aX-ßfpw
Nn”-ßfpw
kn\m≥ sI.
]cn-jvIrX a\p-jy\pw A]-cnjvIr
X a\p-jy\pw Htc-t]mse Nn”-ßsf
B{i-bn-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. k©n-X-
amb Bi-b-ß-fpsS kqN-\-Iƒ F∂
\ne-bn-emWv a\p-jy-hy-h-lm-c-ß-fn¬
Nn”-ßf - psS {]k‡n.- hm°n\pw Bi-
b-Øn\pw BJym-\-Øn\pw ]I-c-ambn
Nn”-ßsf D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn
{]mNo\ a\p-jy¿°p-t]mepw ]cn-Nn-X-
am-bn-cp-∂p. `mj-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\p
apºv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Nn” `mj-Ifpw
{]Xo-I-`m-j-Ifpw Nn”-ß-fpsS Bi-b-
hn-\n-ab km[y-X-Isf {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-
∂-h-bm-Wv. a[y-bq-tdm-∏nse Nne \m´p-
`m- j - I - f pw, ssN\o- k v , Pm∏m- \ o- k v ,
aemb XpS- ß nb `mj- I fpw Nn”
kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bpsS ]cn-WnX cq]-ß-fm-
sW∂v `mjm-K-th-j-I¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-
®n-´p-≈Xp {it≤-b-am-Wv. `mjm Kth-
jW cwKØv {it≤b kw`m- h - \ - I -
f¿∏n® kzpbq-Yn, ama¿Zn XpS-ßnb
Ckv e manI ]fin- X ≥am- c psS A`n-
{]mbw Nn”-ß-fpsS hn\n-tbm-K-Øn¬
\n∂p≈ {Iam-\p-K-X-amb hnIm-k-amWv
`mj-If - psS Bhn¿`m-hØ - n\p ]›m-Ø-
e-am-bn-Øo¿∂Xv F∂mWv(1). `mj-I-
fpsS D]- t bm- K hpw Bhn¿`m- h hpw
ssZhn- I - a mb A\p- { K- l - a mWv F∂
CkvemanI ho£-W-Øn\v CXv FXn-
cm-Ip-∂n-√. a\p-jys\ krjvSn-°p-I-bpw
Ah-s\- B-ib hniIe\-˛-hn-\n-ab
am[y-ahpw ioehpw (_-bm≥-) ]Tn-∏n-°p-
Ibpw sNbvX-h-\mWv Imcp-Wn-I-\mb
A√mlpsh∂ hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ kqd-
2008 H-Iv-tSm-_¿-
Øp¿ dlvam\nse ]cm-a¿iw, Nn”
`mj- b psS ]cn- W m- a - a mWv hnI- k nX
`mj-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-sam-cp-°n-b-sX∂
Kth-j-I-cpsS ho£-WsØ inYn-e-am-
°p-∂-X√ F∂p ImWmw.
`mj-I-fpsS hymh-lm-cnI afi-e
hpw hymh-lm-cnI Xehpw \n›-bn-°p-
∂-Xn\v Nn”m-[njvTn-X-amb D]-tbm-K-
{Iaw hgn a\p-jy-cm-in°p e`n® ]cn-
io-e-\-amWv kwkvIrX cq]-Øn-ep≈
`mj-I-fpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn-\-hs\ {]m]v
X-\m-°n-b-Xv. AXm-bXv Nn”m-[n-jvTn-X-
amb kmt¶-XnI coXn-I-fn-eqsS ssI h
∂ hn\n-a-b-]-c-amb ]cn-Nbw `mjsb
kwkvIrX cq]-Øn¬ ssIImcyw sNøp-
hm≥ am\-hc - m-insb {]m]vXa - m-°n. CXn
s‚ XpS¿®-bm-bmWv B[p-\nI `mj-I-
fpsS Bhn¿`m-hw. B[p-\nI `mj-Iƒ
\mK-cn-IX- b
- psS D¬∏\-ßf - m-Wv. temI
Øv C∂v \ne-hn-ep≈ F√m `mj-I-tfm-
Sp-sam∏w hnI-kn-®p-h∂ Nne \mK-cnI
aqey-ßfpw kmwkvIm-cnI Bi-b-ß-fp-
ap-≠v. `mj-I-fnse enwK-]-Z-ßfpw khn-
ti-j-amb hymh-lm-cnI ssienIfp-
sa√mw kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kqN-\-Iƒ
kwh-ln-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. kwkvImchpw
\mK-cn-I-X-bpsS tijn-∏p-Ifpw \o°w
sNbvXm¬ GsXmcp `mjbpw \n¿÷o-
h-am-bn-Øo-cp-I-bmWv sNøp-I. {]Xo-I-
ß-fp-sSbpw Nn”-ß-fp-sSbpw Du∂-ep-
I-fn¬ \n∂v GsXmcp `mj-sbbpw \o
°w sNøp-hm≥ km[n-°m-Ø-Xp-t]m-se-
Øs∂ kmwkvImcn-I-amb Ah-in-jvS-
X-I-fn¬ \n∂pw `mjsb \o°w sNøp
I km[y-a-√. kmwkvIm-cnI Bi-b-ß-
fpsS kam-lrX cq]-߃ Nn”-\-ß-fn-
42
eqsS hyh-l-cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xp ]n¬°m-
eØv ]Z-ßf - n-te°p amdn. Hcp ]Zw Hcm-
i- b sØ kqNn- ∏ n- ° p∂ ]cnjv I rX
`mjm-ssien BZn-a-Im-eØp \n¿h-ln-
°-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv Hcp Nn”w hgn-bm-bn-
cp∂p F∂Xp {it≤-b-am-Wv. Bi-b-ß-
fpsS hyh-lm-c-ß-fnepw hn\n-a-b-ß-
fnepw kam-lr-Xhpw k©n-X-hp-amb
ssien F°m-eØpw a\p-jy-cm-in°v
A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Cu A\n-hm-cy-Xb
Nn”m-[n-jvTn-Xa - mb Bi-bh
s‚ \nXy-{]-k‡n \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xv.
`mj-bnse Nn” km∂n-[yw sshbm-
I-c-W-]-c-amb ]mTy-kz-`mhw B¿÷n-
°p-∂X - n-\p-apºv Ah kmwkvIm-cn-Ia
]T-\Ø - n\p hnt[-ba - m-°s - ∏-´n-´p-≠v. DZm-
l-c-Wm-bn- tNmZyNn”w. tNmZy-Nn-”-
Øns‚ hymI-cWw Hcp `mj-bnepw
N¿®-sN-øs - ∏-Sp-∂n-√. ]Icw AXp {]Xn-
\n- [ o- I - c n- ° p∂ Hcm- i - b - a p- ≠ v . B
Bibw Fhn-sSbpw {]k-‡a
Zy-Nn”w apX-em-b-h-sbms° s]mXp-
hmb ASm-bm--f-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬ A£-cm-
[n-jvTn-X-ambn AXmXp `mj-I-fn-ep≈
{]XoI hn\n-tbm-K-߃ Hmtcm `mj-
bnepw hyXy-kvXa - m-Wv. Ch G‰-hp-amZyw
]cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv sshbm-I-cW
bp‡n D]-tbm-Kn-®-√, kwkvImc Nn¥
D]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv. A£-c-ß-fpsS {Ia-
Øn¬ t]mepw kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ km
∂n[-yw ImWpw. GsXmcp `mj-bn-se
bpw kzcm-£c - ß
- ƒ kam-\ß
kz`m-h-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv. Ch `mj-I-fpsS
D¤hw Htc t{kmX- n¬ \n∂m-sW∂
CkvemanI ho£-WsØ km[q-Ic
∂-Xm-Wv.
Nn”-ß-fpsS ssh]peyw
aX-ß-fn-epw, s]mXp hn\n-a-b-ß-fn-
epw, Ie-I-fn-epw, `m-j-I-fnepw Nn”-\-
ß-fpsS km∂n[-yw ImWmw. aX-߃
Nn”-ßsf IqSn-bt- Xm-Xn¬ B{i-bn-°p-
∂p-≠v. aX-ß-fpsS Nn”-߃ ]t£
BZ¿i hmIy- ß fpw {]Xo- I - ß fpw
Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn hn]pe afi-e-ap-≈-
Xm-Wv. Nn”-߃- tIhew Nn”-߃
am{X-a√ aX-ß-fn¬. hmIyßfpw {]m¿
∞\m cq]-ßfpw sFXn-ly-ß-fp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ hkvXp-°-fp-sa√mw aX-ß-
fnse Nn”-˛-{]-Xo-I-ß-fm-Wv. skan-‰n-
°v˛ ]uckvXy aX-ßf - n-se√mw Gdnbpw
Ipd™pw Nn”-ßfpw {]Xo-Iß
tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v, B{i-bn-°-s∏-Sp-
∂p-ap-≠.v aX-ßf - nse Nn”˛ {]XoI km
∂n[-yw H´-\-h[n Kth-j-W-߃°p
hnt[-ba - m-°s
- ∏-´n-´p-≈Xp {it≤-ba
- m-Wv.
\nc-h[n \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn CØcw Kth-
j-W-߃ \S-∂n-´p-≠v.
aX-ß-fnse Nn”-߃ Ah Bhn¿
`-hn® kmwkvIm-cnI `qan-I-bn¬\n-∂p
≈ tijn-∏p-I-fm-Wv. Hmtcm aX-ßfpw
hln-°p∂ FÆ-a‰ Nn”-߃ Bi-bm-
- mWv ]-{K-Y-\-߃°p hnt[-b-am°n aX-ß-
- n-\n-ab- Ø - n
- mb
- m-Wv. tNm
fpsS kz`m-h-\n¿Æ-bhpw ^e-{]m-]vXn-
sb-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-jW - hpw km[y-am-
Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ aX-ß-sf-°p-dn-
®p≈ ]T\ Kth-j-W-ß-fn¬ Nn”
hni-I-e\w Hcp {]ap-J-ta-J-e-bm-Wv.
tem-IØp \ne-\n¬°p∂ aX-ß-fn¬
F√m-‰nepw H´-\-h[n Nn”-ß-fpsS D]-
- f - mb Nne
tbmKw ImWmw. hnizm-kw, BNm-cw,
sFXn-lyw, A\p-jvTm-\w, B≤ym-fln-I
X F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv Nn”-
- n-°p-
߃ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. aX-ß-fnse
Nn”-km-∂n[yw hni-Ie - \w sNøp-tºm
ƒ {it≤-b-amb Nne Imcy-߃ Ch-
bmWv (1) hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bp-sSbpw GI-
ssZ-hm-Z¿i cln-X-amb hnizm-k-ß-fp-
sSbpw B[nIyw A\p-k-cn®v aX-ß-fn
se Nn”-ß-fpsS km∂n-[-yhpw h¿≤n
°pw (2) ip≤ hnizm- k - ß - f n- t e°p
BZ¿i-ß-fn-te°pw ASp-°pw-tXmdpw
aX-ßf- n¬ Nn”-ßf - psS D]-tbmKw Ipd-
™p-sIm-≠n-cn°pw (3) AXmXp aX-ß-
fpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v Nn”-
- fpw D]-
2008 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 43
ßsf hymJym-\n-°p-hm≥ Ignbpw (4)
Nne Nn”-߃ aX-ß-fpsS Ncn{XØn
se A]-cym-]vX-I-sf-bmWv {]Xn-\n-[o-I-
cn-°p-∂Xv (5) aX-ß-fpsS BZ¿i-]-c-am
b A]-cym-]vX-X-Isf \nI-Øp-hm≥
Nn”-ß-fpsS hn\n-tbmKw km[n-°p-
sa∂ [mcW Nne aX-ß-fn¬ Du´n-bp-d-
∏n-°-s∏-´p-Im-Wmw.
Nn”-ß-fpsS km∂n[-yw aX-ß-fn
se iq\y-X-Isf \nI-Øp-∂-h-bm-sW-
∂mWv tembvUv _n. {Klm-an-s\-t∏mse
]e ]m›mXy Kth-j-Icpw A`n-{]m-b-
s∏-´n-´p-≈Xv (2) {InkvXp-aX - Ø- ns‚ A\p-
`- h - ß ƒ ap≥\ndpØnbmWv CØcw
A`n-{]m-b-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw ]m›mXy
Kth-j-I¿ {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. AYhm
aX-߃°p kzta-[bm D≈ \yq\-X-I-
sf-°p-dn®v A{i-≤c - m-bn-cn-°p-hm≥ hnizm-
kn-Isf tbmKy-cm-°p-∂Xv Nn”-ßf - psS
hymJym-\-ß-fm-Wv.
Nn”-ß-fpsS hymJym\w Hcp \n›n-
X-a-X-Ønse Nn”-ßsf hymJym-\n-°p-
∂Xv ]e coXn-bn¬ km[n-°pw. H∂m-a-
Xmbn B aX- Ø ns‚ kpÿm- ] nX
ho£-W-߃ A\p-k-cn-®pw, c≠m-a-
Xmbn B kpÿm-]nX ho£-Wß - ƒ°v
hncp-≤-am-bpw, aq∂m-a-Xmbn {]kvXpX
aXØn\v ]pXnb Bib afi-e-߃
kw`m-h\ sNøp∂ hn[-Øn-epw. Cu
aq∂p coXn-I-fnepw temI-Ønse F√m
aX-Nn-”-ßfpw hymJym-\n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.
]t£, hyh-ÿm-]nX XXz-ßf - psS hn]p-
eo-I-c-W-Øn-\pw, kwÿm--]-\w, hym
Jym\w F∂n-h° - p-am-bmWv H´p-an° aX-
ß-fn-sebpw Nn”-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°-
s∏´p ImWp-∂-Xv.
aXßfnse Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn-
Iƒ \nI-Øp-hm-\mbn Nn”-ßsf B{i-
bn-°p-∂-Xmbn Kth-j-I¿ Is≠-Øn-bn-
´p-≠v. Hcp \n›nX Bi-b-Øn-s‚tbm
{]Xy-bØ - n-s‚tbm Bhn¿`mhw Fhn-sS-
\n∂v F∂ tNmZyw Db¿∂phcp-tºmƒ
Nn” hni-I-e-\-Øns‚ am¿§w Ah-ew-
_n-°p-I-bmWv Nne aX-hn-i-Zo-I¿Øm-
°ƒ sNøm- d p- ≈ - X v . Ncn- { X- ] - c - a mb
Bhn¿`m-hhpw t{kmX pw Is≠-ØpI
km[y-a√ - mØ hnIr-Xm-ib - ˛- h
- n-izm-kß
- -
fpsS \oXo-I-c-W-Øn\v Nn”m-[n-jvTn-X-
amb ]mTy-k{- º-Zm-ba - h- e
- w-_n-°p∂ aX-
ß-fn¬ H∂mWv B[p-\nI {InkvXp-
aXw(3). Ipcn-ins‚ Nn”-h¬°-c-Ww,
{Iqin-I-c-W-sa∂ anYy-bpsS \ymbo-I-c-
W-am-sW∂v Zm\n-tb¬ tlms^ Xs‚
IrXn-bn¬ {]kvXm-hn-®p-ImWmw(4).
BZ¿i-]-c-amb A]-cym-]vX-X-Iƒ
\nI-Øp-hm≥ aX-ßf - n¬ Nn”-߃ D]-
tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-∂Xpw hkvXpX
am{X-am-Wv. hnizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw B≤ym-
fln-I-X-bp-sSbpw afi-e-ß-fn¬ kphy-
‡-amb Bi-b-ßfpw a\p-jy\v a\- n-
em-°m-hp∂ XXz-ßfpw apt∂m-´p-sh-°m-
\n-√msX hcp-tºmƒ Nne aX-߃ Nn”-
ßsf B{i-bn-°p-∂Xp ]pXnb {]h-W-
X- b - √ . Nn”- ß sf hymJym- \ n®pw
Ahbv°v ]cn-th-j-߃ Nm¿Ønbpw
e`n-°p∂ `mh-\m-fl-I-ß-fmb aqey-
߃ hnNm- c - i o- e - a p≈ a\p- j y- c psS
B≤ym-fln-Ihpw a‰p-amb ktµ-lß - sf
]qcWw sNøp-sa-∂mWv ]utcm-lnXyw
Nn” k∂n-th-i\ - Ø
- n-eqsS Nne aX-ß-
fn¬ sNe-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ [mc-W. ssZhn-
Ihpw A\m-X-\-hp-a-√mØ hnIe aqey-
ß-fpsS \n¿≤m-c-W-Øn-\p-]-I-cn-°p∂
`mh\m \n¿Ωn-Xß - f - mb H´-\h - [n Nn”-
ßfpw {]Xo-I-ßfpw ]e {]mIrX aX-
ß- f n- e p- a mbn NnX- d n- ° n- S - ° p- ∂ Xp
ImWmw. Chsb A[n-I-cn-®p≈ B[p-
\nI ]T- \ - ß ƒ kmwkv I m- c n- I - a mb
]pXnb Adn-hp-I-fpsS taJ-e-Iƒ Xpd-
∂p-X-∂n-´p-≠v.(5)
Ckvemapw Nn”-ßfpw
Nn”cln-Xmb B≤ym-fln-I-Xbpw
aXm-fl-I-Xbpw ]pe¿Øp∂ GI aX-
Z¿i-\-amWv Ckvemw. Ckvemw Nne
XmØ-znI AS-bm-f-ß-sfbpw {]Xo-I-ß-
sfbpw Ah- e w- _ n- ° p- ∂ p- s ≠- ¶ nepw
Ah a‰p aX-ß-fn-se-t∏mse Nn”-ß-
fpsS klm-b-tØmsS B≤ym-fln-I-˛- a-
Xm-ib afi-e-߃ ]qcn-∏n-°pI F∂
e£y- Ø n- e p- ≈ - h - b - √ . Ckv e mans‚
inB-dp-Iƒ AYhm AS-bm-fß - ƒ F∂
\ne-bn¬ aX-{K-Ÿ-߃ ]cn--Nb--s∏-Sp-
Øp∂ Bcm-[-\-Iƒ, GI-ssZ-hm-Z¿i-
hm- I yw, Bcm- [ - \ m- e - b - ß ƒ, ]pWy-
I¿Ω-߃ F∂nh a‰p aX-ß-fnse
Nn”-hn-Xm-\-hp-ambn {]Xy-£-Øn¬
Xs∂ hntbm-Pn-°p-∂p-≠-t√m. a‰p aX-
ß-fnse Nn”-߃ tIhew Nn”-߃
2008 H-Iv-tSm-_¿-
am{X-am-sW-¶n¬ Ckveman¬ Nn”-ß-
sf∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂h tIh-
em¿∞-Øn-ep≈ Nn”-ß-f-√. Ah aX-
Øns‚ apJy- ` m- K - ß ƒX- s ∂- b m- W v .
AXp-sIm≠v Ckvemans‚ AS-bm-f-
߃ tIhew AS- b m- f - ß - f - s √- ∂ pw,
Ah BZ¿i- Ø n- s ‚bpw Bi- b - Ø n-
s‚bpw hnti-j-W-ß-fm-sW-∂pw, a‰p-a-
X-ß-fnse Nn”-ß-fpsS B¥-cm¿∞
iq\y-X-Iƒ Ckveman¬ Nn”-ß-sf∂p
]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ Cs√∂pw a\- n-em-t°-
≠-Xp-≠v. Ckvemans‚ Nn”-ß-fn¬
G‰hpw {]ap-J-am-bXv GI-ssZ-hm-Z¿i-
hm- I y- a m- W v . CXm- h s´ aX- Ø ns‚
A¥ Ø- b psS kam- \ y cq]- a m- W v .
Ckvemans\ kw_-‘n®v aX-Øns‚
GsX-¶nepw iq\y-X-°p≈ \nI-Øtem
]cn-lm-ctam A√ Ien-aØp Xu-loZv
F∂ GI-ssZ-hm-Z¿i hmIyw. AXp aX-
Øns‚ k¿∆-kz-hp-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬
Ckvemw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ inB-dp-Iƒ
(A-S-bm-f-߃) F∂ hnti-jWw tIh-
em¿∞-Øn-ep≈ Hcp {]tbm-K-a-s√∂pw
AXp a‰p-aX - ß
- f - nse {]Xo-Iß
- ƒ F∂
tIhe Xe-Øn¬ hcp-∂-X-s√∂pw a\-
 n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.(6)
{InkvXp-a-Xhpw Nn”-ßfpw
Nn”-ß-fpsS km[y-X-Iƒ Gsd-b-
[nIw D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Ønb Hcp-aX
- a - mWp
{InkvXp-a-Xw. {InkvXp-aXw Bi-b-tI-
{µn-X-amb LS-\-bn¬ \n∂pw Nn”-_-
‘n-Xa - mb LS-\b - n-te°v ]cn-Wa- n-®p-sh-
∂mWv Kth- j - I - c psS Is≠- Ø ¬.
{InkvXp-sh∂ hy‡n-sb-Ø-s∂bpw
Hcp {]Xo-I-am°n am‰p-∂-hn-[-Øn¬
{InkvXp-a-X-Ønse Nn”-h¬°-cWw
hn]p-ea - m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw ssZh-im-kv{Xw,
A\p-jvTm\ kmaqly coXn-Iƒ F∂nh-
bn-te-s°√mw Nn”-ß-fpsS X≈n-°-
b‰w kw`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv {Inkv
Xp aX-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ImWmw.
{Inkv X p- a - X - k- ` - I ƒ ]n¬°meØp
tdma-°m-cn¬ \n∂pw, s^en-jy¿, PqX
44
≥am¿, ]m¿kn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh - c
- n¬ \n∂p
s
- a√mw H´-\h - [n Nn”-ßfpw {]Xo-Iß - -
fpw kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv Ah-bpsS
k{º-Zm-b-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-Xv.
{InkvXp-aX - Ø
- nse hnhn[ k`-Ifpw
{]ÿm-\ß - fpw s]mXp-hmbn Ah-ew-_n-
°p∂ Nn”-amWv Ipcn-iv. Ipcn-ip-Xs∂
{InkvXp-aX - h
- p-ambn GsX-¶nepw \ne°p
_‘-s∏-´-X-√. Ipcn-ins‚ hnhn[ cq]-
ßfpw ]cn-Wm-a-ßfpw ss{IkvXh Ncn-
{X-Im-c≥am¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. G.-
Un. 325-˛se \nJym-kp-∂-l-tZm-kns‚
Imew- h - s cbpw Ipcn- i p- { In- k v X p- a - X-
Øns‚ Nn”- a m- b n- c p- ∂ n√ F∂mWv
ss__nƒ hna¿iI-\mb FUva≠v _n.-
tam-dnkv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv(7).
am{X-hp-a√ {InkvXp-hns\ in£n-°p-
hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv Ipcn-im-bn-cp-∂n√
F∂¿∞w hcp∂ ]cm-a¿i-߃ G.-Un.
]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m-≠p-h-scbpw ]pXnb
\nb-a-Ønse \ne-\n-∂-n-cp-∂p. {Ko°v,
lo{_p `mj-I-fn-epw, ]n∂oSv em‰n-\n-
epw, ]pXnb \nbaw ]I¿Øn-sb-gp-Xs - ∏-
´-t∏mƒ ZWvU-\-ØSn F∂¿∞-ap≈
STAVOROSS F∂ {Ko°p ]Z-Øn\p
kam-\m¿∞-I-amb ]Z-ß-fmWv \ne-
\n¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
ZWvU\-Ø-Snbpw Ipcnipw
Ipcn-ins‚ kmt¶-XnI kz`m-h-ap-≈-
X√ ZWvU-\-Ø-Sn. c≠pw c≠p hkvXp-
°-fm-Wv. Zfi-\-ØSn hep-∏hpw hoXn-
bp-ap≈ H‰-a-c-amWv- AXn¬ in£n-°-
s∏-Sp∂ hy‡n-Isf GXp-hn-t[-\bpw
_‘n-∏n-®n-Sm≥ km[n-°pw. F∂m¬
Ipcniv F∂Xv G.-Un. aq∂mw-\q-‰m-≠p-
h-scbpw ^se-kvXo-\ntem tdmantem
{Ko°ntem ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ipcn-
ins‚ LS\ Zfi-\-Ø-Sn-bpsS LS-\-
bn¬\n∂pw `n∂-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp hen
b Zo¿L-ta-dnb ac-Ø-Sn-bpw, IpdpsI
Db-cØ- n¬ L-Sn-∏n® as‰mcp sNdnb ac-
Ø-Snbpw tN¿∂ Ipcn-ip-cq]w Nn{X-tZ-
hs‚ Nn”-ambn AwKo-Ic - n-°s
- ∏-´n-cp-∂p-
sh-¶nepw AXp a\p-jysc in£n-°p-hm-
\p≈ D]-I-c-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ AwKo-
I-cn-°-s∏´p h∂n-cp-∂n-√. Zfi-\-ØSn
Xs∂-bmWv int£m-]-I-c-W-ambn D]-
tbm-Kn-s∏-´p-h-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.
{InkvXym\n-Iƒ°p apºv CØcw
Nn”- ß ƒ D]- t bm- K n- ® p- h - ∂ n- c p- ∂ Xv
an{X-tZ-h-s‚-bpw, Isdà tZh-s‚bpw,
sskdkv tZh-s‚-bpw, kqcy-tZ-h-s‚bpw
`‡-c-m-Wv. Ipcn-in\p kam-\-amb Nne
Nn”-߃ an{X-aX - Ø- ns‚ hnizm-kn-Iƒ
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂X - mbn Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. {]mNo\ {Koknse
kqtcym-]m-kI - cpw Ipcn-in\v- kam-\a - mb
Nne Nn”-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. Ch-
tbmSv Xpe-\-s∏-Sm-\mWv {InkvXym-\n-
Iƒ Ipcn-ins\ Nn”-ambn kzoI-cn-®s - X-
∂mWv tUhnUv _n. {Klm-an-s‚ bpw
a‰pw \nco-£Ww(8). IsdÃv F∂-Xns‚
]cnjvIrX cq]-amb {InkvXp F ∂
\ma-w -X-s∂bpw kqcy-tZ-hs\ Bcm-[n-
°p-∂-h-cn¬ \n∂pw kzoI-cn-®-Xm-sW-
∂mWv ]ecpw Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Nn
”-ß-fnepw \ma-ß-fnepw {]Xo-I-ß-fn-
ep-sa√mw {InkvXp-aXw a‰p-]e {]mIrX
aX-ß-fp-ambpw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-
∂Xv A\n-tj-[y-h-kvXp-X-bm-Wv.
ss{IkvX-h-k-`-Iƒ Bcm-[-\-I-fn¬
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Nne kt¶-X-ßfpw C
ßs\ ISw sIm≠-h-bmWv. {InkvXp-hn
s‚ c‡hpw amwk-hp-sa∂ \ne-bn¬
A∏hpw ho™pw hmgvØp-Ibpw Ah
Bcm-[-\-I-fn¬ hnX-cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw
sNøp∂ k{º-Zmbw kqcy-a-X-Øn¬ \n
∂pw ISw-sIm-≠-Xm-Wv. J-p¿_m\-I-fn
se Xncp-c‡ - ˛- X
- n-cp-amwk hnX-cWw k`-
Iƒ A{k-a-X-ß-fn¬\n∂v kzmwio-I-cn-
®p-tN¿°p-Ibpw XZ-\p-krXw Nne hm
Iy-ßfpw ]cm-a¿i-ßfpw ]pXnb \nb-
a-Ønse Nne A[ym-b-ß-fn¬ Fgp-Xn-
t®¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.(9) ss{IkvXh
BNm-c-ß-fpsS It\m-\o-I-c-W-Øn\p
k`-Ifpw ]utcm-lnXy LS-\-Ifpw Zn
hym-[n-Imcw \¬I-s∏-´-h-bmWv F∂
A_-≤h -- n-izmkw ASn-t®¬∏n-®p-sIm≠v
_mly LS-I-ß-fpsS ss{IkvXhh¬
°-c-W-Øn\v km[yX Is≠-Øp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. {InkvXp-aXw AXns‚ k`m-hy-
h-ÿ-I-fnepw BNm-c-ß-fnepw ]pe¿
Øp∂ A\y-_‘w hn]p-e-amb ]T-\-
ß-fpsS {]hn-im-e-ta-J-e-bm-Wv. Bbnc-
2008 H-Iv-tSm-_¿-
°- W - ° n\p {KŸ- ß ƒ XZv h nj- b - I -
ambn e`y-am-Wn∂v(10)
lnµp-[¿Ω-Ønse Nn”-߃
Nn”-ß-fpsS hn]p-e-amb afiew
lnµp [¿Ω-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.
]c∂p InS-°p∂ sslµh [¿Ω-Øn
s‚ D]- L - S - I - ß ƒ ]cn- t im- [ n- ® m¬
At\-Im-bncw Nn”-ß-fpsS km∂n[yw
ImWmw. t£{Xm-Nm-c-ß-fnepw A\p-
jvTm-\-ß-fnepw sslµh [¿Ω-hp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ a‰p km[\m coXn-I-fn-ep-
sa√mw Nn”-ßfpw B[nIyw {it≤-b-
am-Wv. {ioaZv lcn-kzm-an-Iƒ ae-bm-f-
Øn¬ Fgp-Xn- {]-kn≤oIcn® sslµ-
hm-Nmc cl-ky-߃, {ioaZv hnZym-\µ
kc-kz-Xn-kzm-an-Iƒ lnµn-bn¬ {]kn-≤o-
I-cn® `mc-Xob _nw_-k-¶-ev]v, N{µ-
ZØ kmc-Yn-bpsS admØn IrXn-bmb
A\p-jvTm≥kqN-\m-k-ºm-Z≥ F∂o
IrXn-Iƒ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ kmam\y
Ah-t_m[ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-\p-X-Ip-∂-h-
bm-Wv.
Nn”m[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp kwkvIm-c-
amWp lnµp-Xzw. GsXmcp k¶¬]Øn-
s‚bpw kuµcyw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬
Nn”-ßsf AXo-h-X-{¥-]-c-ambn lnµp-
Xz-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
]qP-I-fn-sebpw km[-\-I-fn-sebpw hkv
45
Xp-°fpw D]-tbm-K-{Z-hy-ßfpw apX¬°v
{]IrXn hkvXp-°ƒt]mepw `mc-Xob
kwkvImc-Øn¬ Nn”-ß-fm-Wv. A·n,
Pew, hmbp, taLw, BIm-iw, `qan, \Zn-
Iƒ, kap- { Zw, hr£- ß ƒ F∂n- h -
sbms° kwkvImc-Øns‚ Nn”-ß-fm-
Wv. {]^. {]nÃmƒ Xs‚ ""AKv\n'' F∂
{KŸ-Øn¬ `mc-Xob k¶¬]ß-fn¬
]Xn-\m-bn-cØ - n-sb´p Ah-ÿI - f
- psSbpw
Bi-b-ß-fp-sbSpw {]Xo-I-amWv AKv\n
sb∂v ]d-b-∂p≠v(11). tlma-ß-sfbpw
bmK-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®p ]T\w \S-Ønb
tUm. ]ntbgvk¨, A≥kv{In°v, tPm
¨sa¿hn≥, Imƒkv]n∂¿ XpS-ßn-bh - ¿
a\pjy Pohn-XØ - nse A∂-˛] - m\ \nXy-
hr-Øn-If - n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-°-
sf√mw [¿Ω-Øns‚ IÆn¬ Nne Nn”-
ß-fm-sW∂v Fgp-Xn-°m-Wp-∂p. Pohn-X-
hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]hr-Øn-I-fnse
hn]p-e-amb hn\n-tbm-K-amWv bmK-ß-
fnepw a‰pw km[n-°p-∂-Xv. Bb¿∞-
Øn¬ sshZnI I¿Ω-ßfpw Ah-bnse
Nn”-ß-fp-sa√mw km[m-cW Pohn-X-
Øns‚ B≤ym-fln-Ih - ¬°cWw km[n-
°p∂ D]m-[n-I-fm-sW-∂mWv ta¬]-
d™ Kth-j-I-cpsS hne-bn-cp-ج(12).
sshZnI kwkvIm-c-Ønepw ]mc-º-cy-
Øn-ep-amWv A¿∞-k-∂n-thiw km[n-
°p∂ {]Xo-I-ß-fpsS \o≠ irwJ-e-
Iƒ \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. Assh-ZnI ]mc-
º-cy-Øn¬ Nn”-߃ hfsc ]cn-an-X-
am-Wv. t£{Xm-cm-[-\-I-fn¬ Nn”-߃
[mcmfw D]-tbm-Kn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw
Ah sshZn-I-amb KWn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n√
F∂Xv {]kvXm-hy-am-Wv. Bcy≥am¿
{]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Bhn
jv ° cn- ° bpw hn]p- e o- I - c n- ° p- I bpw
sNbvX k¶¬]-ß-fmWv sshZnI kw
kvImc-Øns‚ Nn”-_m-lp-ey-Øn-∂m-
[m-cw.(13)
bmK-ß-fpsS Nn”-_‘w
A·n, an{X≥, hcp-W≥, C{µ≥,
alm-hnjvWp F∂n-h-se-bmWv bmK-ß-
fpsS A[n-tZ-h-X-I-fmbn km[m-cW
k¶¬∏n-°p-∂X - v. C{µ≥ Bcy≥am-cpsS
ssZh- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h- ∂ pw, hcp- W ≥
t]¿jy°mcpsS Bcm-[\m aq¿Øn-bm-
bn-c-∂p-sh∂pw EtKz-Z-Øn-s\-gp-Xnb
`mjy-Øn¬ ]fin-‰v -In-tjm¿ D]m-[ym
b {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p-≠v.(14) hnhn[ PmXn-
I-fpsS ssZh-ßsf kwK-an-∏n-°p-Ibpw
kz¥-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ khn-ti-j-
amb Hcp NS-ßp-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p bmK-
sa∂v CXn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv. `mc-Xo-b-cpsS {]mNo\ k¶¬]
ßsf ]pXnb cq]-`m-h-ß-fn¬ Bhnjv
°cn®p kz¥-am-°nb Bcy≥am¿ {Zmhn-
U-cpsS k{º-Zm-b-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw bmK-
ß-fnse sshZnI I¿Ω-ßfpw Nn”-ß-
fp-ambn kzoI-cn-®p. tkma-e-X-bpsS D]-
tbm-Kw, Ac-Wn-bpsS D]-tbm-Kw, A·n-
bpsS Is≠-Sp-°¬, arK-ß-fp-sSbpw
hkvXp-°-fp-sSbpw km∂n[yw F∂n-h-
sbms° Aßs\ Bcy≥am¿ ]ip,
Imf, BSv apX-emb arK-ßsf bmK-
ime--I-fn¬sh®v AdpØp Ah-bpsS
amwkw thhn®v `£n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.(15)
arK-ßsf H∂mbn A·n-bn¬ thhn-s®-
SpØp Bl-cn-°p∂ BZn-{Zm-hnU ioe-
Øns‚ Bh¿Ø- \ - a m- b n- c p∂p CXv .
CXn\p ]n¬°meØv Bcy≥am¿ sNdn-
sbmcp cq]-t`Zw hcpØn Acn-am-hp-sIm-
≠p≈ ]ip-hns\ tlman-°pI F∂m-
°n-am-‰n. ]njvS ]ip-hns‚ amXr-I-Iƒ
bmK-im-e-I-fn¬ hn¬]-\-°p-sh-°p-I
bpw Ah I®-hS hkvXp-hm-bn-Øo-cp-I
bpw sNbvX Hcp Imew D≠m-bn-cp-∂p(16).
C∂v \S-°p∂ ]e bmK-ßfpw Hc¿∞-
Øn¬ I®-hS tI{µ-߃ Xs∂-bm-sW-
¶n-epw, C∂-tØ-°mƒ IqSp-Xe - mbn I®-
h-S-߃ \S∂ncp∂Xv BZy-Im-e-ß-fn-
em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv hkvXp-X.
HmwIm-c-Øns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-߃:
k\m-X\ lnµp-Xz-Øns‚ Nn”hpw
Bi-b- {]-Xo-I-hp-ambn IW-°m-°-s∏-
Sp-∂-XmWv HwImcw.- Hmw Imc-Øns‚
BZn-a-cq-]-߃ F∂ \ne-bn¬ hna-e-
{]-kmZv NXp¿thZn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-
2008 H-Iv-tSm-_¿-
∂h Aw, H, Hw, Bw F∂o i_vZ-ß-
fm-Wv. Ch-sbms° kwkvIr-X-Øn\p
apºp≈ {]mIr-X-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂-h-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. BZna {Zmhn-U-cpsS a{¥-ß-fm-
bn-cp∂p Ch-sbm-s°-bpw. Ch-sb√mw
EtKz- Z w, bPp¿thZw, kma- t h- Z w,
AY¿h-thZw F∂n-h-bpsS i_vZ-˛-kz-
c-L-S-\-bn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂-h-
bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. EtKz-Z-amWv HmwImc-
Øns‚ {]mZp¿`mh tI{µ-sa∂ \ne-
bn¬ k\mX\ lnµp-°ƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-
Sp-Øp∂ BZn-a-{K-Ÿw. EtKz-Z-Øns‚
aqe kzc-sa-∂mWv HmwImcw hnti-jn-
∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv(17). F∂m¬ HmwIm-c-
Øns‚ BZn-a-cq-]-ß-sf√mw {ZmhnU
kz`m- h - a p- ≈ - h - b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Ahsb
Bcy- h ¬°- c n- ° p- ∂ - X n\v EtKz- Z hpw
a‰pw D]- t bm- K n- ° - s ∏- S p- I - b p- ≠ m- b n.
HmwIm-c-Øn\v {Zmhn-U¿°n-S-bn¬ ]e
hI-t`-Zß - fpw \ne-\n-∂c - p-∂p-sh-∂X - n\v
H´-\-h[n sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`y-amWv. Hmw
F∂Xv HmwIm-c-Øns‚ as‰mcp AwKo-
IrX cq]w Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Hmans‚
A¿∞ km[y- X - I - s fms° ""Hw'' ¬
\n∂pw e`n-°p-sa-∂Xv hn⁄≥am¿°n-
S-bn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ ho£-W-hp-am-
bn-cp-∂p. If-h-t¶mSw IÆmSn {]Xn-jvT-
bpsS ka- b Øp≠mb Hcp kw`hw
{io\m-cm-bW - K- p-cp-hns‚ Poh-Nc - n-{X-Øn-
tc-Js - ∏-Sp-Øs - ∏-´n-´p-≠v. Fd-Wm-Ip-fØ - p-
\n∂v Hcp IÆmSn hmßn AXn-\p- ]n-
46
∂nse sa¿°pdn Npc-≠n-°f™v Hmw
F∂p AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ {io\m-cm-
bW Kpcp \n¿t±-in-®p. IÆm-Sn-hmßn
""Hmw'' Fs∂-gp-Xn-®-t∏mƒ AXv ""Hw''
F∂p-am-{X-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. CXp {i≤-
bn¬ s]Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ {io\m-cm-b-W-
Kpcp {]Xn-Ic - n-®Xv ""AXp aXn, AXn\pw
A¿∞-ap≠v'' F∂m-bn-cp-∂p (18).
Hmw F∂-Xns‚ Znhy-Xzhpw ]hn-{X-
X-bp-sams° tIhew Im¬]\n-I-am-
sW∂pw i_vZw {_“w, AYhm {_“
i_vZw F∂ \ne-bn¬ H∂ns\ Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ AXn¬ Hmw Imc-Øn-\pw,
Hw Imc-Øn-\p-an-S-bn¬ henb hyXym-k-
an-s√-∂p-amWp {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp ]d-
™- X n- s ‚- b ¿∞w. k\m- X \ [¿Ω-
Øns‚ Hcp henb Nn”hpw {]Xo-I-hp-
sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-S∂
HmwImcw \nc¿∞-I-amb Hcp i_vZ-
amWv F∂p {_“m- \ µ kzman- I - s f-
t∏mse ]ptcm-K-a\ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-cmb
Nne k∂ym-kn-am¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xp
{it≤-b-am-Wv. i_vZsØ GXp hnt[-
\bpw D]- t bm- K - s ∏- S pØn a\p- j y\v
Nn¥m-]-chpw a‰p-amb Nne DW¿hpI-
fp-≠m-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂Xv {]mIrX a\p-
jy¿°p-t]mepw Adn-bm-hp∂ Imcy-am-
bn-cp-s∂-∂pw, a{¥-i-_vZ-ß-sf∂ \ne-
bn¬ {]Nm- c - Ø n¬ h∂h ]eXpw
tIhew \nc¿∞-I-ß-fmb Nne-hm-°p-
I-fm-sW∂pw {_“m-\µkzman A`n-{]m-
b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p (19).
{]Xn-jvT-Ifpw Nn”-ßfpw
Nn”-߃ Bi-b-ßsf kwh-ln-
°p-∂-h-bm-Wv F∂ A`n-{]m-b-Øns‚
ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-emWv lnµp-[¿Ω-Ønse
{]XnjvTm coXn imkv{Xw hnI-kn®p
h∂n-´p-≈X - v. hn{K-lß - ƒ {]Xn-\n-[m\w
sNøp∂ k¶¬]-߃°p-]-Icw Nne
hkvXp-°ƒ {]Xn-jvTn-°tbm arK-ß-fp-
sStbm Pohn-If - p-sStbm cq]-߃ sh°
tbm sNøp-∂Xv B \ne-°m-Wv. apcp-I
≥ F∂ k¶¬∏- Ø n\p ]I- c - a mbn
th¬ {]Xn-jvTn-°p-∂-Xpw, KW-]-Xn°p
]I-ca - mbn Fensb {]Xn-jvTn-°p-∂X - pw,
inh-\p-]-Icw \µn-sb∂ Imfsb {]Xn-
jvTn-°p-∂-Xpw, kc-kz-Xn°p ]I-c-ambn
hoW {]Xn-jvTn-°p-∂-Xpw, e£van°p
]I-c-ambn Ipw`w AYhm IpSw {]Xn-
jv T n- ° p- ∂ Xpw B \ne- ° m- W v . Ch-
sbms° \n›nX k¶¬]ß-fp-sSbpw
hn{K-l-ß-fp-sSbpw {]Xn-cq-]-ß-fm-bn-
´mWp KWn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ipJp-]p-jv]w,
Iqh-f-Øn-e XpS-ßnb kky-`m-K-ßfpw
sNSn-Ifpw Ce-Ifpw Nne {]tXyI tZh-
X-Isf {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.
CXn\p kam-\-amb k¶¬∏߃ BZn-
a-`m-c-Xob kwkvIm-c-Ønepw \ne-\n-∂n-
cp∂p. sNº-c-Øn-∏q-hv, sX®n-∏qh-v, IZ-
fn-hmg F∂nh IncmX aq¿Øn-I-fpsS
Nn”-ßf - m-bn-´mWv AtLm-cX - m-{¥n-IX
bn¬ KWn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. DØ-tc-¥y-
bnse \mK k∂ym-kn-am¿ ]n¥p-S-cp∂
AXy-[nIw {]mIr-Xa - mb Xm{¥nI coXn-
I-fn¬, aZy-hpw, ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-I-fpw,
ssewKn-I-X-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ap{Z-I-fp-
sa√mw ZnhyXzw I¬]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-
Wv. AtLm-c-Xm-{¥n-I¿°n-S-bn¬ aq¿®-
bp≈ I√p-Iƒ, ap≈p-Iƒ, hnjmw-i-
ap≈ Ce- I fpw ]q°fpw F∂n- h -
sbms° km[-\-bpsS LS-I-ß-fmbn
KWn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xp ImWmw. Nn”m-[n-
jvTn-X-amb kmkvIm-cnI k¶¬∏-ß-
fpsS sshhn[y hnim-eX lnµp-Xz-Øn-
se-t∏mse as‰-hn-sSbpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-
√. F∂-XmWv ]c-am¿∞w.
Nn”-ß-fpsS B[p-\nIh¬°-cWw
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ PohnX coXn-
I-fnepw Nn”-߃ kp{]-[m\ ]¶mWv
hln-°p-∂-Xv. B[p-\nI a\p-jys‚
hyh-lm-c-ß-fn¬ `mj-bp-sSbpw kmt¶-
XnI hnZy-I-fp-sSbpw hn]p-e-amb km[y-
X-I-tfm-sSm∏w Xs∂ Nn”-ßfpw kpe-
`-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Nn”-
ß-fpsS km[y-XI - ƒ Gsd D]-tbm-Ks
Sp-Ønb as‰mcp taJe B[p-\nI a\x-
im- k v { X- a m- W v . a\x- i m- k v { X- ] - c - a mb
{]iv\-ß-fp-sSbpw kt¶Xßfp-sSbpw
kw⁄-I-fp-sSbpw hnti-j-W-Øn\pw
hni-Ie - \- Ø- n\pw Kth-jI - c
- pw, NnIn-’-
Icpw Nn”-߃ kpe-`-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-
®p-h-cp-∂p. a\p-jys‚ ssh⁄m-\n-
Ihpw _p≤n-]-c-hp-amb Ah-ÿ-Iƒ,
BtcmKyw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bw, ]c-kv]c
_‘- ß ƒ hymhlm- c nI coXn- I ƒ
F∂n-h-bn-se√mw Nn”m-[n-jvTn-X-amb
hni-I-e-\-߃ km¿h-{Xn-I-am-WnXv (20)
aX-ßfpw KqV Nn”-ßfpw
skan-‰n°v aX-ß-fnse ]ptcm-ln-Xy-
amWv aX-ß-sfbpw aX-Nn-”-ß-sfbp
\nKq-Vh - ¬°-cn-°p∂ {]h-WX - °v XpS
°w Ipdn-®X - v. blqZ ]ptcm-ln-X¿ C°m-
cy-Øn¬ ap≥]¥n-bn¬\n-∂p. B[-ym-fln-
I-X-bp-sSbpw aX-Øns‚ Bi-b-ß-fp-
sSbpw \nKq-Vh - ¬°cWw ]ptcm-ln-Xy-
Øns‚ Nqj-W-߃°v A\p-Kp-W-amb
]›m-Øew cq]o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-
°p-sa-∂mWv PqX≥am¿ Icp-Xn-b-Xv.
blqZ ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ A\p-I-
c-Ww-hgn Ckvemanepw \nKq-V-h¬°-
cWw km[n-°m-sa∂p Nn¥n® Nne aX-
- - hn-tcm-[n-I-fmWv apkvenwIƒ°n-S-bn-
te°v £p{Z hnZy-I-fp-sSbpw a{¥-hm-Z-
Øn-s‚bpw PpKp]vkmh-l-amb coXn-
Iƒ A[n-\n-th-in-∏n-°m≥ {ian-®-Xv.
Ad_n A°-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ 786
- ∏- F∂ kwJy°v Ckv e man¬ henb
ÿm\- a p≠v F∂v apkv e nwI- f n¬
Nnecpw AapkvenwIfpw [cn-®Xv Aß-
s\-bm-Wv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ blqZ {KŸ-
amb X¬aq-Zn¬ ]≠-v \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Hcp
A[ym-bØ - ns‚ io¿j-Ia - mWv 786. Znhy
kwJy-Iƒ {]Xn]mZn-°p∂ A[ym-b-
ambncp∂p AXv. ]n∂oSv A_vPZnøm
kwJym-im-kv{X-hpw, {Ko°v a{¥-hm-Zhpw
a‰pw Ckvemante-°v- Cd-°p-aXn sNøm
≥ {ian-®-h¿ {]kvXpX kwJy°v Znhy
Xzw \¬In {]N-cn-∏n-°-bmWp sNbvX-
Xv. N{µ-°-e-bpsS Imcyhpw C{]-Imcw
Xs∂-bm-Wv.- Ip-cnip bp≤-Im-eØv apkv
enw ssk\n-I¿ Xß-fpsS ]Xm-I-I-fn¬
N{µ-°e D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Hmdn-
b‚-enÃv Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw AXn¬ hmkvX-h-an-
√. Xp¿°n kp¬Øm≥am-cmWv N{µ-°e
D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßn-bXv F∂mWv apkv
2008 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 47
enw Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am-cpsS HutZym-KnI
\ne-]mSv (21). Ckvemans‚ Nm{µ-am-kk - w-
kvIm-c-hp-ambn GsX-¶nepw \ne°p
_‘-ap-≈-X√ N{µ-°e F∂Xv ]e
AapkvenwIƒ°pw Adn-bn-√. ss{IkvX-
h¿ Ipcn-in\p I¬∏n-°p∂ {]m[m\yw
apkvenwIƒ N{µ-°-e°p I¬∏n-°p-∂n-
√ F∂p-t]mepw ]e¿°pw a\- n-em-bn-
´n-√. Ipcn-in-s\bpw N{µ-°-e-sbbpw
Xpe-\s - ∏-Sp-Øp∂ A`n-{]m-bß
- f - {- Xbpw
CØcw A⁄-X-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Bhn¿
`-hn-®-h-bm-Wv. Nn”-ß-fn¬ ASn-ÿm-\-
aq-∂n-bp≈ Ir{Xna aXm-flI - X Ckvemw
AwKo-Ic - n-°p-∂n-s√∂pw Bi-b\ - n-_≤- -
amb ⁄m\-˛-A-h-t_m-[m-jvTn-X-amb
aX-t_m-[-amWv Ckvemans‚ khn-ti-
j-X-sb∂pw Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
kqN-\-Iƒ
1) Camwkzpbq-Yn, enkm-\p¬ C≥km\o
2) Unsk]vj≥kv B‚ v anYvkv Hm^v ss__nƒ,
tembnUv _n.-{Klmw
3) {InÃym-\n‰n B‚ v B≥ky‚ v dnen-Py≥kv-˛-
hn¬{^Uv tdmUnw-K¿
4) Z {SqØv Hm^v {InÃym- \ n- k w- ˛ - Z m- \ n- t b¬
tlms^,
5) B≥ky≥‰v s^bnØvkv tUmhnUv s_¬Kn
≥, am¿K-d‰v ayqd¿
6) inB-dp¬ Ckvemw, Aen-A¬Pq\n
7) lnÃdn Hm^v t]∏-kn, FUva≠v._n.tamdn-kv.
8) {InÃym-\n‰n C≥lnÃn, tUhnUv _n. {Klmw
9) FIvkv{Sm kv{In]vj≥kv Hm^v tlmfn-th-
Uvkv, Ceymkv bYp-t\m-hv, 1980
10) B≥‰n {InÃy≥ ssd‰n- ß v k v , FUzm¿kv
^nen]vkv, 1989
11) A·n, {]^. {]Ãmƒ
12) Z C¥y≥ FIvkv]o-cn-b≥k-kv, tUm. ]ntb
gvk¨, B≥kv{In°v, tPm¨sa¿hn≥, Imƒ
kv]n∂¿
13) Iƒ®¿ B‚ v knw_¬kv Hm^v lnµpXz
Fkzm¿Uv ayq¿
14) EtKzZ ]cm-b¨, ]fin‰v l¿In-tjm¿ D]m-
[ym-b, 1980
15) bmKm-kv, {]^. sska¨ hneyw
16) bmKm-kv, {]^. sska¨ hneyw
17) Z a{¥m-kv, {]^. {]nÃmƒ
18) If-ht- ¶mSw IÆmSn {]XnjvT Kpcp-tZ-h≥, 2002
G{]n¬
19) a{¥-km-[-\, ]fin‰v Ejn-\m^v kXy-aq¿Øv
20) {_“ k¶¬]w, tbmtK-{µ-\mYv
21) knw-_¬kv B‚ v Iƒ®¿ tUm. FUzm¿Uv
{^m¶v