Malayalam ISLAMUM MATHA SAHISH

Ckvemapw
aX-k-ln-jvWp-Xbpw
ssiJv apl-ΩZv Imc-Ip∂v
Ckvem-anIv ]ªn-jnwKv lukv

tImgn-t°mSv
{]kvXm-h\
hnhn[ aX-k-aq-l-ßƒ Xnßn-Øm-a-kn-°p∂ \mSmWv C¥y.
Ah-bv°n-S-bnse sFIy-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]c-kv]c kl-I-c-W-
Øn-eq-sSbpw am{Xta \mńs‚ ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw t£ahpw
km[y-am-hp-I-bp≈q. \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬, Cu cwKØv kzX-{¥-
`m-c-X-Øns‚ CXx-]-cy-¥-ap≈ A\p-`hw tim`-\tam ip`-I-
ctam A√. h¿Kob Iem-]-ßfpw kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-´-\-
ß-fpw \nXy-kw-`-h-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p∂p. Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v
Bfp-Iƒ sIm√-s∏-Sp-Ibpw tImSn-°-W-°n\v cq]-bpsS kz-
Øp-°ƒ \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p.
`n∂ aX-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ òa-amb sX‰n-≤m-c-W-
bmWv At\ym-\y-ap≈ AI¬®°pw kwL¿j-ßƒ°pw ]e-
t∏mgpw Imc-W-am-hm-dp-≈Xv. AX-h-km-\n-∏n®v ]c-kv]-c-a-
dn-bm\pw ASp-°m-\p-ap≈ kml-N-cy-ß-sfm-cp-°p-∂-Xn¬ `c-
W-Iq-S-ßƒ A£-¥-hy-amb DZm-ko-\-X-bmWv Ct∂mfw Im-
Wn-®n-´p-≈Xv. \mńse hnZym-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnse Ncn-{X-]-T\w
t]mepw ]c-kv]c hnizm-khpw aa-Xbpw hf¿Øm≥ klm-
b-I-a-s√∂p am{X-a√, IqSp-X¬ AI-em\pw shdp-°m\pw
CS-h-cpØpw hn[-hp-amWv.
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Imc-W-ß-fmepw, Nne h¿Kob i‡n-I-
fpsS Bkq- { Xn- X - a mb {]Nm- c - W - ß - f mepw Ckvemapw
apkvenw-Ifpw Kpcp-X-c-amb sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-am-
bn-´p≠v. X¬^-e-ambn Ckvemw Incm-Xhpw {]mIr-X-hp-am-
sW∂pw ap-kvenw-Iƒ°v A\y P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-ambn kvt\l-
Ønepw kln-jvWp-X-bnepw h¿Øn-°m≥ km[y-a-s√-∂p-ap≈
[mcW hf¿∂p-h-∂n-cn-°p∂p.
Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Ckvem-ans\ kw_-‘n® òa-amb
sX‰n-≤m-cW Zqco-Ic- n-°m-\p≈ Ffnb {ia-ßf
- psS `mK-amWv
Cu sIm®p IrXn. CXc P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS t\sc Ckvem-
ans‚ kao-]\w F∆n-[-am-sW∂v aqe-{]-am-W-ß-fp-sSbpw N-
cn{X kXy-ß-fp-sSbpw shfn-®-Øn¬ CXn¬ efn-X-ambn hnh-
cn-®n-cn-°p∂p.
Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-`m-KØv ]T-\m¿l-ß-fmb
c≠v A\p-_-‘-ßfpw tN¿Øn-´p≠v.
aX-k-ln-jvWp-Xbpw kmap-Zm-bnI kulm¿Zhpw hf¿-
Øn kwL¿j-ßfpw kwL-´-\-ßfpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥
{ian-°p-I-sb∂ C¥y≥ Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an-bpsS {]Jym-
]nX \bw \S-∏m-°m-\p≈ {ia-ß-fpsS `mKw IqSn-bmWv
Cu eLp IrXn. kXym-t\z-j-I¿°v hkvXp-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-
°m\pw sX‰n-≤m-c-W-I-f-I-‰m\pw CXv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-
sa∂p {]Xo- £ n- ° p∂p. AXn- ∂ mbn {]m¿Yn- ° p- I bpw
sNøp∂p.
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
˛{]km-[-I¿
H∂v
Hcp -PmXn Hcp h¿Kw
apkvenw-Iƒ°v Hcp A√mlp, lnµp-°ƒ°v Hco-iz-c≥, {InkvXym-\n-

Iƒs°mcp I¿Ømhv, blq-Z¿s°mcp ssZhw˛ Cu k¶ev]w Ckvem-
an∂v A]-cn-Nn-X-amWv. F√m-h-cp-sSbpw ssZhw H∂p-Xs∂. Ah≥
GI-\mWv. apgp temI-Øn-s‚bpw {kjvSmhv. AJne Ncm-N-c-ß-fp-
sSbpw \mY\pw \nb-¥mhpw Ah≥ Xs∂.
""]d-bpI, Ah≥ A√mlp GI-\m-Ip∂p. A√mlp Bcp-sSbpw
B{i-b-an-√m-Ø-h\pw F√m-h-cmepw B{i-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-\p-am-
Ip∂p. Ah\v k¥m-\-ta-Xp-an√. Ah≥ Bcp-sSbpw k¥m-\-
hp-a√. Ah\v Xpey-\mbn Bcp-an√.''1
""Ah≥ k¿h hkvXp-°-sfbpw krjvSn-°p-Ibpw \n¿W-bn-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''2
""ssZhw `qan-bn¬ ]¿h-X-ß-fp-≠m°n. AXn¬ A\p-{Klw
sNmcn™p. AXn¬ Blm-c-ßƒ \n¿W-bn®p.''3
""ssZhw a\p-jy¿°p-th≠n `qansb kwhn-[m-\n®p.''4
""ssZhw `qan-bn-ep≈ k¿hhpw \nßƒ°p-th≠n krjvSn®p.''5
ssZhw apkvenw-I-fpsS am{Xw {kjvSm-h√. apgp-h≥ a\p-jy-cp-
sSbpw I¿Øm-hmWv. F√m-h-tcmSpw Gsd kao-]-ÿ\pw.
""\n›bw, a\p-jys\ \mw krjvSn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Ahs‚ a\ v
a{¥n-°p-∂-sX¥pw \ma-dn-bp∂p. Ahs‚ IWvT-\m-Un-tb-°mƒ
Ah-t\mSv ASp-ØmWv \mw.''6
a\p-jys‚ GIXzw
temI-Øp≈ apgp-h≥ a\p-jycpw Htc ssZh-Øns‚ krjvSn-I-
fmWv. Ahs‚ hmbp izkn-°p-∂-hcpw sh≈w IpSn-°p-∂-h-cp-amWv.
`qan-bn¬ Ah≥ kwhn-[m-\n® kuI-cy-ß-f-\p-`-hn®v Pohn-°p-∂-hcpw.
`qan-bn-ep≈ apgp-h≥ a\p-jycpw Htc Bflm-hn¬\n∂p-≠m-b-h-
cmWv. ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p:
Hcp- PmXn Hcp h¿Kw
""P\-ßtf, \nß-fpsS \mYs\ kq£n-°pI. Hscm‰ Bflm-
hn¬\n∂v \nßsf krjvSn-°p-Ibpw AtX Bflm-hn¬\n-∂p-
Xs∂ AXns‚ CWsb krjvSn-°p-Ibpw Ah c≠n¬\n-∂p-
ambn [mcmfw kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑msc temIØv hym]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvX-h-\s{X Ah≥.''7
lnµp-°-fp-sSbpw apkvenw-I-fp-sSbpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw,
C¥y-°m-cp-sSbpw No\-°m-cp-sSbpw Ad-_n-I-fp-sSbpw bqtdm-]y-cp-
sS-bp-sa√mw BZn-]n-Xmhv BZ-amWv. kI-ecpw At±-l-Øns‚ k¥m-
\-]-c-º-c-I-fn¬ s]Sp∂p.
""a\p-jytc, Hcm-Wn¬\n∂pw s]Æn¬\n-∂p-as{X \nßsf \mw
krjvSn-®n-´p-≈Xv. ]ns∂ \nßsf \mw kap-Zm-b-ßfpw tKm{X-
ß-fp-am°n; \nßƒ ]c-kv]cw ]cn-N-b-s∏-tS-≠-Xn∂v.''8
AXn-\m¬ temI-Øp≈ apgp-h≥ a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw PmXn H∂mWv.
F√m-hcpw Htc h¿K-°m¿. Htc IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ. \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n
Adn-bn-°p∂p: ""krjvSn-I-sf√mw ssZh-Øns‚ B{in-X-cmWv. AXn-
\m¬, Ah\v Gsd {]nb-s∏-´-h¿ Xs‚ B{in-X¿°v G‰-hp-a-[nIw
{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cs{X.''9
as‰m-cn-°¬ {]hm-N-I≥ Acpƒ sNbvXp: ""\n›bw, \nß-fpsS
ssZhw GI-\mWv. \nß-fp-sS-sb√mw ]nXmhpw HcmƒXs∂. F√m-
hcpw BZ-an¬\n-∂p-≈-h-cmWv; BZ-am-sW-¶n¬ aÆn¬\n∂pw. AXn-
\m¬, Ad-_n°v A\-d-_n-tb-°mtfm shfp-Ø-h\v Idp-Ø-h-t\-
°mtfm bmsXmcp t{ijvT-X-bp-an√; ssZh-`-‡n-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-
e-√msX.''10
aX-ßf
- psS GIXzw
a\p-jy-cm-in-°p≈ ssZh-\n¿Zn-jvS-amb Pohn-X-]-≤-Xn-bmWv aXw.
AXn-\m¬ aXw ssZh-t{]m-‡-amWv. F√m aX-ß-fp-sSbpw t{kmX v
H∂mWv. ssZhnI Pohn-X-hy-hÿ e`n-®n-ń-√mØ P\-k-aq-l-ßƒ
D≠m-bn-ń-s√∂v hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Du∂n-∏-d-bp∂p: ""ssZhw a\p-jy-
cn¬ F√m-h¿°pw Hcp \nb-a-hy-h-ÿbpw I¿a-am¿Khpw \n›-bn-®n-
´p≠v .''11
F√m aX-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm\w H∂mWv. `n∂-X-I-fp-≠m-bXv
]n∂o-SmWv . ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS CS-s]-S-emWv AXn\p ImcWw.
hyXykvX ssZh-Zq-X-∑m-cn-eqsS Ah-Xo¿W-amb BZ¿iw H∂m-bn-
cp-∂p-sh∂v hnip-≤-Jp¿-B-\n-eqsS A√mlp hy‡-am-°p∂p:
""\qln(t\ml)t\mSv \mw A\p-im-kn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xpw Znhy-
k- t µiw hgn Ct∏mƒ Xm¶ƒ°- h - X - c n- ∏ n- ® n- ´ p- ≈ Xpw
C_v d mlow (A{_lmw), aqkm(tamkkv ) , Cukm(tbip)
F∂n-h-tcmSv A\p-im-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xp-amb AtX aXw Xs∂
ssZhw \nßƒ°v \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ambn \n›-bn®pX∂n-cn-°p∂p.''12
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
aX-ß-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-L-´-Øn¬ Ah-bp-sS-sb√mw auen-Im-
[ym-]-\-ßƒ H∂p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂¿Yw. hni-Zmw-i-ß-fnepw Nne
BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw am{X-amWv Ime, tZi hyXym-k-ßƒ°-
\p-k-cn®v am‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. aX-ßƒ°n-S-bnse auen-Im-¥-c-ßƒ
a\p-jy-cpsS CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS ê-as{X.
ssZh-Zq-X∑
- m¿
am\-h-k-aq-l-Øn\v ssZhnI Pohn-X-hy-hÿ FØn-®p-sIm-SpØ
hy‡n-I-fmWv ssZh-Zq-X-∑m¿. temI-Ønse F√m P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fnepw
\mSp-I-fnepw CØcw ssZh-Zq-X-∑m¿ \ntbm-Kn-X-cm-bn-´p-s≠∂v hnip≤
Jp¿-B≥ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p:
""\mw F√m kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw ssZh-Zq-Xs\ \ntbm-Kn-®p-sIm-Sp-
Øn-´p≠v.'' 13
ssZh-t{]m-‡-amb Pohn-X-]mX ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-h¿°v ip`-hm¿Øbpw
AXv \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂-h¿°v Xm°oXpw \evIp∂ {]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS ]c-
º-c-bnse Ah-km-\sØ IÆn am{X-amWv apl-Ω-Zp-\_n. A√mlp
Adn-bn-°p∂p:
""\_ntb, Xm¶ƒ ap∂- d n- b n- ∏ p- I m- c ≥ am{X- a m- I p∂p. \mw
Xm¶sf kXy-hp-ambn \ntbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂p˛ip`-hm¿Ø-b-dn-bn-
°p-∂-h\pw Xm°oXv \evIp-∂-h-\p-am-bn-s°m≠v. bmsXmcp
kap-Zm-bhpw AXn-semcp ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Im-c≥ hcmsX Ign-™p-
t]m-bn-ń√.'' 14
AXn-\m¬ {]hm-N-I-∑m-sc√mw ]c-kv]cw ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cmWv.
ssZh-Zq-X-∑m-sc∂ \ne-bn¬ k¿hcpw ka-∑mcpw kam-Z-c-Wo-b-cp-amWv.
temIØv \ntbm-Kn-X-cmb apgp-h≥ {]hm-N-I-∑m-cnepw hniz-kn-°m≥
apkvenw-Iƒ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv. Ah-sc-sb√mw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw BZ-
cn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xp≠v. Jp¿-B-\n-eqsS A√mlp B⁄m-]n-
°p∂p:
""]d-bpI: ssZh-Ønepw Rßƒ°v Ah-X-cn®p Inń-b-Xnepw
C_vdm-lo-an∂pw Ckvam-Cu-en∂pw Ckvlm-Jn∂pw bA-vJq-
_n∂pw bA-vJq_v k¥-Xn-Iƒ°pw Ah-Xo¿W-am-b-Xnepw
aqkm°pw Cukm°pw a‰p {]hm-N-I-∑m¿°pw Xß-fpsS \mY-
\n¬\n∂v \evI-s∏-´-Xnepw Rßƒ hniz-kn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Ah-
cn¬ B¿°n- S - b nepw Rßƒ hnth- N \w Iev ] n- ° p- ∂ n√.
Rßƒ k¿hm-fl\m ssZh-Øn\v Iogvs]-´-h-cmWv.''15
GI kap-Zmbw
BZn-bn¬ a\p-jy-cmin Hscm‰ kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p. `n∂n-®Xpw
]c-kv]cw AI-∂-Xp-sa√mw ]n∂o-SmWv. a\p-jy¿ kzbw IrXm-i-
bßfpw PohnX coXn-Ifpw kzoI-cn-®-XmWv AXn\p \nan-Ø-ambn
h¿Øn-®Xv. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p:
Hcp- PmXn Hcp h¿Kw
""BZn-bn¬ a\p-jy-scm-s°bpw GI kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂o-
S-h¿ hn`n-∂-amb hnizm-k-ßfpw BNm-c-co-Xn-I-fp-ap-≠m°n
`n∂n-®p-I-f™p.''16
`n∂X Ah-km-\n-∏n®v sFIyw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°m-\mWv ssZhw
Xs‚ ZqX-∑msc \ntbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv.
""BZn-bn¬ P\-sam-s°bpw Hscm‰ kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p. (]n∂oSv
Ah¿ `n∂n-®-t∏mƒ) ssZhw k∑m¿Km-N-c-W-Øns‚ ip`m-
¥y-a-dn-bn-°p-∂-h-cmbpw Zp¿am¿Km-N-c-W-Øns‚ sISp-Xn-I-sf-
°p-dn®v Xm°oXv \evIp-∂-h-cmbpw {]hm-N-I-∑msc \ntbm-Kn-
®-b®p. kXysØ kw_-‘n®v kaq-l-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ DS-se-Sp-
Øn-cp∂ `n∂n-∏p-I-fn¬ Xo¿∏p Iev]n-°m-\mbn Ah-tcm-sSm∏w
kXy-th-Zhpw Ah-X-cn-∏n®p.''17
F∂m¬ ssZh-Zq-X-∑m¿ BK-X-cm-b-t∏mƒ kaqlw Ahsc \ntj-
[n-°p-Ibpw ]q¿hn-Im-Nm-c-ßƒ ]nSn-hm-in-tbmsS ]n¥p-S-cp-Ibpw
sNbvX-Xn-\m¬ `n∂n∏v Ah-km-\n-°msX Ahn-cmaw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wp-
≠m-bXv. AXn-\m¬, auen-I-ambn a\p-jy-sc√mw Htc kap-Zm-b-Ønse
AwK-ß-fmWv. A∆n[w \ne-sIm-≈m≥ IS-s∏-´-hcpw.
BZ-cW
- o-bX
Ckvem-anI ho£-W-Øn¬, temI-Ønse G‰hpw t{ijvT-amb
kr- j v S n a\p- j y- \ mWv . Ahs‚ IpSpw- _ hpw PmXnbpw h¿Khpw
h¿Whpw tZihpw `mjbpw GXm-bn-cp-∂mepw icn. P∑\m Ah≥
BZ-c-Wo-b-\mWv. A√mlp Adn-bn-°p∂p:
""a\p-jy¿°v \mw al-Xz-ta-In-sb-∂Xv \ΩpsS Imcp-Wy-am-
Ip∂p. Ah¿°p \mw IS-enepw Ic-bnepw hml-\-ßƒ \evIn.
DØa ]Zm¿Y-ßƒ Blm-c-ambn sImSpØp. \mw krjvSn®
\nc-h[n krjvSn-I-tf-°mƒ {]I-S-amb Hu∂-Xy-a-cp-fp-Ibpw
sNbvXp.''18
AXn-\m¬ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn F√m a\p-jycpw hnin-jvScpw ip≤-
{]-Ir-X-cp-amWv. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p:
""a\p-jys\ \mw hnin-jvS-amb LS-\-bn¬ krjvSn-®n-cn-°p∂p.''19
{]hm-N-I≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""F√m Ip™p-ßfpw P\n-°p-∂Xv ip≤-
{]-Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv.''
AXn-\m¬ Htc ssZh-Øns‚ krjvSn-Ifpw Htc amXm-]n-Xm-°-
fpsS a°-fp-amb apgp-h≥ a\p-jycpw auen-I-ambn \njvI-f-¶cpw BZ-
c-Wo-b-cp-amWv. ]n∂oSv kz¥w ZpjvI¿a-ß-fmWv Ahsc A]-cm-[n-
Ifpw A]-am-\n-X-cp-am-°p-∂Xv. Ahsc Zpjn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw \in-∏n-°p-
∂Xpw Ah-Xs∂. A√mlp Adn-bn-°p∂p:
""]n∂oSv \mw a\p-jys\ \oN-cn¬ \oN-\m°n˛ hniz-kn-°p-
Ibpw k¬°¿a-ß-fm-N-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-sc-sbm-gn®v.''20
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
aX- h n- i zm- k - ß ƒ°- X o- X - a mbn a\p- j ys\ am\n- ° - W - s a∂v
Ckvemw B⁄m-]n-°p∂p. Hcn-°¬ Hcp arX-tZlw sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-
∂Xv I≠-t∏mƒ \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Fgp-t∂-‰p-\n∂p. At∏mƒ Ahn-
SsØ A\p-N-c-∑m¿ Adn-bn®p: "AsXmcp blq-Z-t‚-Xm-Wt√m.' DSs\
{]hm-N-I≥ {]Xn-h-Nn-®Xv, "At±-lhpw a\p-jy-\m-Wt√m' F∂m-bn-
cp∂p.
A{]-Imcw Xs∂ aX-]-c-amb sshPmXyw At\ym-\y-ap≈ AXn-
{I-a-ßƒ°v \nan-Ø-am-h-cpXv. \∑ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xnepw Xn∑sb
{]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xnepw hnizmk sshhn-[y-X-Iƒ°-Xo-X-ambn ]c-
kv]cw klm-bn-°p-Ibpw kl-I-cn-°p-I-bp-amWv th≠Xv. A√mlp
Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p:
""]pWy-Øn\pw ssZh-`-‡n°pw th≠n \nßƒ ]c-kv]cw
klm-bn-°pI. ]m]-Øn\pw A{I-a-Øn\pw \nß-f-t\ym\yw
klm-bn-°-cpXv.'' 21
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:
1. A¬-C-Jvem-kzv: 1˛-4
2. A¬^p¿Jm≥: 2
3. ^p zn-eØv: 10
4. A¿d-lvam≥: 10
5 A¬_-Jd: 29
6. Jm^v: 16
7. A∂n-km-Av: 1
8. A¬lp-Pp-dmØv: 13
9. _ m¿
10. apkvenw, A_q-Zm-hqZv
11. A¬am-CZ: 48
12. Aiviqdm: 13
13. A∂lv¬: 36
14. ^mXzn¿: 23, 24
15. A¬_-Jd: 256
16. bq\pkv: 19
17. A¬_-Jd: 213
18. A¬-C-kvdm-Av: 70
19. AØo≥: 4
20. AØo≥: 5, 6
21. A¬am-CZ: 2
hnizmk kzmX{¥yw
c≠v
hnizmk kzmX{¥yw
ssZh-t{]m-‡-amb Pohn-X-hy-h-ÿ-bmWv Ckvemw. AXn\v hy‡-

amb hnizmk kwln-X-bp≠v. AXn¬\n-∂mWv Ckvem-anse BNm-
cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw I¿a ]≤-Xn-Ifpw cq]w sIm≈p-∂Xv. BZ¿i
hnizm-k-ß-fw-Ko-I-cn-t°-≠Xv a\p-jy-a-\- p-I-fmWv. AXn-√msX
\mhp-sIm≠v \S-Øp∂ {]Jym-]-\-ßƒ \nc¿Y-ßfpw \njv^-e-ß-
fp-as{X. Ckvemw am\h a\- p-I-fpsS am‰-Øn-eq-∂¬ \evIm-\p≈
Imc-Whpw AXp-Xs∂. Bi-bm-Z¿i-ß-fpsS AwKo-Imcw hy‡n-I-
fpsS CjvSm-\n-jvS-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-\n-ev°p∂p. Ah BcpsS
taepw ASn-t®-ev]n-°m≥ km[y-a√. C°m-cy-Øn¬ Ckvemw hfsc
hnim-ehpw kln-jvWpXm ]q¿W-hp-amb kao-]-\-amWv kzoI-cn-°p-
∂Xv. am\h a\- p-Iƒ°v apºn¬ hkvXp-X-Iƒ hy‡-ambn hni-Zo-
I-cn-®-tijw hniz-kn-°m\pw Ahn-iz-kn-°m\pw, AwKo-I-cn-°m\pw
\ncm- I - c n- ° m- \ p- a p≈ A\p- h m- Z hpw Ah- I m- i hpw hy‡n- I ƒ°v
\evIp∂p. Ckvemw Bscbpw AXw-Ko-I-cn-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-°p-∂n√.
hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn {]Jym-]n-°p∂p:
""aX-Øn¬ Hcp-hn[ \n¿_-‘-hp-an√. k∑m¿Kw anYym-[m-c-W-
I-fn¬\n∂v th¿Xn-cn™v Ign-™n-cn-°p∂p.''1
""Xm¶ƒ hnfw-_cw sNøpI: CXv \nß-fpsS \mY-\n¬\n-∂p≈
kXy-am-Ip∂p. CjvS-ap-≈-h¿°nXv kzoI-cn°mw. CjvS-ap-≈-
h¿°v \ntj-[n°mw.''2
aX-Øns‚ {]Ya {]t_m-[-I-cmb {]hm-N-I≥am¿°p-t]mepw
ssZhnI ktµ-i-ß-sf-Øn-°p∂ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw am{Xta D≠m-bn-cp-
∂p≈q. A√mlp ]d-bp∂p:
""ssZhnI ktµiw kv]jvS-ambn Adn-bn-°-e-√msX as‰-s¥-
¶nepw ssZh-Zq-X-∑m-cpsS _m[y-X-bn-ept≠m?''3
A¥y-{]-hm-N-I-\mb apl-ΩZv \_n°v AXn-e-∏pdw Hcp _m[y-
X-bp-an-s√∂p hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-
´p≠v. \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\nsb A√mlp Adn-bn-°p∂p:
""AYhm, Ah¿ ]n¥n-cn-™p-t]m-hp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ \ns∂ Ah-
cpsS ta¬t\m-´-°m-c-\mbn \mw \ntbm-Kn-®n-ń√. ktµiw FØn-
Ckvemapw aX-kl - n-jvWp-Xbpw
t°≠ _m[yX am{Xta \n\-°p≈q.''4
""hn[n hy‡-ambn FØn-®p-X-cp∂ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw am{Xta
\ΩpsS ZqX-∂p≈q.''5
Bfp- I sf \n¿_- ‘ n®v hniz- k n- ∏ n- ° m≥ \_n- X n- c p- t a- \ n- ° p-
t]mepw A\p-hm-Z-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Jp¿-B≥ tNmZn-°p∂p:
""P\-ßƒ hnizm-kn-I-fm-hm≥ Xm¶ƒ Ahsc \n¿_-‘n-°p-
Itbm? ssZh-ln-X-an-√msX Hcmƒ°pw hniz-kn-°pI km[y-
a√.'' 6
""\_ntb, Xm¶ƒ DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pI. Xm¶ƒ DZv-
t_m-[-I≥ am{X-am-Ip∂p. Ahsc \n¿_-‘n®v hgn-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂-h-s\m-∂p-a√ Xm¶ƒ.''7
Cßs\ Ckvemw hnizmk kzmX{¥yw {]Jym-]\w sNøp∂p.
aXw BcpsS taepw ASn-t®-ev]n-°-cp-sX∂v A\p-im-kn-°p∂p. Hmtcm-
cp-Ø¿°pw kz¥w hnizm-khpw ho£-Whpw sh®p-]p-e¿Øm\pw
AX-\p-k-cn®v ]qPm-{]m¿Y-\-Ifpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw \n¿h-ln-
°m\pw Ah-Im-i-ap≠v. AXn-en-S-s]-Smt\m AXv XS-bmt\m B¿°pw
A[n-Im-c-an√. hy‡n-Ifpw kaq-l-ßfpw `c-W-Iq-S-ßfpw CXn¬ ka-
amWv .
Ckvem-anI cmjv{Sw ]uc-∑m-cpsS hnizm-k-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-
Sp-I-bn√. Jp¿-B≥ IWn-i-ambn Iev]n-®-X-\p-k-cn®v Ah¿°n-jvS-
ap≈ aX-aw-Ko-I-cn-°m≥ A\p-hmZw \evIp-Ibpw sNøpw. aZo-\-bn¬
\_n-Xn-cp-ta\n(k)bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ckvem-an-I-`-cWw ÿm]n-
X-am-bXp apX-en-t∂m-f-ap≈ A\p-`-h-ß-f-Xn\v km£n-bmWv.
aZo-\-bn-se-Ønb {]hm-N-I≥ aplm-Pn-dp-Ifpw A≥km-dp-I-fp-ambn
DS-º-Sn-bp-≠m°n. AXn¬ Ahn-SsØ PqX-∑m-cp-ambn Nne Icm¿ hyh-
ÿ-Iƒ {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v Nne hmKvZm-\-ßƒ \evIp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Ckvem-anI cmjv{S-Ønse aX \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS Ah-
ÿbpw Ah-Im-i-ßfpw _m[y-X-Ifpw hni-Z-ambn hnh-cn-°p∂ al-
Ømb Hcp {]amWw IqSn-bm-WXv. AXn-eqsS \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n aX-
\yq-\-]-£-ßƒ°v A\p-h-Zn-®-Xp-t]m-ep≈ kzmX-{¥yhpw kuI-cyhpw
temI-Ønse at‰-sX-¶nepw aXm-[n-jvTnX cmPy-ß-fntem aX-\n-c-
t]£m \mSp-I-fntem ImW-s∏-Sp-I-bn√. PqX-∑m¿°v kºq¿W aX-
kzm-X{¥yw {]Jym-]\w sNøp∂ {]kvXpX {]am-W-Øn-en-ßs\
ImWmw: ""\ΩpsS `cW kmtlm-Zcy koa-bn¬ s]Sp∂ PqX-∑m¿°v
h¿Km-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ]£-]m-X-]-c-amb s]cp-am-‰-ß-fn¬\n∂pw
t{Zml-ß-fn¬\n∂pw c£ \evIpw. \ΩpsS klm-b-Øn\pw Zbm-
]q¿Wamb kwc-£-W-Øn\pw kz¥w kap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-sf-t∏mse
Ah¿°pw Ah-Im-i-ap≠v. apkvenw-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂v Ah¿ GI LS-
\- b p≈ Hcp cmjv { S- a m- b n- Ø ocpw. apkv e nw- I - s f- t ∏m- s e- Ø s∂
hnizmk kzmX{¥yw
Ah¿°pw kzX-{¥-ambn Xß-fpsS aXw BN-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.''
]n∂oSv Ckvem-an-I-cm-jv{SsØ \in-∏n-°m≥ AI-Øp-\n∂v KqV-
{iaw \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n°v Ahsc \mSp-I-S-tØ-≠n-h∂p.
AXn\v At±-lsØ t{]cn-∏n-®Xv Ah-cpsS aX-]-c-amb {]iv\-ß-fm-
bn-cp-∂n√. adn®v cmjv{Sob Imc-W-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. C°mcyw hneyw
ayqb¿( ) t]mepw Xpd∂v kΩ-Xn-®n-´p≠v. At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p:
""apl- Ω Zv Ah¿s°- X nsc (_\q- J p- s sdfm F∂ PqXtKm{Xw)
apt∂‰w \S- Ø n- b - X ns‚ auenI Imc- W - ß ƒ cmjv { So- b - a mWv .
At±lw Ahsc Ckvemw Bt«-jn-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-°p-Itbm AXp
sNøm-Ø-Xn\v in£n-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-ń√.''8
PqX-∑m-tcm-sS∂ t]mse ss{IkvXh tKm{X-ß-fp-ambpw {]hm-N-
I≥ k‘n-bn-te¿s∏-ń-cp∂p. AX-\p-k-cn®v Ckvem-anI cmjv{S-Øn-
e-h¿°v kºq¿W hnizmk kzmX{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p. k¿
tXmakv B¿WƒUv Fgp- X p∂p: ""apl- Ω Zv Xs∂ ]e Ad_v
ss{IkvXh tKm{X-ß-fp-ambpw k‘n-bn-te¿s∏-ń-cp∂p. Ah¿°v
At±lw kwc-£-Whpw kz¥w aX-am-N-cn-°m-\p≈ kzmX-{¥yhpw
Dd-∏p-h-cpØn. Ah-cpsS ]ptcm-ln-X¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ khn-ti-jm-[n-
Im-c-ßƒ ]g-b-t]mse \ne-\n¿Øn.''9
\_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS DØ-cm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Ahn-SsØ kln-jvWp-
Xm-]q¿W-amb kao-]\w AtX-]Sn A\p-[m-h\w sNbvXp. c≠mw
Jeo^ Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv Cuen-bm-hm-kn-Iƒ°v Fgp-Xn-s°m-SpØ
c£m-hy-h-ÿ-I-fn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""ssZh-Øns‚ Zmk\pw hnizm-
kn-I-fpsS \mb-I-\p-amb Da¿ Cuen-bm-bnse P\-ßƒ°v \evIp∂
kwc-£-W-am-WnXv. F√m-h-cp-tSbpw Poh∂pw kzØn∂pw N¿®p-
Iƒ°pw Ipcn-ip-Iƒ°pw aX-kw-_-‘-amb F√m-‰n\pw kwc-£Ww
Dd∏p \evIp∂p. Bcp-tSbpw N¿®p-Iƒ hmk-ÿ-e-am-°p-Itbm \in-
∏n-°p-Itbm AcpXv. Ahtbm Ah-tbmSv tN¿∂p-\n-ev°p∂ hkvXp-
h-ltbm Ipd-®p-I-f-b-cpXv. AXpt]mse-Øs∂ Ah-cpsS kzØp-
°tfm Ipcn-ip-Itfm ]nSn-s®-Sp-°-cpXv. hnizm-k-Im-cy-Øn¬ Bcp-sS-
taepw {]Xn-_-‘-ap-≠m-°p-Itbm aXw am‰-Øn\v \n¿_-‘n-°p-
Itbm sNø-cpXv. Bscbpw D]-{Z-hn-°m\pw ]mSn√.''10
Da-dp¬ ^mdq-Jns‚ Kh¿W-dm-bn-cp∂ Awdp-_v\p¬ Bkzv CuPn-
]vXp-Im-cp-am-bp-≠m-°nb Icm-d-\p-k-cn®v Ahn-SsØ ss{IkvXh
hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v kI-e-hn[ kwc-£-Whpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-bn-cp∂p.
A∂p apX-en-t∂mfw tIm]v‰v ss{IkvX-h¿ AhnsS sskzc-Po-hnXw
\bn-®p-h-cp∂p. Hcp hn[ aX-]o-U\hpw Ah-c-\p-`-hn-®n-cp-∂n√. B[p-
\nI CuPn-]v-Xn-e-h¿°v Bbn-cØn A™q-tdmfw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-
ßfpw A™q-tdmfw kwL-S-\-I-fp-ap≠v. Ah-sb√mw ÿm]n-X-am-
bXv apkvenw `c-W-Im-e-ØmWv. Ckvemw hnizm-k-kzm-X{¥yw A\p-
h-Zn-®n-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ]Xn-aq-∂n-tesd \q‰m-≠p-Im-esØ apkvenw
`c-W-Øn\p tijw C{X-tbsd A\y aXm-\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS
Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßfpw AhnsS Ah-ti-jn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n√.
apkv e nw- I - f psS Cu kln- j v W pX Imc- W - a mbn ss{Ikv X h
ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ kz¥w ka-pZm-bmw-K-ß-tf-°mƒ Ahsc CjvS-s∏-ń-
cp∂p. A_q- D - s s_- Z - b psS t\Xr- X z- Ø n¬ apkv e nw ssk\yw
tPm¿Um≥ Xmgv h - c - b n¬ Xmh- f - a - S n- ® - t ∏mƒ Xt±- i - h m- k n- I - f mb
ss{Ikv X h t\Xm- ° ƒ Ah¿s°- g pXn: ""apkv e nw- I tf, Rßƒ
ss_k‚m-bn≥Im-tc-°mƒ \nß-sf-bn-jvS-s∏-Sp∂p. Ah¿ Rß-fpsS
hnizm- k - Ø n¬Xs∂ D≈- h - c m- s W- ¶ nepw \nß- f mWv Rß- t fmSv
hm°p ]men-°p-Ibpw ImcpWyw ImWn-°p-Ibpw A\oXn {]h¿Øn-
°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv.''11
C¥y-bn¬ kn‘v B{I-an®v Iog-S-°nb apl-Ω-Zp-_v\p¬ Jmkn-
an∂v kndn-b≥ Kh¿W¿ l÷m-Pp_v\p bqkp^v Fgp-Xnb IØv,
A-°m-eØv A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ hnizmk kzmX-{¥y-Øn-te°v
shfn®w hoip∂p. At±-l-sa-gpXn: ""Ah¿ \ΩpsS kwc-£W hyh-
ÿ-bn¬ hcn-Ibpw \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-I-cmbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cns° \mw
as‰-¥mWv Ah-cn¬\n∂v {]Xo-£n-°p-∂Xv? Ah-cpsS ssZh-ßsf
Bcm-[n-°m-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw \mw A\p-h-Zn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Hcm-sfbpw
Xs‚ aX- Ø n¬\n∂v ]n¥n- c n- ∏ n- ° mt\m Bcm- [ - \ m- \ p- j v T m- \ - ß -
fn¬\n∂p XS-bp-hmt\m ]mSn√.''12
C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw sX‰n-≤-cn-°-s∏´ hy‡n Hudw-
K-ko-_mWv. At±lw ]c-aX hntcm-[nbpw ISpØ h¿Ko-b-hm-Zn-bp-
ambn ap{Z-Ip-Ø-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. {_nó-jp-Im-cpsS hymP-{]-Nm-c-W-ß-
fmWv CXn\p hgn-sh-®Xv. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ At±lw ktlm-Zc kap-
Zm-b-ß-fpsS aX-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ H´pw CS-s]-ń-cp-∂n√. ]q¿Wm¿Y-Øn¬
hnizm-k-kzm-X{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. _\m-d-knse
Kh¿W-dm-bn-cp∂ A_p¬l-k\v At±lw \evInb DØ-c-hn-en-ßs\
ImWmw: ""\oXn-]q¿h-I-amb \ΩpsS Cu `cWw \S-°p∂ Ime-Øp-
t]mepw _\m-d-knepw a‰p Nne tZi-ß-fnepw Xma-kn-°p∂ lnµp
{]P-Isf Nne¿ sshcm-Ky-Ømepw hntZz-j-Ømepw hnj-an-∏n-®p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn \ap°v hnhcw e`n-®n-cn-°p∂p. Ahn-S-ß-fnse
t£{X-ß-fpsS kwc-£-I-cmb {_m“-W-∑msc Ah-cpsS IrXy-\n¿h-
l-W-Øn¬\n∂pw `b-s∏-SpØn ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xmbpw
\mw a\- n-em-°p∂p. \tΩmSv Iqdpw hniz-kvX-X-bp-ap≈ A_p¬l-
k-t\mSv \mw I¬]n-°p∂p: Cu DØ-chv ssIhiw Inńb DS-s\-
Øs∂ CØcw A\m-im-ky-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ C√m-Xm-°p-Ibpw `mhn-
bn¬ {_m“- W - ] p- t cm- l n- X - ∑ m- c psS {]h¿Ø- \ - ß - f n¬ Ah¿°v
bmsXm- c p- h n[ XS- hpw D≠m- h p- I - b n- s √∂v Dd- ∏ p- h - c p- Ø p- I bpw
thWw. A\m-Zn-Imew \ne-\n¬t°-≠Xpw ssZh-Z-Ø-ambn \evI-s∏-
´-Xp-amb \ΩpsS km{am-Py-Øns‚ Db¿®°pw a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚
hnizmk kzmX{¥yw
Iq´mb \∑°pw th≠n Ah¿ \S-Øp∂ {]m¿Y-\-Iƒ A`w-Kpcw
XpS-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw thWw. CXv hfsc ASn-b-¥c Imcy-
ambn IcpXn DS≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pI.''13 lnPvd 1090 d_o-D¬
BJn¿ 17.
Hudw- K - k o- _ ns‚ aX- k - a o- ] \w Ae- I v k m- ≠ ¿ lman¬´¨
Cßs\ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p: ""lnµp-°ƒ°v ]cn-]q¿W-amb aX-kzm-
X{¥yw e`n-°p-∂p-s≠-∂-Xn\p ]pdsa sslµh cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Iogn-
em-bn-cn-°p-tºm-sgms° Ah¿ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ {hX-ßfpw D¬k-h-
ßfpw Ct∏mgpw BtLm-jn-°p-hm-\p≈ kuI-cy-ß-fpap≠v. aod‰v
\K-c-Øn¬ am{Xw sslµ-h-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ \qdn¬]cw hyXykvX hn`m-
K-ß-fp-s≠-¶nepw Ah¿ XΩn¬ {]m¿Y-\-I-fp-sStbm kn≤m-¥-ß-fp-
sStbm t]cn¬ bmsXm-cp-hn[ X¿°hpw \S-°p-∂n√. GsXm-cmƒ°pw
Abm-fm-{K-ln-°p-∂-hn[w ssZhm¿®-\-Iƒ \S-Øp-hm\pw Bcm-[n-°p-
hm-\p-ap≈ kzmX-{¥y-ap≠v. aX-[zw-k-\-ßƒ A⁄m-X-amWv.''14
\o≠ \nc-h[n \q‰m-≠p-Imew `cWw \S-Øn-bn´pw apkvenw-Iƒ
\s∂ sNdnb \yq\-]-£-ambn XpS-cp-∂-Xn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ C¥y-bn¬
\n¿_‘ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈ {ia-ß-sfm-´pw-Xs∂ \S-∂n-cp-∂n-
s√∂pw hnizm-k-kzm-X{¥yw ]q¿W-ambpw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh-
∂pw kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambn {Kln-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-
cn-I-fpsS Bÿm-\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ DØ-c-{]-tZ-in¬ 11Dw ssakq-cn¬ 5
Dw iX-am\w am{Xta C∂pw apkvenw-I-fp≈q. C¥y-bpsS CXc `mK-
ß- f nepw Ckv e mw hym]n- ® Xv apkv e nw `c- W - I m- e - Ø - s √- ∂ Xv
{]tXyIw {]kvXm-hy-amWv. _wKm-fnse aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\sØ kw_-
‘n®v e`y-amb tcJ Cu hkvXpX kpXcmw hy‡-am-°p∂p:
""{_nójv `c-W-Im-eØv \S∂ \nc-¥-c-amb aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w Hcp
Imcyw kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambn sXfn-bn®p. cmjv{So-bm-[n-Imcw Ds≠-¶nepw
Cs√-¶nepw _wKm-fn¬ Ckvemw Ahn-cmaw hnI-kn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv
1891˛se sk≥kkv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. 1872˛\p tijw DØ-c-_w-Km-
fn¬ ]Xn-\m-bn-c-Øn\p 100 hoXhpw ]q¿h-_w-Km-fn¬ 262 hoXhpw
]›n- a - _ w- K m- f n¬ 110 hoXhpw _wKmƒ kwÿm- \ - s Øm- ∂ msI
t\m°n-bm¬ icm-icn 159 hoXhpw h¿[-\-hp-≠mbn.''15
k¿, Uªnbp. Uªnbp. l≥S¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""apkvenw A[n-Im-c-
tI-{µ-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ U¬ln-bnepw B{K-bnepw apkvenw-I-fpsS FÆw
]cn-an-X-amWv. U¬ln-bn-eXv ]Øn-semcp `mK-ta-bp≈q. B{K-bn-eXv
Im¬`mKw t]mep-am-hp-∂n√.''16
Ckvem-ans‚ Cu kln-jvWp-Xm-]-c-amb kao-]-\sØ kw_-
‘n®v Zvtlm_nt\m Fgp-Xp∂p: ""aX-hn-izmkw cmjv{So-b-Xm-ev]-cy-
Øn¬\n∂p hnap- ‡ - a m- b - t ∏mƒ hy‡n- ] - c - a mb hnizm- k sØ
ssItb‰w sNøp-∂-Xn¬ AI-∂p-\n∂ G‰hpw DZm-c-amb aXw Ckvem-
am-bn-cp∂p F∂p ImWmw. cmjv{S-Øns‚ `{ZX òj-Wn°v hnt[-b-
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
am-b-t∏mƒ Ckvem-anI `c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ aX-]-c-amb GIo-I-c-W-Øn\p
F√m am¿K- ß fpw kzoI- c n- ° m≥ t{]cn- X - a mbn. At∏mƒt]mepw
Ckvem-anI aqey-ß-fn¬\n∂p Dbn¿s°m≠ DZm-c-X-bpsS Cu XXzw
AXns‚ ]c- a - I m- j v T - b n¬X- s ∂- b m- b n- c p∂p. ]oU- \ - Ø n- s ‚bpw
_em¬°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw bmsXmcp emRvO-\bpw Fhn-sSbpw \ap°v
ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂n√.''17
Ckvem-anI `c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ aXw-am-‰-Øn\v Bscbpw \n¿_-‘n-
®n-cp-∂n-s√∂pw cmPysØ ]uc-∑m¿°v hnizm-k-kzm-X{¥yw ]q¿W-
ambn A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ign™ ]Xn-\mev \q‰m-≠p-Im-esØ
Ncn{Xw kXy-k-‘-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ Gh¿°pw kwi-b-c-ln-X-
ambn t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv. A{I-an-I-fmb apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
I-fpsS Iogn¬ apkvenw-Iƒs°-∂-t]mse Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿°pw
H´p-h-fsc {]bm-k-ß-f-\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-∂n-´p-s≠∂ hkvXpX ChnsS
hnkva-cn-°p-∂n√. F∂m¬ Ah-bvs°m-∂pw-Xs∂ aX-]-c-amb am\-
ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. adn®v, F°m-e-sØbpw a¿ZI `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-
fpsS s]mXp kao- ] - \ - Ø ns‚ `mKw am{X- a m- b n- c p∂p AsX√mw.
Ckvemw \n¿_-‘-a-X-]-cn-h¿Ø\w \njn-≤-am-°p-Ibpw ]q¿W-amb
hnizm-k-kzm-X{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-\m¬ aX-aq-ey-ßƒ
apdp-sI-∏n-Sn® ]fin-X-∑mcpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw Hcn-°¬t]mepw `n∂-
amb \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-®-Xmbn ImWpI km[y-a√.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:
1. A¬_-Jd: 256
2. A¬Ilv^v: 29
3. A∂lv¬: 35
4. Aiviqdm: 48
5. A¬am-CZ: 92
6. bq\pkv: 99
7. A¬Km-inb: 21,22
8. sse^v Hm^v apl-Ω-Zv, hmfyw: 3, ]pdw: 282
9. Ckvemw {]t_m-[-\hpw {]Nm-chpw, ]pdw: 60
10. Xz_vcn: ]pdw: 2405
11. k¿ tXmakv B¿WƒUv˛ Ckvemw {]t_m-[-\hpw {]Nm-chpw, ]pdw: 67
Elliot and Dowson: Vol. 1. chachanama pp: 185-þ186, D≤-cWw. kn.sI.
Icow˛ Ncn{X ]T-\-ßƒ, ]pdw: 327
13. D≤-cWw: kn.sI. Icow˛ Ncn-{X-]-T-\-ßƒ, ]pdw: 495
14.Alexander Hamilton- A New Account of the East Indies, Vol. 1, pp.
159, 162, 163.
Census of India 1891, Vol. 3, pp: 146, 147.
D≤-cWw: kn.sI. Icow˛ Ncn-{X-]-T-\- ßƒ, ]pdw: 201.
Sir W.W. Hunter- The Religion of India (the times february 25, 1988 D≤-
cWw: k¿ tXmakv B¿WƒUv˛ Ckvemw {]t_m-[-\hpw {]Nm-chpw, ]pdw:
320.
17. D≤-cWw: k¿ tXmakv B¿WƒUv˛ Ckvemw {]t_m-[-\hpw {]Nm-chpw, ]pdw: 551
Bcm-[\m kzmX{¥yw
aq∂v
Bcm-[\m kzmX{¥yw
Ckvemw ]q¿W-ambpw GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn--e-[n-jvTn-X-amWv. _lp-

ssZ-h-sØbpw AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kIe k¶¬]-ß-sfbpw kz`m-
h-ß-sfbpw Nn”-ß-sfbpw AXv \ncm-I-cn-°p∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
Ckvemw hn{K-lm-cm-[\ h¿Pn-°m≥ AXn-i-‡n-bmbn Blzm\w
sNøp∂p. AXns‚ t\cnb Awiw t]mepw am\-h-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Ah-
ti-jn-°p-∂Xv AsXm´pw CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂n√. F∂n´pw hn{K-l-ß-sfbpw
a‰p Bcm-[y-h-kvXp-°-sfbpw Bt£-]n-°p-∂Xpw Ah-tl-fn-°p-
∂Xpw Ckvemw ITn-\-ambn hne-°p∂p. Ah-bpsS Bcm-[-I¿°v at\m-
hn-j-a-ap-≠m-hp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS hnImcw {hW-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂
]cm-a¿i-ß-sf√mw ]q¿W-ambpw h¿Pn-°m-\m-⁄m-]n-°p∂p. AXn-
\m¬, hnizm-kn-Isf thZ-\n-∏n-°pw-hn[w Bcm-[y-h-kvXp-°-sfbpw
BZ-c-Wob hy‡n-I-sfbpw Ah-a-Xn-°p-∂Xv A\m-imky IrXy-
amWv. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ I¬]n-°p∂p: ""A√m-lp-hn-s\-°q-SmsX Ah-
cm-cm-[n-°p∂ ssZh-ßsf \nßƒ iIm-cn-°-cpXv.''1
A\y-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS Bcm-[y-h-kvXp-°sf Ah-tl-fn-°-cp-
sX∂v B⁄m-]n-°p∂ Ckvemw kºq¿W-amb Bcm-[-\m-kzm-X-
{¥yhpw A\p-h-Zn-°p∂p. {]hm-N-Is‚ ImeØv Ahn-SsØ ]≈n-
bn¬ sh®p-t]mepw ss{IkvXh ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ°v Ah-cpsS Bcm-
[-\-I-f-\p-jvTn-°m≥ A\p-hmZw \evIn-bn-cp∂p. Hcn-°¬ \Pvdm-\nse
{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bp-ambn Bi-b-kw-hmZw \S-Øm-\mbn
aZo\m ]≈n-bn-seØn. Ah¿ Xß-fpsS aXsØ kw_-‘n®v kwkm-
cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Xncp-ta\n F√mw {i≤m-]q¿hw {ihn-®p-sIm-
≠n-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv Ahn-S∂v Ah¿°v Ckvem-ans\ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-
s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\nsS \Pvdm-\n¬\n-s∂-Ønb AXn-
Yn-Iƒ°v Xß-fpsS {]m¿Y\ \n¿h-ln-°m-\p≈ ka-b-ambn. DSs\
\_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Ah¿°v AtX ]≈n-bn¬ Xß-fpsS aXm-Nm-c-{]-Imcw
{]m¿Y\ \S-Øm≥ kI-e-hn[ kuI-cy-ßfpw sNbvXp-sIm-SpØp.
AXns‚ as‰mcp `mKØv Ahn-S∂v Xs‚ A\p-N-c-∑m-scmØv \a-
kvImcw \n¿h-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ apkvenw-Ifpw {InkvXym-
\n-Ifpw Htc ]≈n-bn¬sh®v Xß-fpsS aXm-Nm-c-{]-Imcw Bcm-[-\m-
I¿a-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-I-sb∂ al-Ømb IrXy-Øn\v {]hm-N-I≥
Xs∂ ]›m-Ø-e-sam-cp-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.
C{]-Imcw Xs∂ FtXym-]y-bn¬\n∂v \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\nsb kµ¿in-
°m-s\-Ønb ss{IkvXh ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ°v Ahn-S∂v Xma-k-ku-I-
cy-ßƒ sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-ØXv ]≈n-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. Xncp-ta\n Ahsc
BZ-c-]q¿hw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw Bh-iy-amb kIe kuI-cy-ßfpw
Hcp-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\_n-Xn-cp-ta-\nbpw A\p-N-c-∑mcpw A\y-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°v kwc-
£Ww \evIn-b-t∏mƒ Ah-cpsS hnizm-k-Øn\pw Bcm-[-\m-kzm-X-
{¥y- Ø n\pw kpc- £ n- X Xzw Dd- ∏ p- h - c p- Ø n- b n- c p∂p. \Pv d m- \ nse
{InkvXym-\n-I-fp-ambn {]hm-N-I-\p-≠m-°nb k‘n-hy-h-ÿ-I-fn-en-
ßs\ ImWmw: ""\Pvdm-\nse ss{IkvX-h¿°pw Ah-cpsS kl-hm-
kn-Iƒ°pw A√m-lp-hns‚ A`-bhpw ssZh-Zq-X-\mb apl-Ω-Zns‚
kwc-£-tWm-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-hp-ap≠v. Ah-cpsS Poh≥, aXw, `qan, [\w
F∂n-hbv°pw Ah-cn¬ lmP-dp-≈-h∂pw C√m-Ø-h∂pw Ah-cpsS
H´-I-ßƒ°pw \nth-ZI kwL-ßƒ°pw Ipcniv, N¿®p t]mse-bp≈
aX-Nn-”-ßƒ°pw th≠n-bm-WnXv. \ne-hn-ep≈ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Hcp
am‰hpw hcp-Øp-∂-X√. Ah-cpsS bmsXm-c-h-Im-ihpw Hcp aX-Nn-
”hpw am‰-s∏-Sp-∂-X√. Ah-cpsS ]mXn-cntbm ]ptcm-ln-Xt\m N¿®v
tkh-It\m Xs‚ ÿm\-Øp-\n∂v \o°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-a√.''
{]hm-N-Is‚ H∂mw DØ-cm-[n-Imcn l{kØv A_q-_-°¿ lodm
hmkn-I-fp-ambn sNbvX k‘n-bn-en-ßs\ hmbn°mw: ""Ah-cpsS Bcm-
[-\m-e-b-ßfpw I\o-kbpw i{Xp-°-fn¬\n∂v c£-t\-Sp∂ tIm´bpw
s]mfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-X√. aWn-b-Sn-°p-∂tXm s]cp-∂m-fn∂v Ipcniv Fgp-
∂-≈n-°p-∂tXm XS-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-a√.''
kndn-b-bnse \nbp‡ ssk\y-Øn\v A_q-_-°¿ \evInb ]Øv
\n¿tZ-i-ß-fn¬ {][m-\-am-bXv ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-scbpw ]qPm-cn-am-scbpw
{]bm-k-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm Ah-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ XI¿°-s∏-Sp-
Itbm sNø-cp-sX-∂m-bn-cp∂p.
apkvenw ssk\nI ta[mhn A_q-D-ss_Z _A-ve_°v \nhm-
kn-I-fp-ambn sNbvX Icm-dn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""_A-ve-_°v \nhm-
kn-Iƒ°p-≈Xpw Ah-cn-ep≈ tdma-°m¿°pw t]¿jy-°m¿°pw Ad-
_n-Iƒ°pw _m[-I-am-Ip-∂-Xp-amb s]mXp Icm-dm-WnXv. \K-c-Øn-\-
IØpw ]pd-Øp-ap≈ Ah-cpsS hoSp-Iƒ°pw N¿®p-Iƒ°pw Poh∂pw
kzØn∂pw A`-b-ap≠v.''
hniz-hn-JymX tk\m\n Jmen-Zp-_v\p¬ heoZv D≠m-°nb k‘n-
hy-h-ÿ-bn-en-ßs\ hmbn°mw: ""Ah-cpsS aT-ßfpw N¿®p-Ifpw \in-
∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn√. \a-kvIm-c-th-f-bn-sem-gn®v cm{Xntbm ]Item Ah-
cn-On-°p-tºm-sg√mw aWn-b-Sn-°m-hp-∂Xpw hntij Znh-k-ß-fn¬
Ipcniv Fgp-∂-≈n-°m-hp-∂-Xp-amWv.''
l_o-_p_v\p akvea, J_o¬ \nhm-kn-I-fp-ambpw lpssZ-^-
Bcm-[\m kzmX{¥yw
Xp-_v\p¬ bam≥, Pp¿Pm≥ \nhm-kn-I-fp-ambpw CØcw Icm-dp-I-fp-
≠m-°n-b-Xmbn Ncn{X tcJ-I-fn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv.
a[y-]q¿h-tZ-isØ ss{IkvXh hnizm-kn-Iƒ apkvenw `c-W-
Øn\p Iogn¬ kºq¿W aX-kzm-X{¥yw A\p-`-hn-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬
hf- s c- t bsd kwXr- ] v X - c m- b n- c p∂p. \o≠ A©v \q‰m- ≠ p- I mew
Ckvem-an-Im-[n-]Xyw A\p-`-hn® tijhpw Cu Ah-ÿ-bntem A`n-
{]m-b-Øntem Hcp am-‰hpw kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂n√. tdma-°m-cpsS `c-W-tØ-
°mƒ Xßƒ°p- Ø - a hpw KpW- I - c hpw apkv e nw- I - f p- t S- X m- s W∂v
Dds° {]Jym-]n-°m-\p-a-h¿ aSn-®n-cp-∂n√. ]{¥≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚
c≠mw ]mXn-bn¬ At¥m-Iym-bnse bmt°m-_mb ]m{Xn-bm¿°o-
km-bn-cp∂ henb ssa°¬, tdmam `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ lndm-
¢n-b- ns‚ a¿Z-\-I-Y-Iƒ hnh-cn-®p-sIm≠v Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Cß-s\-bmWv
k¿h-i-‡\pw a\p-jy-cpsS km{am-Py-ßƒ Xs‚ lnX-Øn-\-\p-k-
cn®v am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂-h\pw Xm\n-On-°p-∂-h¿°v km{amPyw \evIp-∂-
h\pw ]mh-ßsf D≤-cn-°p-∂-h-\p-amb {]Xn-Im-c-Øns‚ ssZhw
Civta-ens‚ k¥m-\-ßsf, tdma≥ Ic-ß-fn¬\n∂p \sΩ c£n-
°m-\mbn, sX°p-\n∂p sIm≠p-h-∂Xv. tdma-°m¿ \ΩpsS N¿®p-Ifpw
aT-ßfpw Ih¿® sNøp-∂Xpw \sΩ \n¿Zbw a¿Zn-°p-∂Xpw ssZhw
t\m°n-°m-Wp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ \ap-°¬]w \jvSw kw`-
hn-®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv Im¬kn-tUm-Wn-b≥ ]£-Øp-\n∂v Gev]n-
°-s∏´ \ΩpsS N¿®p-Iƒ Ah-cpsS ssIbn¬Xs∂ tijn-°p-∂-Xp-
sIm≠v D≠m-bXp am{X-amWv. Ad-_n-Iƒ \K-c-ßƒ A[o-\-s∏-Sp-
Øn-b-t∏mƒ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw ssIh-i-ap≈ N¿®p-Iƒ Aß-s\-
Øs∂ \ne- \ n¿Øn. GXm- b n- c p- ∂ mepw tdma- ° m- c psS {Iqc- X -
bn¬\n∂pw \oN- X z- Ø n¬\n∂pw tcmj- Ø n¬\n∂pw aXm- t hi-
Øn¬\n∂pw c£ {]m]n-°p-Ibpw \mw kam-[m-\-Øn¬ Ign-bp-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p-sh-∂Xv H´pw \n mc Imcy-a√.''2
tUmIvS¿ apkvX-^- n-_mC Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Daho `c-W-Im-ew-sXm´v
{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS aX-N-S-ßp-Ifpw D¬k-h-ßfpw \S-Øn-
bn-cp-∂Xv s]mXp \nc-Øp-I-fn¬ sh®m-bn-cp∂p. Ipcniv Npa∂v tLmj-
bm-{X-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂Xv Ah¿ ]Xn-hm-°n-bn-cp∂p. aX-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿
AXn¬ kw_- ‘ n- ® n- c p- ∂ Xv Xß- f psS BNmc hkv { X- ß - f - W n-
™mWv. Hcn-°¬ ]m{Xn-bm¿°o-kvan-®¬(Michal) henb Hcp tLmj-
bm-{X-bmbn Ae-Ivkm-≠vdnbm ]´-W-Øn¬ {]th-in®p. Ipcnipw sagp-
Ip-Xn-cnbpw ss__nfpw Npa-∂-h-cmWv AXns‚ ap≥\n-c-bn-ep-≠m-bn-
cp- ∂ Xv . ]pWy- h m- f - ∑ m¿ Xß- f psS ]m{Xn- b m¿°o- k ns‚ alXzw
Dds° hnfn-®p-]-d-™p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. lnim-ap_v\p A_vZn¬ aen-
°ns‚ Ime-Øm-bn-cp∂p {]kvXpX kw`hw.
""lmdq≥ dio-Zns‚ ImeØv CuÃ¿ BtLm-j-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v
{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ henb Ipcniv Npa∂v hºn® {]I-S\w \S-Øn-bn-
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
cp∂p.''3
""Alvk-\p-Ø-Jmkow'' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ aJvZnkn ]d-bp∂p:
""ss{I-kvXh BtLm-j-ß-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®v jotdmkv N¥ Ae-¶-
cn-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. ss\¬ \Zn-bn¬ sh≈-ap-b-cp-Ibpw AtXm-
S-\p-_-‘n®v {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Ipcn-ip-I-b-‰-am-tLm-jn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
tºmƒ CuPn-]vXp-hm-kn-Ifpw AXn¬ AXn-Yn-I-fmbn kw_-‘n-®n-
cp∂p.''
"aJvcokn' Xs‚ JpXzXv F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p:""AJvio-
Zn-I-fpsS ImeØv km[m-cW P\-ßƒ amtΩm-Zok \√ \ne-bn¬
BtLm-jn-®n-cp∂p. ln{Pm_vZw 230˛-¬ amtΩm-Zo-k-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v
hfsc at\m-l-c-amb Hcm-tLmjw \S∂p. At∏mƒ ""A¬a-\o¬''
Zzo]nse {]tXyI sIm´m-c-Øn¬ AJvioZn N{I-h¿Øn apl-ΩZv
XzKvPv AsX√mw ho£n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. Aßs\ amtΩm-Zokm
BtLm-j-Øn¬ F√m P\-hn-`m-K-ßfpw kt¥m-j-]q¿hw ]s¶-Sp-
°p-I-bp-≠mbn.''
\o≠ ]Xn-\mev \q‰m≠p ImesØ Ckvem-anI Ncn-{X-Øn¬
apkvenw aX-]-fin-X-∑mtcm `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Itfm A\y-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-
I-fpsS Bcm-[\m kzmX{¥yw XS-bp-Itbm \nb-{¥n-°p-Itbm sNbvX-
Xmbn sXfn-bn-°pI km[y-a√. kn‘v A[o-\-s∏-Sp-Ønb apl-Ω-
Zp¬ Jmkn-ans\ kw_-‘n®v Cuiz-co-{]-kmZv ]d-bp∂p: ""At±lw
{_m“-W-∑m-tcmSv Ah-cpsS am\y-X°pw ]Z-hn-°p-a-\p-k-cn®v BZ-c-
]q¿hw s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp∂p...aX-kzm-X{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏´p. Bcm-[-
\-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ {_m“-W-cpsS A`n-em-j-ßƒ am\n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXp.''4
At±lw Xs∂ XpS-cp∂p: ""Iog-S-°-s∏´ P\-X°v Bcm-[-\m-kzm-
X{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ah-tcmSv kln-jvWp-Xm-]q¿hw s]cp-
am-dp-I-bp-ap-≠mbn.''5
apkvenw tPXm-°ƒ kzoI-cn® DZm-c-amb kao-]-\sØ kw_-
‘n®v tUmIvS¿ Xmcm-Nµv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""apkvenw tPXm-°ƒ ]cm-Pn-
X-tcmSv hfsc \∂mbn s]cp-amdn. lnµp ]fin-X-∑m¿°pw ]qPm-cn-
Iƒ°pw Xß-fpsS tZhm-e-b-ß-fn¬ Bcm-[\ \S-Øp-hm-\p≈ ]q¿W-
amb kzmX{¥yw \evIn. ]qPm-cn-am¿°pw tZhm-e-b-ßƒ°pw N´-∏-Sn-
bp≈ Ah-Imiw \evIm≥ I¿j-Isc A\p-h-Zn®p.''6
apKƒ`-cW ÿm]-I-\mb _m_¿ N{I-h¿Øn ]c-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-
I-tfmSv hfsc DZm-c-am-bmWv s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-∂-sX∂pw At±-l-Øns‚
ImeØv lnµp-°ƒ°v bmsXmcp hnj-ahpw t\cn-ń-cp-∂n-s√∂pw
Ãm≥en-se-bn≥]qƒ Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v.7
aI≥ lpa-bq-Wn∂v _m_¿ \evInb At¥ym-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬,
lnµp-k-tlm-Z-c-∑m-tcmSv AXyp-Zm-c-ambn s]cp-am-d-W-sa∂v {]tXyIw
\njv I ¿- j n- ° p- I - b p- ≠ mbn. ap≥ C¥y≥ bq\n- b ≥ {]kn- U ‚ v
Bcm-[\m kzmX{¥yw
tUmIvS¿ cmtP-{µ-{]-kmZv Dƒs∏sS D≤-cn® {]kvXpX At¥ym-]-
tZ-i-ß-fn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""C¥y aX-ssh-hn-[y-X-I-fpsS \mSmWv.
AXn¬ \o \µn-tc-J-s∏-Sp-ØWw. A√mlp \n\°v A[n-Imcw \evIn-
bm¬ aX-]-£-]m-XnXzw ImWn-°-cpXv. sslµ-hcpsS lrZbw {hW-
s∏Spw hn[w ]ip-°sf Adp-°-cpXv. AXv sNbvXm¬ P\w \ns∂
shdp°pw. t£{X-ßfpw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßfpw XI¿°-cpXv. `c-Wm-
[n-Imcn `c-Wo-b-scbpw `c-Wo-b¿ `c-W-I¿Øm-hn-s\bpw kvt\ln-
°p∂ kml-Ncyw krjvSn-°pI. Zbm-lr-Zbw sIm≠mWv Ckvem-
ans\ [\y-am-t°-≠Xv. ASn-®-a¿Ø-en-eq-sS-b√.''8
]m‰v\ bq\n-th-gvkn-‰n-bnse lnÃdn s{]m^-k-dm-bn-cp∂ {iocm-a-
{]-kmZv tJmkve _m_¿ N{I-h¿Ønsb ""aX-]-£-]m-Xn-Xz-ßƒ°pw
k¶p-NnX ho£-W-ßƒ°pw AXo-X-\mb `c-Wm-[n-Imcn''sb∂mWv
hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv.''9
]fin‰v Ph-l¿em¬s\lvdp, \oXn-am-s\∂pw ka¿Y-s\∂pw 10
hnti-jn-∏n® klo-dp-±o≥ apl-ΩZv _m_¿ Xosc aX-{`m-¥-\m-bn-cp-
∂n-s√∂pw lnµp-°-tfmSv hfsc kulm¿Z-]-c-am-bmWv s]cp-am-dn-bn-
cp-∂-sX∂pw Ae-l-_mZv k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse Ncn-{Xm[ym-]-I-\mb
tUmIvS¿ cma-{]-kmZv {Xn]mTn Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v.11
{]ikvX Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb dqjv{_q°v hneyw At±-lsØ kw_-
‘n®v Fgp-Xp∂p: ""t{ijvT-amb KpW-ß-fpsS \nd-Ip-S-am-bn-cp∂p _m-
_¿. al-\o-b-amb A`n-em-j-ßƒ, I¿°-i-amb \oXn-t_m[w, Ahn-
cm-a-amb hnP-b-]m-Shw, {]Pm-t£-a-X-ev]-cX, ssZh-hn-izm-kn-I-tfm-
Sp≈ A\p-\b kao-]\w, ]´m-f-°m-cpsS a\ v Ih¿s∂-Sp-°m-\p≈
Ignhv, \oXn-tbm-Sp≈ AS-ßmØ kvt\lw F∂o kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-
ßƒ _m_-dns‚ c‡-Øn¬ Aen-™p-tN¿∂n-cp∂p.''12
AIv_¿ N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS aI≥ Plmw-Ko-dns‚ ImeØv hmcm-
W-kn-bn¬ am{Xw Fgp-]Xv ]pXnb t£{X-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.
apKnf Ime- L - ´ - Ø nse hnhm- Z - h y- ‡ n- b mb Hudw- K - k o- _ ns‚
ImeØpw \nc-h[n ]pXnb t£{X-ßƒ ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-
≠mbn. Bew-Ko¿\m-a-bn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""Hudw-K-ko_v _wKm-
fnepw B m-anepw Nne lnµp-t£-{X-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-Ibpw _p≤-K-
b°v hºn® `qkzØv cmP-Io-bim-k\w hgn \evIp-I-bp-ap-≠mbn.''13
Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ ImeØv 1671˛-¬ Imin-hn-iz-\m-Y-t£-{X-Øn\pw
hmcm-W-kn-bnse hnhn[ tZhm-e-b-ßƒ°pw \ne-ßfpw a‰p klm-
b-ßfpw \evIp-I-bp-≠mbn. At±-l-Øns‚ Ime-ØmWv Ipa-c-Kp-cp-
h-cy¿ DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬ Imio-a-Thpw tIZm-c-\m-Y-t£-{Xhpw \n¿an-®Xv.
N{I-h¿Øn Ah-bv°m-h-iy-amb klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-ßƒ \evIp-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
]fin‰v kpµ¿em¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""AIv_¿, Plmw-Ko¿, jmP-lm≥
F∂n-h-cpsS ImeØpw Hudw-K-ko-_n-s‚bpw ]n≥Km-an-I-fp-sSbpw
Ckvemapw aX-kl- n-jvWp-Xbpw
ImeØpw lnµp-°-tfmSpw apkvenw-I-tfmSpw Htc kao-]-\-amWv kzoI-
cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. c≠v aX-ßfpw Xpey-ambn BZ-cn-°-s∏´p. aX-Øns‚
t]cn¬ BtcmSpw Hcp-hn[ hnth-N-\hpw ImWn-®n-cp-∂n√. F√m N{I-
h¿Øn-amcpw \nc-h[n t£{X-ßƒ°v Ht´sd `qkz-Øp-°ƒ \evIp-
I-bp-≠mbn. C∂pw C¥y-bnse hnhn[ t£{X-]q-Pm-cn-I-fpsS hiw
Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ H∏p≈ cmP-I-ev]\ \ne-hn-ep≠v. Ah At±lw
]mcn-tXm-jn-I-ßfpw `qkz-Øp-°fpw \evIn-b-Xns‚ kvac-W-bs{X.
CØcw c≠p Iev]-\-Iƒ Ct∏mgpw Cem-lm-_m-Zn-ep≠v. Ah-bn-
sem∂v tkma-\m-Y-t£-{X-Ønse ]qPm-cn-bpsS hi-amWv.''
Hudw-K-ko_v \S-Ønb s]mXp hnfw-_-c-Øn¬ lnµp-k-tlm-Z-c-
∑m- c psS {]m¿Y- \ - I ƒ°v XS w krjv S n- ° - c p- s X∂v {]tXyIw
\njvI¿jn-®-Xmbn ImWmw. ""Cu ip`-ap-lq¿Ø-Øn¬ \mw Iev]n-
°p-∂-sX-s¥-∂m¬ c©o-h-s\∂ ]ptcm-ln-Xs‚ hmk-ÿ-e-Øn\v
ap≥ hi-ambpw KwK-bpsS XocØv _\o-am-[h IS-hn-\-Sp-Ømbpw Ahn-
sS-bp≈ {][m\ ]≈n-bpsS Acn-In-embpw InS-°p∂ 588 1/2 Znd
hnkvXo¿W-ap≈ ÿehpw AXn-s‚-sb√mw Gsd apI-fn-embn ÿnXn-
sNøp∂ as‰m-cn-Shpw Ct∏mƒ Bƒ∏m¿t∏m sIń-S-ßtfm C√msX
Hgn™p InS-°p-I-bm-Wt√m. Ah-bn¬ {]th-in-°p∂ lnµp-°sf
Nne¿ hnc-ń-tbm-Sn-°p-∂-Xmbpw A\ym-b-ambn AhnsS {]th-in-°p-
∂-Xmbpw \ap°v hnhcw e`n-®n-cn-°p∂p. B ÿe-Øp≈ {_m“-
W-∑m-sctbm a‰p lnµp-°-sftbm taen¬ Bcpw D]-{Z-hn-°p-Itbm
`b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm sNø-cpXv. ]g-b-t]mse Ah¿ Xß-fpsS tPmen-
Iƒ kam-[m-\-tØmsS sNøp-∂-Xn\pw ssZh-Z-Ø-ambn \evI-s∏-´Xpw
A\m- Z n- I mew \ne- \ n¬t°- ≠ - X p- a mb \ΩpsS cmPy- Ø ns‚
t£ssaiz-cy-ßƒ°mbn {]m¿Yn-°p-∂-Xn\pw bmsXmcp hn[ XS-
hpw D≠m-°m≥ ]mSp-≈-X√.'' lnPvd 1069 Pam-Zp¬ BJn¿ 15 (A.D
1659)14
{]hm- N - I s‚ Imew sXmń- t ∂- h sc Ckv e m- a nI `c- W - Ø n≥
Iogn¬ Aapkv e nw ktlm- Z - c - ß ƒ°v kºq¿W- a mb Bcm- [ \m
kzmX{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏´p t]m∂n-´p≠v. ]m°n-ÿm≥, _w•m-tZiv,
Ct¥m-t\jy, atejy, kndnb, CuPn]vXv t]mep≈ apgp-h≥ apkvenw
\mSp-I-fnepw Aap-kvenw-Iƒ°v ]q¿W-amb Bcm-[-\m-kzm-X{¥yw
A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. aX-]-fin-X-∑mtcm `c-W-Iq-S-ßtfm AXn¬
Hcp \ne°pw CS-s]-Sm-dn√.
]m°n-ÿm-\n¬ P∑m-jvSan, Zo]m-hen t]mep≈ BtLmj Zn\-
ß-fn¬ lnµp-k-tlm-Z-c-ßƒ°v Acn, ]©-kmc XpS-ßn-bh {]tXy-
I-ambn A\p-h-Zn-°m-dp≠v. IqSmsX emtlm¿ Pn√-bnse AwKo-IrX
tImtf-Pp-I-fnepw kvIqfp-I-fnepw ]Tn-°p∂ Ahn-SsØ \yq\-]£
kap-Zm-b-°m-cmb hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v Kh¨sa‚ v kvtImf¿jn-∏p-Iƒ
\evIn hcp∂p. emtlm-dnse ss{Ikv-Xh aX-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ°v ivaim-
Bcm-[\m kzmX{¥yw
\-ap-≠m-°m≥ Bdp e£w cq] k¿°m¿ klm-b-[\w \evIp-I-bp-
≠mbn.
_w•m-tZ-inse ÿnXnbpw `n∂-a√. c≠p-aq∂p h¿jw-apºv Ahn-
sS-\n∂p h∂ Hcp hm¿Ø-bn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""_w•m-tZ-inse lnµp
t£{X-ßfpw [¿a-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°m≥ Kh¨sa‚ v GI-
tZiw Bdp-e£w cq] A\p-h-Zn®p. Cu Xocp-am-\-sa-SpØ \oXn-\ym-
b-h-Ip-∏n-s‚bpw B[ym-flnI Imcy-ß-fp-sSbpw a{¥n sI.Fw. \qdp¬
Ckvemw F√m aX-ß-fp-sSbpw D∂-a-\-Øn¬ Xßƒ X¬]-c-cm-sW∂v
Adn-bn®p.''15
akvIØv, _lvssd≥, Zpss_ t]mep≈ Ad_v apkvenw \mSp-
Ifn¬ Xt±-io-b-cmb aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßƒ hnizmk˛ Bcm-[-\m-kzm-
X-{¥y-apƒs∏sS kI-e-hn[ kuI-cy-ßfpw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂Xv
Ahn-X¿°n-X-amb Imcy-as{X. ae-bm-f-Ønse B¿.F v.F v. ]{X-
amb tIkcn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""akvI-Øv, _lvssd≥, Zp_mbv F∂o
Kƒ^v cmPy-ßƒ hntZ-i-t°m-bva°v Iogn¬ D≈Xp apX¬ `mc-Xo-
bcpw lnµp-°-fp-amb kn‘n-Iƒ Chn-S-ß-fn¬ I®-h-S-kw-_-‘-ambn
IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿°pI ImcWw {]kvXpX cmPy-ß-fpsS A`n-hr-≤n-bn¬
KWy-amb ]¶v hln-®n-cp∂p. {]kvXpX bmYm¿Yyw a\- n-em°n Ahn-
S-ß-fnse `c-Wm-[n-]-∑m¿ Ah¿°v {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ sImSp-
Øp-t]m∂p.''16
Zp_mbv ssiJv Ah¿°v (lnµp-°ƒ°v )th≠p∂ F√m B\p-
Iq-ey-ßfpw \evIp-∂-Xn¬ {]tXyIw {i≤n-®p-t]m∂p. kn‘n-I-fpsS
Bh-iym¿Yw lnµp-°-fpsS Hcp t£{Xhpw CjvS-tZ-h-X-Isf sh®p-
]q-Pn-°m-\p≈ A\p-hm-Zhpw AXp-t]mse D’-hm-Zn-Iƒ sIm≠m-Sm-
\p≈ AwKo-Im-chpw \evIp-I-bp-≠mbn. lnµp-°ƒ°v ih-kw-kvImcw
sNøm-\p≈ Hcp {]tXyI ivaim-\-Øn-\p≈ ÿe-hpw-IqSn A\p-h-
Zn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.''17
as‰mcp apkvenw \mSmb Ct¥m-t\-jysb kw_-‘n®v AtX
hmcnI Fgp-Xp∂p: ""F√m hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw ]q¿W-amb Bcm-[-\m-
kzm-X{¥yw \evIp∂ Ct¥m-t\-jy≥ `c-W-L-S\ B cmPy-Øns‚
atX-Xc kz`mhw hy‡-am-°p∂p. Ckvemw, {InkvXp-aXw, _p≤-aXw,
lnµp-[¿aw XpS-ßnb \mep aX-ßƒ°pw k¿°m¿ Xpey-amb AwKo-
Im-chpw t{]m’m-l-\-hp-amWv \evIp-∂Xv. CXn-\mbn k¿°m¿ \nb-
{¥-W-Øn¬ Hcp {]tXyI hIp∏v Xs∂-bp≠v. hnhn[ aXm-\p-bm-bn-
Iƒ ChnsS ]ckv]cw kvt\l-tØmSpw kl-h¿Øn-Xz-tØmSpw IqSn
Ign-bp∂p.''18
B[p-\nI temIsØ A[nI atX-Xc cmjv{S-ßfpw A\p-h-Zn-
°m-Ø{X B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw kuI-cy-ß-fp-amWv apkvenw-\m-Sp-Iƒ
Ahn- S - ß - f nse aX- \ yq- \ - ] - £ - ß ƒ°v \ev I n- s °m- ≠ n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv .
cmPysØ A\y-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fmb ]uc-∑m¿°v hnizm-k-kzm-X-
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
{¥yhpw Bcm-[\m kzmX-{¥yhpw A\p-h-Zn-°mØ H‰ apkvenw \mSp-
an√. ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B\pw {]hm-NI Ncybpw C∆n-j-b-Øn¬ kzoI-
cn® kwi-b-c-ln-Xhpw Jfin-X-hp-amb \ne-]m-Sm-Wn-Xn\v ImcWw.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:
1. A¬-A≥Bw: 108
412, 413. D≤-cWw: k¿ tXmakv B¿WƒUv˛
Michael the Elder, Vol. ii, p.p:
Ckvemw {]t_m-[-\hpw {]Nm-chpw, ]pdw: 67.
3. tUmIvS¿ apkvX-^- n-_mC˛ Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX Nne tim`\
Nn{X-ßƒ, ]pdw 113.
History of Muslim Rule, p: 46
5. Ibid, p: 49
6. "Alvse lnµv Io apJvX-k¿ XmcoJv', ]pdw: 153. D≤-cWw: C¥ym-Ncn-{X-
Øns‚ c≠p apJ-ßƒ.
7. Illustrated Weekly, 12 10. 1975.
8. D≤-cWw: anknkv \otem-^¿ AlvaZv, C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v H_vP-IvSohv ÃUokv,
\yqU¬ln.
9. apKƒ InwKvjn∏v, t]Pv: 207
10. C¥ysb Is≠-Ø¬
11. Rise and Fall of the Mugal Empire.
12. Rush brook William the Empire builder of 16th century.
13. Illustrated Weekly, 5.10. '75
14. _wKmƒ Gjym-‰nIv skmssk‰n P¿W¬. 1911
]pdw: 689, D≤-cWw: kn.sI. Icow˛ Ncn-{X-]-T-\-ßƒ, ]pdw: 496
15. amXr-`qan, 4. 10. '85
16. tIkcn, 6.4. '86
17. tIkcn, 5. 1. '86
18. tIkcn, 7. 6. '87
Bcm-[\meb-ß-fpsS BZ-c-Wo-bX
\mev
Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ß-fpsS BZ-c-Wo-bX
apgp-h≥ aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fp-sSbpw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ BZ-c-Wo-b-

ß-fmWv. Ah \nµn-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm AcpXv .
apkvenw ]≈n-Iƒ t]mse-Øs∂ CXc kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS Bcm-[\m
tI{µ-ßfpw kwc-£n-°-s∏-S-W-sa∂v Ckvemw AXn-bmbn B{K-ln-
°p∂p. Ah XI¿°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ A\n-hm-cy-amb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-
fmWv `qan-bn¬ A\p-h¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp-I-sb∂v ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ]Tn-
∏n-°p∂p: ""A√mlp P\-ß-fn¬ Nnesc a‰p Nne-cm¬ {]Xn-tcm-[n-
°p∂ ]Xn-hn-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ A√m-lp-hns‚ \maw [mcm-f-ambn kvacn-
°-s∏-Sp∂ ss{IkvX-h-N¿®p-Ifpw PqX-tZ-hm-e-b-ßfpw k\ym-kn-a-
T-ßfpw apkvenw ]≈n-Ifpw XI¿°-s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp∂p.''1
apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw kap-Zmb t\Xm-°fpw A\y-a-X-ÿ-
cpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ ]cn-c-£n-°m≥ {]Xn-⁄m-_-≤-cmWv. Ahn-
th-In-Ifpw Aan-Xm-th-i-°m-cp-amb apkvenw-Iƒ Ah ]≈n-I-fm°n
]cn- h ¿Øn- ∏ n- ° m\p≈ ]›m- Ø ew t]mep- a p- ≠ m- h - c p- s X∂
\n¿_‘w {]Kev`-cmb ]q¿hn-I¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
H∂mw Jeo-^-bmb l: A_q-_-°-dn-t\mSv cmPysØ ss{IkvXh
hnizm-kn-Iƒ, Xßƒ ]pXp-Xmbn \n¿an® N¿®v DZvLm-S\w sNøm≥
Bh-iy-s∏´p. ""Aß-bpsS aXm-Nm-c-{]-Imcw \a-kvImcw \n¿h-ln-
®p-sIm≠v DZvLm-S\w \S-Øn-bm¬ aXn-sb∂v'' {]tXyIw ]d-bp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. At∏mƒ A_q-_-°¿ ]d™p: ""Rm\Xv DZvLm-S\w sN-
bvXm¬ Fs‚ Ime-tijw bmYm¿Yy-a-dn-bm-Ø-h¿ Rß-fpsS Jeo^
\a-kvI-cn® ÿe-am-sW∂v AXn-s‚-ta¬ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ap-∂-bn-°p-
Ibpw AXv Ipg-∏-ßƒ°n-S-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvtX°pw.''
Jeo-^-bpsS Bi¶ Gsd ]cn-K-W-\o-b-am-sW∂v t_m[y-amb
ss{IkvXh ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS DZy-a-Øn¬\n∂v ]n¥n-cn™p.
ê-kvXo-\n¬ \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn \ne-\n-∂p-t]m-∂n-cp∂ km{am-Py-
hm-gvN°v hncm-a-an-´Xv alm-\mb Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv BWv. lndm-¢n-b-
kns‚ a¿Z-I-`-c-W-a-h-km-\n-∏n®v Ahn-S-Øp-Im¿°v Bizm-k-ta-Inb
hy‡n-bm-W-t±lw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ AhnSw kµ¿in® Jeo-^°v
Xt±-i-hm-kn-Iƒ kvt\l-]q¿W-amb kzoI-c-W-amWv \evIn-bXv. Ah-
cpsS ap≥\n-c-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv ÿesØ ss{IkvXh ]ptcm-ln-X-
\mb kz^¿\n-bqkpw ]cn-hm-c-ß-fp-amWv. Ah-tcm-sSm-∂n®v AhnSw
Np‰n-°m-Wsh a[ym” \a-kvIm-c-Øn\v ka-b-ambn. hnhcw ]m{Xn-
bm¿°o-kns\ Adn-bn-®-t∏mƒ At±lw Da-dn-t\mSpw Iq´p-Im-tcmSpw
Ahn-SsØ N¿®n¬sh®v \a-kvI-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-s∏´p. F∂m¬ kz-
^¿\n-bq-kns‚ Cu A`y¿Y\ Jeo^ \µn-]q¿hw \nc-kn-°p-I-bm-
Wp-≠m-bXv. AXn\v, At±lw ]d™ ImcWw, Xm\-hn-sS-sh®v \a-
kvI-cn-®m¬ ]n¬°m-eØv Ahn-th-In-I-fmb apkvenw-I-fm-sc-¶nepw
AXns‚ t]cn¬ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ap-∂-bn-°p-Ibpw AXv ]≈n-bm°n
am‰m≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvtX-°p-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p. AØ-c-sam-c-hn-
th-I-Øn\v Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-h-cp-sX∂v \n¿_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Da-dp¬
^mdqJv N¿®n\v ]pd-Øp≈ Hscm-gn™ ÿeØv hkv{Xw hncn®v
\a-kvI-cn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.
Uam-kvI-kn¬ {Ko°p-Im-cpsS Pq]n-‰¿ hn{Klw {]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏´
Hcp ]Sp-Iq-‰≥ t£{X-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. {InkvXym-\n-I-f-hnSw Iogvs]-
Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ AXv tbml-∂ms‚ \ma-t[-b-Øn-ep≈ N¿®m°n am‰n.
Da-dp¬ ^mdq-Jns‚ Ime-ØmWv {]kvXpX {]tZiw Ckvem-an-I-cm-
jv{S-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂Xv. ]n∂oSv tbml-∂m≥ N¿®v D]-tbm-
Kn-®n-cp∂ Uam-kvIkv hmkn-I-fn-e-[n-I-t]cpw Ckvem-am-t«-jn®p.
AtXmsS AXv ]≈n-bm°n ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-°-W-sa∂ i‡n-bmb
Bhiyw Db¿∂p-h∂p. F¶nepw Ckvem-anI `c-W-IqSw AXw-Ko-I-
cn-®n√. N¿®v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Ah-km-\-sØ-bmfpw Ckvem-am-t«-jn-
°p- I tbm AXns‚ Ah- I m- i n- I ƒ kza- \ - mse hn´p- X - c n- I tbm
sNøp- ∂ - X p- h sc AXv km[y- a - s √∂ kao- ] - \ - a mWv Ckv e m- a nI
t\XrXzw kzoI-cn-®Xv.
]n∂oSv apkvenw-Ifpw {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v Xocp-am-
\n-®-X-\p-k-cn®v Ccp-hn-`m-Khpw Xß-fpsS Bcm-[\m I¿a-ßƒ°v
AXp-]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. Hcp `mKØv apkvenw-Iƒ \a-kvI-cn-
°p-Ibpw adp-`mKw ss{IkvXh hnizm-kn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS {]m¿Y-\-
Iƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bp-amWv sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. Zo¿L-Imew Cu \ne
XpS¿∂p.
heo-Zp_v\p A_vZn¬ aenIv `cWw \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cns° aZo-
\-bn-sebpw ê-kvXo-\n-sebpw ]≈n-I-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®v AXpw ]pXp-
°n-∏-Wn-bm-\m-{K-ln®p. {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ AX-\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw ]≈n-
bm°n am‰m≥ ]q¿W kΩXw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]Icw a¿bw
N¿®v ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
heoZv hfsc hn]p-e-amw-hn-[-amWv ]≈n ]p\¿\n¿am-W-am-cw-`n-
®Xv. AXv ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ Ccp-]Xv h¿jw th≠n-h∂p. ]¥o-cm-
bncw tPmen- ° m- c mWv AXns‚ \n¿am- W - Ø n¬ ]¶p- h - l n- ® Xv .
tdman¬\n-∂p-t]mepw hnZ-Kv[sc Cd-°p-aXn sNbvXn-cp∂p. AXn-t∑¬
AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb Ipw`-tKm-]pcw \n¿an®p. \neØv am¿_nƒ ]Xn-
°p-Ibpw Npa-cp-Iƒ AXym-I¿j-I-amb sImØp-]-Wn-IƒsIm≠v
Ae-¶-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXns‚ \n¿am-W-Øn-\p-th≠n Hcp-tImSn
Adp-]Xv e£w Zo\m-dmWv heoZv sNe-h-gn-®Xv. F∂n´pw tPmen
]q¿Øn-bm-bn√. k-tlm-Z-c≥ kpsse-ams‚ Ime-ØmWv AXns‚
\n¿amWw ]q¿W-ambXv.
Ckvem-anI `c-W-Øns‚ D¬IrjvS amXr-I-I-fmbn Pzen-®p-\n-
ev°p∂ alm-c-Y-∑m-cpsS ap∂-Wn-bn¬ ÿm\-ap-d-∏n® Da-dp_v\p
A_vZn¬ Akokv A[n-I-mc-ta-‰-tXmsS At±-l-Øns‚ \oXn-t_m-
[- Ø nepw aX- k - l n- j v W p- X - b nepw ]q¿W- h n- i zm- k - a p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂
ss{IkvX-h-k-aqlw ]≈n-s]m-fn®v tbml-∂m≥ N¿®v ]p\¿\n¿an-
°-W-sa∂v B{Klw {]I-Sn-∏n®p. heo-Zns‚ ImeØv Xßƒ \n¿_-
‘n-X-cm-bmWv AXv hn´p-sIm-Sp-Ø-sX∂v hmZn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
A°m-esØ G‰hpw hepXpw alm-Zv`p-X-hp-amb ]≈n s]mfn-®p-am‰n
N¿®v \n¿an-°pI; AXpw ]c-a-`-‡-\mb apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Imcn.
km[m-cW [mc-W-b-\p-k-cn®v CXv XnI®pw ANn-¥y-as{X. F∂m¬
BZ¿i-hm-Zn-bmb Jeo^ F°m-e-tØbpw `‡-∑m-sc-t∏mse \oXn
\S-Øp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. kXy-hn-izm-kn°v k¶p-Nn-X\pw ]£-]m-
Xn-bp-ambn amdpI km[y-a√. Da-dp_v\p A_vZn¬ Akokv ]≈n
s]mfn®v N¿®v ]p\¿\n¿an-°m≥ DØ-c-hn´p. {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ heo-
Zns‚ ImeØv kzbw hn´p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xn-\m-emWv ]≈n \n¿an-®-sX∂pw
AXn-\m¬ DØ-chv ]n≥h-en-°-W-sa∂pw apkvenw-Iƒ i‡n-bmbn
Bh-iy-s∏´p. F¶nepw Jeo^ hg-ßn-bn√. At±lw Xs‚ [oc-
amb Xocp-am-\-Øn-ep-d-®p-\n∂p. Ah-km\w apkvenw-Iƒ {InkvXym-
\n-Isf kao-]n®v Ahsc kΩ-Xn-∏n®v Ccp-hn-`m-Khpw Iq´mbn Bh-
iy-s∏-´-t∏mƒ am{X-amWv At±lw ]≈n AtX-]Sn \ne-\n¿Øm≥
A\p-h-Zn-®Xv.
Ckvem-anI cmjv{S-Øn-se∂pw Fhn-sSbpw ktlm-Z-c-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-
fpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ ]q¿W-ambpw kpc-£n-X-am-bn-cp∂p. kz¥w
aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fmb apkvenw-I-sftbm A√m-Ø-h-sctbm AXn-t∑¬
ssIsh-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n√. AtXm-sSm∏w A\y-a-Xm-\p-bm-
bn-Iƒ°v CjvSm-\p-k-cWw tZhm-e-b-ßƒ ]Wn-bm≥ Ah-Im-ihpw
A\p-hm-Zhpw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ apkvenw-
\m-Sp-I-fn¬ hnhn[ aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS Bcm-[-\m-tI-{µ-ßƒ ASp-
Ø-SpØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. a[y-]q¿h-tZ-iØv amdn-amdn
A[n-Imcw \S-Øn-t∏m∂ tdmam˛t]¿jy≥ km{amPyi‡n-I-fpsS
aX- ] o- U - \ - ß ƒ- ° n- c - b mbn {]bm- k - a - \ p- ` - h n- ® n- c p∂ PqX- ∑ m¿°pw
{InkvXym-\n-I-fnse hnhn[ hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw aPq-kn-Iƒ°pw apkvenw-
I-fpsS km∂n-[yw A\-ev]-amb Bizm-k-ambn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sm-\p≈
Imc-Whpw AXp-Xs∂.
Ahn-th-In-I-fmb km[m-c-W-°m¿ a‰p aX-°m-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
b-ßƒ A\m-Z-cn-°m≥ Gsd km[y-X-I-fp-≈-Xn-\m¬ Aßs\ kw`-
hn-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ XnI™ Pm{K-Xbpw \njvI¿j-Xbpw ]pe¿Ø-W-
sa∂v `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Kh¿W¿am-scbpw DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-scbpw \nc-
¥cw DW¿ØpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. Jeo-^-am-cpsS IØp-Ifpw DØ-
c-hp-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ Gh¿°p-anXv kpXcmw t_m[y-amIpw. Da-
dp_v\p A_vZn¬ Akokv, A_vZp¿d-lvam-\n_v\p \Cu-an∂v FgpXn:
""\nßƒ N¿®p-Ifpw aT-ßfpw aPq-kn-I-fpsS A·n-Kr-l-ßfpw \in-
∏n-°-cpXv.''
C¥y-bn¬ apkvenw `c-W-Øn\v AkvXn-hm-c-an´ apl-Ω-Zp-_v\p¬
Jmknw kn‘v hmkn- I - f p- a m- b p- ≠ m- ° nb k‘n- h y- h - ÿ - I - f n¬
Cßs\ ImWmw: ""sslµ-h-t£-{X-ßfpw ]≈n-Ifpw PqX-tZ-hm-e-b-
ßfpw amln-bm≥am-cpsS A·n-tZ-hm-e-b-ßfpw Hcp-t]m-se-bmWv.''2
""At±lw(apl-Ω-Zp-_v\p¬ Jmknw) ]uc-ap-Jy-tcmSpw tZi-hm-kn-
I-tfmSpw {_m“-W-tcmSpw Ah-cpsS t£{X-ßƒ \n¿an-®p-sIm-≈p-
hm\pw apl-Ω-Zo-b-cp-ambn CS-]-gIn \n¿`bw Pohn-°p-hm\pw kz¥w
t£a-Øn-\p-th≠n A[zm-\n-°p-hm\pw \n¿tZiw \evIn. [¿a-tcmjw
]q≠ {_m“-W-tcmSv At±lw Zb-tbmsS h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS
]q¿hn-I-cpsS BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ap≥Im-em-
Nm-c-a-\p-k-cn®v ImWn-°-Ifpw kw`m-h-\-Ifpw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp.''3
apl-Ω-Zp-_v\p¬ Jmkn-ans‚ ssk\nI apt∂-‰-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ tISp-
]m-Sp-Iƒ kw`-hn® t£{Xw ]p\¿\n¿an-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Jeo^ Iev]n-
°p-Ibpw At±lw AX-\p-k-cn®v {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbn
Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fn¬ ImWmw.4
C¥y-bnse apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw Ak-
ln-jvWpX Btcm-]n-°-s∏´ Hudw-K-ko_v Hscm‰ t£{Xtam Aº-
etam \in- ∏ n- ® n- ´ n√. F∂√ \nc- h [n Aº- e - ß ƒ°pw t£{X-
ßƒ°pw Af-h‰ klmbw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v. At±lw
tkmta-iz¿\mYv alm-tZh t£{X-Øn\v `qkzØpw ]Whpw Zm\-
ambn \evIn-b-Xns‚ tcJ-I-fn∂pw e`y-amWv. A{]-Imcw Xs∂ hmcm-
W-kn-bnse PwKpw-_mUn inh-t£-{X-Øn\v Hudw-K-ko_v `qkzØv
\evIn DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xns‚ B[m-c-ß-fn-t∏mgpw Ahn-SsØ
al-¥ns‚ hi-ap≠v. Kn¿\m-dnepw A_p-hnepw t£{X-ßƒ \nev°p∂
ÿew Ah \n¿an-°m-\mbn \evIn-bXv Hudw-K-ko-_m-bn-cp∂p. i{Xp-
≥P-b≥ t£{X-apƒs∏sS \nc-h[n lnµp Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ°pw
Ahn-S-ß-fnse ]qPm-cn-am¿°pw At±lw Ht´sd kuP-\y-ßƒ A\p-
h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.5
A\y- a - X m- \ p- b m- b n- I - f psS Bcm- [ - \ m- e - b - ß sf A\m- Z - c n- ° - c p-
sX∂pw XI¿°-cp-sX∂pw IWn-i-ambn I¬]n-°p∂ Ckvem-ans‚
A\p-bm-bn-I-fm-sc-¶nepw Aº-e-ßtfm N¿®p-Itfm aT-ßtfm \in-
∏n- ® - X ns‚ Hscm‰ DZm- l - c Ww t]mepw KX- I me Ncn- { X- Ø n¬
ImWpI km[y-a√. F∂m¬, XnI-™ atX-X-c\pw A{I-anbpw [\-
]q-P-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂ apl-ΩZv Kkv\n \nc-h[n t£{X-ßƒ sIm≈-
bSn-®n-´p-s≠∂ hkvXpX ChnsS \ntj-[n-°p-∂n√. AXn\v At±-l-
Øn\v {]tNm-Z\w \evIn-bXv Hcn-°epw aX-am-bn-cp-∂n√. adn®v [\-
tam-l-am-bn-cp∂p.
apl- Ω Zv Kkv \ n apƒ´m- \ nse kqcy- { ]- X n- j v T - b p≈ t£{Xw
sIm≈-b-Sn-®-Xmbn tUm: Cuiz-cn-{]-kmZv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v.6 AXn-
ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ [\-sa√mw At±lw A]-l-cn-s®-¶nepw t£{Xw tISp-
h-cp-Øp-Itbm \in-∏n-°pItbm sNbvXn-cp-∂n√. AXn-\m-en-hnsS AXn-
{]-[m-\-amb \mep Imcy-ßƒ {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-b¿ln-°p∂p.
1. apl-ΩZv Kkv\n t£{X-ßƒ A{I-an-®Xpw sIm≈-b-Sn-®Xpw
kmº-ØnI e£yw sh®v am{X-am-bn-cp∂p. {]ikvX Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb
]n. tXmakv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""C¥y-bnse F√m cmPy-ß-fn-sebpw hn`-h-
ßfpw [\hpw AX-X-º-e-ß-fn¬ kzcq-]n-°m≥ Ign™ H‰-°mcyw
am{Xw IW- ° n- s e- S p- Ø m¬ aXn; {_m“W ]utcm- l n- X y- Ø ns‚
]Zhn \n¿W-bn-°m≥. cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS JP-\m-hp-Iƒ Cu Aº-e-[-
\-tØmSv Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ H∂p-a-√m-bn-cp∂p. apl-ΩZv Kkv\n-
bpsS B{I-a-W-ß-fpsS {][m\ D∂w Ac-a-\-I-tf-°mƒ Aº-e-ß-
fm-bn-cp-∂Xv as‰m-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂-XmWv kXyw.''7
_nw\-K¿ B{I-a-W-Øn¬ apl-ΩZv Kkv\n sIm≈-b-Sn® kzØp-
°sf kw_-‘n®v \evI-s∏´ hnh-c-W-Øn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""Npa-
°m-hp-∂X-{Xbpw kp¬Øms‚ ssk\n-I¿ FSpØp. Ah-ti-jn-®Xv
]e-cp-ambn hoXn®p. kp¬Øm\v Inń-b-Xn¬ ap{ZWw sNbvXn-cp∂
kz¿W-\m-Wy-ßƒ°p-am{Xw F´p-tImSn Zn¿lw hne-hcpw. kz¿Whpw
sh≈nbpw 7400 Bƒ®p-a-Sp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. CXn\p ]pdsa \√-Xcw
hkv{X-ßfpw a‰pw IW-°p-Iq-´m≥ Ign-bm-Ø{X D≠m-bn-cp∂p.''8
""DØc aYp-cm-]p-cn-bnse {ioIrjvW t£{X-Øn¬\n∂v apl-
ΩZv Kkv-\n°v kz¿W-\n¿an-Xhpw A©p-hmc \of-ap-≈-Xp-amb A©p
hn{K-l-ßƒ e`n®p. AXn¬ Hsc-Æ-Øns‚ IÆv c≠v amWn-Iy-°-
√p-sIm≠v \n¿an-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p. AXn\v Hmtcm-∂n\pw Aº-Xn-\m-bncw
Zo\m- s d- ¶ nepw hne- h cpw. as‰m- ∂ ns‚ IÆv 450 ankv J m¬(Hcp
ankvJm¬: 4.25 {Kmw) sshUqcyw sIm≠v \n¿an-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p. as‰mcp
hn{K-l-Øns‚ Imep-Iƒ°v 4400 ankvJm¬ Xq°-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu
A©v hn{K-l-ßfpw IqSn 98,800 ankvJm¬ kz¿W-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.''9
hnhn[ t£{X-ß-fn¬\n-∂mbn Kkv\n \nc-h[n kºØv sIm≈-
b-Sn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. AXns‚ t{]cIw tIhew [\-tamlw am{X-am-
bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ At±lw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ \in-∏n-
®n-cp-∂n√.
2. apl-ΩZv Kkv\n aX-`-‡t\m aX-{]-t_m-[-It\m Bbn-cp-∂n√.
XnI™ tkzOm-[n-]-Xnbpw a¿ZI `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. H∏w
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
ISpØ [\-tam-lnbpw. hy‡n-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ At±lw Ckvem-ans‚
Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ßtfm BNm-c-co-Xn-Itfm kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂n√. `c-
W-Im-cy-ß-fpsS ÿnXn ]ns∂ ]d-tb-≠-Xp-an-√t√m. Jmkn apKo-kp-
±o≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""a[y-Ime \q‰m-≠n¬ C¥y-bpsS cmjv{S-Ø-e-h≥
apkven-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw cmjv{Sw Ckvem-an-I-am-bn-cp-∂n√. ]cn-ip≤
{KŸ- ß - f mb Jp¿- B - \ n- s ebpw lZo- k n- s ebpw A[ym- ] - \ - ß tfm
kp∂o \oXn-\ym-b-Ønse \mep Xcw ]T-\-ß-fnse \nb-a-ßtfm
cmjv{Sw ]n¥p-S¿∂n√. a[y-Ime \q‰m-≠nse C¥ym-cmjv{Sw aXm-[n-
jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv sX‰mWv. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬
apkvenw aX-]-fin-X-∑m-cpsS am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-Øn¬ AXv {]h¿Øn-®n-
cp-∂n√.''10
kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""a[y-Im-e-L-´sØ `c-W-IqSw
Ckvemw-a-XsØ P\-ß-fpsS ta¬ ASn-t®¬]n-°p-Itbm Ckvemw
aXm-Nm-c-{]-Im-c-ap≈ `c-W-{Iaw \S-∏m-°m≥ {ian-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-
ń-s√-∂-XmWv hkvXpX.''11
3. apl-ΩZv Kkv\n-bpsS ]´m-f-°m-cn¬ ]ecpw lnµp-°-fm-bn-cp∂p.
Nne Db¿∂ DtZym-K-ß-fnepw Ah¿ \nb-an-X-cm-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-
Øns‚ t£{X-°-h¿®°v aX-]-c-amb am\w H´p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v
Cu h-kvXpX hy‡-am-°p∂p. tUmIvS¿ Cuiz-co-{]-kmZv Fgp-Xp∂p:
""At±-l-Øns‚ ssk\y-Øn¬ Hcp-hn-`mKw lnµp-°-fm-bn-cp∂p. ]´m-
f-ta-[m-hn-Iƒ ]ecpw Aß-s\-Øs∂. At±-l-Øns‚ emtlm-dnse
Kh¿W¿ t]mepw lnµp-hm-bn-cp∂p.''12
4. apl-ΩZv Kkv\n t£{X-ßƒ Ih¿® sNbvX-t]m-se-Øs∂
]e lnµp-cm-Pm-°-∑mcpw [\-tam-l-Ømepw cmjv{So-b-Xm¬]-cy-ß-
fmepw t£{X-ßƒ sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-Ibpw \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-
cp∂p. adm-Ø-°mcpw cP-]p-{X-∑mcpw A\y-\m-Sp-I-fnse At\Iw Aº-
e-ßƒ sIm≈-b-Sn-®n-´p≠v.
""1791˛-¬ cLp-\m-Y-dmhp ]Svh¿[s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ adm-Ø-tk\
{]i-kvX-amb irwtK-cn-aTw sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-Ibpw A\-h[n sshZnI
{_m“-Wsc sIm√p-Ibpw sNbvXp. [mcmfw [\w A]-l-cn-°p-I-bp-
≠mbn. aTm-[n-]-Xn°v {]mW-c-£m¿Yw HmSn-t∏m-tI-≠nbpw h∂p.
A∂v irwtKcn aTm-[n-]-Xn-I-fpsS A`y¿Y\ am\n®v kwc-£-W-Øn\p
]´m- f sØ Ab®p A{I- a - I m- c n- I sf Xpc- Ø n- b Xv Sn∏p- k p¬Øm-
\mWv . '' 13
sdman-fm-Xm-∏¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Imivao¿
`cn® l¿js‚ DZm-l-cWw \ΩpsS apºn-ep≠v. At±-l-sØ -kw-
_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw t£{X-[zw-k\w Hcp kwL-SnX IrXy-am-bn-cp∂p.
AXn\v `c-W-]-c-amb G¿∏m-Sp-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. tZthm-Xv]-X-\-
\m-b-I≥ F∂ Hcp-tZym-K-ÿ-s\-Øs∂ (B ]Z-Øns‚ A¿Yw Xs∂
tZh-∑msc XI¿°p∂ DtZym-K-ÿ≥ F∂mWv) l¿j≥ CXn-\mbn
\nb-an-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂p I¬l≥ Xs‚ "cmP-X-cw-KnWn' F∂ IrXn-
bn¬ hy‡-am-°p∂p. B DtZym-K-ÿs‚ apJy-tPmen t£{X-ßƒ
sIm≈-b-Sn-°-em-bn-cp∂p. Cu IrXy-Øn\p \evIm-hp∂ hni-Zo-I-cWw
l¿j≥ aX-{`m-¥-\mWv F∂√. kºØv Ih¿s∂-Sp-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p
At±lw t£{X-ßƒ sIm≈-b-Sn-®Xv F∂pw B kºØv At±lw
a‰p Xc-Øn¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn F∂p-as{X.''14
l¿_≥kvap-Jnb Fgp-Xp∂p: ""apkvenw-Iƒ cmjv{Sob {]Xn-tbm-
Kn-I-fmbn Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂-Xn\pw F{Xtbm apºv i{Xp-cm-Py-ß-fnse
t£{X- ß - f psS t\sc A\- h [n lnµp- c m- P m- ° - ∑ mcpw CtX- h n[w
{]h¿Øn-®p-t]m-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpX B\p-jw-Kn-I-ambn {]kvXm-hn-
°s´. ]¿amc hwi-Ønse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmb kp`-X-h¿a≥(1193-˛1210)
KpP-dm-Øns\ B{I-an-°p-Ibpw Zmt`m-bn-tebpw Imw-t_m-bn-tebpw
ssP\-t£-{X-ßƒ sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Imivao-cnse `c-
Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmb l¿j≥ \mep t£{X-ß-sfm-gnsI Xs‚ km{am-
Py- Ø n¬s]´ F√m t£{X- ß fpw sIm≈- b - S n®v JP- \ m- h n∂p
apX¬°q-´p-≠m°n.''15
C¥y-bnse _p≤-hn-lm-c-ßƒ°v kw`-hn® XI¿®-bpsS IY
B¿°pw A⁄m-X-a-√t√m. "tIcfw ]c-ip-cm-a-\n-eqsS' F∂ {KŸ-
Øn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""`mc-X-sa-ßp-ap≈ At\-Im-bncw _p≤-hn-lm-
c-ßƒ \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ah-bn¬ `qcn-]-£hpw C∂p ImWp∂
hn[-Øn-ep≈ {_m“-W-\n-b-{¥n-X-ß-fmb Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-tØm-Sp-Iq-
Snb t£{X-ß-fmbn am‰-s∏-Sp-I-bp-ap-≠mbn.''
tIc-f-k¿°m¿ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-amb "P\-]Yw' Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Bcy-
∑m¿ _p≤˛ssP\-hn-lm-c-ßsf lnµp t£{X-ß-fm°n am‰p-Ibpw
Ah-tbm-sSm∏w \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ hnZym-e-b-ßsf thZ-]m-T-im-e-
I-fm°n ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''16
apl-ΩZv Kkv\n-bpsS t£{X-°-h¿® C¥y-bn¬ Ckvem-an∂pw
apkvenw-Iƒ°pw Ckvem-anI {]t_m-[-\-Øn∂pw Gev]n® £Xw
hnh-c-Wm-Xo-X-as{X. At±-l-Øns‚ A\n-kvem-an-Ihpw A\m-im-ky-
hp-amb Cu lo\-IrXyw lnµp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ Ckvem-ans\ kw_-
‘n®v Kpcp-X-c-amb sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Iƒ hf-cm≥ Imc-W-ambn. s{]m^-
k¿ l_o_v apl-ΩZv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""apl-ΩZv Kkv\n-bpsS A{I-a-ß-
tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv hn{K-l-[zw-k\w Cu \mń¬ \S-°p-∂Xv. ]n∂o-Sp≈
F√m apkvenw cmPm-°-∑mcpw Ahn-X¿°n-X-amw-hÆw tZhm-eb \io-
I-c-W-°m-cm-bmWv Nn{Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv. C¥y≥ a\- n¬\n∂v
Hcn-°epw am™p-t]m-ImØ ]Ibpw Ahn-izm-k-hp-amWv Kkv\n
AXp-aq-e-ap-≠m-°n-bXv. Ckvem-anI {]Nm-c-W-Øn\v G‰hpw henb
hnLmXw Kkv\n-bpsS B{I-a-W-kva-c-Wbpw AXp-≠m-°nb òI-c-
X-bp-amWv. AXp-X-s∂-bmWv Kkv\n acn-®-tXmsS emtlm¿ apX¬
hSs° C¥y-bpsS as‰√m `mKØpw Ckvem-ans‚ Xcn-t]mepw Ah-
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
ti-jn-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xv.''17
F∂m¬ alm-\mb Sn∏p-kp¬Øms\ aX-{`m-¥-\mbpw t£{X-
[zw-k-I-\mbpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m≥ Nne¿ {ian-°m-dp≠v. {_nó-jp-Im¿
sa\-™p-≠m-°nb Ir{Xna tcJ-I-fmWv Ah-c-Xn\v Ah-ew-_n-°m-
dp-≈Xv. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Sn∏p, ktlm-Z-c-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS aX-hn-izm-
k- t Øbpw BNm- c m- \ p- j v T m- \ - ß - t fbpw Bcm- [ \m {Ia- ß - t fbpw
]q¿W-ambpw BZ-cn-®n-cp∂ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmWv. At±lw At\Iw
Aº-e-ßƒ \n¿an-°m≥ klm-b-ßƒ \evIn-b-tXm-sSm∏w \nc-h[n
t£{X-ßƒ°v kzØp-°ƒ kw`m-h\ sNøp-I-bp-ap-≠mbn. ssakq¿
]pcm-hkvXp hIp-∏ns‚ dnt∏m¿´-\p-k-cn®p At±lw \©≥tImSv
Xmeq-°nse e£vao-Im¥w t£{X-Øn\pw tate-°mSv \mcm-b-W-
kzman t£{X-Øn\pw B\-Ifpw kz¿W˛sh≈n-Ø-fn-I-Ifpw ÿe-
ßfpw a‰p kΩm-\-ßfpw \evIn-bn-cp∂p.18
C∂pw Cu t£{X-ß-fnse ]e kz¿W-Ø-fn-I-I-fnepw hnf-°p-
I-fnepw ""]mZpjm Sn∏p-hn-\m¬ kΩm-\n-°-s∏-´Xv'' Fs∂-gp-Xn-b-Xmbn
ImWmw. 19
]pjv]-Kncn Aº-e-Øns‚ \S-Øn-∏n-∂mbn sXmwK-∏≈n, sKm≈-
∏≈n F∂o {Kma-ßƒ Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥ C\m-ambn \evIn-bn-cp∂p.20
imcZm aT-Ønse PK-ZvKpcp, Aen ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cpsS tIkv hnNm-
c-Wm-th-f-bn¬ tImS-Xn-bn¬ sImSpØ samgn-bn-en-ßs\ ImWmw:
""irwtK-cn-bn¬ aTm-[n-]-Xn-bmb i¶-cm-Nm-cy-tcmSv Gsd `‡n-bp-≠m-
bn-cp∂ Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥ \qdp-I-W-°n\v Aº-e-ßƒ ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-
bp-hm\pw a‰pw klm-bn-®n-cp∂p. am{X-a√, At±-l-Øns‚ {ia-^-e-
ambn ]e ]pXnb t£{X-ßfpw \n¿an-°-s∏-ń-´p-ap≠v.''21
cwK-\m-Y-t£{Xw Sn∏p-hns‚ {iocw-K-]-´Ww tIm´-°-I-ØmWv
ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ Ac-a-\-bp-ambn \qdp-hmc Zqcta
AXn-\p≈q. \c-knw-l-t£-{Xhpw KwKm-t[-iz-c-t£-{Xhpw At±-l-
Øns‚ tIm´-°-I-Øp-X-s∂-bmWv ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂Xv. Ah-bpsS
\S-Øn-∏n\pw BtLm-j-ßƒ°pw Sn∏p \n¿tem-`-amb kmº-ØnI
klmbw \evIn-bn-cp∂p. Sn∏p kp¬Øm≥ 156 t£{X-ßƒ°v kmº-
ØnI klm-b-ßƒ \evIn-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn tUmIvS¿ kn.sI. Icow {]am-
W-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. 22
At±-lsØ kw_-‘n®v alm-flm-Km‘n Fgp-Xp∂p: ""hntZi
Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Sn∏p-kp¬Øms\ aX-{`m-¥-\mbpw lnµp-{]-P-Isf
ASn-®-a¿Øn Ckvemw kzoI-cn-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-®-h-\mbpw Nn{Xo-I-
cn-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬, At±lw AØ-c-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂n√. adn®v, lnµp
{]P-I-fp-am-bp≈ At±-l-Øns‚ _‘w XnI®pw kulm¿Z-]-c-am-
bn-cp∂p... ssa-kq¿ \m´p-cm-Py-Øns‚ ]pcm-hkvXp hn`m-K-Øn¬ Sn∏p-
kp¬Øm≥ irwtKcn aT-Ønse i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°v Fgp-Xnb ap∏-Xn-
tesd IØp-I-fp≠v....lnµp-t£-{X-ßƒ°v Sn∏p h≥tXm-Xn¬ `qkz-
hy‡n-\n-ba- ß
- f- psS kwc-£Ww
Øp-°ƒ Zm\w sNbvXp. Sn∏p-hns‚ sIm´m-c-ßƒ°v A`n-ap-J-ambn
\nev°p∂ {io sh¶n-´-cm-aÆ {io\n-hmkv, {ioc-¶-\mYv XpS-ßnb
t£{X-ßƒ B alm-\p-`m-hs‚ kln-jvWp-X-bp-sSbpw hnim-e-a-\-
kvI-X-bp-sSbpw A\-izc kvamc-I-ß-fmWv. A√m-lp-hns‚ `‡-\m-
bn-cp∂ alm-\mb Cu c‡-km£n˛At±lw kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ c‡-
km-£n-bm-bn-cp∂p˛lnµp-t£-{X-ß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ aWn-\m-Z-ßƒ Xs‚
{]m¿Y-\-Iƒ°v iey-ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂n√.'' 23
Npcp-°-Øn¬, apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fm-cpw-Xs∂ t_m[-]q¿hw
t£{X-ßƒ \in-∏n-®n-cp-∂n√. G‰p-ap-´-ep-I-fnepw bp≤-ß-fnepw Nne-
Xn\v tISp-]m-Sp-Ifpw \mihpw kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv icn-bmWv.
F∂m¬, aX-]-c-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ A\y-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ
XI¿Ø-Xn\v Ncn-{X-Øn-se-hn-sSbpw sXfn-hp-Iƒ Is≠-ØpI km[y-
a√. F´p \q‰m≠p ImesØ Ahn-cm-a-amb apkvenw B[n-]-Xy-Øn\p
tijhpw C¥y-bnse At\-Im-bncw t£{X-ßƒ kpc-£n-X-ambn
\ne-\n-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpX hnkva-cn-°m-h-X√.
]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B\pw {]hm-N-I-N-cybpw ]n¥p-S-cm≥ {]Xn-⁄m-
_-≤-\mb Hcp kXy-hn-izm-knbpw ]c-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS Bcm-[-\m-
e-b-ßƒ°v t]md-te¬]n-°p-I-bn√. F√m aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fp-sSbpw
Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ kwc-£n-°-s∏-S-W-sa-∂mWv Ckvemw B{K-ln-
°p-∂Xv. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Ccp-f-S™ Zim k‘n-I-fn¬ h√-h-cn¬\n∂pw
Ahn-ln-X-amb h√Xpw kw`-hn-®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv ssZh-hn-izm-khpw
]c-tem-I-t_m-[-hp-an-√mØ apkvenw \ma-[m-cn-I-fmb atX-X-c-∑m-cn¬\n-
∂m-bn-cn°pw. A{I-an-Ifpw kzm¿Yn-I-fp-amb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v
aXhpw BZ¿i-hp-sa√mw A[n-Imcw t\Sm\pw \ne-\n¿Øm-\p-ap≈
ad am{X-am-Wt√m.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:
1. A¬l÷v: 40
2. kønZv kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn˛ "Ad_v Hu¿ lnµv sI XA-√pJx', ]pdw:194. D≤-cWw: _n.F≥. ]msfi˛ Ckvemapw
C¥y≥ kwkvIm-chpw, ]pdw: 8
3. Fen-b‰v, hmeyw: 1, ]pdw: 186
4. S.M. Jafar- Islamic Culture, p: 109
5. hni-Zh
- n-hc- ß
- ƒ°v _n.F≥. ]msfi Fgp-Xnb "Ckvemapw C¥y≥ kwkvIm-chpw' (t]Pv: 58-˛73) ImWpI.
6. History of Muslim Rule; p: 49, D≤-cWw. kn.sI. Icow˛ Ncn-{X-]-T-\-ßƒ, t]Pv: 239
7. P. Thomas: Hindu Religion.
8. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. 1, p: 35. D≤-cWw: Ncn-{X-]-T-\-ßƒ, ]pdw: 345
9. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. 2, p: 44
10. D≤-cWw: _n.F≥. ]msfi˛ Ckvemapw C¥y≥ kwkvIm-chpw, ]pdw: 52
11. P\-bpKw hmcnI 26.-11.-'78.
12. Dr. Iswari Prasad- "Muslim Rule in India.'
13. Bundle of letters in the Temple sringeri discovered by shri Narasimhachar in 1916.
quoted by K.H. Khan- Tippusulthan, p: 355.
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
14. "h¿Ko-bX - bpw {]mNo-\`- m-cX Ncn-{X-cN
- \
- bpw', {]`mXw {]n‚nwKv B‚ v ]ªnjnwKv Iº\n enan-‰Uv, ]pdw: 23.
15. Ibid ]pdw: 48.
16. P\-]Yw, Pq¨ 1983.
17. Prof. Habeeb Mohammed of Ghazamin, p: 87, D≤-cWw: Ncn-{X-]-T-\-ßƒ, ]pdw: 343.
18. ssakq¿ B¿°n-tbm-fP - n-°¬ dnt∏m¿´v, 1917, ]pdw: 60
19. Ibid ]pdw: 23˛-40.
20. Ibid ]pdw: 249˛-95.
21. D≤-cWw: Noorani, The Trial of Ali Brothers, Indian Express dt. 25-3-1973.
22. Ncn-{X-]T- \- ß
- ƒ, ]pdw: 433-˛438.
23. bßv C¥y, 1930 P\p-hcn, 23, ]pdw: 31.
A©v
hy‡n-\n-b-a-ß-fpsS kwc-£Ww
temI-Ønse Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ aX-ß-fn-se√mw hy‡n-\n-b-a-ßƒ aX-

Øns‚ Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-amWv. hnhmlw, hnhm-l-tam-N\w, A\-¥-
cm-h-Imiw, ih-kw-kvImcw t]mep≈ Imcy-ß-sf√mw Xß-fpsS aXm-
Nm-c-{]-Imcw \S-Øm\m-Wv an° aX-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fp-am-{K-ln-°pI.
F¶nepw B[p-\nI temIsØ Nne atX-Xc ùXn-I-cm-jv{S-ßƒ
AX- \ p- h - Z n- ° m- d n√. tZiob AJ- fi - X - b p- t Sbpw kmwkv I m- c nI
sFIy-Øn-t‚bpw t]cn¬ cmPysØ F√m P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°pw _m[-
I-am-Ip∂ s]mXp-\n-b-a-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-hm\pw \S-∏m-°p-hm-\p-amWv
Ah¿ hy{KX ImWn-°m-dp-≈Xv. F∂m¬, XnI®pw aXm-[n-jvTn-X-
amb Ckvem-an-I-cmjv{Sw cmPysØ aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßƒ°v kz¥w
hy‡n-\n-b-a-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-hm\pw ]n¥p-S-cm\pw ]q¿Wm-\p-hmZw
\¬Ip∂p. Ckvemw AwKo-I-cn® aX-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn¬ Aapkvenw
]uc- ∑ m- c psS {]kv X pX Ah- I m- i - ß ƒIqSn Dƒs°m- ≈ p- ∂ p≠v .
hy‡n- \ n- b - a - ß - f pƒs∏sS \yq\- ] - £ - ß - f psS ]ucm- h - I m- i - ß ƒ
\ntj-[n-°p-∂Xv \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Xo¿Øpw \ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p∂p. Ahn-
S∂v Acpƒ sNøp∂p: ""kq£n-®p-sIm-≈pI. Aapkvenw ]uc-∑msc
h√-h\pw ASn-®-a¿Øp-Itbm Ah-cpsS ta¬ Ign-hn-∂-Xo-X-amb \nIp-
Xn-`mcw Npa-Øp-Itbm Ah-tcmSv {Iqc-ambn s]cp-am-dp-Itbm Ah-
cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ shń-°p-d-°p-Itbm sNøp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A¥y-
hn-[n-\m-fn¬ Ah-s\-Xn-cn¬ Rm≥ kzbw-Xs∂ ]cmXn t_m[n-∏n-
°p-∂-XmWv.''1
Ckvem-an-I-cm-jv{S-Øn¬ aX-\yq-\-]-£-ß-fpsS Poh\pw kzØpw
A`n-am-\-hp-sa√mw apkvenw-I-fp-tSXp t]mse-Øs∂ ]hn-{Xhpw kpc-
hy‡n-\n-ba- ß - f- psS kwc-£Ww
£n-X-hp-am-bn-cn°pw. {]hm-N-I≥ Acpƒ sNøp∂p: ""B¿ Aapkvenw
]ucs\ A]m-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂pthm Ah≥ kz¿K-Øns‚ K‘w t]mepw
A\p-`-hn-°p-I-bn√.''2
Ah-cpsS ivaim\-ß-tfm-Sp-t]mepw A\m-Z-chv ImWn-°-cp-sX∂v
l\ô \nb-a-{K-Ÿ-amb ""A¬_-l-dp¿dm-C-Jn''¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-
´p≠v.3
Ckvem-anI cmjv{Sw Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m-cpsS hy‡n-\n-b-a-ß-fn¬
CS- s ]- S p- I tbm Ah- b n¬ t`Z- K Xn hcp- Ø p- I tbm sNøp- ∂ - X √.
AØcw hi- ß - f n¬ ico- A Øv hn[n- I ƒ Ah- c psS ta¬ ASn-
t®¬]n-°p-∂-Xp-a√. hn-hmlw, hnhm-l-tam-N\w, A\-¥-cm-h-Imiw
t]mep≈ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ {]iv\-ßƒ
Ah-cpsS aXm-Nm-c-{]-Im-c-am-bn-cn°pw Ckvem-anI tImS-Xn-Iƒ Xo¿∏v
Iev]n-°pI. \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS ImeØv PqX-∑m-cpsS tIkp-Iƒ
hnNm-c-W°v h∂m¬ aZo-\-bnse ""ss_Øp¬ anZvdmkv'' F∂ PqX
skan-\m-cn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Ahn-SsØ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-tcmSv tXmd-
bnse hn[n-Iƒ At\z-jn®v ]Tn® tijta Ahn-S∂v Xo¿∏v Iev]n-
®n-cp-∂p≈q.4
tUmIvS¿ apkvX-^- n-_mC Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Ckvem-an-I-cmjv{Sw aX-
ta-[m-hn-Iƒ°v Xß-fpsS taJ-e-I-fn¬ ]q¿W-kzm-X-{¥y-a-\p-h-Zn-
°p-Ibpw Xß-fpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS ta¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈
A[n-Imcw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. `c-W-IqSw AXn-sem∂pw CS-
s]-ń-cp-∂n√. tdmam `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ImeØv Adn-bp-Itbm
A\p- ` - h n- ° p- I tbm sNømØ kzmX- { ¥y- a mWv kztZ- i n- I - f mb
{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v apkvenw-I-fn¬\n∂v e`n-®Xv. alm-\mb apl-Ω-
Zp¬ ^mXnlv tIm¨-Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ Iog-S-°n-b-t∏mƒ ]q¿h-{]-tZ-i-
ßƒs°-√m-ap≈ ItØm-en-°≥ ]m{Xn-bm¿°n-kns‚ ( Patriarch of
Eastern Catholic Christians) Bÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p AhnSw. AXn-\m¬,
At±lw Ahn-SsØ apgp-h≥ \nhm-kn-Iƒ°pw A`bw \evIn. Ah-
sc√mw {InkvXp-aX hnizm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS [\w, Poh≥,
hnizmkw, Ipcniv XpS-ßn-b-h-bp-sS-sb√mw kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏p-h-cp-
Øp-Ibpw ]´m-f-tk-h-\-Øn¬\n∂v Ahsc Hgn-hm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
kz¥w A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep-≠m-hp∂ X¿°-ß-fn¬ Xo¿∏v I¬]n-
°m\pw Ah¿°m-h-iy-amb \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿an-°m\pw aX-ta-[m-hn-
Iƒ°v A[n-Imcw \evIn. `c-W-IqSw AXn-sem∂pw CS-s]-ń√. AXn-
\m¬, tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ \nhm-kn-Iƒ ]gb ss_km‚n-b≥ Ime-
L-´-Øn\pw apl-Ω-Zp¬ ^mXn-lns‚ `c-W-Øn-\p-an-S-bn-ep≈ hy‡-
amb A¥cw kv]jvS-ambn a\- n-em°n. ss_km‚n-b-°m¿, hnhn[
hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ {]iv\-ßfpw X¿°-ß-fp-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ AXn-
en-S-s]-Sp-Ibpw ]£-]m-X-]-c-ambn s]cp-am-dp-I-bp-amWv sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv.
Ah-sc-√m-bvt∏mgpw Xß-fpsS I£n°pw N¿®ns‚ Bfp-Iƒ°pw
A\p-Iq-e-amb Xocp-am-\-ß-fm-sW-Sp-Øn-cp-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬, Xt±-io-
b-cmb ss{IkvXh hnizm-kn-Iƒ ]pXnb Ckvem-anI `c-W-Iq-S-Øn¬
AXn-bmbn Biz-kn-°p-Ibpw ]q¿W-amb hnizmkw ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. DZm-Ø-amb aX-k-ln-jvWp-X-bn-e-h¿ A\-ev]-amb Bfl-
\n¿hrXn A\p-`-hn®p. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ apl-Ω-Zp¬ ^mXnlv tdma≥
]m{Xn-bm¿°o-kn\v cmjv{S-Øn-\-IØv as‰mcp cmjv{S-Øns‚ ]Z-hnbpw
`c-W-Iq-S-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Hcp `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ ÿm\-hp-amWv \evIn-
bn-cp-∂Xv. ]m{Xn-bm¿°okpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Ckvem-anI cmjv{Sw
\evInb Cu B\p-Iqeyw \o≠ A™qdv h¿j-°mew A\p-`-hn®p.
Ah¿°v k¿h-hn[ kzmX-{¥y-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXns‚ kwc-£-
W-Øn\v Ah¿ kmº-Øn-Itam ssk\n-Itam Bb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw
_m[y-Xbpw hln-t°-≠n-h-∂n-cp-∂n√. F√mw `c-W-IqSw \n¿h-ln-
®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv.''5
CXns\ kw_-‘n®v F. thm¨s{I-a¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Aapkvenw
kaq-l-ßƒ an°-hmdpw ]q¿W-amb kzbw-`-c-Wm-h-Imiw A\p-`-hn-
°p-I-bp-≠mbn. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬, Xß-fpsS B`y-¥c Imcy-ßƒ
ssIImcyw sNøm-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw `c-W-IqSw Ah-cpsS Ic-ß-fn¬
Xs∂ Gev]n-®n-cp∂p. kl-a-X-ÿ-cp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tIkp-I-fn¬
Ah- c psS t\Xm- ° ƒ°v \oXn- \ n¿h- l - W m- [ n- I mcw \ev I p- I bpw
sNbvXn-cp∂p.''6
k¿ tXm-akv B¿WƒUv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Aapkvenw kap-Zm-b-ßƒ
s]mXpsh GXm≠v ]q¿W-amb kzbw `c-W-a-\p-`-hn-®n-cp∂p. Ah-
cpsS B`y-¥-c-Imcyw t\m°p-hm-\p≈ A[n-Imcw `c-W-Iq-S-a-h¿°v
\evIn-bn-cp∂p. aX-]-c-amb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈
A[n-Imcw Ah-cpsS ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿°v e`n®p. Ah-cpsS N¿®p-Ifpw
aT-ßfpw bmsXmcp Du\hpw X´msX \ne-\n¿Øm-\-\p-h-Zn®p.''7
Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿°v Xß-fpsS aXm-Nm-c-a-\p-k-cn®v Blm-c-
]m-\o-b-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ckvemw A\p-hmZw \evIp∂p. F∂√,
Ckvemw thZ-°m-cpsS Blmcw apkvenw-Iƒ°v A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-°pI
IqSn sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p. A√mlp Adn-bn-°p∂p: ""thZw \evI-s∏-´-h-
cpsS `£Ww \nßƒ°v A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amWv. \nß-fpsS Blmcw
Ah¿°pw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amWv.''8
apkvenw-Iƒ°v \njn-≤-amb `£-W-]m-\o-b-ßƒ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
Iƒ Aap-kvenw-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ _m[-I-am-°n-bn-cp-∂n√. Ah-cpsS
aX-\n-b-a-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw ]n¥p-S-cm≥ A\p-hmZw \evIp-I-bmWv
sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. F∂√, Nne-t∏m-sg-¶nepw ktlm-Z-c-k-ap-Zm-bmw-K-
ß-fpsS hnIm-c-ßƒ {hW-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ Ah-cp-t]-£n-°p∂ Blm-
c-]-Zm¿Y-ßƒ apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw Dt]-£n-®n-cp∂p. apKnf
`c-W-ÿm-]-I-\mb apl-ΩZv klo-dp-±o≥ _m_¿ ]ip-amw-k-ap-t]-
£n- ° m≥ k∂- ≤ - \ m- b Xpw kz¥w aIs\ AXn- \ p- ] - t Z- i n- ® Xpw
Ckvem-anI {]t_m-[\ - hpw \n¿_‘ aX-]c- n-h¿Ø-\hpw
sslµ-h-hn-Im-csØ am\n-®mWv. At±lw Xs‚ aI≥ lpa-bq-Wn\v
\evInb At¥ym-]-tZ-i-ß-fn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""\oXn apdp-sI-∏n-Sn®v
\mSv `cn-°pI. \ns‚ {]P-I-fpsS a\w Ih-cm-\mbn tKmamwkw `£n-
°p-∂Xv Dt]-£n-°pI. At∏mƒ Ah¿ \ns‚ `c-W-Iq-S-tØmSv \µn-
bp-≈-h-cm-bn-Øocpw.''9
apkvenw `c-W-Iq-S-ß-sfm-cn-°epw aX-\yq-\-]-£-ß-fpsS hnhmlw,
IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw, A\-¥-cm-h-Imiw t]mep≈ Imcy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-
ń-cp-∂n√. \o≠ FÆqdv h¿jsØ XpS¿®-bmb apkvenw `c-W-Øn-
\p-ti-jhpw C¥y-bn¬ sslµ-hm-Nm-c-ßfpw kmwkvIm-cnI khn-ti-
j-X-Ifpw bmsXm-cp-hn[ t]md-ep-ta¬°msX kpc-£n-X-ambn \ne-
\n-ev°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ]c-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS hy‡n-\n-b-a-ß-fn-en-S-
s]-Sp-Itbm t`Z-KXn hcp-Øp-Itbm sNbvX Hscm‰ kw`hw t]mepw
Ckvem-anI `c-W-Im-e-Øp-≠m-b-Xmbn FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°m-\m¿°pw
Ign-bn√. ]m°n-ÿm\pw _w•m-tZ-ip-apƒs∏-sS-bp≈ apkvenw \mSp-
I-fnsem∂pw Aap-kvenw-I-fnse hy‡n-\n-b-a-ß-fn¬ `c-W-Iq-S-ß-fn-
S- s ]- S p- I tbm ico- A - Ø - \ p- k - c n®v Ah t`Z- K Xn hcp- Ø p- I tbm
sNbvXn-ń√. Cu cwKØv sk°p-e¿ `c-W-Iq-S-ß-tf-°mƒ aX-k-aq-
l- ß - f psS hy‡n- \ n- b - a - ß ƒ°v kpc- £ n- X Xzw Dd- ∏ p- \ - e v I p- ∂ Xv
Ckvem-anI hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bmWv. B[p-\n-I-Im-esØ A\p-`-h-ßƒ
t]mepw CXn\p km£yw hln-°p∂p.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:
1. A_q-Zm-hqZv.
2. A_q-bq-kp^v-˛ InXm-_p¬ JdmPv, t]: 71
3. D≤-cWw, Hameedulla- Muslim Conduct of State, p.p: 114-115.
4. C_v\p-lnimw˛ kod-Øp-∂_n, hmfyw: 2, ]pdw: 201
5. Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX: Nne tim`-\-Nn-{X-ßƒ, ]pdw: 106, 107.
6. D≤-cWw: tUm. kCuZv da-Zm≥˛ Ckvem-an-I-\n-baw: km[y-Xbpw
[¿a-Zo-£bpw, ]pdw: 146
8. A¬am-CZ: 5
9. D≤-cWw: anknkv \otem-^¿ AlvaZv, C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v H_vP-IvSohv ÃUokv,
\yqU¬ln.
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
Bdv
Ckvem-anI {]t_m-[-\hpw
\n¿_‘ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\hpw
a\p-jy-cpsS ssII-S-Ø-ep-I-fm¬ hnI-e-am-°-s∏-SmØ GI ssZhn-

I-Po-hnX hyh-ÿ-bmWv Ckvemw. AXv a\p-jys‚ Ccp-temI hnP-
bhpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂p. ]c-tem-I-c£ hmKvZm\w sNøp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w
`qan-bn¬ t£ahpw kam-[m-\hpw sskzc-Po-hn-Xhpw \evIp∂p.
hmbphpw sh≈hpw kqcy\pw N{µ-\p-sa√mw ssZh-Øn-t‚-XmWv.
krjvSn-I-f-Xn¬ kam-h-Im-in-Ifpw. Ckvemapw Aß-s\-Øs∂. AXv
apkvenw-Iƒ°v am{X-ap-≈-X√. F√m a\p-jy¿°pw-th≠n ssZhw Ah-
X-cn-∏n-®-Xm-WXv. apl-ΩZv \_n apgp-h≥ temI-Øn-\p-ambn \ntbm-
Kn-°-s∏-´-h\pw. A√mlp ]d-bp∂p: ""temI¿s°√mw A\p-{K-l-am-
bn-´-√msX Xm¶sf \mw Ab-®n-ń√.''1
AXn-\m¬, Ckvem-anI ktµiw e`n® apkvenw-Iƒ AXv e`n-®n-
ń-√m-Ø-h¿°v FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv. apgp-h≥ a\p-
jy-tcm-Sp-ap≈ KpW-Imw-£bpw kvt\l, ImcpWy, hm’-ey-hn-Im-c-
hp-am-Wn-Xn∂v {]tNm-ZIw. ASn-ÿm\w ssZh-{]o-Xn-°m-bp≈ AZ-ay-
amb A`n-em-jhpw. ac-Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-Øn¬ c£ {]m]n-°m-\p≈
GI am¿K-sa∂v Xßƒ hniz-kn-°p∂ ssZhn-I-hy-hÿ ka-kr-
jvSn-Iƒ°v FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ BcmWv B{K-ln-°m-Xn-cn-°pI?
kXyw hs∂-Øn-bn´pw AXv {]N-cn-∏n-°m-Ø-h-t\-°mƒ {Iqc\pw
\oN-\p-ambn Bcp≠v? AXn-\m¬, Ckvem-an-I-{]-t_m-[\w apgp-h≥
apkvenw-I-fp-sSbpw [m¿an-Ihpw aX-]-c-hp-amb _m[y-X-bs{X. Jp¿-
B≥ Iev]n-°p∂p: ""bp‡n-]q¿h-ambpw t{ijvT-amb kZp-]-tZ-i-
tØm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw Xm¶-fpsS \mYs‚ am¿K-Øn-te°v {]t_m-[\w
sNøpI. D¬Ir-jvS-amb coXn-bn¬ P\-ß-tfmSv kwhmZw \S-ØpI.''2
aX-{]-t_m-[\w am{X-amWv apkvenw-I-fpsS _m[yX. a‰p-≈-h¿°v
Ckvem-ans‚ ktµiw FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°-em-WXv. AXv Bscbpw
Ckvem-anI {]t_m-[\
- hpw \n¿_‘ aX-]c- n-h¿Ø-\hpw
AwKo-I-cn-∏n-t°≠ Npa-Xe Ah¿°n√. {]hm-N-I≥am¿ t]mepw a‰p-
≈-hsc aX-aw-Ko-I-cn-∏n-°m≥ _m[y-ÿ-cm-bn-cp-∂n√. A√mlp Adn-
bn-°p∂p: ""\nßƒ ]n¥n-cn-bp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Adn-bpI: hn[n hy‡-
ambn FØn-®p-X-cp∂ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw am{Xta \ΩpsS ZqX-∂p≈q.''3
""ktµ-i-sa-Øn-®p-X-cp∂ Npa-Xe am{X-amWv \ΩpsS ZqX-∂p-
≈Xv .''4
aXhpw hnizm-khpw a‰m-cp-sSbpw ta¬ ASn-t®¬]n-°m≥ {]hm-
N-I-∑m¿°p-t]mepw A\p-hm-Z-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬, apkvenw-
Iƒ \n¿_‘ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v {ian-°p∂ {]iv\ta DZv`hn-
°p-∂n√.
Ckvem-ans‚ hym]-\-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n-bXv hmfm-sW∂ {]N-
m cWw Xo¿Øpw hymP-as{X. Ckvemw sNs∂-Ønb \mSp-I-fnse
kmaq-lnI, kmº-ØnI, kmwkvIm-cnI, cmjv{Sob kml-N-cy-ß-fm-
bn-cp∂p AXns‚ AXn-th-K-ap≈ {]Nm-c-W-Øn∂v ]mX-sbm-cp-°n-
bXv . apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-tf-°mfpw N{I-h¿Øn-am-tc-°mfpw
Ckvem-ans‚ hym]-\-Øn\v ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-®Xv aX-{]-t_m-[-I-
cmWv. hnhn[ \mSp-I-fn¬ Ckvemw {]N-cn-∏n-®-Xns‚ ]›m-Øew hni-
Z-ambn hnh-cn-®p-sIm≠v k¿ tXmakv B¿WƒUv Fgp-Xnb hniz-hn-
JymX {KŸ-amWv ""Ckvemw {]t_m-[-\hpw {]Nm-chpw.'' JUvKw
sIm≠m-Wv Ckvemw {]N-cn-®-sX∂ ]m›m-Xy-cpsS Btcm-]Ww
Xo¿Øpw ASn-ÿm-\-c-ln-X-am-sW∂v Cu _rl-Zv{KŸw Ak-µn-Kv[-
ambn sXfn-bn-°p∂p.
a[y- ] q¿h- t Z- i sØ Ckv e m- a ns‚ hym]\w hnh- c n- ® p- s Im≠v
B¿WƒUv Fgp- X p∂p: ""taep- ≤ - c n® DZm- l - c - W - ß - f n¬\n∂v
ss{IkvX-h-tKm-{X-ßƒ kza-\- mte Ckvemw kzoI-cn-°p-I-bm-Wp-
≠m- b - s X∂v \ap°v Duln°mw. tPXm- ° - f mb apkv e nw- I fpw
XpS¿∂p≈ apkvenw Xe-ap-d-Ifpw Ah-tcmSv ImWn® kln-jvWpX
Aß-s\-bp-d-∏n-°m-\mWv \sΩ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. apl-Ω-Zo-b-cpsS CS-
bn¬ Ct∏mgpw Pohn-°p∂ ss{IkvXh Ad-_n-Iƒ Cu kln-jvWp-
X-bpsS Poh-\p≈ sXfn-hp-I-fmWv . Nmhp--IS-ens‚ Ing-°m-bp≈
A¬I-dm-°n¬sh®v apkvenw Ad-_n-I-fn¬\n∂v s]cp-am-‰-Ønepw
hkv{X-Ønepw Hcp XcØnepw hyXy-kvX-a-√mØ ss{IkvXh Ad-
_n-Isf I≠p-ap-ńb Imcyw enbmUv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p. Ign™ \q‰m-
≠p-hsc Ckvemw kzoI-cn-°msX Pohn-®p-t]m∂ ss{IkvX-h-k-`-I-
sf-°p-dn®v ko\m ]¿h-X-Ønse k\ym-kn-Iƒ Xt∂mSv ]d-™Xv
_°m¿´v D≤-cn-°p∂p...ip≤-amb Ad_v c‡-ap≈ K m≥ tKm{X-
Ønse AwK-ßƒ ]ecpw \memw \q‰m-≠n¬ {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-
cn®p. Ahcm hnizmkw Ct∏mgpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw t]m∏n-s\-b-\p-
k-cn-°p-Ibpw aX-Im-cy-ßƒ°p≈ `mj-bmbn Ad_n D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
Ibpw sNøp∂p.''5
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
At±lw Xs∂ XpS-cp∂p: ""ss{IkvX-h-tcmSv apkvenw `c-W-
Øns‚ BZy-Im-eØv ImWn® kln-jvWp-X-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬
hmfmWv aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ apJy D]-I-cWw F∂ hmZw H´pw
Xr]vXn-I-c-a-√m-Xm-hp∂p.''6
C¥y-bn¬ Ckvem-ans‚ {]Nm-cWw \S-∂Xv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fn-
eq-sS-b√. Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw aX-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ H´pw Xev]-c-cp-am-bn-cp-
∂n√. sN¶n-kvJm-t‚bpw lem-Kp-hn-t‚bpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ at¶m-fn-
b¿ \S-Ønb B{I-a-W-Øn¬\n∂p HmSn-c-£-s∏´ aX-]-fin-X-∑mcpw
kq^n-h-cy-cp-amWv DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬ Ckvem-an-I-{]-t_m-[\w \n¿h-ln-
®Xv.
C¥y-bn¬ Ckvem-ans‚ hym]-\-Øn∂v hgn-sbm-cp-°n-bXv ChnsS
\ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ i‡-amb PmXn-k-{º-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p. kn. ANyp-X-
ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""{][m-\-amb Imcyw PmXn-k-{º-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p.
a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ tImSm-\p-tImSn P\-ßƒ°v
Hc-\p-{K-l-am-bn-cp∂p Ckvemw. Ah¿°v(ap°p-h≥am¿°v) aq∂-Sn-bn¬
IqSp-X¬ Db-c-ap≈ Iqc-I-fn¬t]mepw Xma-kn-°m≥ Kh-s◊‚ v A\p-
hm-Z-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ta¬Pm-Xn-°m-cmb sNń-bm-∑m-scbpw \mb-∑m-
tcbpw ImWp-tºmƒ kmjvSmwKw {]W-an-°-W-am-bn-cp∂p.''7
ssiJv ssk\p- ± o≥ aJv Z qw Fgp- X p∂p: ""Ckv e mw- a - X - { ]- N m- c -
Wm¿Yw k©-cn-®n-cp∂ Hcp kwLw apkvenw-Iƒ ae-_m¿ Xpd-ap-J-
ß-fn¬ hcn-Ibpw ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-cn¬\n∂v
Ckv e mw- a - X - t Øbpw AXns‚ amlm- fl y- t Øbpw a\- n- e m- ° m≥
Ign™ ae-_m-dp-Im¿ A∂v Iq´w-Iq-´-ambn Ckvem-an¬ tNcm≥
XpSßn. Aßs\ ae- _ m- d n¬ G‰hpw {]i- k v X - a mb \ne- b n¬
Ckvemw-a-X-Øn\v {]Nmcw kn≤n-°p-Ibpw apkvenw-I-fpsS kwJy
h¿[n-®p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp.''
At±-lw-Xs∂ XpS-cp∂p: ""GsX-¶nepw lnµp Ckvemw-aXw kzoI-
cn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A°m-c-W-Øm¬ H‰ lnµphpw Abmsf D]-{Z-
hn-°p-I-bn√. adn®v Abmƒ F{X Xmgv∂ PmXn-bnse AwK-am-bn-cp-
∂p-sh-¶nepw Ckvemw-aXw kzoI-cn-®p-I-gn-™m¬ a‰p apkvenw-I-tfm-
sS-∂-t]mse Abm-tfmSv ssa{Xn-bn¬ s]cp-am-dp-am-bn-cp∂p.''8
tUmIvS¿ tdmbn Nu[cn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""_wKm-fnse ASn-®-a¿Ø-
s∏´ A[x-IrX h¿K-Øn\v Ckvemw Hcm-izm-khpw km¥z-\-hp-am-bn-
cp∂p. kh¿W-]o-U-bn¬\n∂pw Hcp hcw Inń-bn-s´-∂-t]mse Ah¿
]nS-s™-gp-t∂‰p.''9
tUmIvS¿ Cuiz-cn-{]-kmZv ]d-bp∂p: ""DtZym-K-ta-∑°pw ^yqU¬
ÿm-\-ßƒ°pw sImXn-®n-cp∂ Iptd-b-[nIw kh¿W¿ apkvenw-`-c-
W-tØm-Sp-IqSn Ckvem-an-te°v h∂p. F∂m¬ IqSp-Xepw Xmgv∂
PmXn-bn¬s]´ A[x-Ir-X-cm-bn-cp∂p. AXn\p ImcWw {Iqc-amb PmXn-
Ckvem-anI {]t_m-[\ - hpw \n¿_‘ aX-]c- n-h¿Ø-\hpw
hy-hÿ lnµp-a-X-Øn¬ Ah¿°v arK-Xp-ey-X-am-{X-amWv \evIn-bn-
cp-∂-sX∂pw Ckvemw ka-Xz-km-tlm-Zcyw kw`m-h\ sNbvXp-sh-∂-
Xp-amWv .'' 10
hf-sc-°mew _wKmƒ knhn¬ k¿ho-kn-em-bn-cp∂ k¿ sl≥{Sn-
tIm-´≥ India and Home affairs F∂ {KŸ-Øn-se-gp-Xp∂p: ""Ing-°≥
_wKm-fnse apkvenw-Iƒ apgps° A[x-Ir-Xcpw A[x-ÿn-X-cp-amb
lnµp-°-fpsS k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-I-fmWv. kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-°p-th≠n aX-
]-cn-h¿Ø\w sNbvX-h-cmWv Ah-cpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿.''11
C¥y-bn-en∂pw aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v apJy tlXp-hmbn h¿Øn-
°p-∂Xv PmXn-k-{º-Zm-b-amWv. Bcy-k-amPv t\Xmhv kzman A·n-
thiv ]d-bp∂p: ""ao\m-£n-]p-csØ lcn-P-\-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw ]oU-\-
ßƒ A\p-`-hn-°p-I-bmWv. Xosc kln-°-h-øm-sX-bm-b-t∏m-gmWv
Ahn-SsØ lcn-P-\-ßƒ Ckvemw kzoI-cn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-bXv.''12
sI.B¿. a¬°m\n Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Hcp apkvenw as‰mcp apkven-
ans\ sXm´p-Iq-Sm-Ø-h-\mbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂n√. kmaq-lyhpw a\-»m-
kv{X-]-c-hp-amb BI¿j-Wo-bX F∂pw Cu aX-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
Ckvem-ans‚ Cu hyXn-cn-‡X Nnesc BI¿jn-°p∂p. AXn-\m-
emWv apkv e nw- I ƒ°v "ao\m- £ n- ] p- c - ß ƒ' e`n- ° p- ∂ Xv . [mcmfw
B{^n-°-°mcpw Ata-cn-°-bnse IdpØ h¿K-°m¿t]mepw apkvenw-
I-fmbn amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°-bmWv.''13
temI-Øn-s‚ CXc `mK-ß-fn-se-∂-t]mse C¥y-bn-sebpw aX-
]- c n- h ¿Ø- \ - ß - f n¬ `c- W - I q- S - Ø ns‚ kΩ¿Ztam \n¿_- ‘ tam
Aev]w-t]mepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. l¿_≥kv apJnb Fgp-Xp∂p: ""aX-
]-cn-h¿-Ø\w \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcyw Bcpw \ntj-[n-°p-I-bn√.
_lp-P-\-X-e-Øn¬ A[n-Ihpw kw`-hn-®Xv kzta-[bm Bbn-cp∂p.
P\-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw Ah-tcmSv Ah-cpsS `mj-bn¬
kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-t]m∂ kq^n k\ym-kn-am-cpsS kzm[o-\-
i-‡n-sIm-≠m-hmw Aßs\ kw`-hn-®Xv. _lp-P-\-X-e-Øn¬ aX-]-
cn-h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v tÃ‰v apXn¿∂n-cn-°p-I-bn√ F∂v ChnsS
kqNn-∏n-°p-t∂-bp≈q...
""_p≤-aXw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw P\-ßsf aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w
sNøn-°p-∂-Xn∂pw Atim-I-N-{I-h¿Øn Bhp-∂-sXms° {]h¿Øn-
°p-Ibpw CXn-\mbn `c-W-b-{¥sØ HutZym-Kn-I-am-bn-Øs∂ D]-
tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn´pw At±-lsØ alm-\mb Hcp N{I-
h¿Øn-bm-bn-´mWv \mw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ a[y-Ime C¥y-
bn¬ tÃ‰v aX-{]-Nm-c-W-Øn¬ G¿s∏-´-tX-bn√. F∂n´pw P\-ßsf
Ckvem-an¬ tN¿°pI am{Xw I¿Ø-hy-am-°nb D]-I-c-W-sa∂ \ne-
bn¬ A∂sØ `cWw P\-lr-Z-b-Øn¬ B£n-]vX-am-bn-Øs∂ InS-
°p∂p. AØ-c-samcp kao-]-\-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ \ΩpsS a\- n¬ eo\-
am-bn-°n-S-°p∂ h¿Kob hnIm-c-am-Wp-≈Xv.''14
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""a[y-Im-e-L-´sØ `c-W-IqSw
Ckvemw-a-XsØ P\-ß-fpsS ta¬ ASn-t®-ev]n-°p-Itbm Ckvemw
aXm-Nm-c-{]-Im-c-ap≈ `c-W-{Iaw \S-∏m-°m≥ {ian-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-
ń-s√-∂-XmWv hkvXpX.''15
Z£n- t W- ¥ y- b nse Ckvemw {]Nm- c - W sØ kw_- ‘ n®v
tUmIvS¿ Xmcm-Nµv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""C¥y-bn¬ BZyw h∂ apkvenw-
Iƒ ]Ømw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ h∂ Ad-_n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p.
Ah¿ Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ ÿnc-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.
Aßs\ apkvenw-kzm-[o\w {ItaW hym]-I-ambn hf¿∂p-h∂p.
hym]m-cn-I-sf∂ \ne-bn-e-h¿ lm¿Z-ambn kzmKXw sNø-s∏´p. ae-
_m-dnse cmPm-°-∑m¿ Ah¿°v `qan hmßm\pw kzX-{¥-ambn aXm-
\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°m\pw A\p-aXn \evIn. Ckvemw Hcm-Z¿i
aX-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Xß-fpsS kphn-ti-j-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°m\pw Xt±-io-
bsc ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNøn-°m\pw Ad-_n-Iƒ°v Hcp hnj-a-hp-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂n√. Ah-cpsS {]tXyI hnizm-k-ßfpw Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-ßfpw
{]Nm-c-W-co-Xnbpw e£y-hp-sa√mw lnµp-P-\-km-am-\ysØ hep-Xmbn
BI¿jn®p.'' 16
_n.F≥. ]msfi Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ Ckvem-an∂v
A\p- t bm- P y- a mb Hc- ¥ - c o- £ - a m- W p- ≠ m- b Xv . Z£n- t W- ¥ y- b n¬
_p≤cpw ssP\-cp-am-bp≈ A[n-Imc hSw-h-en-bn¬ \h-ln-µp-bnkw
apgp-In-b-Xn-\m¬ aX-kw-L¿j-ßƒ hym]-I-am-bn-cp∂p. aX-thZn
km[m-cW P\-ßsf `b-hn-lz-e-cm-°n-bn-cp∂ Hc-¥-co-£-Øn-emWv
efn-X-amb hnizm-k-kw-ln-Xbpw A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw hy‡-amb \nb-
a-ßfpw {]Z¿in-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Ckvemw cwK-Øp-h-∂Xv. hnth-I-im-en-
I-fmb [mcmfw t]¿ kzta-[bm aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w \SØn. HºXmw
\q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy Zi-I-ß-fn¬ ae-_m¿ cmPm-°-∑m-cmb tNc-am≥
s]cp-am-fn¬ Ah-km-\-sØ-bmfpw ]pXnb aX-Øn-te°v h∂p.''17
Xs‚ Bfp-Isf ]cn-N-b-k-º-∂-cmb \mhn-I-cmbn ]cn-io-en-∏n-
°m-\p≈ B{K-l-Øm¬ kmaq-Xncn ""Xs‚ cmPysØ a’y-sØm-gn-
emfn IpSpw-_-Ønse Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam t]¿ apl-Ω-Z≥ Bbn
hf-cW''sa∂v DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-cp∂p.18
Ckvemw Hcn-°epw \n¿_‘ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p-
∂n√. apkvenw-Iƒ aXw am‰-Øn\v hmfns‚ klmbw tXSn-bn-´p-an√.
k¿ tXmakv B¿WƒUv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Ckvem-anI {]Nm-c-W-Øns‚
ImcWw Is≠-Øm≥ Hcp ssIbn¬ hmfpw adp-ssI-bn¬ Jp¿-B-\p-
ambn hs∂∂p ]d-bp∂ apØ-»n-°-Y-bnse ]S-bm-fnsb tXSn-b√
t]mth-≠Xv. \nc-h[n hym]m-cn-Ifpw {]t_m-[-I-∑mcpw sNbvX {]b-
Xv\-Øn-te-°mWv ItÆm-Sn-t°-≠Xv.''19
alm-flm-Km‘n Fgp-Xp∂p: ""C∂v a\p-jy-h¿K-Ønse P\-ß-fpsS
lrZ-b-ß-fn¬, \n¿hn-hm-Z-amb B[n-]Xyw ]pe¿Øp∂ Hcm-fpsS Pohn-
apkvenw-cm-jv{S-Ønse Aapkvenw ]uc≥am¿
X-Øns‚ G‰hpw DØ-a-amb hiw Adn-bm≥ Rm\m-{K-ln®p. A°m-
eØv Pohn-X-Øns‚ kc-Wn-bn¬ Ckvem-an∂v ÿm\w t\Sn-s°m-Sp-
ØXv hmfm-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v apº-sØ-°mfpw F\n°v t_m[y-am-bn-cn-
°p∂p. {]hm-N-Is‚ AN-©-e-amb emfn-Xyhpw DZm-Ø-amb Bfl-
_-ehpw {]Xn-⁄-I-tfm-Sp≈ ZrV-amb {]Xn-_-≤-Xbpw Iq´p-Im-
tcmSpw A\p-bm-bn-I-tfm-Sp-ap≈ AXn-c‰ A¿∏-Whpw \n¿`-b-Xzhpw
ssZh-Ønepw Xs‚ ZuXy-Øn-ep-ap≈ ]c-a-amb hnizm-k-hp-am-bn-cp∂p,
hmfm-bn-cp-∂n√ F√m-‰n-s\bpw Ah-cpsS apºn-se-Øn-®Xpw F√m XS-
-ß-sfbpw AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ klm-bn-®Xpw.''20
]m›m-Xy≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mb anÃ¿ tdm_¿´vk≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:
""aXm-th-ihpw CXc aX-ÿ-tcm-Sp≈ kln-jvWp-X-bpsS ssNX-
\yhpw Hcp-t]mse \ne-\n¿Øn-b-h¿ apkvenw-Iƒ am{X-am-Ip∂p.
Ah¿ hmsf-Sp-Ø-tXm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂ Ckvem-an¬ Xmev]-cy-an-√m-Ø-hsc
Ah-cpsS aXw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.''21
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:
1. A¬-A≥-_n-bm-Av: 107
2. A∂lv¬: 125
3. A¬am-CZ: 92
4. A¬am-CZ: 99
6. Ibid ]pdw: 83
7. sIm®n≥ tÃ‰v am\p-h¬, ]pdw: 44
8. Xplv^-Xp¬ apPm-ln-Zo≥, ]pdw: 84
9. Dr. Roy Choudary-History of Muslim Rule, p: 14, D≤-cWw: Ncn-{X-]-T-\-ßƒ, ]pdw:
344.
10. Ram Gopal- Indian Muslims A Political History, p: 2.
11. D≤-cWw: Ncn{X]T-\-ßƒ, ]pdw: 335.
12. ae-bmf at\m-ca 23-.7.-1986
13. Ckvem-ans‚ BI¿j-Wo-bX Akv]r-iy-cn¬˛ tÃ‰vkvam≥.
14. h¿Ko-b-Xbpw {]mNo-\-`m-cX Ncn-{X-c-N-\bpw, {]`mXw {]n‚nwKv B‚ v ]ªn-
jnwKv Iº\n enan-‰Uv, ]pdw: 48
15. P\-bpKw hmcnI 26.11.-1978
16. Influence of Islam on Indian Culture, Page: 33
17. Ckvemapw C¥y≥ kwkvIm-chpw, ]pdw: 96.
18. Thara Chandh- Influence of Islam on Indian culture, page: 36
19. Ckvemw {]t_m-[-\hpw {]Nm-chpw.
20. bMv-C¥y 16.9.-1924
Civilization of Arabs.
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
Ggv
apkvenw cmjv{S-Ønse
Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿
Ckvem-an-I-cmjv{Sw aX-\yq-\-]-£-ß-fpsS Poh∂pw kzØn∂pw A`n-

am-\-Øn∂pw ]q¿W-kw-c-£Ww Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂p. Ah-cpsS hnizmk
kzmX-{¥yhpw Bcm-[\m kzmX-{¥yhpw hy‡n-\n-b-a-ßfpw ]cn-c-
£n-°p∂p. a‰p ùXn-I-Po-hnX taJ-e-I-fn¬ apkvenw ]uc-∑m-sc-
t∏m-se-Øs∂ Ah-tcbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂p. Ckvem-anI cmjv{S-Ønse
Aap-kvenw ]uc-∑m¿ "ZnΩn'Iƒ F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-SpI.
""cmjv{Sw kwc-£-W-_m-[yX Gs‰-Sp-Ø-h¿'' F∂mWv Cu Ad_n
]Z-Øns‚ kmt¶-Xn-Im¿Yw. aX-\yq-\-]£ kwc-£-WsØ kw_-
‘n®v \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n IWn-i-amb \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ \evIn-bn-´p≠v. Ahn-
S∂v Acpƒ sNøp∂p: ""kq£n-®p-sIm-≈pI. Aapkvenw ]uc-∑msc
Bsc-¶nepw ASn-®-a¿Øp-Itbm Ah-cpsS ta¬ Ign-hn-∂-Xo-X-amb
\nIp-Xn-`mcw sIń-tb¬]n-°p-Itbm Ah-tcmSv {Iqc-ambn s]cp-am-dp-
Itbm Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ shń-°p-d-bv°p-Itbm sNøp-I-bm-
sW-¶n¬ A¥y-\m-fn¬ Ah-s∂-Xn-cn¬ Rm≥ kzbw-Xs∂ ]cmXn
t_m[n-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv.''1
{]hm-N-I≥ ho≠pw ]d-bp∂p: ""\ΩpsS Hcp "ZnΩn'sb h√-h\pw
t{Zmln-®m¬ A¥y-\m-fn¬ Rm\-hs‚ i{Xp-hm-bn-cn°pw. Rm≥ h√-
h-s‚bpw i{Xp-hm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-]£w Ahs\ Rm≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂-XmWv.''
Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿°v Ckvem-an-I-cmjv{Sw aX-]-chpw kmaq-ln-
Ihpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw a‰p-amb hf¿®°v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°n-s°m-Sp-
°p∂p. Ahsc k¿°m-cp-tZym-K-ß-fn¬ \n›-bn-°p∂p. Cu taJ-e-
I-fn-sem∂pw Xs∂ aX-\yq-\-]-£-ß-tfmSv Hcp-hn[ hnth-N-\hpw
ImWn-°p-∂n√.
{]hm-N-Is‚ c≠mw DØ-cm-[n-Imcn Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv aZo-\-bnse
No^v F°u-≠‚mbn \nb-an-®Xv Hcp {Ko°v {InkvXym-\n-sb-bm-bn-
cp∂p.
k¿ tXmakv B¿WƒUv Fgp- X p∂p: ""apB- h nb(661˛- 6 80)
{InkvXym-\n-Isf [mcm-f-ambn DtZym-K-Øn¬ \nb-an-®n-cp∂p. `c-W-
hw-i-Ønse _m°n-bp-≈-hcpw B ioew XpS¿∂p. {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ
]e-t∏mgpw cmP-[m-\n-bn¬ D∂-X-ÿm\w hln®p. Bÿm\ Ihn-
bm-bn-cp∂ A¬-A-JvX¬ Hcp {InkvXym-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p. Zam-kvI-knse
]pWy-hm-f-\mb tbml-∂ms‚ ]nXmhv Jeo^m A_vZp¬ aen-°ns‚
D]-tZ-jvSm-hm-bn-cp∂p. Jeo^m A¬ap-A-vX- ns‚ ImeØv c≠v
ss{IkvXh ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ At±-l-Øns‚ hniz-kvX-cmb A\p-N-c-
∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. AXn¬ k¬apø GXm-s≠mcp hntZ-i-Imcy sk{I-´-
dn-bpsS ]Z-hn-bn-em-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. Abm-sfm-∏n-SmØ Hcp cmP-Iob
tcJ°pw B[n-Im-cn-IX D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. A]-c-\mb C_vdmlow
cmPm-hns‚ ap{Z-bpsS kwc-£-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. s]mXp-J-P-\m-hns‚
ta¬t\m-´-am-bn-cp∂p Abmƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. s]mXp-J-P-\m-hns‚
{]m[m\yw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ apkven-an-∂mWv
B DtZymKw e`n-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂Xv.
""C_vdm-lo-an-t\mSv Jeo-^°v henb kvt\l-am-bn-cp∂p. tcmK-
i- ø - b n¬ InS- ° p- t ºmƒ At±lw C_v d m- l o- a ns\ kµ¿in®p.
C_vdmlow acn-®-t∏mƒ Jeo^ h√msX ZpxJn-X-\mbn. kwkvI-cn-
°p-∂-Xn\p apºv arX-tZlw sIm´m-c-Øn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cm≥ At±-
l-am-⁄m-]n®p. Ahn-sS-sh-®mWv {InkvXob aXm-Nm-c-{]-Imcw ac-
Wm-\-¥c NS-ßp-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°-s∏-´Xv.''2
At±lw Xs∂ XpS- c p∂p: ""A¬ap- A - v X - Z ns‚ `c- W - I m- e Øv
A≥_-dnse Kh¿W-dm-bn-cp∂ Da-dp_v\p bqkp^v Hcp {InkvXym-
\n-bm-bn-cp∂p. Hcp {InkvXym\n tbmKy-\m-sW-¶n¬ B ]Zhn At±-
l-Øn\p \evImw F∂mWv \nb-a\w AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v Jeo^
]d-™Xv. A¬ap-A-vX-an-Zns‚ ImeØv ê-Øn¬ Jeo-^-bm-bn-cp∂
A¬ap-h-^v^nJv ssk\y-Øns‚ ta¬t\m´w C{km-bo¬ F∂ Hcp
{InkvXym-\n-°mWv \evIn-bn-cp-∂Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ ]p{X≥ A¬ap-
A-vX-Zn-Zn∂v amen-°p_v\p heoZv F∂ {InkvXym-\n-bmb sk{I-´dn
D≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv A¬ap-JvX-Zn-dns‚ ImeØv bp≤-h-Ip-∏ns‚
ta¬t\m´w hln-®n-cp-∂Xv Hcp {InkvXym-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p.
""Z£nW t]¿jy-bnepw Cdm-Jnepw A[n-Imcw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂
_ph-bvlnZv hwi-Ønse A±u-e-bpsS {][m-\-a{¥n Hcp {InkvXym-
\n-bmb \mkn-dp_v\p lmdq-\m-bn-cp∂p. Iptd Ime-tØmfw k¿°m¿
Hmô-kp-I-fn¬ {]tXy-In®pw [\-Im-cy-h-Ip-∏n¬ DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿
{InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. Iptd Ign™v CuPn-]vXn-ep-a-Xm-bn-cp∂p
ÿnXn. AhnsS ]e-t∏mgpw DtZym-K-ßƒ {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS IpØ-
I-bm-bn-cp∂p. `nj-Kz-c-∑m-sc∂ \ne-bn¬ hnti-jn®pw.''3
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
apl-ΩZv Kkv\n-sb- w-_-‘n®v _n.F≥. ]msfi Fgp-Xp∂p:
""lnµp-°-fpsS bp≤-X-{¥-⁄-X-bn¬ Kkv\n°v \√ A`n-{]m-b-am-
Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂p ]dbmw. lnµp-°-fm-hs´ At±-lsØ tkhn-
°p-∂-Xn¬ bmsXmcp sshap-Jyhpw ImWn-®n-cp-∂n√. alvaq-Zns‚ aI≥
akqZv Xs‚ ktlm-Z-c-\p-am-bp≈ ka-c-Øn¬ k¿h-¥-dm-hp-hn-s\-
bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv. C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-Øn¬ Iem-]-ap-≠m-°nb
Kh¿W¿ AlvaZv \nbm¬Xos\ Iog-S-°n-bXv sPbvsk-∂ns‚ aI≥
XneIv Bbn-cp∂p. Xp¿°n-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ bp≤-Øn∂pw sslµ-
h-tk\ Xs∂-bmWv At±lw cq]o-I-cn-®Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-
an-bm-hs´, cmjv{Sob Imc-W-ß-fm¬ HmSn-t∏mb Kkv\n-bpsS lnµp
P\-d¬ Bbn-cp∂ _nP-bvdmbvsb Xncn-®p-hn-fn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.''4
At±-lw-Xs∂ XpS-cp∂p: ""apl-ΩZv _n≥ Jmknw {_m“-W-cpsS
A¥ v \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw Ah¿°v ]gb ]Zhn A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-
≠p≈ DØ-c-hp-Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AS-n®-a¿Ø-ep-
Iƒ°pw A{I-a-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-cn¬ Ah¿°v kwc-£Ww \evIn. Hmtcm-
cp-Ø¿°pw tPmen \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp.''5
l¿_≥kv apJnb Fgp-Xp∂p: ""`c-W-Øns‚ Xmsg-bp≈ t{iWn-
I- f - { Xbpw ]q¿W- a mbn lnµp- ° - f psS ssIbn¬ HXp- ß n- \ n∂p.
At∏mƒ Xp¿°n-Isf km{amPyw ÿm]n-°m≥ klm-bn-®Xv lnµp-
°- f m- s W∂p ImWmw. Ah¿ Xs∂- b mWv Xp¿°n- I ƒ°p- t h≠n
`cWw \S-Øn-s°m-Sp-ØXpw. Ah-cpsS klm-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬
Xp¿°n-Iƒ°v hfsc Ipd™ Hcp Ime-b-f-hn-e-[nIw ChnsS Ign-
™p-Iq-Sm≥ km[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n√. B lnµp-°ƒ `c-W-h¿K-Øns‚
Xs∂ Hcp `mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.''6
At±lw ho≠p-sa-gp-Xp∂p: ""apl-ΩZv Xp•-°ns‚ `c-W-Im-e-Øp-
≠mb Benjm \mYp F∂ Hcm-fpsS el-f-bpsS Imcy-sa-Sp-°pI.
Hcp Jn¬Pn Bb \mYp-hns\ Hcp {]tXyI `q{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ \nIpXn
]ncn-°p-hm≥ Npa-X-e-s∏-SpØn. Ipd-®p-Imew Ign-™-t∏mƒ \mYp
hnizm-k-h-©\ sNbvXv h≥tXm-Xn¬ ]Ww [q¿Ø-Sn-°p-I-bm-sW∂
Imcyw `c≥ F∂p t]cmb Hcp lnµp A[n-Ir-X-cpsS {i≤-bn¬
sIm≠p-h∂p. AtX XpS¿∂v {]kvXpX {]tZiw `cs‚ Iogn-te°v
am‰n. Hc-hn-izm-knsb Xß-fpsS tae-[n-Im-cn-bmbn \nb-an-®-Xn¬
\mYphpw ktlm-Z-c-∑mcpw {]Xn-tj-[n-®p-sh-¶nepw kp¬Øms\ B
\nb-a-\-Øn¬\n∂v ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m-\-h¿°v km[n-®n√.''7
_wKmƒ Gjym-‰n°v skmssk‰n P\-d¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Hudw-
K-tk-_ns‚ DØ-c-hp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ Gh¿°pw apKnf `c-W-
Im-eØv Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿ A\p-`-hn-®n-cp∂ kpJ-ku-I-cy-ß-fpsS
GI-tZi Nn{Xw e`n°pw. At±lw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® DØ-c-hp-I-fn-sem∂v
Cßs\ hmbn°mw: ""alm-\mb cmPm-[n-cmP dm≥knßv \ΩpsS k∂n-
[n-bn¬ ka¿∏n-®n-´p≈ \nth-Z-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚
[¿am-Nm-cy-\mb `K-hØv F∂ {_m“W ]ptcm-ln-X\v Xma-kn-°p-
∂-Xn-\mbn _\m-d-kn¬ KwK-bpsS XocØv am[-htdm saml-√-bn¬
Hcp `h\w \n¿an-s®∂pw Nne kmaq-ly-t{Zm-ln-Iƒ `K-h-Øns\
`b-s∏-SpØn _p≤n-ap-ń-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw AXn\v DS≥
]cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-°-W-sa-∂p-amWv. \mw Iev]n-°p-∂-sX-s¥-∂m¬ Cu
B⁄ AhnsS Inńb DSs\ Ct∏m-gp-≈-hcpw `mhn-bn¬ \nb-an-X-
cm-hm≥ CS-bp-≈-h-cp-amb DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-tcmSv Cu ÿew \ap°v
P∑m-h-Im-i-ap-≈-Xm-sW∂pw c©o-h∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ k¥m-\-]-
c-º-c-Iƒ°p-ambn \mw Ic-an-√msX C\m-ambn \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-
sW∂pw \n¿tZ-in-°Ww. AhnsS {_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿°pw `‡-
P-\-ßƒ°p-ambn ]Wn-bm≥ Dt±-in-°p∂ sIń-S-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-∂-
Xn\v bmsXm-cp-hn[ XS- -ßfpw D≠m-°p-∂-X-s√∂v Adn-bn-°Ww.
Ah¿ kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn Ah-cpsS tPmen-I-fn¬ hym]r-X-cm-hp-Ibpw
ssZhn-I-ambn e`n-®Xpw A\-iz-c-ambn \ne-\n¬t°-≠-Xp-amb \ΩpsS
cmPym-`n-hr-≤n-°p-th≠n {]m¿Y\ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn\v Bcpw
bmsXm- c p- h n[ {]Xn- _ - ‘ hpw krjv S n- ° m- X n- c n- ° Ww. X≥aqew
\ΩpsS {]nb-s∏´ a°fpw _lp-am-\y-cmb a{¥n-amcpw {]`p-°-∑mcpw
Db¿∂ DtZym-K-ÿ-∑mcpw Ztdm-K-amcpw Ct∏m-g-sØbpw `mhn-bn-sebpw
sImØvhmƒamcpw Cu cmP-Iob Iev]\ F°m-ehpw am‰w hcmsX
A\p-k-cn®v {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw thWw. Aßs\ Cu ÿe-ßƒ
{]kvXpX Bfp-I-fpsS ssIhiw Bhp-∂-Xn∂pw At±-lhpw At±-
l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-Ifpw Xe-apd Xe-ap-d-bmbn ChnsS XpS-cp-∂-Xn∂pw
Cu ÿe-Øp-\n∂v bmsXm-cp-hn[ Ictam \nIp-Xntbm CuSm-°m-Xn-
cn-°p-∂-Xn∂pw _≤-{i-≤-cmbn Ccn-°-W-sa∂v \mw Iev]n-°p-Ibpw
sNøp∂p. am{X-a√, h¿jw-tXmdpw k∂Xv ]pXp-°m≥ Ah-tcmSv Bh-
iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AcpXv.''8
_mKvZm-Zn¬ {_m“W ]fin-X-∑m¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ kzm[o\w hni-
Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v _n.F≥. ]msfi Fgp-Xp∂p: ""thZ\ hn´p-am-dmØ
Xs‚ tcmKw NnIn- ’ n- ° m- \ mbn Jeo^ lmdq≥ Hcp C¥y≥
tUmIvSsd hnfn-®-Xmbn Xz_vcn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. `c-W-Øns‚
{]mtbm-KnI hi-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ad-_n-Iƒ C¥y-°m-cn¬\n∂v [mcmfw
A`y-kn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. {_m“W DtZym-K-ÿ-∑msc hym]-I-ambn
\nb-an-°m-\p≈ {][m\ ImcWw Ah-cpsS ]mfin-Xyhpw ]cn-N-bhpw
`c-W-Im-cy-ßƒ ka¿Y-ambn \n¿h-ln-°m-\p≈ {]m]vXn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p.
]n¬°m-eØv bqtdm-]y≥ \mK-cn-I-X-bn¬ hnkva-bm-h-l-amb Ne\w
krjvSn® Atd-_y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ]e \√ hi-ßfpw bYm¿Y-
Øn¬ C¥y-bn¬\n∂v IS-sa-Sp-Ø-h-bmWv. XXz-imkv{Xw, tPymXnx-
imkv{Xw, KWnXw, ck-X{¥w, sshZyw XpS-ßnb ssh⁄m-\n-I-
im-J-Iƒ kzmb-Ø-am-°m≥ Ad_v ]fin-X-∑m¿ _p≤-`n-£p-°-fp-
sSbpw {_m“W hnZzm-∑m-cp-sSbpw Im¬®p-h-ń-en-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.
_mKvZm-Znse cmP-k-Z v C¥y≥ ]mfin-XysØ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°-
t]mepw sNbvXp. Jeo^m a≥kq-dns‚ ImeØv c≠v ]pkvX-I-ß-
fp-am-bmWv Ad_v ]fin-X-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬\n∂v _mKvZm-Zn-te°v aS-
ßn-bXv. {_“-Kp-]vXs‚ "{_“-kn-≤m¥'hpw At±-l-Øns‚ Xs∂
"J≥ZvJ-UvbmI' hpw.''9
{]kn≤ Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb tUm. Xmcm-Nµv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""apkvenw
N{I-h¿Øn-am¿ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn-Øs∂ kln-jvWp-X-bp-≈-h-
cmWv. IqSmsX cmPy-Xm¬]-cyhpw Ahsc kln-jvWp-X°v t{]cn-
∏n-®n-cp∂p. apkvenw `c-W-Iq-S-ß-fn¬ lnµp-°ƒ°v DtZymKw e`n®p.
Nne-t∏m-f-h¿ D∂-X-ÿm-\-ßƒ hsc {]m]n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.''10
Sn∏p-kp¬Øms‚ Znhm≥ ]q¿W-øbpw JP-\mhv kq£n-∏p-Im-
c≥ IrjvW-dm-hphpw t]meokv ta[mhn iyma-ø-dp-am-bn-cp∂p. iyma-
ø-dpsS ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cmb cwK-ø-¶mdpw \c-knw-l-dm-hphpw Db¿∂
DtZym-K-ÿ-cm-bn-cp∂p. Sn∏p-hns‚ X{¥-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬
{iohm-k-dm-hp-hn\pw A∏m-Pn-dm-hp-hn\pw apƒN-µn\pw kpN≥dm-bn°pw
\mbn-°-dm-hp-hn\pw \mK-∏-ø°pw \mcm-b-W-ø°pw D≠m-bn-cp∂
ÿm\w A\-ev]-am-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ {][m\ t]jv°m¿ kp∫-
dm-hp-hm-bn-cp∂p. A∏-dmhp, lcn-knwKv, {io]-Zva-dmhp, cma-dmhp XpS-
ßn- b - h ¿ At±- l - Ø ns‚ Iam- ≠ ¿am- c n¬ {][m- \ n- I - f m- b n- c p∂p.
knhn¬ `c-W-X-e-Ønepw `qcn-]£w DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿ lnµp-°-fm-bn-
cp∂p. aX-]-£-]m-Xn-bmbn Bt£-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Sn∏p t]mepw ]c-a-
Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-tfmSv AXyp-Zm-c-am-bmWv s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v Cu
hkvXp-X-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p∂p.
_n.F≥. ]msfi Fgp-Xp∂p: ""kZm-Nmc \njvT-bn¬ ImTn\yw
]pe¿Øn-s°m≠v BZ-chpw hn\-bhpw Db¿Ønb Ckvemw C¥y-
bn¬ lnµp-a-X-hp-ambn kl-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v Nn{X-I-e-bp-sSbpw inev]-
hn-Zy-bp-tSbpw kwKo-X-Øn-t‚bpw Ihn-X-bp-tSbpw kvt\l-Øn¬\n∂v
{]tNm-Z-\-apƒs°m-≈p∂ aX-Øn-t‚bpw Io¿Øn-kvXw-`-ßƒ \n¿an-
®p- s Im≠v a[y- I me \q‰m- ≠ nse C¥ym- N - c n{X ss]Xr- I - Ø n\v
XneIw Nm¿Øp-I-bp-≠mbn.''11
At±-lw-Xs∂ XpS-cp∂p: ""s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ t\Sp-hm\pw Ah-
km-\-an-√mØ kwL¿j-ß-fn¬\n∂v c£n-°m\pw P\-ßsf Hcp
s]mXp-km-tlm-Z-cy-Ønepw cmjv{So-ssb-Iy-Ønepw tbmPn-∏n-t°-
≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. B Ime-L-´-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb Bhiyw aX-
k-ln-jvWp-Xbpw cmjv{Sob˛-kmwkvIm-cnI k¶-e-\hpw tZiob DZv{K-
Y-\hpw atX-Xc ho£-W-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. Cu alm-b⁄w \n¿h-ln-
°m≥ hn[n-bp-≠m-bXv apKn-f¿°m-bn-cp∂p.''12
Ckvem-an-I-cmjv{Sw Aapkvenw ]uc≥am¿°v kºq¿W aX-kzm-
X{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Poh∂pw kzØn∂pw kwc-£Ww
kln-jvWpX \oXn-]m-e\ - Ø- n¬
Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂p. \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Acpƒ sNøp∂p: ""Hcp apkven-ans‚
c‡w F{X- a m{Xw ]cn- i p- ≤ - a mtWm A{X- X s∂ ]cn- i p- ≤ - a mWv
Aapkvenw ]ucs‚ c‡hpw.''
Ahn-S∂v ho≠pw ]d-bp∂p: ""B¿ Hcp ZnΩnsb(Ckvem-an-I-cm-
jv{S-Ønse Aapkvenw ]uc≥) A]m-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂pthm Ah-s\m-
cn-°epw kz¿K-Øns‚ K‘w t]mep-a-\p-`-hn-°p-I-bn√.''
H∂mw Jeo^ l{kØv A_q-_-°¿ Adn-bn-°p∂p: ""kwc-£-
W-Øn-ep≈ Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m-cn-em-scbpw h[n-°-cpXv. \nßƒ
Aßs\ sNbvXm¬ ssZh-tIm-]-Øn-∂n-c-bm-hp-∂Xpw \nßsf \c-
I-Øn¬ {]th-in-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-amWv.''13
Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv Xs‚ tk\m-\m-b-I-∑m¿°v \evInb ktµ-i-
Øn¬, Aapkvenw ]uc-∑msc D]-{Z-hn-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂pw Ah-cpsS
kzØp-°ƒ \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂pw apkvenw-Isf XS-bp-∂-tXm-
sSm∏w Icm-dnse a‰p hyh-ÿ-Ifpw ]men-°-W-sa∂v {]tXyIw tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p.14
C{]- I mcw kwc- £ Ww Gs‰- S p- ° p- ∂ - t Xm- s Sm∏w Ckv e m- a n- I -
cmjv{Sw Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿°v apkvenw-I-fp-tS-Xp-t]m-ep≈ F√m
A[n- I m- c m- h - I m- i - ß fpw \ev I p∂p. kmaq- l nI, kmº- Ø nI,
kmwkvIm-cnI, cm-jv{So-b-cw-K-ß-fn¬ Db-cm\pw hf-cm-\p-a-h¿°v Ah-
k-c-sam-cp-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. C∂v ]e sk°p-e¿ kaq-
l-ß-fnepw aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßƒ A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ Ah-k-c-
k-aXzw aXm-[n-jvTnX Ckvem-an-I-cm-jv{S-Øn¬ Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿°v
e`n-°p-sa-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an√. KX-Ime \q‰m-≠p-Ifpw ka-Im-eo\
kaq-l-ß-fp-a-Xn\p km£n-bmWv.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:
1. A_q-Zm-hqZv, InXm-_p¬ PnlmZv
3. Ibid,]pdw: 77, 78
4. Ckvemapw C¥y≥ kwkvIm-chpw, ]pdw: 10
5. Ibid,, ]pdw: 24
6. "h¿Ko-b-Xbpw {]mNo-\-`m-cX Ncn{X-c-N-\bpw', ]pdw: 44, 45
7. Ibid, ]pdw: 45
8. _wKmƒ Gjym-‰nIv skmssk‰n P¿W¬ 1911, ]pdw: 689, D≤-cWw:
Ncn-{X-]-T-\-ßƒ, ]pdw: 497
10. D≤-cWw: atX-X-c-Xzhpw C¥y≥ apkvenw-Ifpw, ]pdw: 57
12. Ibid, ]pdw: 86
13. D≤-cWw: C_v\p kAZv˛ Xz_-JmØv
14. Xz_vcn
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
F´v
kln-jvWpX \oXn-]m-e-\-Øn¬
Ckvemw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ D¬IrjvS aqey-ß-fn¬ AXn-{]-[m-\-

amb H∂mWv \oXn. kXy-hn-izmkn kZm \∑-bpsS \nZ¿i-\hpw \oXn-
bpsS \S-Øn-∏p-Im-c-\p-am-bn-cn-°Ww. A√mlp Adn-bn-°p∂p:
""\n›bw, A√mlp \oXnbpw \∑bpw \S-Øm\pw IpSpw-_-_-
‘-ßƒ ]pe¿Øm\pw A\p-im-kn-°p∂p.''1
""\nßƒ \oXn ]men-°p-hn≥, \n›bw A√mlp \oXn-am≥am-
sc-Øs∂ kvt\ln-°p∂p.''2
{]hm-NI \ntbm-K-Øns‚ apJy-e-£y-ß-fn-sem∂v \oXn-bpsS kw-
ÿm-]-\-as{X.
""hy‡-amb ZrjvSm-¥-ßfpw am¿K-Z¿i-\-ß-fp-ambn \mw \ΩpsS
ZqX-∑msc \ntbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Ah-tcm-sSm∏w thZhpw {Xmkpw
Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p≠v˛P\-ßƒ \oXn-]q¿hw \ne-sIm-≈m≥.''3
\oXn-]m-e\w kz¥-Øn\pw kz¥-°m¿°pw IjvS-\-jvS-ßƒ°n-
S-h-cp-Øp-sa-∂p-d-∏p-s≠-¶nepw apkvenw AXv \S-Øm≥ _m[y-ÿ-
\mWv. Jp¿-B≥ Iev]n-°p∂p:
""kXy-hn-izm-kn-Itf, \nßƒ \oXn-bpsS \S-Øn-∏p-Imcpw A√m-
lp-hn-∂p-th≠n km£yw hln-°p-∂-hcpw Bbn-cn-°p-hn≥.
\nß-fpsS \oXn-]m-e-\-Øn-t‚bpw km£y-Øn-t‚bpw êw
\nßƒ-t°m \nß-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒt°m _‘p-an-{Xm-Zn-
Iƒt°m FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂mepw. I£n [\n-I-\m-hs´, Zcn-{Z-\m-
hs´, A√m-lp-hm-Ip∂p \nß-sf-°mƒ Ah-tcmSv KpW-Imw£
]pe¿Øp-∂-h≥. AXn-\m¬, tkzO-Isf ]n¥p-S¿∂v \oXn-
bn¬\n-∂-I∂p t]mIm-Xn-cn-°p-hn≥.''4
kz¥w kap-Zm-b-tØmSpw kulr-Z-Øn-ep-≈-h-tcmSpw am{X-a√,
i{Xp-°-tfm-Sp-t]mepw \oXn-]p-e¿Øm≥ kXy-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ {]Xn-
⁄m-_-≤-cmWv .
kln-jvWpX \oXn-]m-e\- Ø
- n¬
""hniz-kn-®-htc, \nßƒ A√m-lp-hn-∂p-th≠n t\¿am¿K-Øn¬
\ne-sIm-≈p-∂-hcpw \oXn°v km£yw hln-°p-∂-h-cp-am-hpI.
Hcp P\-X-tbm-Sp≈ hntcm[w \oXn-]m-en-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ \nßsf
t{]cn-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°s´. \oXn-]m-en-°p-hn≥. AXmWv ssZh-`-
‡n°v G‰hpw A\p-tbmPyw.''5
""aX-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ \nß-tfmSv bp≤w sNøm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw kz¥w
`h-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \nßsf ]pdw X≈m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂-h¿°v \∑ sNøp-∂Xpw Ah-tcmSv \oXn-]q¿hw h¿Øn-°p-
∂Xpw A√mlp \nß-tfmSv hntcm-[n-°p-∂n√.''6
\_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS ImeØv _\q-k-^¿ tKm{X-Øn¬s]´ _io-
dp_v\p Dss_-cnJv Hcp A≥km-cn-bpsS ]S-b¶n tamjvSn®p. ImWm-
Xmb A¶n DS-a-ÿ≥ At\z-jn-°m-\m-cw-`n-®-tXmsS Abm-fXv Hcp
PqXs‚ ASp-°¬ ]W-bw-sh®p. If-hp-km-[\w Is≠-Øn-b-tXmsS
tI v {]hm-NI k∂n-[n-bn-seØn. At∏mƒ PqX≥ kw`-h-Øns‚
kXym-hÿ hy‡-am°n. F¶nepw _io-dp_v\p Dss_-cnJv AXv
\ntj- [ n®p. Ip‰w B \nc- ] - c m- [ n- b psS ta¬ Btcm- ] n- ° p- I bpw
sNbvXp. Abm-fpsS _‘p-°fpw an{X-ßfpw AXn¬ ]¶p tNcp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah¿ ]d™p: ""Ch-s\mcp PqX-\mWv. kXy-tØbpw
kXy-{]-t_m-[-I-t\bpw \ntj-[n-°p∂ Chs‚ hmZ-sam-cn-°epw hniz-
k-\o-b-a√. hnizm-kn-I-fmb Rß-fpsS hmZ-Øn-\mWv hne I¬]n-
t°-≠Xv.''
kaq-lhpw kml-N-cy-sØ-fn-hp-Ifpw PqX-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬
\_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS a\- p-t]mepw Atßm´v Nmbp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.
F¶nepw hn[n {]Jym-]n-®n-cp-∂n√. AXn-\p-apsº hnip≤ Jp¿-B-\n-
eqsS A√mlp At±-l-Øns‚ \nc-]-cm-[nXzw A\m-h-cWw sNbvXp-
sIm≠v bYm¿Y Ip‰-hm-fnsb shfn-®-Øp-sIm-≠p-h∂p. apkvenw-
Iƒs°-Xnsc PqX-∂-\p-Iq-e-ambn Ah-Xo¿W-amb {]kvXpX ssZh-
h-N-\-ß-fn-ßs\ hmbn°mw:
""\_ntb, \manXm Cu thZw kXy-k-taXw Xm¶ƒ°v Ah-
X- c n- ∏ n®p X∂n- c n- ° p∂p. A√mlp ImWn- ® p- X ∂ {]Imcw
Xm¶ƒ P\- ß ƒ°n- S - b n¬ hn[n Iev ] n- t °- ≠ - X n- \ mWXv .
Xm¶ƒ h©-I¿°p-th≠n hmZn-°p-∂-h-\m-h-cpXv. A√m-lp-
thmSv am∏-t]-£n-°pI. Ah≥ hfsc am∏-cp-fp-∂-h\pw Gsd
Zbm-]-c-\p-at√m. Bfl-h-©-I-cmb Bfp-Iƒ°p-th≠n Xm¶ƒ
hmZn-°-cpXv. sImSpw h©-I\pw alm-]m-]n-bp-amb Bscbpw
A√mlp CjvS-s∏-Sp-I-bn√. Xß-fpsS sNbvXn-Iƒ P\-ß-
fn¬\n∂v ad-®p-sh-°m-\-h¿°v Ign-bp∂p. F∂m¬, A√m-lp-
hn¬\n∂v Hfn-®p-sh-°m-\-h¿°v km[y-a√. Ah¿ \nim-th-f-
I-fn¬ Ahs‚ {]oXn°p hncp-≤-ambn KqVm-tem-N\ \S-Øp-
tºmgpw Ah≥ Ah- t cm- s Sm- ∏ - a p≠v . A√mlp Ah- c psS
{]h¿Ø- \ - ß - f - J n- e hpw hebw sNbv X - h - \ m- I p∂p. AsX
sFln-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \nßƒ Cu ]m]n-Iƒ°p th≠n hmZn-
°p∂p. F∂m¬, ]p\-cp-∞m-\-\m-fn¬ Ah¿°p-th≠n BcmWv
A√m-lp-hn-t\mSv hmZn-°pI? As√-¶n¬ AhnsS Bcm-W-h-
cpsS h°o-em-hpI?''7
Da-dp¬ ^mdq-Jns‚ `c-W-Im-eØv At±-l-Øns‚ CuPn-]vjy≥
Kh¿W¿ Awdp-_v\p¬ Bkzns‚ aI≥ apl-ΩZpw tIm]v‰v hwi-P-
\mb Hcp {InkvXym-\nbpw Hm´-∏-¥bw \SØn. apl-ΩZv AXn¬ ]cm-
P- b - s ∏´p. {]Xn- I mcw Xo¿°m- \ mbn At±lw Xs‚ {Inkv X y≥
ktlm-Z-cs\ Nm´-hm-dp-sIm≠v ASn®p. a-I-s\-Xnsc ]nXmhv \S-]-Sn-
sb-Sp-°p-I-bn-s√∂v tXm∂n-b-Xn-\m¬ At±lw Kh¿W-tdmSv ]cmXn
]d-bmsX hnhcw Jeo-^sb Adn-bn-®p. H´pw Xma-kn-bmsX Da¿
]cm-Xn-°m-c-t\bpw Kh¿W¿ Awdn-t\bpw aI≥ apl-Ω-Zn-t\bpw hnfn-
®p-h-cpØn hnNm-cW sNbvXp. kw`hw icn-bm-sW∂v t_m[y-am-b-
tXmsS Nm´-hm¿ tIm]v‰v hwi-P-\mb {InkvXy≥ ktlm-Z-cs‚ hiw
sImSpØv apl-Ω-Zns\ ASn-°m-\m-h-iy-s∏´p. Aßs\ Abmƒ Xs∂
X√n-b-Xn\v ]I-c-ambn apl-Ω-Zn-t\bpw {]l-cn®p. At∏mƒ Da-dp¬
^mdqJv ]d™p: ""C\n Awdns‚ Xe°pw ASn-°pI. A√m-lp-hmW!
Abm-fpsS A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ ]Z-hn-sIm≠v am{X-amWv apl-ΩZv Xm¶sf
X√n-bXv.''
""hnizm-kn-I-fpsS \mbIm, Rm≥ aXn-bm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. Fs∂
{]l-cn-®-h-t\mSv Rm≥ {]Xn-Imcw sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p''˛- ss{IkvX-h-
kp-lrØv kwXr-]vXn-tbmsS ]d™p.
]n∂oSv Ah¿ ]ncn-™p-t]m-Ish Awdns‚ t\sc Xncn™v Da-
dp¬ ^mdqJv Kuc-h-kz-c-Øn¬ tNmZn®p: ""Ft∏m-gmWv Xm¶ƒ P\-
ßsf ASn-a-I-fm-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv? Ah-cpsS amXm-°ƒ Ahsc
kzX-{¥-cm-bmWv {]k-hn-®Xv.''
as‰m-cn-°¬ Awdp-_v\p¬ Bkzv Hcp ss{IkvXh kv{XobpsS
hoSv \n¿_-‘-]q¿hw ]≈n-tbmSv tN¿°p-I-bp-≠mbn. {]kvXpX
kv{Xo AtX-°p-dn®v Jeo-^-tbmSv ]cmXn ]d™p. Bh-emXn e`n®
DSs\ Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv Kh¿Wsd hnfn®p hnNm-cW sNbvXp. kw`hw
kXy-am-sW∂v kΩ-Xn® At±lw Xs∂ AXn\v t{]cn-∏n® ]›m-
Ø-e-an-ßs\ hnh-cn®p: ""apkvenw-I-fpsS AwK-kwJy hf-sc-tbsd
h¿[n®p. ]≈n-bn¬ ÿe-an-√msX {]bmkw t\cn´p. AXv hnim-e-
am-°m≥ {ian-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ ASpØv B kv{XobpsS hoSp-≠m-bn-
cp∂p. AXn\v \ymb-amb hne \evIm-sa∂v ]d™v Bh-iy-s∏-s´-
¶nepw Ah¿ hn-ev°m≥ k∂-≤-bm-bn√. AXn-\m¬ hoSp-s]m-fn®v
]≈n-tbmSv tN¿°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. AXns‚ hne B kv{Xo°v
Bh-iy-ap≈ GXp \nan-jhpw kzoI-cn-°m≥ km[n-°pw-hn[w s]mXp-
hy‡n-\n-ba- ß- f- psS kwc-£Ww
J- P - \ m- h n¬ \nt£- ] n- ® n- ´ p- a p≠v . '' km[m- c - W - K - X n- b n¬ \ΩpsS
ImeØv temI-sØßpw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏´ Imcy-am-WnXv. F∂m¬ Da-
dp¬ ^mdq-Jns‚ kao-]\w XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p. Awdns‚
kw`-h-hn-h-cWw icn°pw {i≤n-®p-tI-´-tijw ]≈n-bpsS {]kvXpX
`mKw s]mfn-®p-am‰n ]Icw B ss{IkvXh kv{XobpsS hoSv bYm-
ÿm\w ]Wn-Xp-sIm-Sp-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°p-I-bmWv At±lw sNbvXXv.
lnwkzv Kh¿W- d m- b n- c p∂ Dssa- d p_v \ p kAZv Hcn- ° ¬ Hc-
apkvenw ]uc-t\mSv kwkm-cn-°sh ]d™p: ""A√mlp \ns∂ \nµn-
®n-cn-°p∂p.'' ]n∂oSv At±-l-Øn\v Xs‚ {]tbm-K-Ønse ]¥n-tISv
t_m[y-ambn. AXn¬ Bflm¿-Y-ambn ]›m-Ø-]n-°p-Ibpw {]mb-
›nØw sNøm≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ At±lw
Jeo-^-bmb Da-dp¬ ^mdq-Jns‚ ASp-Øp-h∂v hnhcw Adn-bn®p.
HutZym-KnI ]Zhn D≈-Xn-\m-emWv Xm≥ Aßs\ ]d-™-sX∂pw
AXn-\m¬ Kh¿W¿ ÿm-\w cmPn-sh-bv°p-I-bm-sW-∂p-am-bncp∂p
At±- l - Ø ns‚ Xocp- a m\w. AX- \ p- k - c n®v , A°m- e sØ G‰hpw
\nkzm¿Y\pw \oXn-am-\p-sa∂v ]cs° {]iw-kn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ Dssa¿
Kh¿W¿ÿm\w Hgn-bp-Ibpw Jeo^ AXw-Ko-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
l{kØv Aen Jeo-^-bm-bn-cns° At±lw Xs‚ cmjv{S-Ønse
tImSXn-bn¬ Hcp tIkv sImSpØp. {]Xn Hcp PqX-\m-bn-cp∂p. Xs‚
]S-b¶n tamjvSn-®p-sh∂pw AXv {]Xn-bpsS hi-ap-s≠-∂p-amWv ]cm-
Xn-bn¬ ]d-™n-cp-∂Xv. hnNm-cW Bcw-`n-®-t∏mƒ PUvPn ipssdlv
PqXs‚ t\sc Xncn™p tNmZn®p: ""Aao-dp¬ apA-van-\os‚ Bh-em-
Xn-sb-°p-dn®v Xm¶-sf¥p ]d-bp∂p?''
""Cu ]S-b¶n Ft‚-XmWv. Ft‚Xv am{Xw.'' Abmƒ adp-]Sn
]d™p.
""Xm¶-fpsS hmZw sXfn-bn-°m≥ km[y-amtWm?'' ipssdlv Jeo-
^-tbmSv tNmZn®p.
""AsX. CXv Ft‚-XmWv. F\n-°-Xn\v c≠v km£n-I-fp-ap≠v''-
˛Jeo^ ]d™p.
""km£n-Iƒ BcmWv?''- PUvPn Bcm™p.
""aI≥ lk\pw `rXy≥ Jadpw.''
""Ah¿ Xm¶-fpsS kz¥-°m-cmWv . AXn-\m-e-h-cpsS km£yw
kzoIm-cy-a√''˛- ipssdlv ZrV-kz-c-Øn¬ ]d™p. Aen°v a‰p sXfn-
hp-I-sfm∂pw lmP-cm-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬ PUvPn, PqX-
\-\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n®p. ]S-b¶n Abmƒ°p-Xs∂ hn´p-sIm-SpØp.
Aß-s\ Abmƒ AXp-ambn apt∂m´p \S∂p. Aen Abm-sf-Øs∂
t\m°n-\n∂p. ]S-b-¶n-bp-ambn Aev]-Zqcw \S-∂p-\o-ßnb PqX≥
s]s´∂v Xncn-®p-h∂p. PUvPn ipssd-lns\ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn®v Abmƒ
]d™p: ""\n›bw! CXv {]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS \nbaw Xs∂-sb∂v Rm≥
km£yw hln-°p∂p. Aao-dp¬ apA-van-\o≥ X\n-s°-Xnsc Xs‚
PUvPn-bpsS ASp-°¬ A\ymbw t_m[n-∏n-°p∂p. aXn-bmb sXfn-
hn-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ tImSXn At±-l-Øn-s\-Xnsc hn[n {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p.
CXv hfsc al-Øcw Xs∂. AXn-\m¬, A√m-lp-h-√msX as‰mcp
ssZh-an-s√∂pw apl-ΩZv Ahs‚ ZqX-\m-sW∂pw Rm\nXm km£yw
hln-°p∂p.''
XpS¿∂v Aen-bpsS t\sc Xncn-™n-ßs\ ]d™p: ""A√m-lp-
hmW, Xo¿®- b mbpw Cu ]S- b ¶n Xm¶- f p- t S- X p- X s∂. \nßƒ
kzn^vô-\n-te°v t]mhp-tºmƒ Rm≥ ssk\y-Øns‚ ]n∂n-ep-≠m-
bn-cp∂p. Xm¶-fpsS Nmc-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ H´-I-Øns‚ ]pd-Øp-\n∂v
Rm\Xv Xń-sb-Sp-Ø-XmWv.''
CXp-tI´ Jeo^ Nncn-®p-sIm≠v ]d™p: ""Rm\Xv Xm¶ƒ°p-
Xs∂ Zm\-ambn X∂n-cn-°p∂p.''
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-s°-Xnsc Hc-apkvenw ]uc\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n
{]kvXm-hn-°m≥ \njv{]-bmkw km[n-°p-amdv \oXn-]q¿hhpw kln-
jvWp-Xm-]q¿W-hp-amWv Ckvem-ans‚ kao-]-\-sa∂v sXfn-bn-°p∂
At\Iw kw`-h-ß-fn-sem∂p am{X-am-WnXv.
Da-dp_v\p A_vZn¬ Ako-kns‚ \nkvXp-e-amb \oXn-t_m-[sØ
kw_-‘n®v tI´-dn™ ka¿J¥v hmkn-Iƒ Hcp-an-®p-IqSn. Kh¿W¿
kpsse-am-\p_v\p A_o-kn¿dn-tbmSv ]d™p: ""JpssX_ Rßsf
h©n- ° p- I bpw A\ym- b - a mbn Rß- f psS \mSv ]nSn- ® - S - ° p- I bpw
sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p. ssZhw \mń-seßpw \oXnbpw s\dnbpw kvYm-]n-
®n-cn-°-bm-Wt√m. AXn-\m¬, Aao-dp¬ apA-van-\o-t\mSv Bh-emXn
\evIm≥ Rß-fn¬\n∂v Hcp \nth-Z-I-kw-L-Øn\v A\p-aXn \evIn-
bmepw.''
kpsse- a m≥ Ah- c psS A`y¿Y\ kzoI- c n®p. Aßs\ Hcp
kwLw ka¿J-¥p-Im¿ Jeo-^-bpsS ASp-Øp-h∂v ]cmXn t_m[n-
∏n®p. Imcy- ß sf- √ mw {i≤n- ® p- t I- ´ - t ijw Da- d p_v \ p A_v Z n¬
Akokv Kh¿W¿-s°-gpXn: ""ka¿J¥v hmkn-Iƒ Xß-f-\p-`-hn®
A\o-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v Bh-em-Xn-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. JpssX_ Ahsc Xß-
fpsS \mń¬\n∂v ]pd-Øm-°n-b-Xmbn ]cm-Xn-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-
°p∂p. AXn-\m¬, Xm¶ƒ Fs‚ IØp-In-ń-bm-ep-Ss\ Ah¿s°mcp
\ymbm-[n-]s\ \n›-bn-®p-sIm-Sp-°pI. At±lw Ah-cpsS Imcyw ]cn-
tim-[n®v Ah¿°-\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ apkvenw-Iƒ Xß-
fpsS Xmh-f-ß-fn-te°v Xncn-®p-t]m-hp-Ibpw \nßƒ JpssX-_-bpsS
{]th-i-\-Øn\v apºp≈ ÿm\-tØ°v \oßp-Ibpw sNtø-≠-XmWv.''
IØp-In-ńb DSs\ kpsse-am≥, Pan-D_v\p lmfn-dp¬ _mPnsb
PUvPn-bmbn \nb-an®p. At±lw ]cm-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw
AXn¬ ]c-am¿Y-ap-s≠∂v t_m[y-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ apkvenw-
Iƒs°-Xnsc hn[n {]kvXm-hn®p. Ah¿ ka¿J¥v hnSp-Ibpw \K-
cm-Xn¿Øn-bn-ep≈ aXn-en∂v ]pd-Øp≈ Xß-fpsS Xmh-f-ß-fn-te°v
kln-jvWpX \oXn-]m-e\
- Ø
- n¬
aS-ßp-Ibpw thW-sa∂v Iev]n®p.8
CXv ka¿J¥v hmkn-Isf A£-cm¿Y-Øn¬ AZv`p-X-kvX-_v[-
cm°n. Hcp apkvenw PUvPn kz¥w aX-Øn\pw kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-sa-
Xnsc Xßƒ°-\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n-°p-Itbm? Ncn-{X-Øn¬ kam-\-X-
bn-√mØ CØ-c-samcp kao-]-\sØ kw_-‘n®v k¶¬]n-°m≥
t]mep-a-h¿°v km[y-am-bn-cp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬, kz¥w ssk\y-Øn\pw
tk\m-\m-b-I-\p-sa-Xnsc hn[n \S-Øp-∂Xv t\cn¬ ImWm-\n-S-bmb
ka¿J¥v hm-kn-Iƒ \oXn-\n-jvTcpw kln-jvWp-°-fp-amb apkvenw-
Iƒ AhnSw hnSp-∂Xv CjvS-s∏-ń√. Ah-cpsS kvt\l-]q¿h-amb
A`y¿Y\ am\n®v Ckvem-anI ssk\yw ka¿J-¥n¬Xs∂ \ne-bp-
d-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu kw`-h-Øn\v temI-N-cn-{X-Øn-se-hn-sSbpw
XpeyX Is≠-ØpI km[y-a√. ssk\yw Hcp \Kcw Pbn-®-S°n
AXn¬ {]th-in-°p∂p. At∏mƒ ]cm-Pn-X¿ hnP-bn-®-h-cpsS `c-W-
Iq-S-tØmSv ]cmXn ]d-bp∂p. Aßs\ Ahn-SsØ \ymbm-[n-]≥
hnPbw hcn® kz¥w ssk\y-Øn-s\-Xnsc hn[n {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw
Ah¿ \mSp-hn-S-W-sa∂p \n¿tZ-in-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. AtXmsS
tPXm-°ƒ AhnSw hnSp-∂-Xn¬ Xt±-io-b¿ Akz-ÿ-cm-hp-Ibpw AXp
hne-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. B[p-\n-Ihpw ]pcm-X-\-hp-amb kaq-l-Øn-
sem∂pw CXn\p kZr- i - a mb as‰mcp amXrI Nq≠n- ° m- W n- ° m-
\m¿°pw km[y-a√. Ckvem-anI kaqlw kXy-Øn-t‚bpw \oXn-bp-
tSbpw aqey-ß-fm¬ C∆n[w _‘n-X-am-b-t]mse kz¥w A\p-bm-bn-
Isf CØcw XXz-ßƒ apdpsI ]nSn-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-°p∂ at‰-sX-
¶nepw aXtam BZ¿itam temI-Øn√.
e_-\m-\nse Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿ Xß-fpsS Kh¿W¿
Aen-øp_v\p A_vZn-√m-ln_v\p A∫m-kn-s\-Xnsc Iem-]-s°m-Sn-
bp-b¿Øn. AXn-\m¬, At±lw Ahsc t\cn´v ]cm-P-b-s∏-SpØn.
At∏mƒ, Ahsc Ahn-sS-\n∂v a‰n-S-ß-fn-te°v am‰n-Øm-a-kn-∏n-°p-
∂Xpw Ahsc At\ym-\y-a-I-‰p-∂Xpw cmPy-Øns‚ `{Z-X°v \√-Xm-
sW∂v At±-l-Øn\v tXm∂n. AXn-\m-h-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-
cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. B[p-\nI ]cn-jvIrX \mSp-I-fnse `c-Wm-[n-
Im- c n- I ƒ km[m- c W kzoI- c n- ° m- d p≈ \S- ] - S n- I sf At]- £ n®v
F{Xtbm \n m-c-amb in£. F∂n´pw kndn-b-bnse {]apJ ]fin-
X\pw Nn¥-I-\p-amb HukmCu AXw-Ko-I-cn-®n√. hnπ-h-Øn¬ ]s¶-
Sp-°mØ \nc-]-cm-[sc in£-bn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv icn-b-s√∂pw AXn-
\m¬ e_-\m-\nse Aapkvenw ]uc-∑msc H∂-S¶w am‰n-Øm-a-kn-∏n-
°p-∂Xv H´pw \ymb-a-s√-∂p-ap≈ i‡-amb A`n-{]mbw At±lw
]c-ky-ambn {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Kh¿Wsd \nin-X-ambn hna¿in-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. HukmCu Kh¿W¿°-b® ktµ-i-Øn-en-ßs\ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p: ""Xm¶ƒ e_-\m-\n¬\n∂v Ahn-SsØ Aapkvenw
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
]uc-∑msc am‰n-Øm-a-kn-∏n-®-Xmbn Adn-bm≥ km-[n®p. Ah-cn¬ Nne-
sc√mw Iem-]-s°mSn Db¿Øn-b-h-cmWv. F∂m¬, GsX-¶nepw Hcp
hn`m-K-Øns‚ sX‰ns‚ t]cn¬ Xm¶-sf-ß-s\-bmWv F√m-h-scbpw
in£n-°pI? Ahsc kz¥w hoSp-I-fn¬\n∂pw kzØp-°-fn¬\n∂pw
AI-‰n-\n¿ØpI? Bcpw as‰m-cm-fpsS ]m]-êw Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠-Xn-
s√-∂m-Wt√m A√m-lp-hns‚ hn[n. G‰hpw DØ-a-amb kao-]-\hpw
icn-bmb \ne-]mSpw AXs{X. Xm¶ƒ apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°m≥ G‰-hp-a-
[nIw IS-s∏-´Xv \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS D]-tZ-i-amWv. Ahn-S∂p Acpƒ
sNøp∂p: ""Bsc-¶nepw Ckvem-an-I-cm-jv{S-Ønse Aapkvenw ]ucs\
t{Zmln- ° p- I tbm Akm- [ y- a m- b - X n- \ - b msf \n¿_- ‘ n- ° p- I tbm
sNbvXm¬ A¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬ Rm\-hs‚ i{Xp-hm-bn-cn°pw.''
Camw HukmCu C{X i‡hpw [oc-hp-amb kao-]\w kzoI-cn-
®-Xn-\m¬ Xm≥ \mSp-I-S-Øn-b-hsc BZ-c-]q¿hw Xncn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-
cm≥ e_-\m≥ Kh¿-W¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-\mbn. Cßs\, h√-t∏mgpw
Ckvem-ans‚ aln-X-amb aqey-ßƒ°v hncp-≤-ambn `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ
Aap-kvenw-I-tfmSv A\oXn {]h¿Øn-®m¬ DSs\ aX-]-fin-X-∑m¿
CS-s]´v \njvIr-jvS-amb \oXn \S-∏n¬ hcp-ØpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p.
kndn-b-bn¬ Xm¿Øm-cn-I-fp-ambp≈ bp≤-Øn¬ [mcmfw apkvenw-
Ifpw {Inkv X ym- \ n- I fpw PqX- ∑ mcpw XS- h p- I m- c mbn ]nSn- ° - s ∏´p.
]n∂oSv Xm¿Ømco t\Xm-hn-t\mSv ssiJp¬ Ckvemw C_v\p-ssX-
anø _‘-\-ÿ-cpsS tamN-\-{]iv\w N¿® sNbvX-t∏mƒ apkvenw
XS-hp-Imsc kzX-{¥-cm-°m-sa∂v hm°p-sIm-SpØp. {InkvXym-\n-I-
sfbpw PqX-∑m-scbpw tamNn-∏n-°m-\m-hn-s√-∂-dn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
F∂m¬, ssi-Jp¬ Ckvemw CXw-Ko-I-cn-®n√. At±lw {]Jym-]n®p:
""apgp-h≥ {InkvXym-\n-I-tfbpw PqX-∑m-tcbpw tamNn-∏n-°p-I-Xs∂
thWw. apkvenw-I-sf-t∏m-se-Ø-s∂-bm-W-hcpw.''
bp≤-Øn-te¿s∏´ i{Xp-°-tfm-Sp-t]mepw A\oXn {]h¿Øn-°m≥
]mSn-s√∂v Ckvemw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂p. Ipcn-ip-ssk-\y-Øns‚ ]nSn-Ø-
Øn¬\n∂v Ckvem-anI \mSp-Iƒ tamNn-∏n® kp¬Øm≥ kem-lp-
±o≥ Aøq- _ n- b psS ASpØv Hcp ss{Ikv X - h kv { Xo h∂v Xs‚
Ipńsb ]´m-f-°m¿ Xń-sb-Sp-Ø-Xmbn ]cm-Xn-s∏´p. kv{XobpsS kw`-
h-hnh-cWw tI´v At±-l-Øns‚ IÆp-Iƒ \\™p. DSs\ Xt∂mSp
bp≤w sNbvX i{Xp-hn-`m-K-Øn¬s]´ {]kvXpX kv{XobpsS Ipńsb
Is≠-Øm≥ DØ-c-hn-Sp-Ibpw th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Aßs\ A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX Ip™ns\ Is≠Øn
amXm-hn-t∂-ev]n-®p-sIm-SpØp. AtXm-sSm∏w \n¿`-bbpw kam-[m-\-Nn-
Ø- b p- a mbn kz¥w Xmh- f - Ø n- t e°v aS- ß m≥ km[n- ° p- a mdv B
kv{Xotbm-sSm-∂n®v At±lw c£m-`-S-∑m-tcbpw Ab-®p-sIm-SpØp.
i{Xp-°-tfm-Sp-t]mepw C∆n[w \oXn-]q¿hhpw DZm-c-]q¿W-hp--amb kao-
]\w kzoI-cn® kem-lp-±o≥ Aøq-_n-bpsS kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Pnkvb
I≠v ]I-®p-\n∂ ]m›m-Xy≥ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ t]mepw At±-lsØ
Atß-b‰w {]iw-kn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. {]kn≤ Ncn-{X-]-fin-X-\mb
an°mUv ]d-bp∂p: ""At±lw XS-hp-Im-cmb Ipń-Isf amXm-°ƒ°pw
`¿Øm-°-∑msc `mcy-am¿°pw hn´p-sIm-SpØp. At\Iw {InkvXym-
\n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS hne-]n-Sn® hkvXp-°-fp-t]-£n®v £oWn-X-cmb
amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfbpw tcmKn-I-fmb kplr-Øp-°-tfbpw sIm≠p-t]mbn.
Cu ImgvN kem-lp-±os\ BIp-e-Nn-Ø-\m°n. At±lw ]cm-Pn-X-
cmb i{Xp-°ƒ°v Bh-iy-amb km[-\-ßfpw klm-b-ßfpw kΩm-
\-ßfpw \evIn.''
apkvenw `c-W-Im-eØv C¥y-bnse lnµp-°ƒ°v apkvenw-Iƒs°-
Xn-sc-t∏mepw \oXn e`n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v Iymw{_nUvPv lnÃdn Hm^v
C¥y hy‡-am-°p∂p.9
B[p-\nI ]m°n-kvXm-\n¬ `cWw ]q¿W-ambpw Ckvem-an-I-a-
√m-Xn-cp-∂n-´p-IqSn aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßƒ°v kºq¿W \oXn e`n-°p-
∂p≠v. kn‘v {]hniym "aplvX-kn_n's‚ ASp-°¬ Hcp ]cmXn
]cn-K-W-\°v h∂p. ]cmXn lnµp-°-fp-tS-Xm-bn-cp∂p. FXn¿I£n
apkvenapw. Xß-fpsS Hcp t£{Xw FXn¿I£n A{I-an®v A[o-\-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]cmXn. t£{X-tØm-S-\p-_-
‘n®v kzØp- ° ƒ Abmƒ°v ssIam- d n- b - t ∏mƒ t£{X- h pw- I qSn
A\ym- b - a mbn ssIh- i - s ∏- S p- Ø p- I - b m- W p- ≠ m- b Xv . Abmsf
AXn¬\n∂v ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m≥ {]mtZ-in-I-X-e-Øn¬ \S∂ {ia-ßƒ
]cm-P-b-s∏-´-t∏m-gmWv lnµp-°ƒ aplvX-kn_v Bb PÃnkv apl-
ΩZv CJv_m-ens‚ apºmsI ]cmXn ka¿∏n-®Xv. kXyw lnµp-°-
fpsS hi-am-sW∂v t_m[yamb aplvX-kn_v Ah¿°v A\p-Iq-e-
ambn tIkv hn[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]m°n-kvXm-\n¬ Ckvem-anI
hyhÿ ]q¿Wm¿Y-Øn¬ \S-∏m-°-s∏-ń-ń-s√-¶nepw aX-\yq-\-]-£-
ß-tfm-Sp≈ kao-]\w XnI®pw \oXn-]q¿h-am-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°p∂
\nc-h[n kw`-h-ß-fn-sem∂p am{X-am-WnXv.
Ckvem-anI hyh-ÿbpw `c-Whpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-t∏m-sg√mw \oXn-
]m- e \w F√m- h n[ ]£- ] - m Xn- X z- ß ƒ°pw AXo- X - a m- b n- c p∂p.
cmPysØ ]uc-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ Hcp-hn[ hnth-N-\hpw Iev]n-°-s∏-ń-
cp-∂n√. ImcWw, Ckvemw PmXn, aX, tZi, `mj, h¿K, h¿W
sshPm-Xy-ßƒ°-Xo-X-ambn a\p-jy¿°n-S-bn¬ \njvIr-jvS-amb \oXn
\S-Øm-\mWv AXns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-tfmSv B⁄m-]n-°p-∂Xv.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:
1. A∂lv¬: 90
2. A¬lp-Pp-dmØv: 9
3. A¬l-ZoZv: 25
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
4. A∂n-km-Av: 135
5. A¬am-CZ: 8
6. A¬apw-X-ln\: 8
7. A∂n-km-Av: 105˛-109
8. Xz_vcn, `mKw: 6, ]pdw: 567˛-568
9. hmfyw: 3, t]Pv: 89, 90. D≤-cWw: _n.F≥. ]msfi˛ ""Ckvemapw C¥y≥
kwkvIm-chpw,'' ]pdw: 11
10. A_q-Zm-hqZv, ss_lJn
HºXv
Pnkvb
temIØv Gsd sX‰n-≤-cn-°-s∏´ Ckvem-anI kmt¶-XnI i_vZ-ß-

fn-sem-∂mWv "Pnkvb'. AXv Ckvem-anI cmjv{S-ß-fnse aX-\yq-\-]-
£-ß-tfm-Sp≈ hnth-N-\-ambpw Ahsc c≠mw-Xcw ]uc-∑m-cmbn
ImWm-\p≈ {]h-W-X-bpsS AS-bm-f-ambpw Bt£-]n-°-s∏-Sm-dp≠v.
Aap-kvenw-I-fpsS ta¬ Npa-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ Cu {]tXyI \nIp-Xn-bpsS
]›m-Øew a\- n-em-°m-Ø-XmWv sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Iƒ°pw hna¿i-\-
ßƒ°pw ImcWw. kp{]- [ m- \ - a mb c≠p Imc- W - ß - f m- e mWv
Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m-cpsS ta¬ Ckvem-an-I-cm{„w "Pnkvb' Npa-Øp-
∂Xv.
1. apkvenw-Iƒ Xß-fpsS Im¿jn-I-h-cp-am-\-ß-fpsS ]Øp iX-
am-\hpw a‰p hcp-am-\-ß-fpsS c≠c iX-am-\hpw kImØv C\-Øn¬
s]mXp JP-\m-hn¬ (ss_Øp¬am¬) AS-°m≥ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv.
CXv Hcp kmº-Øn-I-_m-[yX F∂-Xn-ep-]cn aX-]-c-amb Bcm-[-\m-
I¿aw IqSn-bmWv. AXn-\m¬, AXv Aap-kvenw-I-fpsS ta¬ \n¿_-
‘-am-°m≥ \n¿hm-l-an√. ImcWw, AX-h-cpsS aX-kzm-X-{¥y-Øns‚
\ntj-[-am-bn-cn°pw. AXn-\m¬, kaq-l-Ønse kmº-ØnI k¥p-
en-XXzw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m-cpsS ta¬ Ckvem-anse
aX-N-S-ßp-I-fp-ambn _‘-an-√mØ as‰mcp \nIpXn Npa-Øp-I-bm-Wp-
≠m-bXv. AXmWv Pnkvb. At∏mƒ apkvenw-I-fn¬\n∂v cmjv{Sw
\n¿_-‘-ambpw ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p∂ kIm-Øn\v ]I-c-ap≈ Hcp \nIp-Xn-
bm-WXv.
kº-Øp≈ apkvenw-I-sf√mw kImØv \¬Im≥ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv.
Pnkvb
kv{XoIfpw Ipń-Ifpw hr≤-∑mcpw tcmKn-Ifpw Dƒs∏sS Bcpw-Xs∂
AXn¬-\n∂v ap‡-c√. F∂m¬, AXns\ At]-£n®v "Pnkvb'bn¬
Ht´sd Cf- h p- I fpw B\p- I q- e y- ß - f p- a p≠v . kv { XoIƒ, Ipń- I ƒ,
A‘≥- a m¿, hr≤≥am¿, amdm- t cm- K n- I ƒ, {`m¥- ∑ m¿, aT- ß - f nse
k\ym-kn-am¿, ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ t]mep-≈-h-cn¬\n-s∂m∂pw Pnkvb
CuSm-°-s∏-Sp-∂-X√. AXn-\m¬, Pnkvb Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m-tcm-Sp≈
hnth-N-\-a√. adn®v, Ah¿°v kmº-Øn-I-ambn Cfhv e`n-°p-hm-\p≈
D]m-[n-bmWv.
Hcn-°¬ {]hm-N-Is‚ c≠mw DØ-cm-[n-Imcn Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv sXcp-
hn-eqsS \S-∂p-t]m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. At∏mƒ A‘\pw Ah-i-\p-amb
Hcp hr≤s\ I≠p-apń. Da¿ At±-l-Øns‚ tXmfn¬ ssIsh-®p-
sIm≠v tNmZn®p: ""\nßƒ BcmWv?'' ""Xm≥ Hcp PqX-
\msW''∂t±lw Adn-bn-®-t∏mƒ ho≠pw tNmZn®p: ""\nßƒ°v Cu
Ahÿ FØm≥ ImcWw?''
""hr≤\pw Ah- i - \ p- a mb Rm≥ Pnkv b \ev I m≥ _m[y- ÿ -
\mWv.'' PqX≥ ]d™p. DSs\ Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv At±-lsØ Xs‚
Xma-k-ÿ-e-tØ°v Iqń-s°m-≠p-t]mbn kz¥w kºm-Zy-Øn¬\n∂v
Hcp kwJy sImSpØp. H´pw Xma-kn-bmsX "s]mXp-J-P-\mhv' ta[m-
hn°v Abmƒ-hiw Hcp ktµ-i-a-b-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-{]-Im-c-
am-bn-cp∂p: "'Ct±-l-tØbpw Ct±-l-sØ-t∏m-ep-≈-h-tcbpw Is≠-
ØpI. A√m-lp-hmW! Abm-fpsS buh\w \mw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-
Ibpw hm¿[Iy-Øn-e-bmsf hgn-bm-[m-c-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-sb-∂Xv
H´pw-Xs∂ \oXn-b√. kIm-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ hcp-am\w km[p-°ƒ°pw
(^pJ-dm-Av) \n¿[-\¿°pw (akm-Io≥) Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-XmWv. ^pJ-
dm-Cs‚ hnh£ apkvenw-I-fmWv. thZ-°m-c-\mb Ct±lw akm-Io-
\n¬s]-Sp∂p. XpS¿∂v Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv B hr≤s\ Pnkvb-bn¬\n-
s∂m-gn-hm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''1
"Pnkvb' kIm-Øn\p ]I-c-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Bsc-¶nepw apkvenw-I-
sf-t∏mse kImØp \¬Im≥ kzbw k∂-≤-am-hp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬
Ahsc Ckvem-an-I-cmjv{Sw "Pnkvb'bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°p-∂-XmWv. Ncn-
{X-Øn-en-Xn\v Gsd DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ ImWmw. H∂n-hnsS tN¿°p∂p.
k¿ tXmakv B¿WƒUv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""...Ah-tcmSv (XKven_v tKm{Xw)
Aapkvenw tKm{X-ßƒ°v \evIp∂ kwc-£-W-Øn\v ]I-c-ambn Npa-
Øp∂ Icw˛ Pnkvb˛ AS-°m\pw At±lw (Da¿) Bh-iy-s∏´p.
F∂m¬, Pnkv b HSp- ° p- ∂ Xv A]- a m- \ - a mbn Icp- X nb XKv e n_v
tKm{Xw Xßsf apkvenw-I-sf-t∏mse \nIpXn(kImØv) AS-°m≥
A\p- h - Z n- ° - W - s a∂v Bh- i y- s ∏´p. Jeo^ AX- \ p- h - Z n- ° p- I bpw
Ah¿ apkvenw-I-sf-t∏mse Pnkvb-bpsS Cc-ń-h-cp∂ kwJy JP-\m-
hn-te-°-S-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''2
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
Pnkvb Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw A[n-I-am-h-cp-sX∂v {]hm-N-I≥
\njvI¿jn-®n-´p≠v. Ahn-S∂v Acpƒ sNøp∂p: ""DS-º-Sn°v hnt[-b-
am-b-hs\ (ZnΩn) D]-{Z-hn-°p-Itbm Aan-X-amb \nIpXn Npa-Øp-Itbm
sNøp-∂-h-s\-Xnsc A¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬ Rm≥ hmZn-°p-∂-XmWv.''3
2. Ckvem-an-I-cmjv{Sw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºm-sg√mw \n¿_‘ ]´m-f-
tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn-°m≥ apkvenw ]uc-∑m¿ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv. CXv Ah-
cpsS aX-]-c-amb Npa-X-e-Iq-Sn-bmWv. Hcm-Z¿i-Øns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn\v
B BZ¿iw AwKo-I-cn-°m-Ø-hsc \n¿_-‘n-°p-∂Xv icn-b√. AXn-
\m¬, Ckvem-an-I-cmjv{Sw Aapkvenw ]uc-∑msc ]´m-f-tk-h-\-Øn\v
\n¿_-‘n-°p-I-bn√. AtX-k-abw kzbw apt∂m-´p-h-∂m¬ Ahsc
]´m-f-Øn¬ tN¿°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
Ckvem-an-I-cmjv{Sw Ahn-SsØ apgp-h≥ ]uc-∑m-tcbpw kwc-£n-
°m≥ _m[y-ÿ-amWv. AXn-\m¬, apkvenw-I-fpsS am{X-a√, Aap-
kv e nw- I - f p- t Sbpw Poh\pw kzØpw A`n- a m- \ hpw kwc- £ n- ° m≥
apkvenw-Iƒ \n¿_‘ ]´m-f-tk-h-\-Øn\v Npa-X-e-s∏-´-h-cm-bn-Øo-
cp∂p. C∆n[w kwc-£Ww Dd-∏p-\-evIp-∂-Xn∂pw ]´mf tkh-\-
Øn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn∂pw ]I-c-am-bmWv Ah-cn¬\n∂v "Pnkvb'
]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂Xv. Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw Ah¿°v kwc-£Ww \evIm≥
km[n-°msX hcn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Pnkvb Xncn-®p-\-evIp-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw.
A{]-Imcw Xs∂ kzbw k∂-≤-cmbn ]´m-f-tk-h-\-Øn\v hcp-tºmgpw
Ahsc Pnkvb- b n¬\n∂v Hgn- h m- ° p- ∂ - X mWv. k¿ tXmakv
B¿WƒUv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Nne¿ \sΩ hniz-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-
∂-Xp-t]mse apkvenw hnizm-kw kzoI-cn-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®-Xns‚
in£-bmbn ss{IkvX-h-cpsS ta¬ Npa-Ø-s∏-´-X√ Cu \nIpXn.
F√m Aapkvenw ]uc-∑mcpw AS-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp∂p AXv. aX-]-c-
amb Imc-W-ßƒsIm≠v ssk\nI tkh-\-Øn¬\n∂v Ah¿ Hgn-
hm-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p. apkvenw-Iƒ \evIn-bn-cp∂ kwc-£-W-Øn\v ]I-c-
am-bmWv Ah¿ Pnkvb HSp-t°≠n h∂Xv. lod-bnse P\-ßƒ Icm¿
{]Im-c-ap≈ kwJy AS-®-t∏mƒ, AXv a¿Z-I-cn¬\n∂v (Ah¿ apkvenw-
Itfm a‰p-≈-htcm Bhs´) c£n-°p-∂-Xn\v ]I-c-am-sW∂v apkvenw-
I-tfmSv {]tXyIw hy‡-am-°n-bn-cp∂p. lod-bpsS kao-]-{]-tZ-i-
Øp≈ Nne tKm{X-°m-cp-ambn Icm-dp-≠m-°n-b-t∏mƒ JmenZv hy‡-
am°n: "Rßƒ \nßsf kwc-£n-°p-tºmƒ Pnkvb Rßƒ°-h-
Im-i-s∏-´-XmWv. Rßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ AXn¬ Rßƒ°-
h-Im-i-hp-an√.' Jeo^m Da-dns‚ Ime-Øp-≠mb Hcp kw`hw CØcw
Icm-dp-Iƒ ]men-°p-∂-Xn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ F{X _≤-{i-≤-cm-bn-cp-∂p-
sh∂v hy‡-am-°p∂p. lndm-¢n-bkv N{I-h¿Øn apt∂-dp∂ apkvenw
ssk\ysØ Xncn-t®m-Sn-°m≥ Hcp henb ]´m-f-kw-L-sØ k÷o-
I-cn®p. AXn-\m¬, apkvenw-Iƒ°v apgp-h≥ Du¿Phpw At±-lsØ
Pnkvb
t\cn-Sm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Ad_v ssk\n-I-ta-
[m-hn-bmb A_q-D-ss_Z kndn-b≥ \K-c-ß-fnse apkvenw Kh¿-
W¿am¿°v AXn-\Iw tiJ-cn-®p-I-gn™ Pnkvb apgp-h≥ Xncn-®p-
sIm-Sp-°m≥ Iev]n-®p-sIm-s≠-gpXn. Aapkvenw {]P-I-tfmSv Cßs\
]d- b m\pw \n¿tZ- i - a p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂p: ""\nß- f n¬\n- s ∂- S pØ [\w
\nßƒ°v Xncn-®p-\¬Ip∂p. Rßƒs°-Xnsc Hcp alm-ssk\yw
apt∂-dp-∂-Xmbn hm¿Ø-bp≠v. \nßƒ°v kwc-£Ww \evIm-sa-
∂mWv Rßƒ Icm¿ sNbvXXv. Ct∏mƒ Rßƒ°-Xn\p Ign-hn√.
AXn-\m¬, \nß-fn¬\n-s∂-Sp-Ø-sX√w Rßƒ Xncn-®p-\¬Ip-I-
bmWv. hnP-bn-I-fm-hp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ho≠pw Rßƒ Icm-d-\p-k-cn®v
{]h¿Øn-°m≥ _m[y-ÿ-cm-bn-cn°pw.'' Cu Iev]\ {]Imcw s]mXp-
J-P-\m-hn¬\n∂v [mcmfw [\w hnX-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn.
{InkvXym-\n-I-fm-hs´ apkvenw-I-fpsS hnP-b-Øn-\mbn {]m¿Yn-®p-sIm-
≠n-cp∂p. "ssZhw \nßƒ°v ho≠pw Rßsf `cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
Ignhp \evIs´. \nßƒ tdma-°m-cpsS ta¬ hnPbw hcn-°s´. Ah-
cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Rßƒs°m∂pw Xncn-®p-\-evIp-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂p
am{X-a√, Rß-fpsS ]°¬ tijn-®n-cp-∂Xpw ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-am-bn-
cp∂p.''
imco-cnI tijn-bp≈ ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS taemWv Pnkvb Npa-Øn-
bn-cp-∂Xv F∂v \mw I≠p. ssk\y-Øn¬ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xn\v
]I- c - a m- b n- c p∂p AXv . GsX- ¶ nepw ss{Ikv X - h ¿ ssk\y- Ø n¬
tN¿∂n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ahsc Pnkvb-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cp∂p.
At¥m-Iy-bpsS ]cn-k-c-ß-fn-ep≈ Pp¿Pnam tKm{X-Øns‚ Imcy-an-
Xm-bn-cp∂p. apkvenw-I-fpsS ]£w tN¿∂v kacw sNøm-sa∂ \n_-
‘-\-bn¬ Ah¿ apkvenw-I-fp-ambn kJy-ap-≠m°n. Pnkvb Bh-iy-
s∏-S-cp-sX∂pw ka-cm¿PnX kzØp-°-fn¬\n∂v Hcp ]¶v Ah¿°pw
e`n-°-W-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p a‰p \n_-‘-\-Iƒ. Ad_v apt∂‰w lnPvd
22-˛¬ t]¿jy-bpsS hS-°p-`m-K-sØ-Øn-b-t∏mƒ AhnsS AXn¿Øn-
bn-ep≈ Hcp tKm{X-hp-ambn apkvenw-Iƒ CØ-c-samcp Icm-dn-te¿s∏-
Sp-I-bp-≠mbn.
""Xp¿°n `c-W-Im-eØv ssk\y-Øn¬ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®n-cp∂
{InkvXym-\n-Ifpw Pnkvb-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw.
sImdn≥Xv Ic-bn-Sp-°n-te°v \bn-°p∂ knØn-tdm¨, Kdm-\nb Npc-
ßƒ Im°m≥ Hcp kwLw kmbp-[sc \evIm-sa∂ hyh-ÿ-bn¬
A¬t_- \ n- b ≥ ss{Ikv X h h¿K- a mb saKm- c n- I sf Xp¿°n- I ƒ
Pnkvb-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cp∂p. Xp¿°n ssk\y-Øns‚ aptº-
t]mbn \nc-Øp-Ifpw ]me-ßfpw \∂m-°nbn-cp∂ {InkvXob kwL-
Øn\v Pnkv b Hgn- h m- ° n- s °m- S p- Ø n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂p am{X- a √, Icw
hmßmsX `qan ]Xn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. ssl{º-bnse
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ kp¬Øm∂v Pnkvb \evIn-bn-cp-∂n√. ]I-c-ambn
Ah¿ 250 ZrV-Km-{X-cmb \mhn-Isc Xp¿°n-∏-S°p \evIn.
""B¿a-tØmfn F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ sX°≥ dpam-\n-b-°m-cmWv
]Xn-\mdpw ]Xn-t\gpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ Xp¿°n ssk\y-Øn¬ apJy
LS-I-am-bn-cp-∂Xv. kvIq´m-cn°v hS-°p≈ ]¿h-X-\n-c-I-fn¬ hkn-®n-
cp∂ an¿Zn-Iƒ F∂ A¬t_-\n-b≥ ItØm-en-°¿ Ic-Øn¬\n-s∂m-
gn-hm-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p. bp≤-th-f-bn¬ Hcp kmbp[ kwLsØ \¬Im-
sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS {]Xn⁄. AtX-t]mse {Ko°v {InkvXym-
\n-I-tfbpw Pnkvb-bn¬\ns∂m-gn-hm°n. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-te°v
ip≤-Pew sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp∂ inem-\m-fn-Iƒ Ah-cm-bn-cp∂p kwc-£n-
®n-cp-∂Xv. \K-c-Ønse shSn-a-cp-∂p-im-e°v Imh-en-cp-∂-h-tcbpw Ic-
Øn¬\n-s∂m-gn-hm-°n-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬, CuPn-]vXnse {KmaoW I¿j-
I¿ ssk\nI tkh-\-Øn¬\n∂p Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Ah-cpsS ta¬
{InkvXym-\n-I-sf-t∏mse Icw Npa-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.''4
\_n Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ImeØv aZo-\-bnse Aapkvenw hn`m-K-ßƒ
cmjv{S-Øns‚ {]Xn-tcm[ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-
\m¬ Ah-cn¬\n∂p Pnkvb CuSm-°n-bn-cp-∂n√. A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂
ssItdm-hn¬\n∂p sN¶-S-en-te°v Hcp I\m¬ Ipgn-°m-\p≈ ÿew
sXc-s™-Sp-°m≥ klm-bn® Aap-kven-ans\ Jeo^m Da¿ ^mdqJv
Pnkvb-bn¬\n∂p Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cp∂p.''5
kp¬Øm≥ kem-lp-±o≥ kndn-b-bn¬\n∂p ]n≥hm-ßm≥ \n¿_-
‘n-X-\m-b-t∏mƒ Xt±-io-b-cn¬\n∂p ]ncn-s®-Sp-Øn-cp∂ Pnkvb aS-
°n-s°m-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. CØcw Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-ß-ƒ ap∂n¬ I≠p-
sIm≠v tUm: Xmcm-Nµv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""kwc-£Ww Dd-∏p-sIm-Sp-°m-
\m-hmØ kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ Jeo-^-am¿ Cu \nIpXn Xncn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-
cp∂p.''6
Npcp-°-Øn¬ Pnkvb Hcp aX-\n-Ip-Xn-b√. Bbn-cp-∂n-´p-an√.
AYhm AXv aX-\n-Ip-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ kv{XoI-sfbpw Ipń-
Isfbpw hr≤-∑m-scbpw ]ptcm-ln-X-∑mscbpw AXn¬\ns∂m-gn-hm-
°p-am-bn-cp-∂n√. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Pnkvb bp≤ \nIp-Xn-bmWv. Ignhpw
Imbn-I-_-ehpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw ssk\n-I-tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn-°m≥
k∂-≤-cm-hm-Ø-h-cmWv AXv \evtI-≠Xv. \n¿_‘ ]´m-f-tk-h\w
\ne-\n-\n¬°p∂ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ AXn¬\n-s∂m-gn-hm-Ip-∂-tXm-
sSm∏w imco-cn-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb kpc-£n-XXzw A\p-`-hn-°p-
∂-Xn-\p≈ {]Xn-^-e-am-WXv. F∂m¬, Ckvem-an-I-cm-jv{S-Ønse
apkvenw ]uc-∑m¿ \n¿_‘ ssk\n-I-tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn-®mepw `c-W-
Iq- S - Ø n\p kImØv \¬Im≥ _m[y- ÿ - c mWv . F°m- e Øpw
kImØv kwJy Pnkvb-tb-°mƒ hfsc IqSp-X-em-bn-cp∂p F∂
hkvXpX {]tXyIw {]kvXm-hy-amWv. AXn-\m¬, Ckvem-an-I-cm-jv{S-
Øn¬ Pnkvb \evIp∂ Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿ apkvenw-I-tf-°mƒ
A\p-_‘w 1
F¥p-sIm≠pw kuI-cyhpw B\p-Iq-eyhpw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h-cmWv.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:
1. A_q-bq-kp^v˛ InXm-_p¬ JdmPv, ]pdw: 126 ImWpI.
2. tXmakv B¿WƒUv˛ Ckvemw {]t_m-[-\hpw {]Nm-chpw, ]pdw: 62
3. A_q-bq-kp^v˛ InXm-_p¬ JdmPv, ]pdw: 71
4. tXmakv B¿WƒUv˛ Ckvemw {]t_m-[-\hpw {]Nm-chpw, ]pdw: 73˛- 76
5. Camw kpbqØn˛ lpkv\p¬ aplm-fd ô AJv_mcn ankzv¿ h¬ Jmlndx
6. D≤-cWw: Do: Roy Choudhary.
A\p-_‘w
Ckvem-anI cmjv{S-Øns‚ {]Ya `c-W-L-S\

{]hm-N-I≥ apl-Ω-Zv\_n(k) P∑-tZ-i-amb a°-bn¬\n∂v bYvcn-_n-
te°v ]em- b \w sNbv X p. Ckv e m- a nI {]t_m- [ \ Ncn- { X- Ø nse
kp{]-[m-\-amb kw`-h-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. \∑-bpsS \mºp-Iƒ hf-sc-
thKw Xg- ® p- h - f - c m≥ ]‰nb aÆm- b n- c p- ∂ n√ a°. F∂m¬, bYv c n-
_nse kml- N cyw kXy- { ]- t _m- [ - \ - Ø n\v Gsd klm- b - I - a m- b n-
cp∂p. \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n AhnsS FØn-b-tXmsS B ]´-W-Øns‚ t]cp-
t]mepw amdn. AXv \_n-bpsS \Kc˛ aZo-\-Øp-∂_n˛ambn.
aZo- \ - b n¬ hnhn[ aX- h n- i zm- k n- I - f p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂p. {]hm- N - I s‚
BK- a - \ - t ØmsS AhnsS Hcn- k v e m- a n- I - c mjv { Sw ÿm]n- X - a mbn.
AXns‚ \mb-I≥ \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. blq-Zcpw _lp-
ssZ-h-hm-Zn-Ifpw apkvenw-I-fp-sa√mw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hc-h¿Kob cmjv{S-
am-bn-cp∂p AXv.
aZo-\-°p-th≠n {]hm-N-I≥ Hcp {]amWw Xøm-dm°n. B[p-\nI
km-t¶-XnI `mj-bn-e-Xns\ `c-W-L-S-\-sb∂p hnfn°mw. hnizmkw,
Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ, BNm-c-k-{º-Zm-b-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-se√mw
hºn® hy- X ym- k - ß - f p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ \mńse apgp- h ≥ ]uc- ∑ m- s cbpw
Hscm‰ P\- X - b m- b mWv {]kv X pX {]amWw ]cn- K - W n- ® Xv . apgp- h ≥
aX- k - a q- l - ß ƒ°pw Xp- e y- ] u- c - X zhpw ]Z- h nbpw Ah- I m- i - _ m- [ y- X -
Ifpw AXv {]Jym-]\w sN-øp∂p. AXnse D≈-S-°-amWv Jfin-I-
I-fmbn Xncn®v ChnsS tN¿Øn´p-≈Xv.
Ckvem-anI cmjv{S-Øns‚ {]Ya `c-WL
- S- \
i) Jpssd-in-I-fnepw bYvcn-_p-Im-cnepw s]´ hnizm-kn-I-tfmSpw
apkvenw-I-tfmSpw Ahsc A\p-K-an-°p-Ibpw Ah-tcmSv tNcp-Ibpw
Ah-tcm-sSm∏w {]Xn-tcm[ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂
F√m-h-tcmSpw ssZh-Øns‚ ZqX\pw Zmk-\p-amb apl-ΩZv {]Jym-
]\w sNøp∂ {]am-W-am-WnXv.
ii) Ch-sc√mw Hscm‰ P\X(DΩØv)bmWv. a‰p-≈-h-c-Xn¬ s]Sp-
Ibn√.
i ) Jpssd-in-I-fn¬s]´ aplm-Pn-dp-Iƒ°v Nne _m[y-X-I-fp≠v.
Ah-cn¬s]´ _‘-\-ÿsc kXy-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ \oXnbpw
acym-Z-bp-a-\p-k-cn®v tamN-\-{Zhyw \evIn Ah¿ hos≠-Sp-t°-≠-XmWv.1
iv) Hu^v tKm{X-Øn\v Ah-cpsS k{º-Zm-b-a-\p-k-cn®v ap≥Im-
e-ß-fn-se-t∏mse _m[y-X-I-fp≠v. Ah-cn¬ Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw Xß-
fnse XS-hp-Imsc hnizm-kn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ \S-∏p≈ \oXnbpw \ymb-
hp-a-\p-k-cn®v tamN-\-{Zhyw \evIn tamNn-∏n-t°-≠-XmWv.(kmCZ,
A¬lm- c nkv , Ppiw, A∂- ÷ m¿, Awdp- _ n≥ Hu^v , A∂- _ oXv
XpSßn A≥km-dp-I-fn¬s]´ apgp-h≥ tKm{X-ß-fp-sSbpw t]sc-SpØp
]d™v Cu hyh-ÿ-Iƒ F√m-h¿°pw _m[-I-am°n.)
v) kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fn¬ Btcbpw acym-Z-]q¿hw {]mb-›n-Øtam
tamN-\-{Z-hytam \evImsX \nkz-\mbn hnSp-∂-X√.
vi) Hcp hnizmkn kzX- { ¥- \ m- ° nb ASn- a - b p- a mbn as‰mcp
hnizmkn, At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-a-Xn-bn-√msX, kJyw sNøp-∂-X√.
vii) kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fn¬s]´ Bsc-¶nepw A{I-atam A\o-
Xntbm ]m]tam {]h¿Øn-°mt\m ]I t]m°mt\m hnizm-kn-Iƒ°n-
S-bn¬ B`y-¥-c-°p-g∏w krjvSn-°mt\m {ian-®m¬ apgp-h≥ apkvenw-
Ifpw ssZh-`-‡cpw H‰-s°-´mbn Abmsf t\cn-Sp-∂-XmWv; \mi-Imcn
Xß-fn-sem-cp-hs‚ aI≥ Xs∂-bm-sW-¶nepw icn.
viii) Hcp Ahnizm-kn°v ]I-c-ambn Hcp hnizmkn as‰mcp hnizm-
knsb h[n-°p-∂-X√. Hcp kXy-hn-izmkn Hcp kXy-\n-tj-[nsb
as‰mcp kXy-hn-izm-kn-s°-Xnsc klm-bn-°p-∂-Xp-a√.
ix) ssZh-Øns‚ Cu {]amWw Ahn-`m-Py-amWv. F√m hnizm-
kn-Ifpw Ah-cn¬s]´ G‰hpw \n m-c-\mb hy‡n-°p-t]mepw A`bw
\evIm≥ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv. kXy-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw kwc-£-
W-_m-[y-X-bp-≈-h-cmWv. CXc P\-hn-`m-K-ß-f-Xn¬ s]Sp-I-bn√.
x) \map-ambn tN¿∂p-\n-ev°p∂ blq-Z-∑m¿ \oXn°pw ka-Xz-
Øn\pw \ΩpsS kulr-Z-Øn\pw klm-\p-`q-Xn°pw A¿l-cm-bn-
cn°pw. Ah-tcmSv A\o-Xntbm ]£-]m-Xtam ImWn-°p-∂-X√. Ah¿
A{I-a-Øn\p hnt[-b-cm-hp-I-bp-an√. Ah¿s°-Xn-cmbn Bcpw klm-
bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-a√.
xi) kXy- h n- i zm- k n- I ƒ sNøp∂ kam- [ m- \ - k ‘n GI- a m- b n-
cn°pw. A√m-lp-hns‚ am¿K-Øn¬ bp≤-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Hcp hnizmkn
as‰mcp hnizm-knsb Ah-K-Wn®v k‘n sNøp-∂-X√. AXv ]q¿W-
1. h[n-°-s∏´ hy‡n-bpsS IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ LmX-I-cn¬\n∂v tamN-\-{Zhyw kzoI-
cn®v sIme-bm-fnsb {]Xn-Im-c-\-S-]-Sn-bn¬\n-s∂m-gn-hm-°p∂ ]Xnhv ]pcm-X-\-Im-
e-Øp-Xs∂ Ad-_n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. LmX-Is‚ IpSpw-_mw-K-
ß-fmWv {]mb-›n-Ø-kwJy kzcq-]n-®n-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬, Cu {]amWw aplm-Pn-dp-
Isf apgp-h≥ Hscm‰ IpSpw-_-ambn ]cn-K-Wn®v Ah-cnse Hcm-fpsS tamN-\-{Zhyw
F√m-hcpw ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn®v Iq´mbn \evtI-≠-Xm-sW∂p {]Jym-]n-°p∂p.
A\p-_‘w 1
ambpw ka-Xz-Øn-t‚bpw \oXn-\n-jvT-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-
cn°pw.
xii) F√m bp≤-ß-fnepw s]mcp-Xp∂ ]S-b-Wn°v ]n∂n¬ ka-c-
k-÷-cmb c≠m-w AWnbp≠m-bn-cn°pw. ssZh-am¿K-Øn¬ acn-®p-
ho-gp∂ Hmtcm hnizm-kn°pw th≠n ]S-sh-´m≥ hnizm-kn-I-sfm-∂-
S¶w _m[yÿ-cmWv.
xiii) `‡-cmb kXy-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ G‰hpw D¬Ir-jvShpw EPp-hp-
amb k≥-am¿K-Øn-emWv. Hcp Jpssdin(aZo-\-bnse Ckvem-anI
cmjv{S-tØmSv i{Xp-X-]p-e¿Øp∂ a°-°m-c≥)t°m Abm-fpsS
kº-Ønt\m aZo-\-bnse _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izmkn kwc-£Ww \evIp-
∂tXm kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fn¬\n∂v A°mcyw ad-®p-sh-°p-∂tXm
A√. A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ Jpssd-in-Isf hnizm-kn-s°-Xnsc klm-
bn-°p-∂-Xp-a√.
xiv) \ymb-amb Imc-W-ß-fn-√msX Hcp kXy-hn-izm-knsb h√-hcpw
h[n-®m¬ LmX-I≥ {]Xn-Im-c-\-S-]-Sn-°¿l-\m-bn-cn°pw. F∂m¬,
h[n-°-s∏-´-hs‚ Ah-Im-in-Iƒ°v ]ng kzoI-cn®v {]Xn-Im-c-\-S-]-
Sn-I-fn¬\n∂v LmX-Is\ Hgn-hm-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. A√m-Ø-]£w
sIme-bm-fn-s°-Xnsc \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°m≥ apgp-h≥ kXy-hn-izm-
kn-Ifpw _m[y-ÿ-cmWv. AXn¬\n-s∂m-gn-™p-\n¬°m-\-h¿°v
A\p-hm-Z-an√.
xv) kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-sf√mw Cu hyhÿ ]men-°p-∂-XmWv.
xvi) Cu {]am-W-aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-Ibpw A√m-lp-hnepw A¥y-Zn-\-Ønepw
hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Hscm‰ kXy-hn-izm-kn°pw Ip‰-hm-fnsb
klm-bn-°mt\m Abmƒ°v A`bw \evImt\m ]mSn√. Bsc-
¶nepw Aßs\ sNbvXm¬ Ah¿°v A¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬ A√m-lp-
hns‚ im]-tIm-]-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv. ]›m-Øm-]tam {]mb-
›n-Øtam Ah-cn¬\n∂p kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-X√.
xvii) \nßƒ°n-S-bn¬ GsX-¶nepw {]iv\-Øn¬ A`n-{]m-b-`n-∂-X-
I-fp-≠m-bm¬ AXv Xo¿∏p-I-ev]n-°-s∏-Sm-\mbn A√m-lp-hn-te°pw
Ahs‚ ZqX-\n-te°pw ka¿∏n-t°-≠-XmWv.
xviii) blq-Z-∑m¿ hnizm-kn-I-tfm-sSmØv bp≤w sNøp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬
AXn\m-h-iy-amb sNehv hnizm-kn-I-sf-t∏mse Ahcpw kzbw
hlnt°≠Xm-Wv
xix) hnizm-kn-I-tfm-sSm∏w Pohn-°p∂ Hcp hn`m-K-amWv Hu^v tKm{X-
Ønse PqX-∑m¿ PqX-∑m¿°v Ah-cpsS aX-ap≠v apkvenw-Iƒ°v
Ah-cp-tSXpw F¶nepw Ccp-hn-`m-Khpw tN¿∂v Hcp P\X DΩØv
Bbn-cn°pw
xx) F∂m¬ A{I-ahpw Ip‰-Ir-Xyhpw ImWn-°p-∂-h¿ CXn¬\n-s∂m-
gn-hm-bn-cn°pw bYm¿Y-Øn¬ kzi-co-c-tØbpw kz¥w IpSpw-_-
tØ-bp-am-W-bmƒ \in-∏n-°p-∂Xv
xxi) \÷m¿ lmcnkv kmCZ Ppiw Hukv kA- v e _ P^v \
ibvXz_ XpS-ßnb tKm{X-ß-fnse blq-Z-∑m¿s°√mw Hu^v
tKm{X-Ønse blq-Z-∑m-cpsS F√m Ah-Im-i-ßfpw _m[y-X-I-fp-
ap≠v
xxii) kA-ve_ tKm{X-Øns‚ kJy-I-£n-Iƒ°pw CXv _m[-I-amWv
blq-Z-cpsS Iq´p-Im-cpsS ÿnXnbpw AXp-Xs∂
xxiii) Ch-cn-em-cpw-Xs∂ apl-Ω-Zns‚ A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX bp≤-Øn\v
Cd-ßn-∏p-d-s∏-Sp-∂-X√ F∂m¬ apdn-th-‰-Xn¬ {]Xn-Imcw tNmZn-
°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂v CX-hsc XS-bp-∂n√
xxiv) Bsc-¶nepw Hcmsf h[n-°p-∂-]£w AXns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw
LmX-I∂pw Abm-fpsS IpSpw-_-Øn-\p-amWv h[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv a¿Z-
I-\m-sW-¶n¬ CXv _m[-I-a√ At∏mƒ A√mlp B {]hrØn
kzoI-cn-t®°mw
xxv) PqX-∑m¿ Ah-cpsS sNe-hnepw apkvenw-Iƒ Ah-cpsS sNe-
hnepw Pohn-°pw. F∂m¬, Cu Icm¿ ewLn-°p-∂-h¿s°-Xnsc
Ccp hn`m-Khpw ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn-°pw.
xxvi) Cu {]am-W-aw-Ko-I-cn-®-h-tcmSv Bsc-¶nepw bp≤w sNbvXm¬
Cu {]am-W-Øns‚ Bƒ°m¿ At\ym\yw kl-I-cn®v {]Xym-{I-
aWw \S-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw
xxvii Cu {]am-W-aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsS ]c-kv]c _‘-Øn-\m-[mcw
KpW-Imw-£-bmWv A{I-ahpw t{Zml-hp-a√
xxviii) F∂m¬ kJy-I-£n-I-fn-sem-cmƒ sNøp∂ A]-cm-[-Øn∂v
adp-`mKw Ip‰-°m-c-\m-hp-∂-X√ klm-b-a¿Yn-°p-∂Xv a¿Zn-X-\mWv
xxix) Cu {]am-W-aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-h¿°v bYvcn_v Hcp bp≤-\n-tcm[
taJ-e-bm-bn-cn°pw˛ BZ-c-Wob {]tZiw
xxx) t{Zmltam Ip‰-Ir-Xytam sNømØ Ime-tØmfw Ab¬°msc
kz¥-sa-∂-t]mse Icp-Xp-∂-XmWv
xxxi) Hcp kv{XobpsS IpSpw-_-Øns‚ A\p-a-Xn-bn-√msX Bcpw-Xs∂
Ah-fpsS kwc-£-W-_m-[yX Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-X√
xxxii) Cu {]am-W-aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-h¿°n-S-bn¬ AXns‚ ewL\w `b-
s∏-Sm-hp∂ h√ X¿°tam `n∂-Xtbm D≠m-hp∂ ]£w A√m-lp-
hn-te°pw Ahs‚ ZqX-\n-te-°p-amWv aS-°-s∏-tS≠Xv A¥na
Xocp-am-\-Øn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw A√m-lp-hnepw {]hm-N-I-\mb apl-
Ω-Znepw \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn°pw Cu Icm¿ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ \∑-bp-
sSbpw kq-£va-X-bp-sSbpw kwc-£-I≥ A√m-lp-hmWv
xxxiii) Jpssd-in-Iƒ a°-bnse i{Xp-°ƒ t°m Ah-cpsS klm-bn-
Iƒt°m A`bw \evI-s∏-Sp-∂-X√
XXXiV) bYvcn_v A{I-an-°-s∏-´m¬ Cu {]am-W-aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-h¿ ]c-
kv]cw kl-I-cn®v i{Xpsh t\cnSpw
xxxv) blq- Z - ∑ m¿ Xß- f psS kJy- I - £ n- I - f p- a mbn Hcp k‘n°v
A\p-_‘w 2
£Wn-°-s∏-´m¬ Ah¿°v Icm-dn-te¿s∏-Sm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap≠v
xxxvi) A{]-Imcw k‘n°v apkvenw-Iƒ £Wn-°-s∏-´m¬ Ah¿°pw
AXn-\-h-Im-i-ap≠v
xxxvii) Cu {]am-W-aw-Ko-I-cn® F√m hn`m-K-Øn\pw Xßƒ°¿l-X-
s∏´ Ah-Imiw Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-X√
xxxviii) Hukv tKm{X-Ønse blq-Z-∑m¿°pw Ah-cpsS kJy-I-£n-
Iƒ°pw Cu Icm¿ AwKo-I-cn® CXc hn`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂v e`n-
°m-hp∂ F√m \∑°pw A¿l-X-bp≠v
xxxix) F∂m¬ ]pWy˛]m]-ßƒ hyXn-cn-‡-amWv ]m]-Øns‚ DØ-
c-hm-ZnXzw AXv sNøp-∂-h¿°v am{X-amWv
XL A{I- a nt°m Ip‰- h m- f nt°m Cu {]amWw Hcp kwc- £ - W hpw
\evIp-∂-X√ Ahsc in£n-°p-∂-Xn\v CXv XS- -am-hp-I-bp-an√
XLi Cu \K-c-Øn¬\n∂v ]pd-Øp-t]m-Ip-∂h\pw t]mIm-Ø-h\pw \n¿`-
b-\mWv
XLii) F∂m¬ A{I-an°pw Ip‰-hm-fn°pw CXv _m[-I-a√
XLiii) kq£vaX ]men-°p-Ibpw k¬°¿aw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂-h¿°v A√m-lp-hns‚ A`-bhpw kwc-£-W-hp-ap≠v
A\p-_‘w ii
Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bnse Ir{Xn-a-ßƒ
({]apJ ]fin-X\pw Nn¥-I\pw Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I-\p-amb {io. _n.F≥.
]msfi 1985 Unkw- _ ¿ 19, 20, 21 Xnø- X n- I - f n¬ ]m‰v \ - b n¬ \S-
Ønb JpZm- _ Iv j v kv a mcI hm¿jnI {]`m- j - W - ß ƒ kam- l - c n®v
{]kn- ≤ o- I - c n® ""Ckv e mw B‚ v C¥y≥ Iƒ®¿'' F∂ ]pkv X - I -
Øn¬\ns∂SpØ GXm\pw `mK- ß - f mWv ChnsS A\p- _ - ‘ - a mbn
tN¿Øn-´p-≈Xv. an. ]n.]n. Da¿ ^mdqJv hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv tImgn-
t°ms´ A¬lpZm _pIvÃmƒ hnX-cWw \S-Øn-h-cp∂ "Ckvemapw
C¥y≥ kwkvIm-chpw' F∂ ae-bm-f-]-Xn-∏mWv CXn\v Ah-ew_w.)
C¥ym-N-cn-{X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hym]-Ihpw, Bg-ta-dn-b-Xp-amb Hcp
\njv]£ ]T\w ASn-b-¥-c-ambpw \S-t°-≠-Xp≠v. Cu ]T\w apsº-
∂-tØ-°mfpw C∂v hfsc AXym-h-iy-amWv. {]k-‡-amb Hcp tNmZy-
an-XmWv˛ Ncn-{XsØ hn`-Pn-®p-sIm≠v CXv ]ucm-Wn-I-N-cn{Xw, CXv
B[p-\nI Ncn{Xw, CXv a[y-Im-e-N-cn{Xw F∂n-ßs\ ]d-bm-\m-
Iptam? alm-\mb HmIvkvt^m¿-Uv s{]m^-k¿ {ôam≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p-
∂Xv, B[p-\nI imkv{Xob ho£-W-Øn-eqsS Ncn{Xw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-
Xns‚ ASn-ÿm\ kn≤m¥w Ncn{Xw XpS¿®bpw sFIyhpw \ne-
\n¿ØpI F∂-XmWv. CXns\ A\p-Iq-en-®p-sIm≠v tUm. _n.B¿.
_fim¿I¿ ]d-™-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv:
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
""C¥ym-N-cn-{XsØ aq∂mbn hn`-Pn-®p-sIm≠v lnµp-Im-e-L´w,
apl-Ω-Z≥ Ime-L´w, {_nójv Ime-L´w F∂n-ßs\ ]d-bm≥
\ap°v km[y-a√. Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂-tXmfw _p≤n-iq-\y-ambn as‰m-
∂p-an√. H∂m-a-Xmbn Ncn{Xw lnµpthm apkventam {InkvXym-\ntbm
Bbn-cn-°p-sa-∂-Xp-t]mse ]ucm-Wn-Ihpw, a[y-Im-ehpw, B[p-\n-I-
hp-am-bn-cn°pw. kmap-Zm-bn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ C¥ym-N-cn{X hn`-P\w
F√m Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬\n∂pw \o°w sNtø-≠-Xp≠v. c≠m-
aXv ]d™ hn`-P\w ]T-\-Øn\v, {]tXy-In®v kmwkvIm-cnI hni-I-
e-\-Øn\p klm-b-I-am-bn-cn°pw. F∂m¬, Ncn{Xw Hcp XpS¿®-bm-
sW∂ Imcyw Ft∏mgpw a\- n¬ sht°-≠-Xp≠v. {]tXyI ]cn-K-
W-\-sh®v ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Ncn-{X-Im-e-ßsf Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn
hn`-Pn-°m-sa-t∂-bp≈q. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-aqeyw CXm-sW∂v
GsXmcp Ncn-{X-hn-Zym¿Ynbpw \tΩmSv kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-XmWv.
C¥y- b nse hnhn[ aXkap- Z m- b - ß ƒ XΩn¬ XpS¿®- b mbn
Ass\-Iyhpw Ak-ln-jvWp-Xbpw D¬{K-Y-\-an-√m-bvabpw \ne-\n¬°p-
hm-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ \mw ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xp≠v. Cu sX‰n-≤m-cW
]e cq]-Ønepw DS-se-Sp-°p-Ibpw, ]e `mh-Ønepw {]I-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-
Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. c≠v hn`m-K-Ønepw s]´ bmYm-ÿn-XnI¿ C¥ym-
N-cn{X bmYm¿Yy-ßƒ Zp¿hym-Jym\w sNbvXp Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-ßsf
Xß-fpsS hmZ-K-Xn-°-\p-tbm-Py-amb \ne-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-
®-Xmbn ImWp-∂p≠v. Bfp-I-tfbpw Ah-cpsS e£y-ß-tfbpw Ipdn-
®p≈ \ΩpsS hn[n-sb-gpØv AXn-i-tbm‡n Ie¿Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°p-∂-XmWv Ipg-∏-ßƒ°v ImcWw. \n m-c-amb Hcp kw`hw s]m°n-
∏n-Sn®v˛ ASn-®-a¿Øtem, \n mc Ie-ltam, {Ia-k-am-[m-\sØ
t\cn´ coXntbm˛ Ah t_m[-]q¿htam, GI-]-£o-btam Bkq-{Xn-
Xtam BsW∂v hcp-Øn-Øo¿°m≥ {ian-°p∂p. Cu kwibw Pohn-
X-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Isf A∏msS am‰n-a-dn-°p∂ BNm-c-Øntem,
s]cp-am-‰-Øntem, hkv{X-[m-c-W-Øntem, kwkm-c-co-Xn-bntem D≈
kzm`m-hnI hyXym-k-ßsf s]cp-∏n-®p-Im-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Iem-cw-K-ß-
fnepw, kmº-ØnI˛kmaqlnI˛ cmjv{Sob˛ Bflo-b-cw-K-ß-fnepw
AKm-[-amb `n∂-X-bp-≈-Xmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. Cu kml-N-
cy-Øn¬ GsX-¶nepw hy‡ntbm, GXm\pw Bfp-Itfm X\-Xmb
{]iv\-Øn-ep-≠m-°p∂ Ie-l-ßƒ kmaq-lnIhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw
kmap-Zm-bn-I-hp-amb Ak-ln-jvWp-X°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-Xn¬ AZv`p-
X-an-√t√m.
{]iv\w hfsc Kuc-h-ap-≈-XmWv. ImcWw, \ΩpsS kvIqfp-I-
fnepw tImtf-Pp-I-fnepw Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn ]Tn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂
C¥ym-N-cn-{X-ßƒ bqtdm-]y≥ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ kw{K-ln-®p-≠m-°n-b-
XmWv. Xß-fpsS bqtdm-]y≥ Kpcp-\m-Y-∑m¿ IpØn-sh® ]£-]m-X-
c-N-\-Iƒ Cf-°n-am-‰p-∂-Xn¬ C¥y-°m¿ CXp-hsc hnP-bn-®n-ń√. Cu
A\p-_‘w 2
kzbw hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cm-Is´ tZiob Pohn-XsØ aen-
\-am-°p∂ coXn-bn-ep≈, ambv°m-\m-hmØ ]mSp-Iƒ Xß-fpsS hmb-
\-°m-cpsS a\- p-I-fn¬ krjvSn-°p∂p. Ch¿ {]m[m-\y-tØmsS hc-
®p-Im-´p-∂Xv lnµp-°fpw apkvenw-Ifpw XΩn-ep-≠mb A{Ia-ßfpw
bp≤-ßfpw el-f-Ifpw _em-ev°m-c-ßfpw aX-{`m-¥p-Ifpw Hs°-
bmWv. Ch¿ apkvenw-Isf Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv lnµp-kw-kvIm-chpw
]mc-º-cyhpw \in-∏n-®-hcpw, lnµp-t£-{X-ßfpw sIm´m-c-ßfpw aen-
\-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-hcpw, ZpjvS-cmb hn{K-l-`¿’-Icpw, lnµp-°sf aX-]-
cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v \n¿_-‘n-®-hcpw, hnk-Ω-Xn-®-hsc hmfn-∂n-c-bm-°n-
b-hcpw Hs°-bm-bn-´mWv.
C¥y-bnse hnZym-k-º-∂-cmb Bfp-Iƒ Cu hnj-en-]vX-amb
{]Nm-c-W-Øn¬ hniz-kn®v Pohn-X-Øns‚ \√ Ime-ß-fn-se√mw ]c-
kv]cw i{Xp-X-bn¬ ho£n-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv AZv`pXw Xs∂-bmWv.
FÆqdv sIm√-Øn-e-[nIw \o≠p-\n∂ C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Ønse apkvenw-
Im-e-L´w Hcp Imf-cm-{Xn-bm-sW∂v lnµp-°sf hniz-kn-∏n-®n-cn-°-
bmWv. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ A`n-am-\n-°-Ø-°-Xmbn H∂pw Ah¿
ImWp-∂n√. ]Sn-™mdp \n∂p≈ Hcp ss{IkvX-h-cm-jv{S-Øns‚
ssII-fm¬ A[n-Imcw \jvS-s∏´ apkvenw-I-fm-Is´, Xßƒ shdpw
ssItb-‰-°m-cmbn lnµp-°-fm¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv kln-t°-≠n-h-
cp∂p. Xß-fpsS ]gb {]Xm-]hpw bp≤ hnP-b-ßfpw kmwkvIm-
cnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpw Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂Xv kln-°msX Ah-bn¬ A`n-
am-\n-°m-\p≈ hI ImWp∂p. Cu hnIm-c-ßsf {_nójv Ncn-{X-Im-
c≥am¿ Fß-s\-bmWv NqjWw sNbvX-sX∂v k¿, F®v.Fw. Fen-
b-‰ns‚ ""kz¥w Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]d™ C¥ym-N-cn{Xw''(History of
India as told by its own Historians) F∂ {KŸw hy‡-am-°p∂p. AXns‚
apJ-hp-c-bn¬ ]d-bp∂p:
""\mw cmPm-°-∑msc {i≤n®p.... \mi-Øn¬ apßn aeo-a-k-ambn
InS-°p∂p. AØcw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Iogn¬ \oXn-bpsS ASn-
Ø-d-Xs∂ XI¿∂p I≠-Xn¬ bmsXm-cZv`p-X-hp-an√. k¿h{X Agn-
a-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p. _e-{]-tbm-K-an-√msX \nIpXn ]ncn-°m≥ km[n-®n-cp-
∂n√. A{I-a-ßƒ \S-amSn; {Kma-ßƒ Np´-I-cn®p; P\-ßsf ]cp-t°-
ev]n-°p-Itbm, ASn-a-I-fm°n hnev°p-Itbm sNbvXp. Ah¿°v kwc-
£Ww \evIm≥ _m[y-ÿ-cmb DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿Xs∂ sIm≈-°m-
cmbn amdn. A{I-an-Iƒ in£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p ]Icw km[m-c-W-°m-
c\v Ahs‚ [n°m-cw-IqSn kln-t°-≠n-h∂p.''
Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønse GXm\pw hcn-IƒIqSn {i≤n-°pI: ""apkvenw-
I-fp-ambn G‰p-apń lnµp-°ƒ acn-®p-hoWp. hn{K-l-ßƒ l\n-°-s∏´p.
t£{X-ßƒ aen-\-am°n, \n¿_‘ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\hpw hnhm-l-ßfpw
\S-Ø-s∏´p; ssItb-‰-ßfpw ]nSn-®-S-°-ep-Ifpw \S-amSn, Iq´-s°m-e-
Ifpw \S∂p; CsXm-∂pw AXn-i-tbm-‡n-b√.''
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
{_nó-jp-Im-cpsS HutZym-KnI tcJ-I-fn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ Ah-cpsS
`n∂n-∏n®p `cn-°pI F∂ X{¥w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv Fß-s\-sb∂v
a\- n-em°mw. F¬Kn¬ {]`p-hn∂v tÃ‰v kn{I-´dn apºv Fgp-Xn-b-
Xn-ß-s\-bmWv:
""Hcp hn`m-KsØ as‰mcp hn`m-K-Øn-s∂-Xn-cn¬ Cf-°n-hn-´p-sIm-
≠mWv C¥y-bnse \ΩpsS A[n-Imcw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂Xv. Cu \bw
XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°Ww. AXn∂v km[y-am-b-sXms° sNøWw.
AXns\ Hcp s]mXp-hn-Imcw Db-cmsX XS-bm≥ km[n°pw.''1
C¥ym kn{I-´dn tPm¿Pv {^m≥knkv slan¬´≥ tIgvk≥ {]`p-
hn-s\-gpXn: ""Fs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ C¥y-bnse \ΩpsS `c-W-Øn\v
icn-bmb òjWn Ct∏m-g√; 50 sIm√-ßƒ°p tij-am-Wp-≠m-hpI˛
At∏m-tg°pw ]m›mXy BZ¿i-ßfpw ka-c-ßfpw ChnsS hf¿®
{]m]n°pw. AXp-sIm≠v XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-amb Nn¥m-K-Xn-bn¬
C¥y-bnse _p≤n-Po-hn-Isf \ap°v c≠v hn`m-K-ambn `n∂n-∏n-°Ww.
Aßs\ sNbvXm¬ am{Xta \ΩpsS ÿm\w i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-
bp-I-bp≈q. hnZym-`ymk {]Nm-c-W-am-[y-a-Øn-eqsS Cßs\ sNtø-
≠Xv \ΩpsS `c-W-co-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°Ww. hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØv ]mT-]p-
kvX-I-ß-fn-eqsS kap-Zm-b-ßsf XΩn¬ sX‰n-∏n-°p∂ ]≤Xn IqSp-
X¬ i‡n-bmbn \S-∏n-em-t°-≠-Xp≠v.''2
t{Imkv Kh¿W¿ P\-d¬ [^vdns\ Adn-bn-®Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv:
""aX-hn-Im-c-ßsf {hW-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \bw \ap°v hfsc {]tbm-P\w
sNbvXn-´p≠v. C¥y≥ hnZym-`ym-k-tØbpw ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ß-tfbpw
kw_-‘n® \nß-fpsS At\z-j-W-I-Ωn-‰n-bn¬\n∂pw Rm≥ NneXv
{]Xo-£n-°p∂p.''3
Aßs\ Cu {]Im-c-Øn¬ Hcm-kq-{XnX \b-Øn-eqsS C¥ym-N-
cn{X ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ hnIr-X-ambn hf-s®m-Sn-s®Sp°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-
≠m-bXv. a[y-Ime \q‰m-≠nse C¥ym Ncn-{X-Øn¬ apgp-h≥ sX‰mbn
IpØn-\n-d-®Xv, apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ssII-fm¬ Ah-cpsS
lnµp-{]-P-Iƒ hfsc t{Zmln-°-s∏-´p-sh∂pw apkvenw `cWw lnµp-
°ƒ°v Xmßm-\m-hmØ bmX-\-Iƒ hcp-Øn-sh-®p-sh-∂p-sam-s°-
bp- ≈ sX‰mb Imcy- ß - f mWv . kmaqlnI˛cmjv { Sob˛kmº- Ø nI
Pohn-X-Øn¬ bmsXmcp [mc-W-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v {]N-cn-∏n-°-
s∏-ń-cp∂p.
Cu Btcm-]-W-ß-fpsS kXym-hÿ \ap°v efn-X-am-sbm∂v ]cn-
tim-[n-t°-≠-Xp≠v. ka-Im-eo\ apkvenw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ F¥mWv
]d-bp-∂-sX∂v \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n°mw.
Jmkn sambo-kp-±o≥ hne-]n-°p∂p: ""a[y-Ime \q‰m-≠n¬ C¥y-
bpsS cmjv{S-Ø-e-h≥ apkven-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw cmjv{Sw Ckvem-
an-I-am-bn-cp-∂n√. ]cn-ip-≤-{K-Ÿ-ß-fmb Jp¿-B-\n-sebpw lZo-kn-
sebpw B⁄m-]-\-ßtfm, kp∂n \oXn-\ym-b-Ønse \mep-Xcw ]T-
A\p-_‘w 2
\-ß-fnse \nb-a-ßtfm cmjv{Sw ]n¥p-S¿∂n√. a[y-Ime \q‰m-≠nse
C¥ym-cmjv{Sw aXm-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv sX‰mWv.
F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬, apkvenw aX-]-fin-X-∑m-cpsS am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-
Øn¬ AXv {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂n√.''
13˛-mw \q‰m≠v apX-ev°p≈ C¥y-bnse Hmtcm apkvenw cmPmhpw
ico-AØv A\p-k-cn-®p≈ `c-W-co-Xn-bpsS hnj-a-ß-tfbpw Akm-
[y-X-I-tfbpw Ipdn-®mWv ]d-™n-cp-∂Xv. C¬Øvanjv, _m¬_≥,
Aem-hp-±o≥ Jn¬Pn, apl-ΩZv Xp•°v XpS-ßnb apKƒIm-e-L-´-Øn\p
apºp≈ cmPm-°-∑m¿ apkvenw \nb-a-ßƒ C¥y-bn¬ \S-∏m-°m-\p≈
km[y-X-Iƒ tNmZyw sNbvX-h-cmWv. Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb knbm-hp-±o≥
_¿Wn At±-l-Øns‚ "^Xmhm ^l≥Zcn'bn¬ ]d-bp∂p:
""bYm¿Y aXw {]hm-N-Is‚ Imev]m-Sp-Isf ]n¥p-S-c-emWv. F-
∂m¬, cmP-Iob `c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ°v Ipkpdp ]¿hm-kn-t‚bpw alm-
∑m-cmb Cdm≥ cmPm-°-∑m-cp-tSbpw \b-ßƒ \S-∏m-°mt\ km[n-
°p-am-bn-cp-∂p≈q.'' At±lw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-Xn-XmWv: ""apl-ΩZv \_n-
bpsS ]mc-º-cy-ßfpw(kp∂Øv) Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw XΩnepw, Cdm≥
cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS BNm-c-ßfpw Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw XΩnepw s]mcp-Ø-
s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bmØ A¥-c-ap≠v.''
At±lw C{]-Imcw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p: ssZhn-Im-⁄-bmb ico-
AØv Nne {]tXyI kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ am{Xta cmjv{S-Im-cy-ß-fn¬
]n¥p-S-tc-≠-Xm-bn-´p≈q. ico-AØv \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬ apl-Ω-Zv\_n
hnP-bn-®Xv At±lw ssZh-Øn¬\n∂v t\cn´v {]tNm-Z-\-ta-In-bn-cp-∂-
Xp-sIm-≠mWv. \mev Jeo-^-am¿°pw AXv km[n-®Xv \_n-bp-am-bp≈
Ah- c psS ASp∏w sIm≠m- b n- c p∂p. {]hm- N - I Xzw aX- Ø ns‚
kºq¿W-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw cmPm-[n-Imcw ùXn-I-t\´w am{X-
am-bn-cp∂p. Cu c≠v KpW-hn-ti-j-ßfpw ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-ß-fm-bn-
cp∂p. Ah-bpsS kwtbm-P\w km[y-X-bp≈ Imcy-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂n√.''
\mkn-ap-±o≥ C{]-Imcw ho£n-°p∂p: ""cmPy-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ _m¬-
_≥ aX-tØ-°mfpw Iogvh-g-°-ßƒ°mWv ap≥K-W\ \evIn-bXv.''4
_¿Wn ]d-bp∂p: ""in£-bp-tSbpw cmPm-[n-Im-c-Øn-t‚bpw Imcy-
Øn¬ At±lw ssZhsØ `b-s∏-Sm-sX-bmWv {]h¿Øn-®Xv. `c-W-
Iq-S-Øns‚ Xmev]-cy-Øn\v KpW-I-c-am-sW∂v tXm∂n-b-sXms°
At±lw sNbvXp. Ah ico- A - Ø n\v A\p- t bm- P y- a mtWm
Fs∂m∂pw At±lw ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cp-∂n√.'' Jmkn sambo-kp-±o-\p-am-
bp≈ Aem-hp-±o≥ Jn¬Pn-bpsS hmZ-{]-Xn-hmZw {]kn-≤-am-Wt√m.
Ah-km\w At±lw ]d-™p-]n-cn-™Xv C{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp∂p: ""ka-
tbm-Nn-X-sa∂v tXm∂n-bXpw, `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ Xmev]-cy-Øn\v A\p-
kr-X-sa∂v ImWp-∂-Xp-amb Imcy-ßƒ F¥m-bmepw AXv Rm≥
Iev]n°pw. hn[n-Zn-\-Øn¬ D∂-X-\mb ssZhw Fs∂ Fßs\ ]cn-
K-Wn-°p-sa∂v F\n-°-dn-bn√.''5
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
s{]m^. Fw. l_o_v ]d-bp∂p: ""hntZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂p h∂
apkvenw cmPm-°-∑m¿ Btdm Gtgm \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ C¥y≥ knwlm-
k-\-Øn¬ Ccp-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv kXy-amWv. F∂m¬, Ah-cpsS
Btcm-lWw apkvenw `c-W-Øns‚ knwlm-k-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂n√.
Aß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Hcp Xe-ap-d-bn¬t]mepw Ah¿°v \ne-
\n-ev]p-≠m-hp-am-bn-cp-∂n√.''6
C\n, Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ Fß-s\-bmWv hf-s®m-Sn-°-s∏-´Xv F∂-
Xn-te°v shfn®w hoip∂ Nne DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Rm≥ AWn-\n-
cØmw:
1928˛-¬ Ae-l-_m-Zn¬ Rm≥ Sn∏p-kp¬Øm-s\-°p-dn®v Kth-
jWw \S- Ø n- s °m- ≠ n- c n- ° p- t ºmƒ Bwt•m˛_wKmfn tImtfPv
hnZym¿Yn bq\n-bs‚ Nne `mc-hm-ln-Iƒ Fs∂ h∂p ImWp-Ibpw
Ah-cpsS lnÃdn Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ DZvLm-S\w sNøm≥ A`y¿Yn-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ ssIbn-te-¥n-s°m≠v tImtf-
Pn¬\n∂pw Ah¿ t\cn-´mWv h∂Xv. kwK-Xn-h-im¬ Rm≥ Ah-
cpsS Ncn{X ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ H∂p ItÆm-Sn-®p-t\m°n. Fs∂ sRń-
®p-I-f™ AXnse Hcp hmNIw CXm-bn-cp∂p: ""ap∆m-bncw {_m“-
W-∑m¿, Sn∏p Ahsc _ew-{]-tbm-Kn®v Ckvemw aX-Øn-te°v ]cn-
h¿Ø-\-Øn\v \n¿_-‘n-®-t∏mƒ Bfl-lXy sNbvXp.'' ]pkvX-I-
Øns‚ I¿Ømhv I¬°Ø k¿h- I - e m- i m- e - b nse kwkv I rX
hIp∏v ta[mhn alm-a-tlm-]-[ymb tUm. lcn-{]-kmZv imkv{Xn-bm-
bn-cp∂p. Rm≥ DSs\ Fhn-sS-\n-∂mWv Cu hnhcw Inń-b-sX-∂-t\z-
jn-®p-sIm≠v tUm. imkv{Xn°v FgpXn. ]e XhW FgpXn Hm¿a-
s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ adp-]Sn Inń. ssakq¿ Kk-‰n¬\n-∂mWv Cu hnhcw
Inń-b-sX-∂m-bn-cp∂p adp-]Sn. ssakq¿ Kk-‰¿ Ae-l-_m-Zntem,
I¬°-Ø-bnse Cºo-cn-b¬ sse{_-dn-bntem In´m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.
AXn- \ m¬, Rm≥ imkv { Xn- b psS {]kv X m- h - \ - b psS kXym- h ÿ
At\z-jn-®p-sIm≠v ssakq¿ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bpsS A∂sØ sshkv
Nm≥k- e ¿ k¿, {_Po- { µ- \ mYv koen∂v Hcp IsØ- g pXn. A∂v
ssakq¿ Kk-‰ns‚ ]pXnb ]Xn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn¬ hym]r-X-\m-bn-
cp∂ s{]m^. {ioI-WvTy°v Fs‚ IØv k¿, {_Po-{µ\m-Yvko¬
Ab-®p-sIm-SpØp.
3000 {_m“-W-∑m¿ Bfl-lXy sNbvX-Xm-bp≈ IY ssakq¿
Kk-‰n¬ Fhn-sS-bp-an-s√∂v s{]m^. {ioIWvTy Fs∂ Adn-bn-°p-
I-bp-≠mbn. ssakq¿ Ncn-{X-hn-Zym¿Yn F∂ \ne-bn¬, Aßs\ Hcp
kw`hw \S- ∂ n- ´ n- s √∂v Dd- ∏ mbpw ]d- b m≥ km[n- ° p- s a- ∂ p- I qSn
At±lw Xd- ∏ n®p ]d™p. At±lw XpS¿∂- d n- b n- ® Xv Sn∏p-
kp¬Øms‚ {][m- \ - a {¥n ]q¿W- ø bpw k¿h- s sk- \ ym- [ n- ] ≥
IrjvW-dm-hphpw {_m“-W-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv. Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥
hm¿jnI [\-k-lmbw \evIm-dp-≠m-bn-cp∂ 156 t£{X-ß-fpsS Hcp
A\p-_‘w 2
enÃv At±lw F\n-°-b-®p-X-cn-I-bp-≠mbn. Sn∏p-kp¬Øm-\p-ambn
hfsc kulm¿Z-Øn-em-bn-cp∂ irwtK-cn-bnse PK-ZvKpcp i¶-cm-Nm-
cy¿°v Sn∏p- k p¬Øm≥ Ab® 30 IØp- I - f psS t^mt´m- Ã m‰v
tIm∏nbpw At±lw Ab-®p-X-cn-I-bp-≠mbn. ssakq¿ cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS
]mc-º-cy-a-\pk-cn®v Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥ Znh-khpw {]mX¬ Ign-°p-∂-
Xn\p apºmbn {iocw-K-]-´Ww tIm´-°-I-Øp≈ {iocw-K-\m-Y- t£{Xw
kµ¿in-®n-cp∂p. s{]m^. {ioIWvTy A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xv tUm. imkv{Xn
tIW¬ ssa¬kns‚ kzbw hnfn-°p∂ ""ssakq¿ Ncn{Xw'' F∂
]pkvX-IsØ B[m-c-am-°n-bn-cn-°m-sa-∂mWv. hnIvtSm-dnbm cm⁄n-
bpsS kzImcy sse{_-dn-bn¬\n∂v Inńb ""Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥'' F∂
t]¿jy≥ ssIsb-gpØp {]Xn-bpsS ]cn-`m-j-bm-Wn-sX∂v Ah-Im-
i-s∏-ń-cp∂p. hni-Z-amb At\z-j-W-Øn¬ hnIvtSm-dnbm dmWn-bpsS
sse{_- d n- b n¬ Aßs\ Hcp ssIsb- g pØp {]Xntb Cs√∂pw
tIW¬ ssa¬kns‚ Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ an°Xpw sIń-®-a-®-
hbpw ]®-°-≈-hp-am-sW∂pw a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n®p.
tUm. imkv { Xn- b psS ]pkv X Iw _wKmƒ, B mw, _olm¿,
Hdo , DØ¿{]-tZiv, a[y-{]-tZiv, cmP-ÿm≥ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse
sslkvIqƒ Ncn-{X-]m-T-{K-Ÿ-ambn AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p.
Rm≥ A∂sØ I¬°Øm k¿h-I-em-imem sshkvNm≥k-e¿
k¿, Ajv t Smkv Nu[- c nsb kao- ] n- ° p- I bpw tUm. imkv { Xn,
ssakq¿ k¿h- I - e m- i mem sshkv N m≥k- e ¿ k¿, {_tP- { µ- \ m-
Yvko¬, s{]m^. {ioIWvTy F∂n-h-cp-ambn \S-Ønb IØn-S-]m-Sp-
Iƒ Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Bt£-]m¿l-amb
]cm-a¿i-Øn-s∂-Xn-cn¬ Bh-iy-amb \S-]Sn FSp-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tUm: F®v. ]n. imkv{Xn-bpsS Ncn-{X-]p-kvXIw
]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬\n∂v ]n≥h-en-®-Xmbn DS-s\-Øs∂ k¿, AjvtSmkv
Nu[cn adp-]Sn Ab-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.
F∂m¬, Fs∂ \Sp°nb Imcyw 1972˛- s e DØ¿{]- t Ziv
sslkvIq-fnse 6,7,8 ¢mkp-I-fn-te°v Xøm-dm-°nb Ncn-{X-]m-T-]p-
kvX-I-ß-fnepw Cu Bfl-l-Xy-bpsS IY {]Xy-£-s∏´p F∂-XmWv.
alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS ""bMv C¥y'' 1930 P\p-hcn 23˛-mw\p 31˛-mw
t]Pn¬ C{]-Imcw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn: ""hntZi Ncn-{X-Im-c-
∑m¿ ssakq-cnse Sn∏p-kp¬Øms\ aX-{`m-¥-\mbpw, lnµp-{]-P-Isf
ASn-®-a¿Øn Ckvemw-aXw kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ \n¿_-‘n-®-h-\mbpw
Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬, At±lw AØ-c-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂n√. adn®v
lnµp-{]-P-I-fp-am-bp≈ At±-l-Øns‚ _‘w XnI®pw kulm¿Z-]-
c-am-bn-cp∂p...ssakq¿ \m´p-cm-Py-Øns‚ ]pcm-hkvXp hn`m-K-Øn¬
Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥ irwtKcn aT-Ønse i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿s°-gp-Xnb ap∏-
Xn-tesd IØp-I-fp≠v. I∂-S-bn-emWv Ch Fgp-Xn-bXv...Cu IØp-
I-fn¬ H∂v 1793-˛¬ Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv. Sn∏p-hn\v i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ Ab®
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
IØv ssI∏-‰n-b-Xmbn AXn¬ ]d-bp∂p. X]- -\p-jvTn-°m\pw, temI-
t£-a-Øn-s\-∂-t]mse \mńs‚ t£a-Øn\pw, ]ptcm-K-Xn-°p -th≠n
{]m¿Yn-°m\pw AXn¬ A`y¿Yn-°p-∂p≠v. i¶-cm-Nm-cy-tcmSv ssakq-
cn-te°v aS-ßn-h-cm≥ A`y¿Yn-®p-sIm≠pw, \mń¬ \√ Bfp-I-fpsS
km∂n[yw ag h¿jn-°p-hm\pw AXp-hgn \√ hnf-sh-Sp-°p-hm\pw
klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa∂pw ]d-™p-sIm-≠mWv IØ-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂Xv.
C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ kz¿W-en-]n-I-fm¬ A®-Sn-∏n-t°≠ Hcp IØm-
WnXv. [mcmfw kwkvIr-X-hm-°p-Iƒ \nd™ I∂-S-bn-ep≈ B
IØnse Nne hmN-I-ßƒ AtX-]Sn ]I¿Øs´.*
{io aXv]-c-a-lw-k-Zn-tbm¿X. ]c-Xmw-Kn-Xm-X¥
irwtKcn {io k®n-Zm-\µ `mc-Xn-kzm-an-K-ew-_-
antb, Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥ _mZp-jmc hcp-e-k-Xm-f-_c
UnI-e-lp-knX ]{XnI C≥X kIe A`n-em-jmb
DXn-fn-b-em-bnXp, Xmf PK-ZvKp-cp-hmep k¿h
temI-i-{Ip-t£a BI-t_Iq. P\-dp-kzm-ÿ-Z√n
Cc-t_Iw _nZman X]-c-kp-am-´p-c-Xte
CtUcn, km¿Im-cXv t£ahr DØ-tcm-Øc
A`n-h¿[≥am≥ B¶-ht¥ {XnIme X] p
amSp-h-√nbp Cuizc {]m¿Yt\ amSpØ _cp-hXp
XΩ≥ ¥m sXmS-hcp bmh-tZ-i-Z√n C≤m-ctbw
B tZi-°-a-sf-_sf kI-e-hr-BIn
kp`n-£-hmKn Cc-X-°Xm Xcn{X ]c-ÿ-e-`√n
_lf Znhk Xmf-bm-Xt° Cc-t_-Iq-tlmZ
tIme-k-h\p £n{]-`√n A\p-Iqe ]Sn-kn-s°m≠p
kzes° kmKn _cp-_t¥ amUn-kp-hXp, Xmcn]p
21 amc-l-cm-Pn-km¬ kl¿k\ 1220 apl-
ΩZv. ]cn-¥mhn kwh-Xvk-cX amK-_-lpf 14
epJØv kp_mC ap≥jn lkq¿.
lnµp- t £- { X- ß ƒ°v Sn∏p h≥tXm- X n¬ `qkz- Ø p- ° ƒ Zm\w
sNbvXp. {iosh-¶n´ cmaÆ {io\n-hmkv, {ioc-¶-\mYv XpS-ßnb Sn∏p-
hns‚ sIm´m-c-ßƒ°v A`n-ap-J-ambn \nev°p∂ t£{X-ßƒ B
alm-\p-`m-hs‚ kln-jvWp-X-bp-tSbpw hnim-e-X-bp-tSbpw A\-iz-c-
kvam-c-I-ß-fmWv. A√m-lp-hns‚ `‡-\m-bn-cp∂ alm-\mb Cu c‡-
km£n˛At±lw kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ c‡-km-£n-bm-bn-cp∂p˛ lnµp-
t£-{X-ß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ aWn-\m-Z-ßƒ Xs‚ {]m¿Y-\-Iƒ°v iey-
ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂n√. kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n bp≤w sNbvXp-sIm-
≠mWv Sn∏p acn-®p-ho-WXv. i{Xp-°-fpsS ap∂n¬ Iog-S-ßm-\p≈
\n¿tZiw At±lw ]p—-tØmsS X≈n-°-f-bp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. \nc-
h[n A⁄mX `S-∑m-tcm-sSm-∏-amWv Sn∏p-hns‚ arX-tZlw Is≠-
* aqe-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ Xmsg hmN-I-ßƒ tZh-\m-Kncn en]n-bn-emWv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv.
A\p-_‘w 2
Øn-bXv. Ah-cpsS Zp¿hn-[n-bn¬ At±lw A`n-am-\-]q¿hw ]¶m-fn-
bm-hp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. ac-W-Ønepw Xs‚ ssI hmfns‚ ]nSn-bn¬\n∂pw
At±lw hnń-cp-∂n√˛ kzmX-{¥y-{]-Jym-]-\-tØmsS Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®
D]-I-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Sn∏p-hns‚ hm°p-Iƒ Hm¿°pI:
""Ccp-\qdp sIm√w \mb-sb-t∏mse Pohn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mfpw c≠p
Znhkw knwl-ambn Pohn-°p-∂-XmWv DØaw.''
At±-l-Øns‚ _lp-am-\m¿Yw cNn® hnem-]-Km-\-Ønse ]Zy-
i-I-e-ßƒ Hm¿an°mw: ""A√m-lpth! \nµn-X\pw A]-am-\n-X-\p-ambn
Pohn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mfpw \ΩpsS Xe-bn¬ c‡w sNmcn-™p-sIm≠v
bp≤-`q-an-bn¬ acn-®p-ho-gp-∂-XmWv DØaw.''
CtX {]Im-c-Øn¬ Rm≥ Ae-l-_mZv ap≥kn-∏¬ sNb¿am-\m-
bn-cp∂ ImeØv (1948˛-58) Fs‚ ]cn-K-W-\°v Hcp tIkv hcn-I-bp-
≠mbn. tkmta-iz¿\mYv alm-tZh t£{X-Øn\v Zm\w sNbvX Hcp
kzØn-s\-°p-dn-®m-bn-cp∂p X¿°w. al-¥ns‚ ac-W-tijw kzØn\v
c≠-h-Im-in-Iƒ cwK-Øp-h∂p. Ah-Im-in-I-fn¬ Hcmƒ IpSpw-_-hI
ssIh-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Nne B[m-c-ßƒ ka¿∏n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Cu
B[m-c-am-Is´ Hudw-K-ko_v N{I-h¿Øn \evInb DØ-c-hm-bn-cp-∂p.
Hudw-K-ko_v `qkzØpw ]Whpw t£{X-Øn\v \evIn-b-Xm-bn-´mWv
tcJ. Rm≥ AZv`p-X-s∏´p t]mbn. Cu B[m-c-ßƒ Ir{Xn-a-am-tb-
°ptam F∂v Rm≥ kwi-bn-®p-t]mbn. t£{X [zwk-I-\mbn Nn{Xo-
I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hudw-K-ko_v, ""Cu PmKo¿ ]qP°pw tlma-Øn-\p-ap-
≈-XmWv'' F∂v ]d-™p-sIm≠v Fßs\ `qan \evIpw? Hudw-K-ko_v
hn{K-l-t{]-an-bm-hp-∂-sX-ßs\?
Cu B[m-c-ßƒ kXy-a-s√∂v F\n-°p-d-∏m-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬,
Hcp Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v apºmbn t]¿jy-\nepw, Ad-_n-bnepw
Hcp henb ]fin-X-\mb tUm. k¿ tXPv _l-Zq¿ k{]p-hns‚ A`n-
{]m-b-am-cm-bm-sa∂p Xocp-am-\n®p. tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n® tijw tUm.
k{]p ]d-™Xv Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ DØ-c-hp≈ Cu tcJ kXy-am-
sW-∂mWv. XpS¿∂-t±lw Xs‚ Kpa-kvX-t\mSv hmcm-W-kn-bnse
PwKpw- _ mUn inh- t £- { X- Ø ns‚ tI v kw_- ‘ n® ^b- e p- I ƒ
sIm≠p-h-cm≥ Bh-iy-s∏´p. Ae-l-_mZv sslt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ CXp
kw_-‘n® [mcmfw A∏o-ep-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°msX InS-°p-∂p≠v.
PwKpw-_mUn inh-t£{Xw al-¥ns‚ ssIbnepw t£{X-Øn\v Hudw-
K-ko_v `qkzØp \evIn-s°m≠v DØ-c-hp-Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xns‚
]e B[m-c-ß-fp-ap≠v.
CsX-\n°v Hudw-K-ko-_ns\ kw_-‘n® Hcp ]pXnb Adn-hm-
bn-cp∂p. Rm≥ hf-sc-tbsd AZv`p-X-s∏-´p-t]mbn. tUm. k{]p D]-tZ-
in-®-X-\p-k-cn®v C¥y-bnse {][m-\-s∏´ ]e t£{X-ßƒ°pw Rm≥
IØ-b-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Ah-cpsS ssIbn¬ t£{X-Øn\v Hudw-K-
ko_v `qan Zm\w sNbvX h√ DØ-c-hp-Ifpw Ds≠-¶n¬ Ah-bpsS
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
t^mt´m-Ãm‰v Ab-®p-X-cm≥ A`y¿Yn®p. Ch-bpsS tiJcw Xs∂
as‰m-cZv`p-X-am-bn-cp∂p. alm-Im-te-izc, Ds÷-bn≥ _mem-Pn-t£{Xw,
Nn{Xm-°p´v, Dam-\µv t£{Xw, tKmlń XpS-ßnb {][m\ t£{X-ß-
fn¬\n∂pw i{Xp-©-bn≥ ssP\-t£-{X-Øn¬\n∂pw F\n°v Hudw-
K-ko_v ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® Iev]-\-I-fpsS ]I¿∏p-Iƒ e`n®p. IqSmsX
DØ- t c- ¥ y- b nse thsdbpw t£{X- ß - f n¬\n∂pw, Kpcp- Z zm- c - I -
fn¬\n∂pw CØcw ]I¿∏p-Iƒ In´p-I-bp-≠mbn. Cu DØ-c-hp-I-
sf√mw lnPvd 1065˛∂pw(1659) 1091˛∂pw (1685) CS-bn-ep-≈-h-bmWv.
lnµp-°-fp-tSbpw Ah-cpsS t£{X-ß-fp-tSbpw t\sc-bp≈ Hudw-
K-ko-_ns‚ hnime at\m-`m-h-Øns‚ GXm\pw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ am{X-
amWv Ch-sb√mw. Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ At±-lsØ Ipdn-s®-gp-Xnb Imcy-
ß-sf√mw If-hm-sW∂pw Nn{X-Øns‚ Hcp hiw am{X-am-sW∂pw
hy‡-am-°p-hm≥ C\nbpw [mcmfw sXfn-hp-I-fp≠v. Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v
t£{X-ßƒ ]c-∂p-In-S-°p∂ Hcp henb cmPy-amWv C¥y. icn-bmb
Kth-jWw \S-Øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Hudw-K-ko_v Aap-kvenw-Iƒ°v
sNbvX \∑-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cp∂ [mcmfw Imcy-ßƒ ]pd-Øp-
h-cp-sa∂v F\n-°p-d-∏p≠v.
Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ DØ-c-hp-Iƒ kw_-‘n® Fs‚ At\z-j-W-
Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ]m‰v\ ayqkn-b-Ønse ap≥ DtZym-K-ÿ-cm-bn-cp∂ {io.
Kb≥N{µ, tUm. ]n. F¬. lpkvX F∂n-h-cp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-I-bp-
≠mbn. Ch¿ c≠p-t]cpw Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ Ncn-{X-{]m-[m-\y-sØ-°p-
dn®v Kth-jWw \S-Øp-∂-h-cmWv. thsdbpw Nne Kth-j-W-]-fin-
X-∑mcpw Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ aen-\-s∏´ Nn{Xw hrØn-bm-°p-∂-Xn¬
Ah-cp-tS-Xmb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \evIp-∂p-s≠∂v I≠Xv Fs∂ kwXr-
]vX-\m-°n-bn-´p≠v. I]S Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ sX‰mb
Ncn-{X-sØ-bmWv C¥y-bnse apkvenw `c-W-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-ambn
hc-®p-Im-´p-∂Xv. ZpxJn-X-\mb Hcp Ihn k¶-S-tØmsS ]mSn:
lkmtdmw km¬ sa≥ _Uvbm-tZmtIm ZUp-Xm-¥n\n
sI. Be-¶o¿ lnµp-IjvXm
kmenwXm, knXw-K¿Xm
(C¥y-bnse Bbncw sIm√sØ apkvenw `c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v Ah¿°v
H∂p am{Xta ]d-bm-\p≈q˛Be-¶o¿ lnµp-°-fpsS kwlm-c-I-\m-bn-
cp∂p. {Iqc\pw GIm-[n-]-Xn-bp-amb N{I-h¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p.)
Hudw-K-ko-_ns\ Hcp lnµp-hn-tcm-[n-bmb N{I-h¿Øn-bmbn Nn{Xo-
I-cn-°p-tºmgpw ""_\m-dkv B[mcw'' F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn-≤-amb Hcp
tcJ-sb-°p-dn®v ]d-bm-\p≠v. Cu B[mcw saml√ Kucn-bnse Xma-
k-°m-cmb hmcm-W-kn-bnse (_\m-dkv) Hcp {_m“W IpSpw-_-
Øn-t‚-XmWv. 1905-˛¬ tKm]n D]m-[ym-b-bpsS aI-fpsS ]p{X-\mb
awKƒhmsU Cu tcJ Pn√m aPn-kvt{S‰v apºmsI lmP-cm°n. CXv
]e ]fin-X-∑m-cp-tSbpw {i≤ BI¿jn-°p-Ibpw 1911-˛se Gjym-
A\p-_‘w 2
‰n°v skmssk‰n Hm^v _wKmƒ°m-cpsS tP¿W-en¬ CXm-Zy-ambn
{]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\p-tijw ]e Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw
Cu tcJ D≤-cn-°m-dp≠v. Cu DØ-c-hns‚ bYm¿Y hiw a\- n-em-
°msX, Hudw-K-ko_v t£{X-\n¿am-WsØ XS- -s∏-Sp-Øn-b-h-\mbn
Ah¿ Btcm-]n-°p∂p.'7
Hudw-K-ko_v Cu DØ-chv lnPvd 1065 Pam-Zp¬ A∆¬ 15-˛\v
(am¿®v 10, 1659) t£{X-kw-c-£-Icpw, Nne-cpsS ]oU-\-ßƒ°v hnt[-
b-cp-amb Nne {_m“-W-cpsS ]cm-XnsbØpS¿∂v _\m-d-knse {]mtZ-
inI `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn°v \evIn-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p. AXv Cßs\ t]mIp∂p:
""\ΩpsS cmP-Iob HuZm-cyhpw hnizm-khpw A_p¬l-k≥
A¿ln-°p-∂-h-\mWv. F∂m¬, {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb HuZm-cy-ßfpw
\ΩpsS hn`-h-ti-jn-bp-sa√mw h¿K-]-c-amb bmsXmcp hnth-N-
\-hp-an-√msX F√m hn`m-K-°m-cmb P\-ß-fp-tSbpw t£a-Øn-
∂p-≈-Xm-sW∂v At±lw Adn-™n-cn-°s´. \ΩpsS ]cn-ip≤
\nb-a-a-\p-k-cn® ]ucm-WnI t£{X-ßƒ H∂p-t]mepw \in-∏n-
°-cp-sX∂v \mw Xocp-am-\n-®n-´p≠v. ]pXn-bXv \n¿an-°p-Ibpw
th≠.
\oXn \ne-\n¬°p∂ Cu \mfp-I-fn¬t]mepw _\m-d-kn-tebpw
]cn-kc {]tZ-i-ß-fn-tebpw lnµp-°sf Nne¿ D]-{Zhw sNøp-
∂-Xmbn \ΩpsS cmP-k-Z- n¬ hnhcw Inń-bn-´p≠v. Cu ]ucm-
WnI t£{X- ß - f psS kq£n- ∏ p- I mcpw Npa- X - e - ° m- c p- a mb
{_m“-Wsc ]ucm-Wn-I-amb Cu ]Z-hn-bn¬\n∂v \o°m≥
Nne {ia-ßƒ \S-∂n-´p≠v. {_m“-W-cpsS Imcy-Øn-ep≈ Cu
CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ B kap-Zm-bsØ Akz-ÿ-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-
´p≠v.
AXp-sIm≠v \ΩpsS cmP-Iob DØ-chv Fs¥-∂m¬, Cu {]`-
tb-dnb Iev]\ Inń-bm¬ `mhn-bn¬ bmsXm-cmfpw Cu {]tZ-
i-ß-fnse {_m“-W-sctbm a‰p lnµp-°-sftbm _p≤n-ap-ń-
°p-Itbm Ah-cpsS Imcy-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp-Itbm sNø-cpXv F∂v
\nßƒ \n¿tZ-in-°Ww. Aßs\ Ah¿°v ]gb tPmen-I-
fn¬ a\x-k-am-[m-\-tØmsS XpS-cp-hm\pw ssZh-Z-Ø-amb Cu
km{am-Pyw Fs∂∂pw \ne-\n¬°m-\p-≈ {]m¿Y-\-Iƒ \S-
Øm\pw km[n°pw. Cu DØ-chv ASn-b-¥c kz`m-h-ap-≈-Xmbn
]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-XmWv.''
Cu DØ-chv kwi-b-c-ln-X-ambn sXfn-bn-°p∂ Imcyw, GsX-
¶nepw ]pXnb t£{Xw \n¿an- ° p- ∂ - X n- s \- X n- c mbn Hudw- K - k o_v
]pXnb DØ-c-hp-I-sfm∂pw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-ń-s√-∂-XmWv. \ne-hn-ep≈
Hcp \nbaw ]cm-a¿in-°p-Ibpw, AXv I¿i-\-ambn XpS-c-W-sa∂v
\n¿tZ-in-°p-Ibpw am{X-amWv At±lw sNbvXXv. \ne-hn-ep≈ t£{X-
ßsf kw_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw Ah-bpsS \io-I-c-W-Øn∂v At±lw
Xo¿Øpw FXn-cm-bn-cp∂p. Xs‚ lnµp-{]-P-Iƒ kam-[m-\-tØmsS
Pohn-°-W-sa-∂-Xn-ep≈ Xs‚ Xmev]-cyhpw Cu DØ-c-hn¬\n∂v
hy‡-am-Ip-∂p≠v.
CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ DØ-chv CXv am{X-a√ D≈Xv. Xs‚ lnµp {]P-
Iƒ kam-[m-\-Øn¬ Pohn-°-W-sa∂v Hudw-K-ko-_n-∂p≈ Xmev]cyw
{]I-S-am-°p∂ as‰mcp _\m-dkv DØ-chv C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""Cu ip`-
ap-lq¿Ø-Øn¬ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ al-\ob DØ-chv Fs¥-∂m¬˛
alm-cm-Pm-[n-cmP dmwknßv Cu ]hn{X cmP-k-Z- n¬ \nth-Z\w \S-
Øn-b-X-\p-k-cn®v At±-l-Øns‚ ]nXmhv Xs‚ aXm-Nm-cy-\mb `K-
h-XvsKm-ssk∂v Xma-kn-°p-hm-\mbn _\m-d-knse saml√ at[m-cm-
an¬ bap-\-bpsS XocØv ]WnX aµn-c-Øn¬sh®v sKmssks\ Nne
Bfp-Iƒ iey-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xmbn Adn-bm≥ km[n®p. AXp-sIm≠v
\ΩpsS cmP-Iob DØ-chv Fs¥-∂m¬ {]`-tb-dnb Cu Iev]\
In´p-∂-tXmsS Ct∏m-gp-≈-hcpw, `mhn-bn¬ hcp-∂-h-cp-amb DtZym-K-
ÿ-∑m-tcmSv \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-s¥-∂m¬ bmsXm-cmfpw bmsXmcp
Imc-W-h-imepw sKmssks\ iey-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm, At±-l-Øns‚
Imcy-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp-Itbm sNø-cpXv. Aßs\ At±lw a\x-k-am-
[m-\-tØmsS ssZh-Z-Ø-amb Cu km{amPyw \ne-\n-ev°m-\p≈ {]m¿Y-
\-Iƒ \S-Øs´. CsXmcp ASn-b-¥c kz`m-h-ap≈ Imcy-ambn Icp-
Xs´. XnøXn 17, d_o-D¬ BJ¿, 1091 lnPvd.''8
PwKw-_mcn aT-Ønse al-¥ns‚ ssIh-i-ap≈ DØ-c-hp-I-f-\p-
k-cn®v Hudw-K-ko_v Xs‚ {]P-I-fpsS˛AXv lnµp-hm-bmepw, apkven-
am- b mepw˛t\sc- b p≈ A{I- a - ß ƒ kln- ® n- c p- ∂ n- s √∂v hy‡- a m-
°p∂p. Ip‰-hm-fn-Isf At±lw I¿i-\-ambn in£n®p. Cu DØ-c-
hp-I-fn¬ H∂v Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ cmP-k-Z- n¬ PwKw kap-Zm-b-°m¿
_\m-d- nse Hcp apkvenw tZi-hm-kn-bmb \mkn¿ t_Kn-s∂-Xn-cn¬
\evInb ]cm-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂p≠v. AXp-kw-_-‘n® cmP-im-
k\w C{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp∂p:
""kp_lv Ae-l-_m-Znse _\m-dkv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ lthen
apl-Ω-Zm-_nse DtZym-K-ÿ≥ Adn-tb-≠-Xn-te°v˛ ]¿Km\ _\m-
dkv hmkn- I - f mb A¿Pp- ≥ am¬, PwKwkv F∂n- h ¿ N{I- h ¿Øn
apºmsI ]cm-Xn-s∏-ń-´p-≈-X-\p-k-cn®v Ikv_m _\m-d-kn¬ Ah-cpsS
ssIh-i-ap≈ A©p ÿe-ßƒ _\m-dkv hmkn-bmb \mkn¿ t_Kv
_ew {]tbm-Kn®v ssItb-dn-bn-cn-°-bmWv. Cu ]cmXn icn-bm-sW-
¶n¬ \mkn¿ t_Kns\ Cu ÿe-ß-fn¬ {]th-in-°p-hm≥ A\p-h-
Zn-°-cpXv. Aßs\ `mhn-bn¬ PwKw-kp-Im¿ Ah-cpsS {]iv\-ß-fp-
ambn \ΩpsS ap∂n¬ ]cm-Xn-s∏-Sm≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°msX kq£n-
°Ww.'' ""DØ-chv XnøXn 11, jA-_m≥ km≥ 13 Ppeqkv(1672
F.Un.)''9
CtX aT-°m-cpsS ssIbn-ep≈ as‰mcp Iev]\(XnøXn, 1. d_o-
A\p-_‘w 2
D¬-A-∆¬ 1078) PwKw-kp-Im¿°v A\p-h-Zn® `qan ]Xn®p \evIm≥
DØ-chv \evIn-s°m-≠p-≈-XmWv. AXv C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""kp_lv Ae-
l-_m-Zn¬s]´ lthen _\m-dkv ]¿Km-\-bnse Ct∏m-g-tØbpw
`mhn-bn-tebpw PmKo¿Zm¿amcpw Itdm-dn-amcpw Adn-tb-≠Xv. 9 Aa¿ZmZv
Cemln Xnø-Xn-bnse cmP-Iob hnfw-_-c-a-\p-k-cn®v 178 _oKmkv
\ne-ßƒ PwKwkv kap-Zm-b-°m¿°v Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\-am¿K-ambn
A\p-h-Zn-®-XmWv. ]gb DtZym-K-ÿ¿ C°mcyw apºv ]cn-tim-[n-®-Xp-
amWv. Ct∏mƒ ]¿Km-\-bnse amen-°ns‚ kotem-Sp-IqSn ka¿∏n®
sXfn-hp-tc-J-bn¬\n∂pw ]≠p-ap-X¬t° Cu `qan Ah¿ ssIhiw
sh®-Xm-sW∂ Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-hmZw hy‡-ambn sXfn-bp-∂p≠v.
AXp-sIm≠v N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS DØ-c-h-\p-k-cn®v AX-h¿°v N{I-
h¿Øn-bpsS inc v bmK-ambn (\nkm¿) A¿l-X-s∏-´-XmWv. Cu
`qan-k≥ 10 s‚ Jmcn^v hnf-sh-Sp-∏n∂v apºmbn Ah¿°v, apºv Ah-
cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂-t]mse Xncn®p \evIWw. Bcpw C°m-cy-Øn¬ CS-
s]-Sp-Ibpw sNø-cpXv. Aßs\ PwKwkv kaqlw Hmtcm [m\y-Øns‚
hcp-am-\hpw N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS Cu cmPyØv Ah-cpsS ]cn-]m-e-\-
Øn-\p-th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°s´. CXn¬ hogvN hcp-Øp-Itbm at‰m sNø-
cpXv.''10
Cu DØ-chv At±-l-Øns‚ \oXn-t_m-[sØ am{X-a√, lnµp-`n-
£p-°ƒ°v bmK-Zm\w(\nkm¿) \evIp-∂-Xn¬ hnth-N\w ImWn-®n-
cp-∂n-s√-∂p-IqSn hy‡-am-°p∂p. apI-fn¬ ]d™ 178 _oKmkv `qan
an°-hmdpw Hudw-K-ko_v Xs∂ PwKw kap-Zm-b-Øn\v kw`m-h\
\evIn-b-Xm-sW∂v Icp-tX-≠-Xp≠v. lnPvd 1071 da-fm≥ 5-˛∂v ]pd-
s∏-Sp-hn® Hcp DØ-c-hn¬ Cu `qan-sb-∏‰n C{]-Imcw ]cm-a¿i-ap≠v:
""kp_ Ae-l-_m-Zns‚ D]-ta-J-e-bmb _\m-d-knse ]¿Km\
lth-en-bnse Ct∏m-g-tØbpw `mhn-bn-tebpw DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿ Adn-
tb-≠-Xn-te°v˛ N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS DØ-c-h-\p-k-cn®v ]¿Km\ _\m-d-
knse 178 _oKmkv `qan PwKw kap-Zm-b-Øn∂v Ah-cpsS ]cn-]m-e\
sNe-hn-∂mbn \evIn-bn-cn-°p∂p. Cu ka-bØv N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS
Z¿_m-dn¬ PwKw-kp-Im¿ {]Xy-£-s∏-ń-´p≠v. Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ
AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. AtX Bfp-Iƒ Pohn-®n-cn-∏p≠v. Ah¿
`qan- b psS ssIh- i - ° m- c p- a mWv . AXp- s Im≠v AtX `qan- X s∂
Ah¿°v N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS inc v bmK-ambn apºv \evIn-b-t]mse
ho≠pw \evIp∂p. Cu `qan a^vSn `qan-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°Ww. At∏mƒ
Ah¿°Xv D]- t bm- K n- ° p- I bpw, Ahn- S - Ø s∂ N{I- h ¿Øn- b psS
km{am-Py-Øns‚ \ne-\n-ev]n-∂p-th≠n {]m¿Yn-°p-Ibpw sNømw.''11
Hcp lnµp-aX {]t_m-[-I∂v _\m-dkv \K-c-Øn¬ lnPvd 1098˛-
¬ Hudw-K-ko_v `qan \evInb hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""Cu
ip`-ap-lq¿Ø-Øn¬ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ DØ-chv C{]-Im-c-amWv˛ _\m-
d-kn¬ bap\m XocØv _\n-am-t≠m-L-ń¬ 588 òc-hym-]vXn-bp≈
c≠p-Xp≠v `qan-Iƒ (Hcp Xp≠v cmwPo-h≥ sKmk-bns‚ hoń∂v
apºn¬ ]≈n-bpsS ]n≥`m-K-Øm-bn´pw as‰m∂v Aev]w IqSn apI-fn-
em- b n´pw) sIń- S tam H∂p- a n- √ msX Hgn- ™ p- I n- S - ∏ p≠v . CXv
ss_Øp¬am-en¬ (s]mXp-J-P-\mhv) s]´-XmWv. Ch cmwPo-h≥
sKmssk∂pw ]p{X-∂p-ambn \mw Zm\w \evIp∂p. Aßs\ AhnsS
`‡-cmb {_m“-W¿°pw ^Jo-d-∑m¿°pw th≠n aµn-c-ßƒ ]WnXv
{]m¿Y-\-bn¬ apgpIn ssZh-Z-Ø-amb Cu km{am-Py-Øns‚ \ne-\n-
ev]n∂v hgnsbmcp-°s´. Cu DØ-chv \ne-\n¿tØ-≠Xv \ΩpsS a°-
fp-sSbpw a{¥n-am-cp-sSbpw {]`p-°-fp-sSbpw D∂X DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cp-
sSbpw, Ct∏m- g - t Øbpw `mhn- b n- t ebpw sImØp- h mƒam- c p- t Sbpw
I¿Ø-hy-amWv. ta¬]-d™ `qan-Iƒ, AX-\p-h-Zn-®-h-cpsS kwc-£-
W- b n¬ \n¿Øp- I bpw, F√m ]ncn- h p- I - f n¬\n∂pw \nIp- X n- I -
fn¬\n∂pw Hgn-hm-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNtø-≠-XmWv. Hmtcm sIm√hpw
]pXnb k\Zv Ah-cn¬\n∂v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bp-a-cpXv.12
Xs‚ {]P-I-fpsS aX-hn-Im-c-ßƒ am\n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Hudw-K-ko_v
hfsc {i≤m- e p- h m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂v Icp- t X- ≠ - X p≠v .13 Xs‚ `c- W -
Ønse 9˛-mw h¿j-Ønse k^¿ amkw 2-˛\v N{I-h¿Øn ]pd-s∏-Sp-
hn® c≠p DØ-c-hp-Iƒ Rß-fpsS ]°-ep≠v. B m-an¬ Kul-ń-
bnse Dam-\µv t£{X-Ønse ]qPmcn kpZm-a≥ {_m“-W-\-\p-Iq-e-
ambn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xm-WXv. B m-anse lnµp-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Cu
t£{X- Ø n∂pw AXns‚ ]qPm- c n- ° p- a mbn Ipd®p `qanbpw, h\-
Øn¬\n-∂p≈ Nne hcp-am-\-ßfpw ]cn-]m-e\ sNe-hp-I-fn-te-°mbn
A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp∂p. Cu kwÿm\w Hudw-K-ko-_n∂v Iog-S-ßnb DS-
s\-Øs∂ At±lw Xs‚ ap≥Km-an-bm-bn-cp∂ lnµp A\p-h-Zn®
`qanbpw hcp-am-\hpw t£{X-Øn∂pw ]qPm-cn°pw A\p-h-Zn-®-Xns\
AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.
Kulń DØ- c - h ns‚ ]q¿W- c q]w C{]- I m- c - a mWv : ""Ct∏m- g -
tØbpw `mhn-bn-tebpw kp{]-[m\ Imcy-ß-fpsS Npa-X-e-°mcpw,
Nu[-cn-am¿, Im\q≥Im¿, apJ-±w-Im¿, t]´ _≥tK-k-dnse Irjn-
°m¿ F∂n-hcpw Adn-tb-≠-Xn-te°v˛ UJn≥Ip¬ k¿°m-dns‚
]m≠p ]¿Km-\-bnse kImc {Kma-Øn∂v ]pd-Øp≈ 21/2 _niz-`qan,
dh\yq C\-Øn¬ 30 cq] aXn-°p∂ {]kvXpX ÿew ap≥ `c-Wm-
[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Dam-\-µnse ]qPmcn kpUm-a∂pw ]p{X∂p-ambn \evIn-
b-XmWv....C‚-Jmen {Kma-Ønse dh\yq Hgn-sI-bp≈ h\-`q-anbpw
]cn-]m-e\ sNe-hn-te-°-\p-h-Zn-®-XmWv. AX-h-cpsS A[o-\-Øn¬
ÿnc-ambn ]cn-]m-en-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-t°-≠-XmWv. AhnsS Ah¿ Cu
km{am-Py-Øns‚ A\-iz-c-X-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ {]m¿Y-\-I-fn¬ apgp-
Is´. dh\yq \nIp-Xn-I-fp-sStbm, as‰-s¥-¶nepw {]iv\-ß-fp-sStbm
t]cn¬ Ahsc Bcpw iey-s∏-Sp-Ø-cpXv. Hcp ]pXnb k\Zv thW-
sa∂ Bh-iyhpw D∂-bn-°-cpXv... Ah¿ CXn¬\n∂v hyXn-N-en-t°-
A\p-_‘w 2
≠- X n√. N{I- h ¿Øn- b psS 9- ˛ mw ÿm\m- t cm- l W h¿jw k^¿
c≠n∂v Fgp-Xn-bXv.''14
Hudw-K-ko-_n∂v lnµp-°-tfmSpw Ah-cpsS aX-tØmSpw kln-
jvWp-Xm-a-t\m-`m-h-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂ A`n-{]m-bsØ Dss÷-
\n-bnse alm-Im-te-iz¿ t£{X-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑mcpw ]n¥m-ßp≠v. {][m-
\-s∏´ inh-t£-{X-ß-fn¬ H∂m-WnXv. ChnsS cmhpw ]Iepw Hcp-
t]mse Zo]w sXfn-®p-sh-°m-dp≠v.
CXns\ ""\µ-Zo]w'' F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂Xv. \mev tk¿ s\øv
Znh-khpw Cu ""\µ-Zo]'' Øn∂v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. ]≠p-Imew
apX¬t° `c-W-Iq-S-ß-fmWv CXp \evIn-bn-cp-∂Xv. t£{X-]p-tcm-
ln-X-∑m¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv apKƒIm-e-L´w CXp XpS¿∂p F∂mWv. Hudw-
K-ko_v t]mepw Cu ]ucm-WnI ]mc-ºcyw am\n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.
\n¿`m-Ky-Øn∂v CXn-∂p-t]m¬_-e-I-amb cmP-Iob hn⁄m-]-\-
ß-sfm∂pw Ah-cpsS ]°-en√. F∂m¬, lnPvd 1061 i∆m¬ 5˛-∂v
apdm-Zv_Ivjv Xs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ `c-W-Im-eØv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® Hcp DØ-
c-hns‚ ]I¿∏v Ah-cpsS ]°-ep≠v. N{I-h¿Øn-°p-th≠n At±lw
Cu hn⁄m-]\w ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®Xv alm-Im-te-izc t£{X-Ønse
A∂sØ ]qPm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ tZh-dm-ans‚ ]cm-Xn-sb-Øp-S¿∂mWv. ]cm-
Xn- ° m- c s‚ Ah- I m- i - h mZw hne- b n- c p- Ø m- \ mbn l°ow apl- Ω Zv
salZn ]gb tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. AXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v
t£{X-Ønse Cu "Zo]'Øn∂m-h-iy-amb \mev tk¿ (AIv_cn)
s\øv \evIn-s°m-≠n-cn-°m≥ N≠p{X tIm´phm Xl-kn¬Zm-tcmSv
\n¿tZ-in-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.
Cu DØ-c-hns‚ ]I¿∏v ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®Xv 1153 lnPvd h¿j-Øn¬
apl-ΩZv kmZp-√-bmWv. AXm-bXv, A ¬ DØ-c-hns‚ 93 h¿j-Øn-
\p-tijw Ct∏m-gsØ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ hfsc
h¿j-Øn-∂p-tijw. Cßs\ Hcp ]I¿∏v {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xn¬\n∂v
e`n-°p∂ kqN\ A°m-e-a-{Xbpw ]gb \S-]-Sn-{Iaw XpS¿∂p-sh-
∂-XmWv. Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ `c-Whpw Cu Ime-Øn-∂n-S-bn-em-bn-cp∂p.
C∂sØ ImeØv Cu hn⁄m-]-\-Øn∂v hne-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v
B Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ ]gb DØ-c-hns‚ ]I¿∏v kq£n-°p-∂-Xn¬
Bcpw {i≤ ImWn-®n-ń-s√-t∂-bp≈q. Cu t£{XsØ kw_-‘n®p
Fs‚ {i≤-bn¬s]-Sp-hm-\n-S-bmb ]pcm-h-kvXp-Im-cpsS ssIh-i-ap≈
Nne cmP-Iob tcJ-I-fn¬ A∂sØ al¥v e£vao \mcm-b¨ Hudw-
K-ko-_ns‚ Ime-sØ Nne tcJ-Iƒ ssIhiw sh®-Xmbn ImWp-
∂p≠v.
Al-Ω-Zm-_m-Znse \mK¿tkYv \n¿an® Nn¥m-a≥ t£{Xw X-
I¿Ø-Xmbn s]mXpsh Nne Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw
AXp If-hm-Im-\mWv km[yX. ImcWw, CtX Hudw-K-ko_v Xs∂-
bmWv CtX \mK¿tk-Yn∂v i{Xp-≥P-b≥ t£{X-Øn∂pw A_p-
Ckvemapw aX-kl
- n-jvWp-Xbpw
t£-{X-Øn-∂pw-th≠n `qan \evIn-bXv.
i{Xp-≥Pb≥ t£{X-Øn-∂p-th≠n `qan \evIn-s°m-≠p≈ DØ-
chv C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""...Ah-km\w kt¥m-j-I-c-amb Hcp Imcyw B`-
cW hym]m-cn-bmb kXn-Zmkv Xs‚ al-\ob km∂n-[yw-sIm≠v cmP-
k-Z- n∂v \nth-Z\w \S-Øn-bn-cn-°-bmWv...N{I-h¿Ønsb At±lw
tkmf-a-s\∂pw, ssZh-Zm-k-\mb(apl-Ω-Zns‚)]n≥Km-an-sb∂pw ]pI-
gvØn-s°m≠v ka¿∏n® \nth-Z-\-Øn¬ ap∏Øn H∂mw h¿jw ]cn-
ip≤ amkw da-fm≥ ]sØm≥]Xmw XnøXn kp_m-A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-
Zns‚ `mK-amb tkmdØv k¿°m-dn¬s]´ (c≠p-e£w "Zmw' dh\yq
D≈) kXvc≥P F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]men-Øm\ Pn√ C\m-ambn
\nth-Z-I∂v cmP-k-Z v A\p-h-Zn-°p-sa∂v {]Xym-in-°p∂p. AXp-
sIm≠v apºv \mw sNbvXp-t]m∂ AtX amXr-I-bn¬ apI-fn¬ ]d™
Pn√ \nth-Z-I∂v C\m-ambn \evIp∂p. AXp-sIm≠v kp_-bnse
Ct∏m-g-tØbpw `mhn-bn-sebpw amt\-P¿amcpw ta¬]-d™ k¿°mdpw
Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠Xv Cu ]hn-{X-amb DØ-c-hp-{]-Imcw ta¬]-d™
Pn√ ta¬]- d ™ hy‡n- b psS A[o- \ - Ø n- e m- b n- c n°pw. At±- l -
Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ°v ]n¥p-S¿®m {Ia-Øn¬ Xe-ap-d-X-e-ap-d-bmbn
AXp ssIam-d-s∏Spw. F√m-hn[ \nIp-Xn-I-fn¬\n∂pw a‰p \n_-‘-
\-I-fn¬\n∂pw At±-lsØ Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. F√m h¿jhpw
]pXnb k\Zv thW-sa∂ Bh-iy-sam∂pw D∂-bn-°-cpXv. Cu DØ-
c-hn¬ bmsXmcp hyXn-bm-\hpw ]mSn√. sX¬°‚ v amkw 9˛-mw XnøXn
lnPvd h¿jw 1068˛-¬ (1658˛¬) Fgp-Xn-bXv.''15
\mK¿tkYv Hudw-K-ko-_ns\ Nne bp≤-ß-fn-se√mw klm-bn-
®n-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ tkh-\-Øn¬ kwXr]vXn tXm∂nb N{I-
h¿Øn kΩm-\-ambn `qkz-Øp-°ƒ \evIn-bn-cp∂p. Kn¿\m-dnepw
A_p-hnepw t£{X-ßƒ ÿm]n® ÿe-ß-fm-Wnh. AXp-kw-_-
‘n® DØ-c-hp-Iƒ C{]-Im-c-amWv:
""]c-a-Im-cp-Wn-I\pw Icp-Wm-\n-[n-bp-amb A√m-lp-hns‚ \ma-
Øn¬:
(XpKvd) A√tbm hnizm-kn-Itf, ssZhsØ A\p-k-cn-°pI; {]hm-
N-Is\ A\p-k-cn-°pI, \nß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-sfbpw.
(ko≥) A_p¬ apk-^¿ apl-bp-±o≥ apl-ΩZv Hudw-K-ko_v
Bew-Ko¿ _mZpjm Jmkn:
Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Cu al-\ob DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-sX-
s¥-∂m¬ j¿hmIv kap-Zm-b-Ønse kl-kv_m-bn-bpsS ]p{X≥
im¥n- Z mkv Ph- l cn ssk\y- Ø ns‚ \o°- Ø n¬ hf- s c- b - [ nIw
klmbw sNbvX hy‡n F∂ \ne-bn¬ {]tXy-I-amb Nne B\p-
Iq-ey-ßƒ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂p≠v. AXp-sIm≠v \ΩpsS BZ-c-kq-N-I-
ambn Al-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn¬s]´ ]men-´m\ Pn√bpw, t£{Xw ÿnXn
sNøp∂ {]kn-≤-amb kXp-c≥P -Ip-∂n≥{]tZ-i-ßfpw apgp-h≥ \mw
A\p-_‘w 2
j¿hm°v kap- Z m- b - Ø nse im¥n- Z mkv Ph- l - c n°p \ev I p∂p.
kXvc≥P -Ip-∂p-I-fn¬ It≠-°m-hp∂ ac-ßfpw hnd-Ip-Ifpw j¿hmIv
kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-≈-XmWv. AX-h¿°v GXm-h-iy-Øn∂pw D]-tbm-Kn-
°m-hp-∂-XmWv. kXvc≥P Ip∂p-I-fp-tSbpw t£{X-Øn-t‚bpw ]me-
I¿ Bcm-bmepw Ah¿ ]men-´m-\-bnse hcp-am-\-Øn-\¿l-cmWv. Cu
A\-izc `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ ]cn-]m-e-\-Øn-∂p≈ {]m¿Y\ Ah¿ XpS-
cs´. Ct∏m-g-tØbpw `mhn-bn-tebpw `c-W-k-anXn DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿,
PmKo¿Zm¿am¿, Itdm-dn-Iƒ F∂n-h¿ Cu DØ-chv IWn-i-ambpw ]men-
t°-≠Xpw, AXn¬ bmsXmcp hogvNbpw ]mSn-√m-Ø-Xp-amWv.
""CXn∂v ]pdsa kntdm-ln-bn¬s]´ Pq\m-K-dn¬ Kn¿\¬ F∂v
{]kn-≤-amb Hcp aebpw, A_p-Pn-bn¬ Hcp Ip∂p-ap≠v. Hcp {]tXyI
B\p-Iq-ey-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ \mw Ch-c≠pw j¿hm°v kap-Zm-b-Ønse
im¥n-Zmkv Ph-l-cn°v \evIp∂p. Aßs\ At±lw ]cn-]q¿W-
ambpw kwXr-]vX-\m-hs´. Ch-cpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Bcpw CS-s]-Sm≥
]mSn-s√∂ Imcyw DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿ Adn-™n-cn-°s´. cmPm-°-∑m-
cn¬s]´ Bcpw At±-lsØ XS-b-cp-sX∂v am{X-a√, \ΩpsS cmP-
Iob {]oXn°v ]m{Xo-`q-X-cm-Ip-hm≥ At±-lsØ klm-bn-°pI IqSn
sNøWw. Hmtcm h¿jhpw ]pXnb k\Zv thW-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-
Sm\pw ]mSn√. Cu {Kma-sØtbm, aq∂v Ip∂p-I-sftbm Ipdn®v Bsc-
¶nepw Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ap-∂-bn-°-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ah¿ P\-ß-fpsS F∂-
t]mse ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw tIm]-Øn\pw im]-Øn∂pw Cc-bm-Ip-∂-
XmWv. At±-l-Øn\v Hcp {]tXyI k\Zv Xs∂ \¬In-bn-´p≠v.
lnPvd-h¿jw 1070-˛¬ dP_v amkw 10˛-mw\p Fgp-Xn-bXv. (am¿®v
12, 1660)''16
F∂m¬, hmcm-W-kn-bnse hniz-\m-Y-t£-{Xhpw, tKm¬Jp≥U-
bnse Ppam-a-kvPnZpw s]mfn-°p-hm≥ Hudw-K-ko_v DØ-c-hn-´-Xn\v
hy‡-amb sXfn-hp-I-fp≠v. Cu t£{Xhpw, ]≈nbpw s]mfn-°p-∂-
Xn¬ Nne kml-Ncy Imc-W-ßfpw KpW-ßfpw Hudw-K-ko_v I≠n-
cn-°m-sa∂v tXm∂p∂p. hniz-\m-Y-t£{Xw s]mfn-°p-hm≥ Imc-W-
amb kw`hw C{]-Im-c-amWv: Hudw-K-ko_v _wKm-fn-te-°p≈ bm{Xm-
at[y hmcm-W-kn-°-Sp-Øp-IqSn IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ At±-l-Øns‚
]cn- h m- c - Ø n¬s]´ lnµp- c m- P m- ° - ∑ m¿ bm{X Hcp Znh- k - t Ø°v
\n¿Øn-sh-°p-hm≥ At]-£n®p. Aß-s\-bm-bm¬ Xß-fpsS dmWn-
am¿°v hmcm-W-kn-bn¬ sN∂v, KwK-bn¬ Ipfn®v, hniz-\mY `K-hms\
sXmgm≥ kuI-cy-s∏-Sp-sa∂v Ah¿ \n¿tZ-in®p. Hudw-K-ko_v Cu
A`y¿Y\ kk-t¥mjw AwKo-I-cn®p. hmcm-W-kn-bn-te°v A©p-
\m-gnI Zqc-ap≈ hgn-bn¬ ssk\nI Imh¬ G¿s∏-SpØn. ]√-°p-I-
fn¬ dmWn-am¿ bm{X-sNbvXp. KwK-bn¬ Ipfn®v Ah¿ hniz-\m-Y-
t£-{X-Z¿i\w \SØn. ]qPm-I¿a-Øn\p tijw Hs∂m-gnsI˛ I®n-
se alm-dmWn HgnsI˛F√m dmWn-amcpw Xncn-s®Øn. t£{X ]cn-
k-c-ß-fn-se√mw At\z-jn-®p-sh-¶nepw dmWnsb Hcn-SØpw Is≠-
Øm-\m-bn√. CXn-s\-°p-dn®v Adn-bm-\n-S-h-∂-t∏mƒ Hudw-K-ko_v
hfsc Akz-ÿ-\mbn. dmWnsb I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ At±lw Xs‚
D∂X DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿°v \n¿tZiw \evIn. Ah-km\w KtWiv
hn{Klw ÿm]n- ® n- ´ p≈ aXn¬ Cf- ° n- a m- ‰ m- h p- ∂ - X m- s W- ∂ - h ¿
Is≠Øn. hn{Klw am‰n-b-t∏mƒ Xmsg \ne-bn-te-°p≈ GWn-∏-Sn-
Iƒ Ah-cpsS {i≤-bn¬s]´p. Ahsc sRń-∏n-°p-amdp ImWmsX
t]mb dmWn A]-am-\n-°-s∏´ \ne-bn¬ Ahn-sS-\n∂v Ic-bp-∂Xv
I≠p. hniz-\mY `K-hms‚ Ccn-∏n-S-Øn∂v Xmsg-bm-bn-´mWv Cu Xmsg-
\ne ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv. cmPm-°-∑m¿ tcmj˛{]Xn-tj[w sIm≠-
edn. kv{XoIƒs°-Xn-cmb Cu {Iqc-X-bn¬ amXr-Im-]-c-amb in£
thW-sa∂v Ah¿ Bh-iy-s∏´p. ]cn-ip≤ thZn aeo-a-k-am-°n-b-Xp-
sIm≠v hniz-\mY `K-hms\ as‰mcp ÿm\-tØ°v am‰n {]Xn-jvTn-
°p-hm≥ Hudw-K-ko_v DØ-c-hn´p. al-¥ns\ AdÃv sNbvXv in£n-
°p-Ibpw, t£{Xw CSn-®p-\n-c-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
""Xqh-ep-Ifpw I√p-Ifpw''( Feathers and the Stones) F∂ Xs‚
{]kn≤- {K-Ÿ-Øn¬ tUmIvS¿ ]´m-_n-ko-Xm-cm-aø tcJm-aq-e-amb
sXfn-hp-I-tfmsS Cu kw`hw hnh-cn-°p-∂p≠v. ]m‰v\m ayqkn-b-Ønse
ap≥ta-[mhn tUm. ]n. F¬. Kp]vXbpw Cu kw`hw ZrV-ambn ka¿Yn-
°p-∂p≠v.
C\n Ppam-a-kvPnZv s]mfn-®p-\o-°nb IY˛ tKm¬IpÜnse
{]kn-≤-\mb `c-Wm-[n-Imcn Xm\mjm kwkvYm-\sØ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ
]ncn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw U¬ln-bn-te-°p≈ hnlnXw AS-®n-cp-∂n√.
GXm\pw h¿j-ßƒ-sIm≠v AXp tImSn-I-fmbn h¿[n®p. Xm\m-
jmsb J_-d-S°w sNbvX-Xn\v apI-fn¬ Jkm-\-bn¬ Hcp Ppam-a-
kvPnZv \n¿an-®n-cp∂p. Hudw-K-ko_v CX-dn-bm-\n-S-h-∂-t∏mƒ ]≈n
s]mfn-®p-am-‰m≥ DØ-c-hn´p. J_-d-S-°nb Jkm\ ]nSn-®-S-°p-Ibpw
P\-t£-a-Øn-∂p-th≠n D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu c≠p
kw`-h-ß-fn¬\n∂pw a\- n-em-Ip-∂Xv \oXn \n¿h-l-W-Øn¬ Hudw-
K-ko_v ]≈n-sbt∂m, t£{X-sat∂m D≈ hyXymkw ImWn-®n-cp-
∂n-s√-∂mWv.
Zu¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ a[y-Ime˛B[p-\nI C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Ønse kw`-
h-ß-tfbpw IYm-]m-{X-ß-tfbpw Ae-t¶m-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw, sX‰mbn
Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-hsb AtX \ne-bn¬ ssZhn-I-k-Xyw-
t]mse AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv. bmYm¿Yyßsf hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ {ian-
°p-∂-h-tcbpw, kXym-k-Xy-ßƒ th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-h-tcbpw, hf-s®m-Sn-
®h Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°p-∂-h-tcbpw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-°p∂ Hcp {]h-
W- X - b mWv C∂p ImWp- ∂ Xv . ÿm]nX˛- h ¿Kob Xm¬]- c y- ° m¿
Ncn{Xw hf-s®m-Sn-°m\pw Ae-t¶m-e-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw XpS¿∂v {i≤n-®p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p.
A\p-_‘w 2
hfsc thZ-\m-P-\-I-amb as‰mcp Imcyw, c≠v hn`m-K-Ønepw s]´
bmYm-ÿn-XnI¿ a[y-Ime C¥ym-N-cn{Xw am{X-a√; thZ-ß-fn-tebpw
Jp¿-B-\n-tebpw A[ym-]-\-ßƒ t]mepw sX‰mbn hymJym-\n-°p∂p
F∂-XmWv. a\- m-£n-bn-√mØ cmjv{So-b-°m¿ ]I-bpsS Im‰v hnX-
°p-I-bmWv. Xs‚ \m´p-Im¿ Cu sImSp-¶m-‰n¬ ]ngp-sX-dn-b-s∏-Sp-sa∂v
Ah¿ ad-°p-I-bmWv.''
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:
hpUv t]t∏¿kv hpUv Sp F¬Kn≥ am¿®v
lman¬´¨ Sp I¿k≥ am¿®v
t{Imkv Sp U^vcn≥ P\p-hcn
Xz_vJmsX AIv_cn hmeyw t]Pv
XmcoJv˛F˛jmln
anUo-h¬ C¥y tIm¿´¿en t]Pv
lnÃdn Hm^v Hudw-K-ko_v˛PUp-\mYv k¿°m¿
]m°n-ÿm-\nse B¿°-hoUv Ub-d-IvS¿ F v Fw Pm^¿ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bXv˛ {io Kym≥N-{µ°v.
sslt°m-SXn tcJ-Iƒ Ae-l-_mZv sslt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ IrjvW-Kn-cnbpw
a‰pw PK-ZvKpcp {io al¥v amenIv A¿Pp≥ kzman-s°-Xnsc ¬ ^b¬
sNbvX A\ymbw FIvkn-_n‰v˛
i FIvkn-_n‰v \º¿˛
i FIvkn-_n‰v \º¿˛
F v Fw Pm^¿ Ah¿Iƒ Kym≥N-{µ-bpsS {i≤-bn¬s]-Sp-Øn-bXv
{]P-I-fpsS hnIm-c-ßƒ am\n-®p-sIm≠v B m-an¬ ]pc-mhrØ ap{Z-
bp≈ \mWbw _wKmfn en]n-tbmsS ]pd-Øn-d°n
B mw dnk¿®v skmssk-‰n-bpsS tP¿W-en¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv P\p-
hcn˛G{]n¬ t]Pv
C¥ym No^v kn{I-´-cn°v ¬ Pbn-\-∑m¿ ka¿∏n-®Xv
t_mws_ k¿h-I-em-imem tP¿W¬ hmeyw t]Pv
k¿k-ønZv˛aJm-emXv˛F˛ k¿k-ønZv F v Fw Ckvam-bo¬ FUn‰v
sNbvXXv hmeyw t]Pv: 50

Malayalam ISLAMUM MATHA SAHISH

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Malayalam ISLAMUM MATHA SAHISH

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Ckvemapw

ssiJv apl-ΩZv Imc-Ip∂v

Ckvem-anIv ]ªn-jnwKv lukv

Hcp -PmXn Hcp h¿Kw

apkvenw-Iƒ°v Hcp A√mlp, lnµp-°ƒ°v Hco-iz-c≥, {InkvXym-\n-

ssZh-t{]m-‡-amb Pohn-X-hy-h-ÿ-bmWv Ckvemw. AXn\v hy‡-

Ckvemw ]q¿W-ambpw GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn--e-[n-jvTn-X-amWv. _lp-

apgp-h≥ aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fp-sSbpw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ BZ-c-Wo-b-

temI-Ønse Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ aX-ß-fn-se√mw hy‡n-\n-b-a-ßƒ aX-

a\p-jy-cpsS ssII-S-Ø-ep-I-fm¬ hnI-e-am-°-s∏-SmØ GI ssZhn-

Ckvem-an-I-cmjv{Sw aX-\yq-\-]-£-ß-fpsS Poh∂pw kzØn∂pw A`n-

Ckvemw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ D¬IrjvS aqey-ß-fn¬ AXn-{]-[m-\-

temIØv Gsd sX‰n-≤-cn-°-s∏´ Ckvem-anI kmt¶-XnI i_vZ-ß-

Ckvem-anI cmjv{S-Øns‚ {]Ya `c-W-L-S\

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