nn-”-߃, `m-j-W-kq-N-I߃, h¿-Øa-- m-\Im-e km-∂n-
≤yw, D-Ø-a a[y]pcp-j i-–-ß-fp-sS D-]-tbm-Kw, J-fin-Im-co-Xn-bn-ep-≈
XpS°w, `m-jm-t`-Z߃, Xp-S-ßn ]-e kq-N-\-Ifpw `m-j-W-Øn-s‚ Xncn-®-
dn-b-en-\v k-lm-bn-°p∂p. {In-b-I-fp-sS {]-h¿Ø-\w `m-j-W-Øn-eq-sS A-h-
X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-t\m-sSm-∏w hr-Øm-¥-Øn-eq-sSbpw A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p. a-\p-
jy-{]-hr-Øn-bp-sS h¿-Æ\
- b
- m-Wv C-Xn-\S- n-ÿm-\a
- m-bn kzo-Ic
- n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.

hy-‡nIƒ, ÿ-e߃, h-kv-Xp°ƒ, {In-b-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bp-sS hn-

i-Zo-Ic-Wtam hym-Jym-\tam B-Wv A-`n-{]m-bØ
- n-\v B-kv]
- Z- a
- m-bn-´p-≈Xv.
B-Jym-Xmhv, I-Ym-]m-{X-߃, {In-bI
- f
- p-sS hnImkw, B-Jym-\k
- μ
- ¿-`ß
- ƒ
Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb-°p-dn-®v \-S-Øp-∂ A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-߃ C-Xn¬ {]m-[m-
\y-a¿-ln-°p∂p. C-Xv [m¿-Ωn-Ihpw ku-μ-cym-fl-Ihpw cm-{„o-bhpw km-aq-
ln-Ihpw km-º-Øn-I-hpam-b aqey-\n¿-Æ-b-Øn-\v km[y-X \¬-Ip∂p. hy-
‡n-I-fp-sS kw-km-c-Øn-\v k-μ¿-`m\p-km-cn-bmb hy-Xym-kw h-cpØp∂p.
]-fin-X\m-b H-cmƒ _u-≤n-I-ambn hn-hm-Z-]-cam-b Im-cy-ßsf°pdn-®v ]-
c-a-{]m-[m-\y-tØm-sS kw-km-cn-®p \n¬-°p-tºmƒ A-hn-Nm-cn-X-am-bn H-cm-
fpsStbm Po-hn-I-fpsStbm I-S-∂p-hc-hv kw-km-c-Øn¬ hy-Xn-bm-\w kr-
 93

„n-°p-∂p. B k-ab-Øv `m-j-W-Øn-s‚ co-Xn-bpw s]-s´-∂v hy-Xym-

ks∏Sp∂p. F-{X {]-_-e-\m-b H-cm-fm-sW-¶nepw {]-W-b-k-μ¿-`-Øn¬ kw-
`m-j-W-co-Xn hf-sc a-b-s∏´-Xm-bn am-dp∂p. X-ºn ]m-dp-°p´n-tbmSpw kp-
`{Z-tbmSpw kzo-I-cn-°p-∂ k-ao]-\w A-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. ]-Iz-X, hn-Zym-
`ymkw, P-b-]-cm-P-b߃, a-Zy-]m\w, D-∑m-Zw/{`m¥v, thZ-\, hm¿-≤-Iyw,
Zo¿-L-Ime-sØ H-‰-s∏S¬ C-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v `m-j-W-Ønepw hy-Xym-kw h-
cp∂p. hy-‡n-]-camb ssien B-Jym-\-Øn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ih-gn Iq-Sp-
X¬ B-kzm-Zy-I-c-ambn am-dp∂p. i-‡am-b hn-Im-c-ß-fm¬ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂ kw-`m-j-W-߃ hm-Nm-e-X kr-„n-°p-Ibpw A-tX kabw hmNm-e-X
C√m-Xm-°p-I-bp-w sN-øp∂p. hn-Im-c-ß-fm¬ A-]q¿-Æ-am-bXpw ho≠pw
ho≠pw ]-d-bm≥ {i-an-°p-∂Xpw B-›-cy-ap-f-hm-°p-∂-Xpam-b B-ib-sØ
B-hn-jv-I-cn-°m≥ I-hn-Xm-co-Xn-°v ]-cn-an-Xn-bp≠v. F-∂m¬ I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-
fp- s S kw`m- j - W - Ø n- e qsS B- J ym- \ - Ø n¬ C- X v B- h n- j v - I - c n- ° m≥
km[n°p∂p. I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-ƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ C-g-b-Sp-∏-Øn-eq-sSbpw kw-`m-j-
W-co-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bp-am-W-Xv km-[y-am-Ip-∂Xv. C-Ø-c-Øn¬ A-\p-hm-NI-s\
I-Ym-hkv-Xp-hp-ambpw B-i-b-hp-ambpw A-Sp-∏n®p \n¿-Øp-∂-Xn¬ B-Jym-
\-Øn-se kw-`m-j-W-߃-°v ap-Jyam-b ]-¶m-Wp-≈Xv. A-Ø-c-Øn¬ "am¿-
Øm-fi-h-¿-Ω-' bnse Hm-tcm I-Ym-]m-{X kw-`m-j-Whpw Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-
s‚ km-aq-ln-I-hpw kmw-kv-Im-cn-Ihpw cm-{„o-b-hpam-b ÿn-Xn-KXnI-sf hy-
‡-am-°p∂p.

cwK-`qan (Background)
\mS-I-Øn-s‚ ]-›m-Ø-e-sØ-°mƒ khn-ti-j-X-bm¿∂Xm-Wv H-cp
t\m-h-en-s‚ ]-›m-Øew (cw-K-`q-an). F√m t\m-h-ep-I-fnepw Nne km-aq-
ln-Ib
- p‡n (A-\p-am\w) D-≠m-Ipw. {]-Xn-`m-[\
- cm-b B-Jym-bn-Im-Im-sc√mw
{]m-[m\yw \¬-Ip∂-Xv sNdn-b F-Æw a-\p-jy-k-aq-lsØtbm A-h-cp-sS
hy-‡n-]-cam-b A-\p-`-h-ßsf-tbm Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°m-\mWv. hy‡n-_-‘-߃-
°v {][m-\ ÿm-\w \¬-Ip∂p. F-∂m¬ a-\p-jy-\v Xm-≥ Pohn-°p-∂ Np-‰p-
]m-Sn¬ kz-X-{¥-am-bn \n-e-\n¬-°m≥ I-gn-bn√. k-aql-Øn-\v tN-cm-Øh¿,
 94

\n-tj-[n F-∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈ X-cw-Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ kaqlw X-s∂-bm-Wv I¬-]n-

®p \¬-Ip-∂Xv. kzm-X-{¥yw X-cp-∂ k-aq-lw Hcp]mSv \n-b-{¥-W-ß-fpw
G¬-∏n-°p∂p. km-aq-ln-IL-S\ tam-ia
- mbXp sIm-≠√ A-Xv kw-`h
- n-°p∂-
Xv. km-aq-ln-I-Po-hn F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ \ΩpsS kzm¿-∞X-sb \n-b-{¥n-°p-
∂-Xn-\v C-Xv Im-c-W-am-Ip∂p. ]-c-kv-]-cm-{i-b-Xz-am-Wv A-Xn-\v B-[mcw.
AXp-sIm-≠mWv t\m-h-ep-Iƒ kaq-l-Øn-s‚ A-\p-`-h km-£y-ß-fm-bn
Xo-cp-∂Xv. kz-¥w k-aq-l-Øns‚ A-\p-`-h-ß-fm-Wv A-Xn¬ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p-
∂Xv. Np-‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ AØ-c-Øn-em-Wv hy‡n-Isf cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv.
hy‡n-Iƒ F-ß-s\-bm-Wv kaql-Øn¬ C-S-s]-Sp-∂Xv, s]-cp-am-‰-co-Xn C-
sX√mw H-cm-Jym-\-Øn-s‚ cw-K-`qan (Background) bm-bn Xo-cp∂p.

t\m-h-en-s‚ ]-›mØ-ew/cw-Kw {]-Ir-Xn-Zriyw am-{Xa√; ap-gp-h\m-b

Np-‰p-]m-Sn-s\-bm-Wv A-Xv kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. cm-Pyw, `q-hn-`mKw, ÿ-ew, \-K-
cw, {Kmaw, Im-emh-ÿ, Xo-bXn, co-XnIƒ, km-º-Øn-I-\ne, sXm-gn-em-fn-
I-fp-sS Iq´w, sI-´n-S-߃, B-lm-c-co-Xn, Po-hn-X-ssien, aXw, cm-{„obw,
km-∑m¿Kn-I Nn-¥Iƒ, _u-≤n-Ihpw kmw-kvI
- m-cn-Ih
- p-am-b Po-hnXw, hnZym-
`ymkw, hn-t\mZw, Po-hn-X-\n-e-hm-cw C-sX√mw Np-‰p-]m-Sn¬ h-cp-∂-h-bmWv.
CØ-cw Im-cy-ß-fn¬ B-kzm-ZI-\v aSp-∏p-f-hm-°m-Ø-hn-[w cw-K-k-÷o-Ic-
Ww \-SØp-I F-∂-Xm-Wv H-cp B-Jym-Xmhns‚ an-I-hv. am-{X-a√ B-h-iy-
am-b hn-h-c-Whpw \¬-Im≥ IgnbWw. Nne k-μ¿-`-ß-fn¬ t\-cn-´p-≈ hn-
h-c-W-hpw \¬-tI-≠-Xm-bn-h-cpw. F-∂m¬ hm-b-\-°m-cn¬ A-[n-Iw-t]cpw
Xp-S¿-®-bm-b-Xpw Jfin-I-I-fm-bn-´p-≈-Xpam-b hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-߃ C-„-s∏-
Sp-∂n√. H-cp t\m-h-enkv‰v t\m-h-en-s‚ Np-‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ cq-]o-I-cn-t°≠-Xv
km-aqln-Ihn-a¿i\w e£yw h-®m-bn-cn-°Ww. \n-tj-[m-fl-I k-ao-]-\-a√
kzo-I-cn-t°-≠Xv. cw-Kw ]-e-t∏mgpw sI-´n-®-a-® co-Xn-bn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.
"am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω-'bn-se H∂mw A-[ym-bw B-cw-`n-°p∂-Xp X-s∂ A-Xn-
\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. H-cp an-Øm-bn \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ I-≈n-b-¶m-Sv \o-en-°-Y-
bp-sS ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ]-©-h≥-Im-Sn-s\ A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠mWv B-
Jym-bn-I B-cw-`n-°p-∂Xv.
 95

"\o-en-°-Y' B-Jym-bn-Im-Im-c≥ B-Zy-am-bn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂X√. k-

aq-l-Øn¬ {]-Np-c-{]-Nm-cw t\Sn-bXpw \q-‰m-≠p-I-fm-bn \n-e-\n-¬-°p-
∂Xpamb hn-izmk-sØ ]-›m-Ø-e-am-bn kzo-I-cn-°pIbmWv. A-Xn-s‚
hm-kvX
- h-sØ tNmZyw sN-øp-∂tXbn√. ÿ-e]
- c
- a
- mbn t\m-°n-bm¬ C∂-
sØ Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw Pn√-bn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp∂ Ig°q-´w `h-\w ap-X¬ I-\ym-
Ip-am-cn Pn√-bp-sS `m-Ka
- m-bn´p≈ Nm-tcmSv sIm´mcw h-sc-bp-≈ ÿ-eß
- fpw
`qhn`m-Kß
- fpw {]-Ir-Xn-bp-am-Wv t\mh-ens‚ ]›m-Øew. km-ap-Zm-bn-Ihpw
kmw-kvI
- m-cn-Ih
- pam-b X-\n-a°pw {]m-[m-\yw \¬-Ip∂p. h-kvX
- p-XI
- f
- pw ÿ-
ehpw X-Ωn¬ hf-sc A-SpØ-_-‘-am-Wp-≈Xv. t\m-h-en¬ ÿ-e-sa∂-Xv
h-kv-Xp-°-fpw IYm-]m-{X-ßfpw A-h-cp-sS Po-hn-X-hn-\ym-khpw hym-]-cn-°p-
∂ Np-‰p-]m-Sp-I-fmWv. A-Xn-\m¬ \n-›n-Xam-b H-cp ÿ-e-Øn¬ B-Jym\-
sØ H-Xp-°m≥ km[ya√. A-Xmb-Xv h-kv-Xp-°fpw I-Ym-]m-{X-ßfpw tI-
{μo-I-cn-°p-∂ G-sXm-cp km-l-N-cyhpw ]-›m-Ø-e-am-bn kzo-I-cn-t°-≠n-
h-cpw.

Im-e-Øn¬ \n-∂v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn ÿ-e-Øn-\v B-Ir-Xnbpw hym-]v-

Xnbpw LS\m-hn-Xm-\-ß-fp-ap≠v. AXp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ `uXn-I bm-Ym-¿-∞y-
hpambn _-‘-s∏-´p \n¬-°p-∂-Xm-Wv ÿew. {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-øp-∂ ÿ-
e-ßfpw, B-hm-kt- I-{μ-ßfpw h-gn-Ifpw F√mw Zr-iy-hX
- vI
- c
- n-t°-≠X
- p≠v.
CØcw `q-`m-K-Zr-iy-߃ B-Jym-\-Øn¬ k-hn-ti-jam-b [¿-Ωw A-\p-
jvTn-°p∂p. {Zmhn-U Im-hy-im-kv-{X-Øn-se Xn-W-k-¶-ev-]-Øn\v ÿ-ehpw
B-Jym\hpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘sØ Dd-∏n-°pI F∂ [¿Ω-am-Wp-≈Xv.
ap√, Ip-dn™n, ]m-e, a-cpXw, s\-bv-X¬ F-∂o sF-¥n-W-Ifpw Hmtcm Xn-
Wbv°pw k-am-Kaw, Im-Øn-cn∏v, ]nW°w, G-Im¥-X, hn-em]w, hnc-lw
F-∂o Dcn-Ifpw \n¿-tZ-in-°p∂p. ap√bv-°v ta-®n¬ ÿ-ehpw, Ip-dn-™n-°v
]¿ΔX -{]-tZ-ihpw, ]mebv-°v a-cp-`q-anbpw, a-cp-X-Øn-\v \-Zo-Xo-chpw s\-bv-
X-en\v I-S¬-Øo-c-hpw sXm¬-°m-∏n-b¿ \n¿-t±-in®p. C-Xm-I-s´, `q-`m-K-
߃°v km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bnse kw-`-h-ßfpambpw kw-`-h߃°p-]n-∂nse
a\x-im-kv{X-hp-am-bp≈ _‘sØ {]-Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂p.
 96

BJym-\-Øn-s‚ {Zmhn-U LS-\

{Zmhn-UobXsb ]q¿-Æ-am-bn \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂ X-an-gn-se Im-hy hn-a¿-
i-\]-≤-Xn-°p ]n-∂n¬ i‡am-b {]m-tZ-in-Im-`n-\n-th-ihpw ]m-c-º-cy-Øn-
s‚ Dƒ-°-cp-Øp-ap≠v. tIm-f-\oI-c-WIme-sØ kmw-kv-Im-cn-Im-[n-\n-thi-
sØ i-‡-am-bn {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\v A-h-bv-°v km-[n®p. am-\-I`m-j
(Standard Language) {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw A-Xn-s‚ X-\n-ab
- n¬ \n∂pw a-\p-
jy-s\ AI-‰n \n¿-Øp∂p. {]m-tZ-in-I-X-bp-sS A-S-bm-famb `m-jbpw kw-
kv-Im-chpw km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ B-hn-jv-Ir-X-am-Ip-∂-Xn-eq-sS H-cp ]-cn-[nh-sc
A-h-bp-sS A-]-Nb-sØ \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\p I-gn-bpw.

h´m-cX-angpw h-´m-c-t\m-h-ep-Ifpw {]m-tZin-I ]m-c-º-cy-Øn-s‚

]pXnb Xp-S¿-®-bmWv. Xmbv-sam-gn, Xm-bv-\mSv, Xm-bv-h-gn F-∂n-h-
bn-eq-sS I-S-∂p-h-cp-∂ `m-jm-]-chpw tZ-io-b-hpw, hw-io-b-hpam-
b km-l-N-cy-ß-fm-Wv sXm-¬-°m-∏n-b-Øn-se Xn-W k-¶-ev-]-
Øn¬ {]-Xn-^-en-°p-∂Xv ({io[c≥ A-©p-aq¿-Øn, 2010:22).

A-Iw-, ]p-dw F-∂ hn-`-P-\-Øn-eq-sS XnW k-¶-ev]w apt∂m-´p h-bv-

°p-∂ B-i-b-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ A-Iw Ir-Xn-Iƒ a-t\m-hym-]m-c-
߃°pw (subjective) ]p-dw-Ir-Xn-Iƒ hkvXp-X-Iƒ°pw (objective) {]m-[m-
\yw I¬-∏n-°p-∂p. AIw, s]m-cpƒ, C≥]w, hn-Sv F-∂o {I-ao-I-c-W-Øn-eq-
sS [¿-Ωm¿-∞Imatam-£-߃°v {]m[m\yw I¬-]n-°p∂p. H-cm-Jym-\-
Øn¬ A-Iw kn-≤m-¥w ssh-b‡nI-X-ehpw ]p-dw kn-≤m-¥w km-aq-ln-I-
X-ehpw B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂p. AXn\v D-Ø-a D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv "am¿-Øm-fi-
h¿Ω' t\m-h¬. N-cn{X-t\m-h-se∂ \n-e-bn¬ B-Z¿-i-h-XvIr-X hn-Im-c-
߃-°v AXv {]m-[m\yw \¬-Ip∂p. BZ¿i t{]aw, cm-Py-`‡n, cm-P`
- ‡n,
B-Z¿-ik
- u-lr-Zß
- ƒ, hn-iz-kvXX, B-flX
- ym-Kk
- ∂
- ≤
- X
- F-∂n-hb
- °
v- v {]m-
[m\yw \¬-Ip∂p. kml-kn-I-Ir-Xy-ßfpw A-¤p-X-kw-`-h-ßfpw C-Xn-s‚
{]-tXy-I-X-bmWv. Ncn{X-kw-`-h-߃-°v hy-Xykv-X Im-gv-N∏m-Sm-Wp-≈Xv.
cm-„obw, km-aq-lnIw, N-cn-{X-]cw, kmw-kv-Im-cn-Iw Xp-S-ßn ]-e X-c-Øn-
 97

ep-≈ kzm-[o-\w BJym-\-Øn¬ I-S-∂p-h-cp∂p. cm-Py-sØ B-`y-¥-c kw-

L-´-\߃, A-b¬-cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bp-≈ _-‘߃, ]-S-tbm-´ßƒ, `-c-W-
kw-hn-[m\w, Bbp[-ap-d-Iƒ, k-ap-Zm-bm-Nm-c߃, A-‘-hn-izm-k-߃, Zm-
b-{Iaw, hn-hm-l-apdIƒ, `-£-W-co-Xn F∂n-h h-kv-Xp-Xm-]-cam-b N-cn-{X-
Øn-s‚ `m-K-amWv. C-Ø-c-Øn¬ ssh-b‡n-I a-t\m-hym-]m-c-Øn-s‚ X-e
(AIw)Øns‚bpw N-cn-{X-bm-Ym¿∞yw Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ km-aq-ln-IX-e
(]pdw) Øn-s‚-bpw k-a-÷-kam-b B-hn-jv-Im-c-am-Wv "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿Ω'
t\mh¬.

""C∂Xn\v C∂sX-∂ A¿-∞w B-tem-N\

- b
- n¬ hy-‡a
- m-Ip-am-dv Xm≥
]-d-bp-∂ hm-°p-I-fn¬ Kq-Vam-bn H-cp D-]-a h-®p kw-km-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv
D≈pssd D-h-aw. D-≈n¬ D-d-™p-\n¬-°p∂-Xv AY-hm [z\n®p In-´p∂-Xv
F-∂ A¿-∞-Øn¬ A¿-∞-kz-X-{¥am-b ]-Z-am-Wv D≈p-ssd'' (A-ø-∏-∏-
Wn°¿, 1999:107). C-Xv D≈pssd D-ha-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ k-¶-ev-]-\-amWv.
D≈pssd F-∂m¬ h-kv-Xp-[z\n. Iq-sS-bp-≈ H-∂n-s\-]-‰n a-s‰m-c¿-∞w [z-
\n-°p-am-dv ]-d-bp-∂Xv. Dh-aw F∂-Xv D-]-am-[z\n. D-]-tab-sØ F-Sp-Øp ]-
d-bm-sX D-]-am\-sØ am{Xw ]-d-bp-∂Xv. AXp-t]m-se "Np-´p' F∂- A¿-
∞m-¥-c-\ym-k-[z-\n, Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xn¬ \n∂pw hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b a-s‰m-
∂n-s\ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p. "\ssI' F∂ `m-h-[z\; tIm]w, sh-dp∏v, \n-
μ Xp-S-ßn-bh-sb [z-\n-∏n-°p∂p. C-{]-Im-cw {]-hrØn, ^ew, A-h-bhw,
\ndw, D¬-`-hw C-h-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv D≈pssd Dhaw h-cp-∂Xv.
Cssd®n (A-¥-k-∂n-thiw) sb C-fw ]q-c-W¿ I-cp-s∏m-cp-fnepw \m-®n-
\m¿-°n-\n-bm¿ D-cn-s∏m-cp-fnepw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. A-©p Xn-WI
- f
- n¬ GsX-
¶nepw H-cn-S-Øp-am{Xw Im-Wp∂ ]-£n-ar-Km-Zn-I-sf]-‰n a-s‰m-c¿-∞w [z-\n-
°-Ø-°-hn-[w kw-km-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv C-ssd®n. Icp-s]m-cp-fn-se ]-Xn-\m-ev
L-S-I-ß-fn¬ h-®v k-ky-P¥p-Pm-e-ß-fn-em-Wv C-ssd-®n- e-bn-®p In-S-°p-
∂Xv. a-\p-jy-kz-`m-hß
- ƒ°pw hn-Im-cß
- ƒ°pw {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ k-am-\X
- I
- ƒ
I-s≠-Øp-tºm-gm-Wv C-ssd-®n D-≠m-Ip-∂Xv. I-cp-s∏m-cpƒ L-S-I-ßfmb
]-£n-ar-Km-Zn-I-fp-sS {]-hr-Øn-Iƒ BZyw kv-t\-lw D-±o-]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]n-
 98

∂o-Sv `-b-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip-Ibpw sN-øp∂p. C-{]-Im-cw `m-h-߃-°v {]m-

[m\yw \¬-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv C-ssd®n.

"am¿-Øm-fi-h¿Ω' t\m-h-en-se H∂mw A-[ym-bw B-cw-`n-°p∂-Xv

C-ssd-®n ]q-c-W-Øn-s‚ B-i-b-X-e-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv. k-μ¿`-sØ B-hn-
jv-I-cn-°m≥ B-Jym-bn-Im-Im-c≥ {]Ir-Xn-`mh-sØ B-Jym-\-Øn¬ k-∂n-
th-in-∏n-°p-∂p. "Qn√o-Q-¶m-c\m-Z a-fin-Xw knw-l hym-{L-ieym-Zn ar-K-
K-Wm-Io¿-Æ-am-X-]-lo-\w' F-∂v A≤ym-fl-cm-amb-Ww In-fn-∏m-´n-se B-c-
Wy-Im-fi-Øn-se k-μ¿`-sØ bYm-tbm-Kyw A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. k-μ-¿-`-
Øn-\v IqSpX¬ {]m-[m-\yw I¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn \-f-N-cn-Xw B-´-°-Y-bn-
se "tLm-ch
- n-]n-\s
- a-∂m-se-gp-]m-cn-Xm-In¬ \K-cw' F-∂ `m-Khpw B-Jym\-
Øn¬ tN¿-Øn-cn-°p∂p. CXn-\p ]pd-sa Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚ `q-`m-K-sØ-
°p-dn-®v \¬-Ip-∂ kq-N-\-bm-Wv Im-Xem-b Awiw.

sN-dpXm-b hr-£-ßfpw apƒ-s®-Sn-Ifpw \n-d™v, P-\-k-©m-cw

A-]q¿-Δ-am-bn am{Xw D≈Xmb H-cp sN-dp-{]-tZ-i-sa-t∂ {K-ln-
°m-\p≈q. h√ X-Sn-\n-I-fn-emIs´ in-em-X-e-ß-fn-emI-s´ B
h\w A-e-¶-cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂n√. H-cmƒ s]m-°-tØm-fw D-b¿∂p
\n¬-°p-∂ Nn-e sN-Sn-Iƒ Zp¿-K-‘-hm-ln-Ifm-b ]pjv-]-ßsf-
sIm-≠v {]-tim-`n-X-ambpw A-Xyp-∂-X-ßfm-b Nn-e hr-£-߃
A-hn-S-hn-sS hn-b-∑m¿-§-tØmfw s]m-ßnbpw Im-W-s∏-Sp∂-Xp
sIm≠p-≈ c-ay-X-b√msX, tNtXm-a-t\m-l-c-ßfm-b a-‰p e-£-
W-߃ bm-sXm∂pw X-s∂ B-h-\-Øn¬ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√
(cma≥-]n-≈, kn.hn., 2014:139).

XpS¿-∂v B-Jym-bn-Im-Im-c≥ B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂ {]-Ir-Xn-_nw-_-߃,

h-\-tZ-h-X-am-cp-sS tLm-j-bm-{X-°v ]n-Sn-°-s∏-´ ]-®-°p-S-Iƒ t]m-ep-≈ I-
cn-º-\°q-´ßƒ, h\Øn¬ hm-gn-®pIq-sS-∂p tXm-∂n-°p∂ X-c-Øn¬ am-
’-cyw sIm-≠v \n¬-°p-∂ I-≈n-apƒ-s®Sn, a-g sNm-cn-bp∂ k-a-b-ß-fn-
e√m-sX P-ew Xo-sc Zp¿-e-`-am-bn Im-Wp-∂ h-\-{]-tZiw, Ip∂pw Ip-gnbpw
 99

sIm≠v k-©m-c-Øn-\v Zp¿-L-Sam-b ]m-X, I-gp-I≥, Iq-a≥ Xp-Sßn-b ]-

£nIƒ, ImS≥, Im-´p-Ip-∂≥ ap-Xem-b ar-K߃, sN-¶-\¬ \n-d-tØm-Sp-
Iq-Sn-b, D-b-¿-∂p-h-∂Xpw D-b-c-Øn¬ F-Øn-b-t∏mƒ hn-f-dn-h¿-Æw]-I¿-∂-
Xpamb N-{μ≥, a-μ-K-Xn-bnem-b ta-L߃, `-b-¶-cam-b Imgv-N I-≠v kvX-
œcm-b hr-£-e-Xm-ZnIƒ, `-bm-{Im-¥\mb am-cpX≥, c-P-\n-bp-sS kv-Xp-Xn-
]mT-Icm-b Pw_q-I k-aqlw, ]Xn-s\m∂mw A-[ym-b-Øn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-
∂ am¿-Pm-c-bp≤ tIm-eml-ew C-sX√mw Cssd-®n Im-hy-k-¶-ev-]-Øn-s‚
B-hn-jv-Im-c-am-Wv.

{Zmhn-U Im-hy aoamwk ÿm-bo-`m-h-߃-°pw {]m-[m\yw I¬-]n-°p-

∂p. sa-bv-∏m-Sv F-∂m-Wv AXdn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ÿm-bo-`m-h-߃ km-Xzn-I-`m-
h-ß-fn-eq-sS B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ A-Xn-s\ sa-bv-∏m-Sv F-∂p ]-d-bp∂p.
sXm¬-Im-∏n-b¿ ck-Nn-¥b
- °
v- v k-am-\a
- m-bm-Wv sa-b]
v- m-Sv D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂Xv.
a-\p-jy-s‚ ssh-Im-cn-I-X-e-߃-°v `m-j \¬-Ip∂-Xv sa-ømWv. lm-kyw
(\ssI), timIw (AgpssI), _o-`’w (C-fn-hc
- ¬), A¤pXw (a-cpSvssI),
`bw (A-®w), hocw (s]-cp-an-Xw), tIm-]w (sh-Iv-fn), irw-Kmcw (D-h-ssI)
Cß-s\-bm-Wv sa-bv-]m-Sn-s‚ B-hn-jv-°mcw. A-\-¥-]-fl-\m-`≥ ]m-dp-°p-
´n {]-Wbw, ho-c-c-k-{]-[m-\am-b km-l-knI-X, c-ma-\m-aT-Øn-s‚bpw kp-
μ-c-ø-s‚bpw lm-ky-{]-[m-\am-b {]-hr-Øn-Iƒ, Im¿-Øym-b-\n-b-Ω ap-X-
em-b-h-cn¬ kv-^p-cn-°p∂ tim-I-aq-Iam-b `mhw, {`m-¥≥ Nm-∂ms‚ A-
¤p-X{- ]-hr-ØnIƒ, kp-`{- Z-bn¬ kv^
- p-cn-°p-∂ `m-hh
- y-Xn-bm-\ß
- ƒ XpSßn
"am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω-'bn-se F√m I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-
∂ `m-h-߃ sa-bv-]m-Sn-s\ I-cp-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-h-bmWv. hm-Nym¿-∞-Øn-\v
]pd-sa hyw-Kym¿-∞-Øn\pw C-Xn¬ ÿm-\-ap≠v. A-{]-Im-cw hm-°p-I-fn¬
\nt∂m e-£-W-ß-fn¬ \nt∂m e-`n-°p-∂ a-s‰m-c¿-∞-amWv F®w. am-
t¶m-bn-°¬-°p-dp∏pw bp-h-cm-Pmhpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ kw-`m-j-W-Øn¬ ]-d-bp-
∂ hm-Iy-߃ C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. "sIm-e-bv-°v aSn-°m-Ø Iq-´-Øn-s‚
 100

hm-bn¬ Nm-Sn-bm¬ Ip-Sn-Iƒ \m-Sp ]p-d-s∏´p-t]m-tI-≠n-tb-h-cpw', "I-cph-

ew \n-d-™n-cp-∂m¬ Xn-cp-ta-\n-X-¶-IpSw; H-gnt™m A-In-S-‰-]ip. A-Sp-
∏n¬ Xo F-cn-tb A-b¬-ho-´n¬ t]m-bn Xncn-sIm-fp-Øn C-c-∏ms\ (cma≥-
]n-≈, 2014:175) Xp-S-ßn-b-hbpw kn.hn. B-ap-J-am-bn \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂ ]-
Zy-iI
- e
- ß
- fpw t«m-Iß
- fpw I-Ym-KX
- n-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ hyw-Ky-kq-N\
- I
- f
- mWv.

{Zm-hn-UX
- \
- n-as
- b-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-hp-∂Xpw k-lP
- o-h]
- c
- h
- pam-b ]-
cn-ÿn-Xn im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ _o-Pw sXm¬-°m-∏n-b-Øn-ep≠v. sXm¬-°m-∏n-
b¿-°v ap-ºp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ I-hn-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-® k-t¶-X-amWv Xn-W. Xn-W-
bv°
- v H-∂n-e[
- n-Iw A¿-∞X
- e
- ß
- f
- p-≠v. `q-an-im-k{v- X-]c
- am-b hn-`P
- \
- hpw `qhn-
`m-K-ß-fn¬ Xm-a-kn-°p-∂ B-fp-I-fp-sS km-aqln-I PohnX-{I-ahpw kz-`m-
h-am-Xr-II
- fpw C-h c≠pw km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ {]-Xn-^e
- n-°p-∂ co-Xnbpw XnW
k-¶-ev-]w hn-a¿-i-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p∂p. XnW k-¶-ev-]w Im-hy-k-t¶-X-Øn-
ep-]-cn `q-an-im-kv-{X-]-cam-b bmYm¿-∞yhpw Iq-Sn-bmWv.

G-gv A-IwXn-WI
- ƒ-°v Ggv ]p-dwXn-WIfpw Iev]n-®n-´p-≠v. I-hn-Xb
- p-
sS A-¥¿-`m-K-sØ-°p-dn-°p-∂ km-[y-X-Iƒ-°p ]pd-sa cq-]m-[n-jvTn-Xam-
b km-ln-Xy hn-`-P-\-Nn¥-bnepw ]p-dw-Xn-W-Iƒ-°v {]-k-‡n-bp≠v. ho-c-c-
k-{]-[m-\-am-Wv ]pdw-Xn-WIƒ. ]p-dw-Xn-W-Iƒ N-cn-{X-hpw km-aq-ln-I-hpam-
b Xe-ß-tfm-Sv Gsd _-‘w ]p-e¿-Øp-∂p. H-cp P-\-hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚ k-hn-
ti-jX-cw Po-hn-X-kw-kv-Imc-sØ C-Xv {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂p. C-Xn-se L-
S-Iß-sf \n¿-Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\v ]-e h-kv-Xp-X-Ifpw t{]-c-I-am-bn Xo-cp-∂p. a-
\p-jy-s\ ap-t∂m-´p \-bn-°p-∂ CØ-cw t{]-c-I-i-‡n-Iƒ hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-
cn-°pw. AXn-s\m-Øh
- n-[w cq-]s
- ∏-´ hy-Xy-kvX
- am-b X-eß
- ƒ k-aq-lØ
- n¬
cq]-s∏-Sp∂p. Pm-Xn, a-X hy-Xn-cn-‡X A-Xn¬-s∏-Sp∂p. tIh-ew `u-XnI
Xew am-{X-a√ A-Xn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. `u-Xn-IX-ew cq-]-s∏-SpØn FSp-°p-
∂ ]-eX-cw hn-izm-k-߃ AXn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn cq-]w sIm-≈p∂p. CØ-c-
Øn¬ N-cn-{X-sØbpw AXv D-Xv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ {]-Xn-^-e-\-ß-sfbpw I-W-
°n-se-Sp-Øp-≈ ]T-\-am-Wv ]p-dw-Xn-W-Iƒ ap-t∂m-´p h-bv-°p-∂-Xv.
 101

hn-`n-∂ß
- fm-b km-aq-ln-I, km-ºØn-I ]-›m-Øe
- ß
- f
- nepw ]m-
c-º-cy-ß-fnepw \n-∂p-¤-hn-®v, hn-`n-∂ km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ Po-hn-
°m≥ \n-bp-‡-cm-bn, A-h-bn¬ \n-s∂√mw D-cp-Øn-cn-™p-h-∂
io-emNm-c kz-`m-h-ß-tfmSpw I¿-Ω]-≤-Xn-I-tfmSpw Po-hn-Xm-h-
tem-I-\ k-{º-Zmb-ß-tfmSpw Iq-Sn-b F{Xtbm I-Ym-]m-{Xß-
sf Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ Hmtcm {]]-©w Xs∂-bm-Wv kn.hn. bp-sS
t\m-h-epIƒ (Ir-jv-W-]n-≈, 2011:20).

kn.hn. bp-sS B-Jym-\-Øn-se hy-Xy-kv-X-X-e-ß-fm-Wv kw-kv-Im-chpw

\m-´p-hg- °
- ß
- fpw ]-gs
- ©m√p-Ifpw hn-izm-kß
- f
- pw. "am¿-Øm-fih
- ¿-Ω'-bn¬
CØ-cw L-S-I-ß-ƒ Dƒ-t®¿-∂n-cn-°p∂p. cm-Pm-[n-Im-c-Øn-\pth≠n c-≠v
hn-`m-K-߃ X-Ωn¬ c-‡-cq-£n-Xam-b kw-L´-\w \-S-°p∂p. kwL-´-\-
Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-b-h¿ am-S-ºn-amcpw cm-P-tk-h-I≥-amcpw am-{Xa√, Nm∂m-
∑m¿, ]-db¿, Cu-gh¿, \m-b-∑m¿, ap-l-Ω-Zo-b¿ F-∂n-hcpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp∂p.
]pdw-Xn-W-Iƒ ap-t∂m-´p-h-bv-°p-∂ c-W-ho-cyw, Zm-\-hocyw F-∂o L-S-I-
߃ B-Jym-\-Øn¬ cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂p. cw-K-߃ Iq-Sp-Xepw ho-c-c-k-{]-Zm-\-
amWv. kw-`-h-߃ A-[n-Ihpw A-¤p-X-c-k-ap-f-hm-°p-∂-h-bmWv. cW-ho-
cy-Øn-s‚ kw-`h
- ]-cº
- c
- I
- f
- n-eq-sS-bm-Wv B-Jym-\Ø
- nse Hmtcm cwK-ßfpw
I-S∂p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv. i-‡ncm-{„o-b-Øn-s‚bpw A-[n-Im-c-h-Sw-h-en-bp-sSbpw
A-¥-co-£-am-Wv ap-Jy-ambpw Ah B-Jym-\w sN-øp-∂Xv. a-°-Øm-bhpw a-
cp-a°-Øm-bhpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ B-`y-¥-c kw-L-´-\-am-Wv Bhnjv-Ir-X-am-Ip-
∂Xv. B-Jym-bn-Im-Im-c≥ Ip-´n-°m-ew ap-X¬-t° tI-´p-h-f¿∂ {Zmhn-U
]m-c-º-cy-Øn-s‚ `m-Kam-b Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚ K-XIm-e ho-c-N-cn-X-am-Wv
C-Xn-\p t{]-c-W-bm-bn Xo¿-∂Xv. N-cn-{X-I-Y-I-fn-eq-sS lr-Zn-ÿ-am-°nbpw,
N-cn-{X-kv-am-c-I-߃ \n-c¥-cw I-≠p ]-cn-N-bn®pw Ncn{X-]p-cp-j-∑m-sc-°p-
dn-®p-≈ ho-cm-]-Zm-\-߃ tI-´p-]Tn®pw cq-]-s∏-´ am-\-kn-I-X-e-am-Wv "am¿-
Øm-fi-h¿-Ω-'bn¬ kn.hn. B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]pdw-Xn-W-bp-sS a-s‰m-cp
k-hn-ti-j-X {]-Ir-Xn-sb h-kv-Xp-\n-jvT-am-bn I-W°m-°p-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv.
 102

D-]-a-Ifpw cq-]-I-ßfpw {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw kzo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-h-bmWv. a-\p-

jy-s‚ hn-Im-c-߃, s]-cp-am-‰ßƒ, kz-`m-h-amXr-I-Iƒ F-∂n-h-bv-°v {]m-
[m\yw \¬-Ip-∂ ]-›m-Ø-e-am-Wv {]-IrXn. Ah-sb C-{]-Im-cw {I-ao-I-cn-
°p∂p.

XnW ÿ-ew/Im-ew kz-`mhw

Ip-dn-©n (sh-SvNn) ˛ a-e-{º-tZ-iw ˛ tKm-{KlWw

ap√ (h©n) ˛ Im-´p-{]-tZ-iw ˛ {]Xn-tcm[w
]m-e (hm-I) ˛ X-W¬-{]-tZ-iw ˛ ssh-Z-Kv-≤y˛
{]-Io¿Ø\w
a-cpXw (D-gn-™) ˛ \m-´p-{]-tZ-iw ˛ tIm-´-hf-™p
]n-Sn°¬
s\-bvX¬ (Xp-º) ˛ I-S¬-Xo-cw ˛ i-{Xp-[zwk\w

CXp Iq-Sm-sX sh-Sv-Nn hocw, cu{Zw, `-bm\-Iw Xp-S-ßn-b c-k-Øn-s‚

`o-I-c-X-sb-bpw Ip-dn-°p∂p. h-©n cm-Py-hn-kv-Xr-Xn Iq´-Ww F∂ cm-Pm-hn-
s‚ B-{K-lhpw F-Xn¿-ssk-\y-hp-am-bp-≈ bp-≤-hpw ssk-\n-I-Xm-hfw, ta-
®n¬-]p-d-߃, Im-´-cp-hn-Iƒ F∂n-h tN¿-∂ Im-´p-{]tZ-i-sØ-bpw Ip-dn-
°p∂p. hm-I -Pohn-X hn-P-b-sØ-°p-dn-°p∂p. ]-e X-c-Øn-ep-≈ {]-Xn-
_‘ß-sf t\-cn-´v A-h-km-\w hnP-bw t\-Sp-I-sb-∂Xpw hm-I-bp-sS {]-
tXy-IX
- b
- mWv. bp-≤Ø
- n-se D-gnss™ F-∂ A-ht- cm-[\ NS-ßv \-S°
- p∂-
Xv a-cp-X-Øn-se ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv. tIm-´-Iƒ Xo¿°¬, tIm-´ ]n-Sn-®-
S-°¬ F-∂n-hbpw D-gn-™-bp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-bmWv. a-cp-X-Øn-se ]nW-°w
F-∂ A-h-ÿ-bv-°v Imc-Ww A-\y-kv{Xo-I-fm-Wv. A-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ B-Z¿-
i-\-lo-\-X D-gnss™ D-ssdI-sf {]Xo-Im-fl-I-am-bn ap-ss√-Xn-W-bn-se
]m-Xn-{h-Xy-hp-am-bn _-‘n-∏n-°p∂p. ]mXn-{hXyw kw-c-£n®p-sIm-≠v `¿-
Øm-hn-s\ Im-Øn-cn-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv ap-ss√Xn-W-bp-sS k-hn-tij-X. Xp-
 103

º Xn-W-bp-sS kz-`m-hw bp-≤-Øn-\v h-cp-∂ cm-Pm-hn-s\ ssk-\y-k-ta-Xw

tN¿-∂v \-in-∏n-°p-I-bmWv. A-kv-{X߃, th-ep-Iƒ F∂n-h C-S-X-S-hn√m-
sX X-d®pw Po-h≥ th¿s]´ I-_-‘-߃ \ne-Øp ho-gm-sX \n-∂v \r-
Øw N-hn-´p-∂ AXn-`-b-¶camb kw`-h߃ C-Xn-s‚ k-hn-ti-j-X-bmWv.
"am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω' -bn¬ Bhnjv-I-cn-°p-∂ kw-L-´-\-cw-K߃ Cu Xn-
W-h-g-°-Øn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. F√m Xn-W-I-fp-sSbpw ta¬ A-[o-iXzw
t\-Sn-bn-cp∂-Xv acpXw (Dgn™) Xn-W-bmWv. A-Xn-\p-≈ Imc-Ww D¬-]m-
Z\w, P-\-kwJy, kºZv-hy-hÿ, ^yqU¬hy-h-ÿnXn F∂n-h tI-{μo-I-
cn-®n-cp-∂X
- v a-cp-XØ
- n-em-bn-cp∂p. Aßs\ Ir-jn-bp-sSbpw k-ºØ
- n-s‚bpw
P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS-bpw h¿-≤-\-hn-s‚ ^e-am-bn i-‡am-b cm-{„o-b hy-h-ÿ
B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂ k¶o¿Æ k-aq-l-am-bn acp-Xw amdn. AXn\m¬ a-cp-Xw Xn-
W-bn-em-Wv km-aqlnI ˛ cm{„o-b ÿm-\-߃ cq-]w sIm-≠Xv. AXmWv
"am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω' t\mh-en-sebpw ]›m-Ø-e-`q-an-I. CØcw Xn-W hym-
]-\-Øn-eq-sS \m-Sv F-∂ k-¶-ev-]w cq-]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]n-∂o-Sv cm-P-`-c-W-Øn-
s‚ kw-ÿm-]\-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip-Ibpw sN-bvXp. CXv sNdpXpw hep-Xp-
amb \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpsS DZ-b-Øn\v hgn-h-®p. Ch¿°n-S-bn¬ A[n-Im-c-
ÿm-\-Øn-\p-th-≠nbpw AXp \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp-ap≈ InS-a-
’-cß
- ƒ Bcw-`n-®p. AXm-Is
- ´, B`y-¥c
- hpw _mly-hp-amb bp≤-߃°v
km£yw-hl
- n-®p. Cßs\ ]c-kv]cw a√-Sn-°p∂ \m´p-cm-Py-߃°v klm-
b-k-l-I-c-W-߃sN-bvXp-sIm≠v tImf-\n-Icpw DZ-bw-sN-bvXp.

{]m-tZ-inIX
{]m-tZin-I kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚ I-cp°-sf A-tX]-Sn kq-£n-°p-∂-h-
bm-Wv Xn-W kn-≤m-¥-Øn-se I-cp-s∏m-cpƒ L-S-I߃. ]-g-¥an-gv F-∂
`m-j cq-]-s∏-´Xpw CØ-cw {]m-tZ-in-I-X-bn¬ \n-∂m-Wv. CXn-s‚ G-‰hpw
h-en-b {]-tXy-I-Xbpw `m-j-bmWv. sX-°≥ `m-j F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ]m-
≠n`m-j ]n¬-°me-Øv ]-g-¥-an-gv `m-j-bm-bn cq-]-s∏-Sp∂p. C-Xn-eq-sS X-
 104

\Xm-b `m-jm-kw-kv-Im-cw cq-]-s∏-Sp∂p. Ir-jn-∏m´pIƒ, ho-c-c-k-{]-Zm-\am-

b ]-S-∏m-´pIƒ, A-\p-jvTm-\ Km-\-߃ F∂nh kw-Lw I-hn-X-bpsS ]q¿-
Δ am-Xr-I-I-fmWv. ""Xan-gn-s‚ \m-ep {]m-tZ-in-I-t`-Z-ß-fn¬ a-[p-c, cm-a-\m-Y-
]pcw, Xn-cp-s\¬-then, I-\ym-Ipacn F-∂o Pn√-I-fn-se sX°≥`m-j F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ]m-≠n-`m-j-bm-Wv kwL-Ime-Øv km-ln-Xy-`m-j-bm-bn hn-
I-kn-®Xv.'' (tPm¿Pv sI.Fw., 1982:16). Hmtcm Xn-W-°-\p-k-cn-®v `m-h-hy-
Xym-khpw `m-h-hy-Xym-k-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v `m-j-bpw hy-Xym-ks∏Sp-∂p. Cu
hy-Xym-k-am-Wv Xn-W-bp-sS `m-j-sb-°p-dn-°p-∂Xv. H-cp km-ln-Xy-Imc-s\
kw-_-‘n-®v kz-¥w A-\p-`-h-ß-fn-eq-sS kzm-b-Ø-am-°nb ]-Zm-hen, hmIy-
ssi-en F∂n-h X-s‚ cN\Isf kzm-[o-\n-°p∂p. "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω'
A-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.

A∏n (Ip-™v), B¨]nssf in¶w (]p-cp-j-knw-lw), X-fw ({`m-¥n-\v

Xe-bv-°v a-cp-∂p h-bv-°p-∂ co-Xn), Xn´w (Xo¿®), F√ (AXncv), Im™-
sh-≈w (Nq-Sp-sh-≈w), tamSv (Iq-c-bp-sS ap-Iƒ-`m-Kw), ]-c-°gn (sX-≠n), D-
S-∏n-d-∂h≥ (k-tlm-Z-c≥), I-cp-hew (J-P-\m-hv), am\w (Xosc), No´v
(IjvWw), tIm-kSn (sNdn-b In-S°), sN-e-bv-°p-I (]peºpI), N-≠
(hg-°v), \o-cmgn (sN-dn-b-Ip-fw), sXmd-∏ (Nq-ev), Fc°w (Im-cpWyw), A-
cp-a (kv-t\-lw), taØ≥ (ap…ow ]p-cpj≥) F∂n-h X-\n-\m-´p-h-g-°-Øn-
s‚ kq-N-\-I-fmWv. ssi-enIƒ, ]-g-s©m√p-Iƒ F-∂n-hbpw CXns‚ `m-K-
amWv. ""sNØ sIm-ºn-e-gn-®v tI-‰msX'', ""sN-s°-∂p ]-g-bp-ºw sIm-s°-
∂p a-\ 
- n-em-°n-bm-se-ßs\'', ""\m-tam-ßp-tºm-se tam-ßp-I'', ""Nm-´s
- a√mw
h-b-‰n¬ Im-‰p-X-´p-tºmƒ H-Xp-ßpw'', ""I-´-bv-°v Imepw \o-´n-bn-cn°-W'',
""sh-≈-Øn-ep-an√ I-c-bv-°p-an√'', ""tX-h¿ Xs∂ `-fim-cw ap-dn-°p-∂ k-
{º-Zm-bw'' Xp-Sßnb A\h-[n {]-tbm-K-߃ am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω-bn-se {Zm-
hn-Umw-i-sØ-°p-dn-°p∂p. ap-X¬-s∏m-cpƒ, I-cp-s∏m-cpƒ, D-cn-s∏m-cpƒ, Xp-
d-Iƒ F-∂n-h-bm-Wv XnW k-¶-ev-]-Øn-se {][m-\ L-S-I-߃. H-cp Ir-Xn-
 105

bp-sS ÿq-e-Øn¬ \n∂pw kq-£v-a-Øn-te°v (cq-]-Øn¬ \n∂pw `m-h-Øn-

te°v) t]m-Ip-∂ k-ao-]-\-am-Wn-Xn¬ kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.

Im-e-tZ-i-ss\-c-¥-cy-am-Wv apX¬-s]m-cp-fns‚ ImX¬. Im-ew, ka-

bw F-∂o c-≠v ]-cn-I-ev-]-\-Iƒ C-Xn-\v ASn-ÿm\w h-ln-°p∂p. ÿew,
Imew, ka-bw F-∂n-h-bm-Wv apX¬-s]m-cpƒ L-S-I߃. Im-´p-{]-tZ-iw, a-
e-{º-tZiw, a-W¬-°mSv, \m-´p-{]-tZiw, I-S¬-Øocw F∂n-ß-s\ A-©p
hn-`m-K-߃ amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°pw. E-Xp-t`-Z-߃°pw k-a-b-Øn-\p-a-\p-k-cn-
®v C-Xnepw am-‰w kw-`-hn-°p∂p. E-Xp-°ƒ H-‰°pw Iq´mbpw h-cmw. C-ß-
s\ E-Xp-°ƒ h-cp-∂-Xn-s\ s\-Spw-Im-ew F-∂p ]-d-bp∂p. Zn-h-k-Øn-s‚
hn-`-P-\am-b k-a-b-sØ-°p-dn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv Ip-dp-¶mew. cm-{Xn-bp-sS B-Zy-`m-
Kw ]-I-en-s‚ a-[y-`m-Kw F∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv k-a-b-hn-`-P\w. Im-e-sØ-bpw
`q-hn-`m-K-sØbpw hn-im-e-ambn hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m≥ t]m-∂-Xm-Wv ap-X¬-
s∏m-cpƒ. "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿Ω' t\m-h-en-¬ H-∂m-a-[ym-b-Øn-\p ]pd-sa X-
ºn-bp-sS sN-º-I-t»-cn k-μ¿-i\-sØ A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p∂-Xv "{]-Ir-Xn A-∂v
ap-jn-™-ap-J-tØm-sS-bm-Wv D-W¿∂-Xv' F-∂mWv. AXp-t]m-se "Zp-c-¥
kz-]v-\-߃ \nd™ cm-{Xn-bp-sS hc-hv' F-∂o {]-tbm-K-߃ F√mw ap-
X¬-s∏m-cpƒ L-S-I-ß-fm-bn am-dp∂p. C-cp-]-Øn-H-∂m-a-[ym-b-Øn¬ "kq-
cy≥ Xs‚ Inc-W-ß-sf th-Wm-´p-`q-an-bn¬ ]-Xn-∏n-°p∂-Xv B {]-Xm-]-
h≥-am¿-°v A-ln-Xa
- m-tb-°p-sa-∂p-≈ i-¶a
- q-ew taL-ßf
- m-Ip-∂ O-{X-ßsf-
sIm-≠v X-s‚ {]`-sb a-d®p-sIm-≠v cYm-tcmlWw sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p∂p'
F∂Xn-eq-sS I¿-°n-S-I-amk-sØ A-¥-co-£-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ kq-N-\ \-
¬-Ip∂p. "I¬-]m-¥-`qI-ºw t]m-se hen-sbm-cp tLmjw' F-∂-Xn-eq-sS
Xn-c-t°dn-b cm-P-ho-Yn-sb kq-Nn-∏n-°p∂p. Im-e-tZ-i-N-cn-{X-hp-am-bn _-‘-
s∏-Sp-Øn th-Ww km-ln-Xy-I-em-kr-„n-Iƒ hym-Jym-\n-t°≠-Xv F-∂ km-
aq-ly-im-kv-{Xm-[n-jvTn-X hn-a¿-i-\-Øn-se tI-{μ-XXzw (C-Xv am-¿-Iv-kn-Ãv I-
em-\n-cq-]-W-Øn-s‚bpw Im-Xem-b Aw-i-am-Wv) s]m-cp-f-Xn-Im-c-Øn¬ \n-
 106

∂v D-cp-Øn-cn-bp-∂p-≠v F-∂p ]-d-bmw. Im-ew F-∂Xp-sIm-≠v Zn-h-k-Øn-

s‚bpw h¿-j-Øn-s‚bpw `m-K-߃ Ft∂m E-Xp-°ƒ Ft∂m am{Xw A¿-
∞ ¢n-]v-Xn h-cp-Ø-W-sa-∂n√. sXm¬-°m-∏n-b¿ G-I-Im-e-L´-sØ Im-cy-
ß-sf-bm-Wv {]-tXy-I-am-bn ]-cm-a¿-in®-Xv F-∂p-≈Xp-sIm-≠v hn-`n-∂ N-cn-
{X-L-´-ß-sf Im-e-]-cn-K-W-\-bn¬ F-Sp-Øp ]-d-™n-´n√. F-¶nepw At±l-
Øn-s‚ ]n≥-Xe-ap-d-bv-°v A¿-Y-hym-]v-Xn h-cp-Øp-hm≥ th-≠ ku-Icyw
A-t±-lw \n-tj-[n-®n-´n√. Im-e]
- c
- n-KW
- \-sb N-cn-{XL-´w Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xp-
t]mse tZ-i-]-cn-K-W-\-bn¬ t]-cn-´p ]-d-™n-´p-≈ G-gv A-I-Øn-W-Ifpw
G-gv ]p-d-Øn-W-Ifpw am-{X-ta A-S-ßp-I-bp≈qsh∂v iTn-°m-sX sXt°
C-¥y-bn¬ A-∂p Im-Wm≥ km-[n-°m-Ø {]-tZ-iß
- fpw `q-{]-Ir-Xnbpw C∂v
Dƒ-s°m-≈p-sa-∂p \mw a-\ 
- n-em-t°-≠X
- m-bn-´p≠v. ÿ-eI
- m-eß
- s
- f-s°m-
≠v hn-im-eam-b A¿-∞Ø
- n-ep-≈ `q-an-im-kv{- X N-cn-{X-hk
- vX
- p-XI
- fmWv (A-
ø-∏-∏-Wn°¿ sI., 1999:105). CØc-Øn¬ Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ A-Xn¿-h-c-
ºpIsf t`-Zn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈ kmw-kv-Im-cn-Ihpw km-aq-ln-Ihpw {]-Ir-Xn-]-c-
hpamb _nw-_-ß-fp-sS k-∂n-th-i-am-Wv s]m-cp-f-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ ImX¬
F∂v a-\- n-em-Ipw. A-Ø-c-Øn¬ kn.hn. Ir-XnI-sf ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ
B-Jym-\Ø
- n¬ B-hn-jvI
- c
- n-°p-∂ cm-{Xn, C-cpƒ, ImSv, A·n, Pzm-e, hocyw,
tLmc-X, A-am-\p-jnI-X, D-{Kw, B-WØw, a-g, Pew, {]-hmlw, ap-g°w,
\n-»–-X, Bc-hw, A-´-lmkw, G-Im¥-X, k¿∏w, ar-K߃, ÿ-e-\m-
a߃, \S∏m-X-Iƒ, `q-{]-tZ-i-߃ C-sX√mw s]m-cp-f-[n-Im-c-ß-fp-am-bn
hfsc-tbsd _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂Xmbn Im-Wmw.

Icp-s∏m-cp-fn-s\ \n¿-Æ-bn-°p∂-Xv ap-X¬-s∏m-cp-fp-I-fmWv. ]£n-ar-

K߃, ]p-jv-]߃, hr-£-߃, Ir-jn-\n-e-߃, [m-\y-߃, kv-{Xo-]p-cp-
j-∑m¿ Ahcp-sS {]-hr-ØnIƒ, eo-em-hn-em-k߃, B-tLm-j߃, `-
£-W-co-XnIƒ, B-cm-[-\m-co-XnIƒ, kw-Ko-X߃, hm-Zy߃, \m-S≥-Km-
\-co-Xn-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-hbpw {]-Ir-Xn-sb am-\-h Po-hn-X-Øns‚ k-Po-
 107

hkm∂n≤y-am-°n am-‰p-∂ aq¿-Øam-b h-kv-Xp-X-Ifpw F√mw I-cp-s∏m-cpƒ

L-SI
- ß
- f
- mWv. \n-jI
v- f
- ¶-Xt- bm-sS {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS km-∂n-≤y-sØ Bt«jn-
® a-\p-jy-s‚ {]-Ir-Xn k-¶-ev-]-\-Øn¬ {ItaW [m¿-Ωn-I-X-bp-sSbpw B-
fl-o-b-X-bp-sSbpw L-S-I-߃ I-S-∂p-h-cp∂p. At∏m-tg°pw {]-Ir-Xnbpw a-
\p-jy-\pw X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘w Km-V-am-bn Xo-cp∂p. BJym-\-Øn-s‚ C-Xn-
hr-Øw {]-Ir-Xn-bm-bn Xo-cp-∂ H-c-h-ÿ Xn-W k-¶-ev-]-\-Øn¬ cq-]-s∏-
Sp∂p. A-Xn¬ \m-tSm-Sn Po-hn-X-ap-{Z-I-fpw Iem-]m-c-º-cyhpw B-hn-jv-Ir-X-
am-Ip∂p. ]p-cp-jm¿-∞-ß-fm-b [¿-Ωm¿-∞ Im-a-tam-£-߃ A-Xn¬ A-S-
ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p. "A-dw' kZmNm-c aq-ey-߃-°v {]m-[m-\yw \¬-Ip∂p. [m¿-
Ωn-Iam-b CØ-cw Nn-¥-Iƒ-°-Sn-ÿm-\w {]Ir-Xn-bmWv. A-Xn¬ a-\p-jy-
s‚ [¿-Ω-Nn-¥bpw {]-Ir-Xn-Z¿-i-\-hpw ]-c-kv]-cw ]q-c-I-am-Ip∂p.

am-\k
- n-I`
- m-hs
- Ø-°p-dn-°p-∂X
- mWv D-cn-s∏m-cpƒ L-SI
- ߃. H-cp Ir-
Xn-bp-sS kq-£v-a-Xe-sØ CXm-hn-jv-I-cn-°p∂p. {]Ir-Xn a-\p-jy-s‚ am-\-
kn-I-`m-h-ß-sf \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-Wv CXns‚ A-Sn-ÿm\w. {]-Ir-
Xn-bp-sS ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-ep-≈ hm-b-\-bmWv C-Xn-\m-[mcw. B-flob-X, Im-
cp-Wyw, hm-’eyw C-sX√mw D-cn-s∏m-cpƒ L-S-I-ß-fmWv. ap-X¬-s∏m-cpƒ
L-S-I-ß-sf hn-]p-eo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXnse ÿ-e-Im-e-߃-°v H-cp {Xn-
X-e k-¶-ev-]w ssI-h-cp-∂p. IrXn-bp-sS ÿ-ew + Imew, F-gp-Øp-Imc-s‚
ÿ-ew + Imew, hm-b-\-°mc-s‚ ÿ-ew + Im-ew F-∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv A-h
cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Hmtcm F-gp-Øp-Im-c-\pw kz-bw cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ H-cn-S-am-
Wv F-gp-Øp-Imc-s\ kw-_-‘n-®p-≈ Xn-W. A-Xn-s\ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-
f-f c-N-\-I-fm-Wv Iq-Sp-X¬ I-cp-Øm¿-÷n-°p-∂Xv. A-Xv F-gp-Øp-Imc-s‚
au-en-IX-sb kq-Nn-∏n-°p∂p.

kn.hn. B-Jym-\w sN-øp∂-Xv A-\n-gw Xn-cp-\mƒ am¿Ømfi-h¿-Ω

bp-h-cm-Pm-hn-s‚ N-cn-{X-amWv. F-∂m¬ C-Xn-hr-Ø kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-\v A-
 108

t±l-sØ t{]-cn-∏n-® L-S-Iw hn-tZio-b ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-\p Io-gn¬ I-gn-tb-

≠n-h-cp-∂ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ P-\-X-bp-sS Zp-c-h-ÿ-bmWv.

`q-X-Im-e-Øn-te-°p-≈ H-cp a-S-°-bm-{X-bm-bn-cp-∂n√ kn.hn. B-

{K-ln-®Xv. `q-XI
- me-sØ h¿-Øa
- m-\Im-e Xm¬-]c
- y-ßf
- p-sS kw-
c-£W
- Ø
- n-\pth-≠n {]-tbm-P\
- s
- ∏-Sp-Øp-Ib
- m-bn-cp-∂p. C{]Im-
cw `q-X-Im-ehpw h¿-Ø-am-\-Im-ehpw B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS
Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚ `m-hn-bm-bn-cp-∂p kn.hn. bp-sS a-\- n¬ D-
≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv ({io-I-WvT-°p-dp∏v, `mjm-kn-lnXn; 1991:59).

A-XmI-s´, B-Jym-bn-Im-Imcs‚ ÿeIm-e-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏´ s]m-

cp-f-[n-Imc-sØ kq-Nn-∏n-°p∂p. C-Xn-hr-Ø-]-camb ÿ-eIm-e hn-Im-k-
Øn-s‚bpw s]m-cp-f-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚bpw hn-Imk-sØ A-Xv kq-Nn-∏n-°p∂p.
s]m-cp-f-[n-Im-cw ap-t∂m-´p-h-bv-°p-∂ ap-X¬-s∏m-cpƒ, I-cp-s∏m-cpƒ, D-cn-s∏m-
cpƒ F-∂n-h-bn¬ apX¬-s]m-cpƒ L-S-I-ßfm-b ÿ-e-Im-e-߃ {]m-Y-an-
I-X-e-amWv. Icp, Dcn, Xp-d F∂n-h Zzn-Xo-b-X-e-hp-amWv. ap-X¬-s∏m-cpƒ
ÿ-sse-Iyw Im-sseIyw F-∂nh-sb Dƒ-s°m-≈p-tºmƒ Icp, Dcn, Xp-d
F∂n-h {In-ssb-Iy-sØ Dƒ-s°m-≈p∂p. ÿ-e-Im-e-߃, {]-Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-
am-b Np-‰p-]m-SpIƒ, a-\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X `uXn-I Np-‰p-]m-SpIƒ, kmw-kv-Im-cn-
I Np-‰p-]m-SpIƒ, Po-hn-X-k-μ¿-`-ßfpw {]-hr-Øn-I-fpw, \njv-]-∂-am-hp-∂
c-k-`m-h-߃, {]-I-S-am-Ip-∂ B-Jym-\-hpw `m-jbpw F∂nßs\ ÿqe-
Øn¬ \n-∂v kq-£v-a-Øn-te-°v N-en-°p-∂ BJym\L-S-\ Xn-W-kn-≤m-
¥w ap-t∂m-´p h-bv-°p∂p. Xn-W kn-≤m¥-sØ km-ln-Xy kmw-kv-Imcn-I
X-e-Øn-te-°v Db¿-Øp∂-Xv A-Xn-se h-kv-Xp-X-bmWv. t\m-h¬ F-∂ hn-
kv-Xr-Xam-b B-Jym-\-cq-]-Øn¬ XnW kn-≤m-¥w {]-tbm-K-£-a-am-Ip-∂-Xv
A-Xn-s‚ ka-{K-X-bnemWv. IrXnbv°I-Øv hn-\y-kn-∏n®n-cn-°p-∂ L-S-I-
ßsf h-kv-Xp-Xm-]-c-am-bn C{]Imcw Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°mw.
 109

kq£vaw

sX°≥Xn- c p- h n- X mw- I q- d ns‚

`mjbpw X\Xv BJym-\hpw.
Bhn- (]pdw)
CSw ˛ Space jvIr-X
Dcn-s∏m-cpƒ AIw
-amb
`mhw/ckw

ÿew ˛ Place hocw

(sX°≥I-Ym-Km-\-߃
hoc-c-k-{]-[m-\-amb
sI´p-I-Y-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS
kzm[o-\w.)

Xpd
{]tZiw ˛ Land
{In-bI
- ƒ
(am¿Ømfih¿Ω bph-cm-Pm-
hns\Xnsc \S∂ KqVm-tem-N-\-Iƒ.
cl-ky-kw-Ka - ß
- ƒ AI
bph-cm-Pm-hns‚ c£-bv°mbn {`m¥≥ ∏pdw
Nm∂m≥ Dƒs∏-sS-bp-≈-h¿ \S-Ønb
`qhn-`mKw ˛ CS-s]-Se
- p-Iƒ,
Region ]mdp-°p-´n-bpsS \nkzm¿∞-{]-Wbw.)

Icp
kmw-kv-Imcw s∏m-cpƒ
(^yqU¬ Ncn-{X-Im-ehpw sImtfm-Wn-b¬
apX¬
kwL¿j-ßfpw CS-I-e¿∂ kmwkvIm-cnI
s∏m-cpƒ
]›m-Øew.)

ÿqew

(Nn-{Xw 2:1)
 110

GsXm-cp P-\-X-bp-sSbpw Im-e-t_m-[w ÿ-e-t_m-[-Øn¬ \n∂m-

Wv cq-]w sIm-f-fp-∂Xv. `q-an-bn¬ B-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ E-Xp-°-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv
A-h¿ Po-hnX-sØ A-S-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv. kq-cy-s‚ D-Z-bm-kv-X-a-b-
߃ {]-Ir-Xn-bn-se Zr-iy-]-cam-b B-h¿Ø-\w F∂n-h Im-ew Nm-{In-I-am-
Wv F-∂ hn-izm-kw cq-]-s∏-SpØn. {]mNo-\ X-an-gn-s‚ Im-e k-¶-ev-]-Øn¬
k-ky-ßfpw ]q-°fpw {][m-\ ]-¶p-hl
- n-®n-cp∂p. Xn-WI
- f
- n-se ]q-°ƒ AX-
Xv Xn-W-bv-°p ]-d-™n-´p-≈ E-Xp-Im-e-ß-fn¬ hn-cn-bp-∂-h-bmWv. ap√Øn-
W-bn-¬ ap√-∏q-hn-Sc
- p∂-Xv cm-{Xn-bmWv. AXp-t]m-se s\-bvX
- e
- n-s‚ B-º¬-
]qhpw a-cp-X-Øn-s‚ Xm-a-c-∏qhpw XnWbv°v tbm-Pn-® k-ab-Øv hn-cn-bp-∂
]q-°-fmWv. am-dn-h-cp-∂ E-Xp-°-sfbpw ]q°-fn-eq-sS A-S-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
]m-Xn-cm-]q-hv th-\¬-Im-e-sØbpw sIm-s-s‚ ]q-hv a-g-°m-e-sØbpw kq-Nn-
∏n-°p∂p. Xo¿Øpw ssP-h-]-cam-b Im-gv-N-]m-Sm-WnXv.
_m-lyw (]p-dw-Imew) Ir-Xn-bp-sS Ncn{X-L´-sØ kq-Nn-∏n-°p∂p.
Ir-Xn hn-c-Nn-X-am-Ip-∂ km-[m-c-W Im-e-am-WnXv. tZ-i-N-cn-{XØntem km-
ln-Xy-N-cn-{XØntem Ir-Xn-bp-sS ]nd-hn A-S-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ C-Xv D-]-I-cn-
°p-∂p. _m-ly-Im-ew N-cn-{X-Im-e-amWv. t\m-h-en-s‚ ]-›m-Ø-e-Im-e-hp-
am-bn C-Xv C-W-ßn-\n¬-°p∂p. C-Xns‚ A-S-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ tc-Jo-b-
amWv. Ir-Xn-°-p-≈n¬ A-Xv c-Nn-°p-∂ Ime-sØ {]-Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂p. \n-
›-b-am-°-s∏-´ H-cp h¿-Ø-am-\-Im-e-am-WXv. C-Xm-Wv Ir-Xn-bp-sS N-cn-{X-
Im-e-am-bn cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. CXns\ t\m-h-en-s‚ Im-e-sa-∂v hn-fn-°mw.
tIm-f-\oI-c-W {]-{In-b-bpsS hn-`-h-sa-∂ \n-e-bn-em-Wv a-ebm-f km-
ln-Xy-Øn¬ "t\m-h¬' I-S-∂p-hcp∂Xv. A-Xn¬ e-£-W-sam-Ø N-cn{X-
t\m-h¬ F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ "am¿Øm-fi-h¿-Ω' {i-t≤-b-am-Ip∂p. B-Jym-\w
sN-øp-∂ Ime-am-Wv "am¿-Øm-fih
- ¿Ω' s
- b k-hn-ti-ja
- m-°n-Øo¿-°p-∂Xv.
hn-tZio-b ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-\p Io-gn¬ A-Sn-a-I-sf-t∏m-se Igntb≠n-h-∂ P-
 111

\-hn-`m-K-am-bn-cp-∂p Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-teXv. C-hn-Sp-sØ P-\-߃ c-≠p-X-c-

Øn-ep≈ A-Sn-a-Ø-Øn-s‚ C-c-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. H-∂v, ]-c-tZ-in {_m-“-W ta-
[m-hn-XzØns‚. a-s‰m-∂v, {_n-´o-jv A-[o-iXzØns‚. Cu Im-e-L-´-Øn-
s‚ ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \n-∂p-am-Wv "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿Ω' t\m-h¬ cq]w sIm-
≈p-∂Xv. B-¥-cnI (A-I-Imew) am-Wv H-cp B-Jym\-sØ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂ Imew. IrXn-bn-se Im-e-am-WnXv. C-Xn-hrØw, I-Ym-]m-{Xw, B-Jym-\w
F-∂n-h-bn¬ e-bn-®p-In-S-°p-∂ Nm-{In-I-Im-e-am-WnXv. Ir-Xn-bp-sS ssP-h-
Im-e-sa-∂v C-Xn-s\ hn-fn-°mw. C-Xn¬ \n-∂v th-dn-´v IrXn°v \n-e-\n¬-∏n√.
F-gp-Øp-Im-c-s‚ D-≈n¬ \n-∂m-Wv C-Xv cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂Xv. N-cn-{Xw, Z¿-
i\w, km-aqln-I cm-{„o-b am-\-߃ F∂n-h cq-]-s∏-Sp∂-Xv A-Iw-Im-e-
Øn-s‚ L-S-\-bn¬ \n-∂mWv. Ir-Xn-bp-sS ku-μ-cy-kØ-sb k¿-Δ-Im-en-
I-am-°p∂-Xv CØ-cw L-S-I-ß-fmWv. Ir-Xn-bn-se I-Ym-]m-{X-Po-hn-X-hp-am-
bn _-‘-s∏-´ Im-e-am-Wv am-\-kn-I-Imew. I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ N-e-\m-fl-I-am-
Ip∂-Xv am-\kn-I Po-hn-X-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv. am\-kn-I-`m-hß-sf \n-b-{¥n-°p-
∂Xpw am-\kn-I Im-e-amWv. I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fpsS Hm¿-Ω, kz-]v-\w F-∂n-
hbpw ssZ-\wZn-\ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßfpw C-Xn-eqsS sh-fn-hm-Ip∂p. Pohn-X hy-
h-lm-cam-b `m-jbpw Xn-WIfpsS sNm¬-h-g-°-am-bn cq-]w sIm-≈p∂p.
Xn-W k-¶¬-]-Øn¬ t\cn´p I-S-∂p-h-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw B-Jym-\-Øn-se ap-
Jy L-S-I-am-bn `mj-sbbpw Im-Wm-hp-∂-XmWv. B-i-b-Xe-sØ A-Iw,
A-I∏p-dw F-∂n-h-bm-bpw `m-j, B-Jym-\w Xp-S-ßn-bh-sb ]p-d-ambpw k-¶-
ev-]n®p-sIm≠mWv Xn-W Po-hn-Xw H-cp Ir-Xn-sb hn-i-Ie-\w sN-øp-∂Xv
({io[c≥ A-©p-aq¿-Øn, 2010:115).
 112

XnW kn-≤m¥w

cq]-]-cw Bib]-cw
(cq-]-in¬-]]cw) (`mh-in¬-]]cw)

]pdw
`m-j, B-Jym\w,
km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bpsS
s]m-Xp-LSIw AIw AI∏pdw
(kq-£vaw) (ÿqew)

Bib-Øns‚ Bib-Øns‚
B-¥-cn-IX-ew _mlyX-ew
(kv-t\lw) (kaqlw, N-cn-{Xw,
kw-kv-Imcw)
(Nn-{Xw 2:2)

CXn-hr-Ø ÿ-e-cmin
ÿesØ kw-kv-Im-c-tØm-fw hn-I-kn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-sW-∂v F-tUz¿-
Uv sk-bv-Zv \n¿-h-Nn-°p-∂p. ÿe-sØ kw-kv-°m-c-am-bn I-W-°m-°m-hp-
∂-XmWv. CXmIs´ hy-‡nIƒ, ]-cn-kcw, {]-h¿-Ø-\w, A[n-\n-th-iw
F∂n-h Zr-iy-am-Ip-∂ D-]-cn-LS-\-tbm-Sp Iq-Sn-bXpw {]-h¿-Ø-\m-fl-I a-
t\m-`m-h-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-Ø-d-bp-≈-Xp-amWv. ÿ-e-]-c-am-b A¿-∞-ßfpw B-
i- b - ß fpw kw- k v - I mc- s Ø \n¿- Æ - b n- ° p∂p (Edward Said 1982:8).
ÿesØ kmaqln-I N-cn-{X kw-kv-Im-c-am-\-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘n-∏n-°m-hp-
∂-XmWv. CØ-cw am-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v H-cp Ir-Xn-bn-te-°v k-∂n-th-in-°p-
tºmƒ A-Xn-\v ]mTw (text) C-Xn-hrØw (plot) F-∂n-h-bp-am-bn _‘-ap-
s≠-∂v Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw.
 113

sdm-fm-Mv _m¿-Øn-s‚ Im-gN

v- ∏
- m-Sn¬ ]mTw kr-„n-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂Xv, hmb\-
°m-c\pw F-gp-X-s∏-Sp-∂ hm-°p-Iƒ°pw XΩn-ep-≈ ÿ-e-cm-in-bn-em-Wv.
C-tX B-i-b-am-Wv XnW k-¶-ev-]hpw ap-t∂m-´p h-bv-°p-∂Xv. "am¿-Øm-
fi-h¿Ω' t\m-hense ÿecm-in ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ kmw-kv-°mcn-I hn-\n-
a-b-Øn-s‚ hn-Im-kw Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw. Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚ cm-{„o-b, km-
aqln-I, kmw-kv-ImcnI a-fi-e-Øn-s‚ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb hn-Im-k-am-WXv. Hcp
`q-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ kw-`-hn-°p-∂ B`y-¥-c kw-L¿-j-Øn-s‚ ÿ-e-cm-in-bp-
sS hn-Im-ka
- m-WXv. C-Xn-hr-Øh
- p-am-bn A-t`-Zyam-b _-‘a
- m-Wn-Xn-\p-≈Xv.
H-cp \m-´p-cm-Py-Øn-s‚ N-cn{Xw F-∂-Xn-ep-]-cn- km-ap-Zm-bn-Ihpw kmw-kv-
Im-cn-Ihpw cm-{„o-b-hpamb LS-I-s]m-cp-Ø߃ B-Jym-\-Øn¬ Zr-iy-am-
Ip∂p. "am¿-Øm-fih
- ¿-Ω'- bn¬ kw-`h
- ß
- ƒ \-S°
- p-∂ {]-[m-\ ÿ-eß
- ƒ
C-h-bmWv. I≈n-b-¶mSv (]©-h≥-ImSv) ˛ A-[ym-bw H∂v, Nm-tcm-´p ap-X¬
am-t¶m-bn-°¬ h-sc-bp-≈ h-gn ˛ A-[ym-bw c≠v, sX-s°-sX-cp-hv ˛ A-[ym-
bw aq-∂v, sN-º-I-t»-cn `h-\w ˛ A-≤ym-bw H≥]Xv, sN-º-I-t»-cn `h-\w
A-d∏pc ˛ A-[ymbw ]Øv, Ip-S-a¨-]n-≈-bp-sS `h\w (B-≠n-bn-d°w, I-
ca-\) ˛ A-[ym-bw ]Xn-s\m∂v, In-≈n-bm-dn-se ]m-ehpw ]me-Øn≥ Io-gn-
se \-Znbpw ˛ A-[ym-bw ]-{¥≠v, h-en-b-sIm-´m-cw ˛ A-[ym-bw ]-Xn-aq-∂v,
sN-º-I-t»-cn A-d∏pc ˛ A-[ym-bw ]-Xn-\mev, ]-fl-\m-`-]p-cw sX-t°-sX-cp-
hv sIm-´m-cw ˛ A-[ym-bw ]-Xn-\©v, a-W-°m-Sv ap-l-Ω-Zo-b-cp-sS ]m-f-bhpw
I-®-h-S-∏m-f-b-Øn-se s\-Spw-]p-cbpw ˛ A-[ym-bw ]-Xn-\mdv, sN-º-I-t»-cn `-
h-\hpw B-bp-[∏pcbpw ˛ A-[ym-bw ]-Xn-t\gv, B-≠n-bn-d-°-Øn-se cm-P-
ho-Yn-bn-ep-≈ B¬-a-c-Np-hSpw cm-P-]m-Xbpw X-ºn-bp-sS hk-Xnbpw ˛ A-
[ym-bw ]-Xn-s\´v, Ip-Sa
- ¨-]n-≈b
- p-sS ho-´n-se kp-`{- Z-bp-sS hm-kÿ
- m\hpw
i-¶c-s‚ `-h-\-]-cnk-chpw ˛ A-[ym-bw ]-sØm-ºXv, h-en-b-sIm-´m-chpw
A-hn-sS-\n-∂v bp-h-cm-Pm-hn-s‚ sIm-´m-c-Øn-te-°p-≈ h-gnbpw X-ºn-bp-sS
h-k-Xn-bpw I-g-°q´-Øv ]n-≈-bp-sS h-I {io-]-≠m-c-Øp-hoSpw I√-dbpw,
 114

sN-º-I-t»-cn `-h-\-Øn-se I√dbpw ˛ A-[ymbw Ccp-]Øn-sbm∂v, a-W-

°m-Sp ]-´m-Wn-]m-fbw, Ip-S-a¨-]n-≈-bp-sS `h\w ˛ A-[ym-bw C-cp-]-Øn-
c≠v, bp-h-cm-Pm-hn-s‚ sIm-´mchpw sN-º-I-t»-cn `h-\hpw A-hn-Sp-sØ h-
S-t°-s°´pw I√-dbpw ˛ A-[ym-bw C-cp-]-Øn-aq∂v, Ip-S-a¨-]n-f-f-bp-sS `-h-
\hpw bp-h-cm-Pm-hn-s‚ sIm-´m-chpw ˛ A[ymbw C-cp-]-Øn-\mev, a-W-°m-Sv
]-´m-Wn-∏m-fb
- Ø
- n-s‚ ap-∂n-ep≈ ssa-Xm-\{- ]-tZiw, h-en-bs
- Im-´mchpw sN-
º-I-t»-cn `h-\hpw ˛ A-[ym-bw Ccp-]-Øn-A©v, a-W-°m-Sv ]´m-Wn-∏m-
fbhpw Ip-S-a¨-]n-≈-bp-sS `-h\hpw sN-º-I-t»-cn `h-\hpw ˛ A-[ym-bw
C-cp-]-ØnB-dv.

apX¬s]m-cp-fn-se ÿe-sØ _m-lyw, B-¥-cnIw, am-\-kn-Iw F-

∂n-ßs\ aq∂m-bn hn-`-Pn-°mw. {Xnam-\ ÿ-e-k-¶-ev-]-am-WnXv. H-cp Ir-Xn-
bp-sS _m-lyam-b ÿ-ew A-Xn-s‚ ]-›m-Ø-e-amWv. sF-¥n-W-I-fn¬ G-
sX-¶nepw H-cp Xn-Wtbm H-∂n-e-[n-Iw A-I-Øn-W-I-fp-sS k-¶e-\tam A-
I-Øn-Wbpw ]p-d-Øn-Wbpw I-e¿-∂nt´m CXn¬ h-cmw. Ir-Xn-bpsS CXn-
hr-Ø-]-cam-b km-¶-ev]n-I ÿ-e-am-WnXv. C-Xn-hr-Ø-sØ H-cp ÿ-e-cm-
in-bm-bn I≠p-sIm-≠v A-Xn¬ I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-sf \n¿-Æ-bn-°m\pw ]-c-kv-
]-c_-‘w Is≠-Øm\pw Cu ]-cn-]-I¬-]-\ k-lm-bn-°p∂p. C-Xn-hr-
Øhpw ÿe-]-cam-b ]-cn-I¬-]-\-bmWv. AXp-t]m-se a-\p-jy-i-co-chpw
kmw-kv-ImcnI ]T-\-ß-fn¬ {]m-[m-\y-a¿-ln-°p-∂ H-cp ]-cn-I¬-]-\-bmWv.
]m-›m-Xy X-Xz-Nn-¥-bn¬ Z-°m¿sØ, tU-hn-Uv lyqw, Im‚ v, am¿-Iv-kv,
km¿-{Xv Xp-S-ßn-b-h¿ i-co-chpw a\ pw X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈
Im-gv-N-]m-Sp-Iƒ A-h-X-cn-∏n®n´p≠v. I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fp-sS a\- v H-cn-S-am-Wv.
sF-¥n-W-Iƒ _m-ly-`q-`m-K-Zr-iy-߃ am-{X-a√ am-\kn-I `q-`m-K-Zr-iy-ß-
fp-am-sW-∂ k-¶e
- v]
- a
- m-WnXv. sF¥n-WI
- f
- p-sS `q-an-im-kv{- X-]c
- am-b {]-tXy-
I-XI
- ƒ I-Ym-]m-{X-ßf
- p-sS a-\ n-te-°v k-∂n-th-in-∏n®p-sIm-≠m-Wv AXv
km-[n-°p-∂Xv. "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω-' bn¬ Im-cp-Wyw, sh-dp∏v, km-l-knI-
 115

X, hm-’e
- yw, kvt- \lw, C-Xn-s‚-sb√mw {]-Xn-\n-[o-`m-hß
- f
- m-bn h-∂p-t]m-
Ip-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. CØ-cw I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ Xn-
cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ F-∂ hn-im-e `q-hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚ km-aq-ln-I, kmw-kv-Imcn-I
cm-{„o-b kw-hn-[m-\-sØbpw C-S-s]-S-ep-I-sf-bpw Ip-dn-®p-f-f kq-N-\-Iƒ
\¬-Ip∂p.

Pohimkv{X]cambn {ZmhnUambXpw \chwi]cambn thWmSns‚

Ncn{XkmlNcyßtfmSv CgpInt®¿∂pInS°p∂Xpamb IYm]m-
{Xcq]h¬°cWw kn.hnbpsS BJym\sØ, tZicmjv{SNcn{X-Øns‚
\n¿ΩnXn F∂v `m` ]d™ {]{InbbpsS h‡mhmIp∂p. AIw ]pdw
XnWIfpw AhbpsS Akm[mcWamb s]mcpfpIfpw CSIe¿Øn
hniIe\w sNbvX "am¿Ømfih¿Ω', A°mcWØm¬ B ImesØ
a‰paebmft\mhepIfn¬\n∂v Ncn{X]cambn _lpImXw ap∂ntem
BgØntem BWv \nesIm≈p∂Xv. tZiØns‚ kmwkvIm-
cnINcn{XsØ ]dbp∂ kn.hn. AXn\p≈n¬ A[nImc_‘߃
{]h¿Øn-®-Xns‚ amXr-I-Iƒ ]d-bm≥ [mcmfw kw`-h-߃ sIm≠p-h-cp-
∂p. Ah Nne-t∏mƒ kvarXn-bm-hmw. NneXv anØp-Iƒ, NneXv ]p\x-kr-
jvSn, NneXv `mh-\, NneXv cmjv{Sob-hn-iI
- e
- \w t]mep-am-Wv. CØ-cs
- amcp
inev]-the-bn-eqsS kn.hn. Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv X∂nse cmjv{So-b-ss[-j-Wn-
Is‚ CS-s]-S¬ i‡n-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. "am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω'-bn¬, CXv At±lw
BZyw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂pw At±lw t\mhepIƒ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw Xs‚ Ncn-
{X-ho-£W
- sØ apt∂m-´p-sIm-≠p-t]m-hp-Ibpw D≠m-bn. F∂m¬, am¿Øm-
fi-h¿Ω-tbmfw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb B`y-¥-c-ssh-cp≤yw At±-l-Øns‚ a‰p
c≠p Ncn-{X-t\m-hp-Iƒ°p-an-√.
kw`-h-ß-fpw {In-b-Ifpw B-i-b-kw-ln-X-Ifpw tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv C-Xn-hr-
Ø ÿ-e-cmin. a-cp-a-°-Ømbw, Iq-´p-Ip-Spw-_w, PmXn{Iaw, apX-em-fn-Ø
k-º-Zv-LS-\, C-¥y≥ tZio-b cm-{„obw, kv{Xo kzm-X-{¥yw F∂n-h {][m-
 116

\ L-S-I-ß-fm-bn \n-e-sIm-≈p∂p. C-Xn-hr-Ø-cm-in-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ L-

SIw. km-aqln-I N-cn-{X kw-`-h-ß-fmWv. t\m-h-en-se ]›m-Ø-e-tZ-iw
\m-Sn-s‚ `uXn-I `q-an-im-kv{X (physical geography) bp-ambn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-
°p∂p. A-Ø-c-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ C-Xn-hr-Ø ÿe-cm-in-°v Iq-
Sp-X¬ _-‘w kmw-kv-°mcn-I `q-an-im-kv-{X-hp-am-bn-´m-sW-∂v a-\- n-em-Ipw.
Hmtcm kw-kv-Im-c-Øn\pw A-Xn-t‚Xm-b `q-an-imkv{X-_-‘-ap≠v. t\m-h-
en-se C-Xn-hr-Ø ÿ-e-cm-in-bp-sS B-Zy-]mfn cq-]w sIm-≈p-∂Xv P-\-X-
bp-sS Po-hn-X-a-fi-e-Øn¬ \n-∂mWv. CØcw C-Xn-hr-Ø-ÿ-e-cm-in-°v
c≠v ]m-fn-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv. N-cn-{Xmw-iw \n-d-™ km-aqln-I Po-hn-X-hpw ssh-
Im-cn-Imw-iw \n-d-™ hy-‡n-Po-hn-X-hpw. CXn¬ B-Zy-]m-fn N-cn-{X-sØ
tI-{μo-I-cn-°p∂p. A-Xmb-Xv b-Ym¿-∞ N-cn{XØn¬- \n∂pw t\m-h-en-kv‰v
cq-]-s∏-SpØn-b h-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ ASßnb N-cn-{Xw. Cu ÿ-e-]-c-X-bn¬
IYm]m-{Xß-sf hn-\y-kn-°p-Ibpw {InbIƒ, k-μ¿-`-߃, kw-`-h-߃
F-∂n-h-bp-sS B-Jym-\-Øn-eq-sS c≠mw ]m-fn cq-]-s∏Sp-Ibpw sN-øp∂p.
C-{]-Im-cw C-Xn-hr-Ø ÿ-e-cm-in-bp-sS c-≠p ]m-fn-I-fpw B-Jym-\-Øn-eq-
sS G-I-Ime-Øv kw-`-hn-®-Xm-bn hm-b-\-°m¿°v A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂p. {]-tZ-
iw F-∂ `u-Xn-I-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ C-Xn-hrØ ÿ-e-cm-in-bnse I-Ym-]m-
{X-ß-sf \n_-‘n-°p∂p. I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fp-sS hn-\y-k\-Øn-eq-sS X-s‚
km-aq-ln-I-ho-£-W-Øn-\v A-\p-kyq-Xam-b {I-aw Zo-£n-°m\pw B-Jym-bn-
Im-Imc-\v km-[n-°p-∂p. ]-›m-Ø-e ÿew, C-Xn-hr-Ø ÿ-ew F-∂n-h-
bp-sS XpS¿®-bm-Wv I-Ym-]m-{X-ÿew. Nn-{Xo-IcW (Representation) am-
Wv IYm-]m-{X ÿe-sØ \n¿-Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xv. I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ C-Xn-hr-Ø
ÿ-e-cm-in-bn¬ kz¥w C-Sw I-s≠-Øp-∂Xpw kz-bw \n¿-h-Nn-°p-∂Xpw
ÿ-e-]-c-am-bmWv. C-Xn-hr-Ø ÿ-e-cm-in-bn¬ H-cp \n›n-X A-Xn¿-Øn-
°p≈n¬ I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fp-sS i-co-c-ÿ-ehpw a-\x-ÿ-e-hpw H-Xp-ßn-\n¬-
°p∂p. h¿-Æ-\-I-fn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂ i-co-cÿ-ew B-Jym-\-Øn¬ a-
 117

\x-ÿ-e-am-bn ]-cn-W-an-°p∂p. Xn-c-›o-\am-b ÿ-e-cm-in-bn¬ ew-_-X-e-

Øn-em-Wv I-Ym-]m-{X-ÿ-e-߃ cq-]w sIm-≈p-∂Xv. C-{]-Im-cw {ZmhnU
Im-hy k-¶-ev-]-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ B-Jym\-sØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-
tºmƒ ap-Jy L-S-I-am-bn C-Xn-hr-Ø ÿ-e-cm-in \n-e-sIm-≈p∂p.
N-cn-{Xw, X-Xz-Nn-¥, cm-{„-ao-amw-k, \-chw-i im-kv{Xw Xp-Sßn-b ]mTm-
¥-c-hy-h-lmc (Inter disciplinary discourse) Øn-s‚ X-e-Øn-te°pw Xn-W
k-¶-ev-]w hnI-kn-°p∂p. C-{]-Im-cw "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿Ω' t\m-hepw ]mTm-
¥-c hy-hlmc (Inter disciplinary) Øn-s‚ `n-∂ ta-J-e-I-fn-ep-≈ ]T-\-Øn-
\v h-f-sc-tbsd km[yXbp≈ IrXnbmWv. N-cn-{X-]-c-X-bm-Wv A-Xn-se
apJy L-SIw.

kz¥w hm°p-sIm-≠v Zm-\w sN-øp-∂ `q-an ˛ hm-Kv-Z-Ø-`q-an ˛

sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ k¶-ev-]w kn.hn. sa-\-s™-SpØ-Xv ]q¿-Δn-I-∑m-
cp-sS Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \n∂p-amWv. kw`-h ]-cn-Wm-ahpw ]m-{X-
hnImkhpsa√mw `q- X - I m- e - Ø ns‚ A¿- ∞ - ] q¿- Æ am- b I-
s≠ج, ]p-\x-kr-„n \-S-Øm≥ kn.hn.sb klmbn-®p F-
∂p I-cp-Xp-∂-Xn¬ B-t£-]-an√ ({io-tZhn Fkv., 1997:30).

kn.hn. sb kw-_-‘n-®v N-cn{Xw F∂-Xv H-cp h-kv-Xp-X-bm-bn-cp∂p. \m-Sn-

s‚ tam-N-\-am-bn-cp-∂p ap-Jy e-£yw. kz¥w \n-e-bn¬ \n¬-°m\pw, Nn-
¥n-°m-\pw {]-h¿Øn-°m\pw {]m-]v-Xam-b H-cp P-\-X-bm-bn-cp∂p kn.hn.
bpsS kz-]v\w. A-Xn-\m-bn "am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-Ω' bn-eq-sS Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-
s‚ `q-XIm-e N-cn-{X-sØ B-Jym-\w sN-øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p kn.hn. sN-bv-
XXv.

sIm-tfm-Wn-b¬ Ime-sØ ap-Jy-[m-cm N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ ssI-

hn-´ X-s‚ \m-Sn-s‚ hwio-b N-cn-{X-߃ ]p-\x-kr-„n-°p∂ t\m-
- f-gpXn (Things fall Apart) B-{^n-°≥ F-gp-Øp-Im-c\mb
h-ep-Is
 118

A®mt_ km-ln-Xy-Øn-\v ]pXn-b am-\-߃ Xo¿Øp (jm-Pn

tP-°-_v, 2003:21).

F∂-Xpt]m-se kn.hn. a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ B {]{Inb XpSßn-

hbv°pIbmbncp∂p. tIm-f-\n-I-cp-sS N-cn-{X-cN\-°v _-Z-em-bn D-]-tZ-io-
bhpw b-Ym-XYhpam-b N-cn-{X-sØ BJym\w sN-øm-\m-Wv kn.hn. {i-an-
®Xv. knhnbnse FgpØpImc≥ G¿s∏´ cN\m]camb Cu Zo¿LZ¿i-
XzsØ Ncn{X]cambn ho£n°pIbmsW¶n¬ sImtfm- W nb¬
PohnXØns‚ sshcp≤ymflIamb At\Iw apJ߃ \ap°v AXn¬
Is≠Øm≥ Ignbpw.