TAKE YOUR OWN NOTES (1.

1 Water A Polar Molecule)

http://www.bozemanscience.com/water-a-polar-molecule
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AP Biology 042 – Biological Molecules

Video Review Sheet www.bozemanscience.com/042-biologoical-molecules

1. What are the four categories of macromolecules? carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids.

2. What is a monomer? a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a
polymer.

3. Lipids are unique because they don’t have a single type of monomer. Name two reasons why lipids
are important. Makes up every cell membranes and lipids are a great source of energy

4. Lipids are generally polar molecules. T/F circle one False

5. Nucleic acid monomers are __nucleotides__ and are made up of __DNA and RNA__

6. What are the functions of nucleic acids? They carry the genetic material

7. Protein monomers are: amino acids

8. What differentiates one amino acid from another? Their R groups that gives the amino acids their
structure

9. Carbohydrate monomers are sugars

10. The significance of “directionality” of the monomers in a polymer is that when you put the
monomers together in a certain sequence/order they have different structures and
functions

a. The process of “putting monomers together” is called dehydration synthesis

b. What is lost during the process of #11? water

c. What kind of bond is formed generally? Specifically between amino acids of a protein? A

covalent bond specifically a peptide bond because it is a bond between two peptides

d. What must be added to break the bonds? Add water

e. What is the name of that process? Hydrolysis

11. Concerning Nucleic Acids:

Review Sheet for AP Biology Contributed by Winnie Litten —
YouTube - /mslittenbiology Twitter-@mslittenbiology
 a. What are the two examples of nucleic acids he gave? (btw ATP is also an example)

DNA and RNA

b. What is a nucleotide and what are its three parts? a sugar molecule attached to a

phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base. The bases used in DNA are

adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine

c. What are differences between DNA and RNA? RNA contains the sugar ribose, while DNA
contains the slightly different sugar deoxyribose

d. What are the four nucleotides in DNA? RNA? adenine , thymine , guanine , and cytosine

e. When you see 3’ and 5’, this is referring to the nucleic acid’s directionality and specifically to
the carbons found in the deoxyribose/ribose sugar ring.

f. What makes DNA antiparallel? the have the same chemical structure, but are opposite in
direction

12. Concerning Proteins:

a. The protein monomer is: amino acids

b. How many amino acids are there? 20 amino acids

c. Draw and label a basic amino acid

in the box to the right.

d. What part of the amino acid differentiates it from another? side chain or R-group involved

e. What is the directionality of a protein? it has two ends that are chemically distinct from one
another

f. What is the significance of the directionality in protein digestion? they help enzymes break
down the protein into amino acids

13. Concerning Lipids:

a. List the different types of lipids (4): Cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerides and
phospholipids.

b. What is the similar structure between the four? hydrocarbon tail (carbon on inside, hydrogen
on outside)

c. What is significant about hydrocarbons found in lipids? (2): A large amount of energy can be
released from them and they are non polar so they do not like to grab onto water

Review Sheet for AP Biology Contributed by Winnie Litten —

YouTube - /mslittenbiology Twitter-@mslittenbiology
 d. What is unique about phospholipids? has a polar and a nonpolar end

e. What does amphipathic mean? having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

f. What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

saturated fats are straight and unsaturated are bent

g. Why do unsaturated fats bend? they aren't surrounded by hydrogen

h. Why is margarine a solid though it originates from plants? (btw, butter is solid at room
temperatures) it has had hydrogen added to it, which straightens the molecules thus
making it a solid

14. Concerning Carbohydrates:

a. Carbohydrates give us: (2) energy and fuel the fuel is the immediate energy

b. Carbohydrate monomers are monosaccharides

c. What are the two types of glucose molecules indicated? fructose and glucose

d. What determines directionality in carbohydrates? Where the bond comes off

AP Biology 027 – DNA & RNA (Part 1)

Video Review Sheet www.bozemanscience.com/027-part-1-dna-rna

1. What two things did he want to show you with the peanut plant?
a. No matter what you are… same genetic material

b. Humans can… tamper with DNA/ Genetic engineering

2. History of DNA:
a. Griffith’s experiment:
i. Used “what” in his experiment? Mouse and bacteria and Rough

ii. Big thing he learned: there was a… transforming factor

b. Avery, McCarty, MacLeod:

i. Looked at Griffith’s experiment and tried to find out…What transforming factor was in
bacteria

Review Sheet for AP Biology Contributed by Winnie Litten —

YouTube - /mslittenbiology Twitter-@mslittenbiology
 ii. Used _Enzymes_ that broke down DNA, protein and DNA

iii. What did they figure out? DNA was the transforming factor

c. Hershey and Chase:

i. What did most people think the transforming agent was? Proteins

ii. What did they work with? Bacteria and bacteriphages

iii. What did they show? DNA was hereditary material

d. Watson, Crick, Wilkins, Franklin and Chargaff:

i. Wilkins and Franklins were doing experiments with: X-ray crystalgraphy

ii. Chargaff: found out that the amount of …. A-T and C-G

iii. Watson and Crick

1. Watson sat in one of _Wilkins'_ secret meetings

2. Used the information from _Chargaff's_ to help build models to

figure out the structure of DNA

3. Structure of DNA:
a. DNA is wrapped around …. Histones

b. Prokaryotic chromosome:
i. They have a _loop_ not a linear shape like eukaryotic chromosome

ii. Have extra DNA called: plasmid

iii. Prokaryotic cells do not have _junk_ DNA

AP Biology 027 – DNA & RNA (Part 2) Video Review Sheet

www.bozemanscience.com/027-part-2-dna-rna

1. Structure of DNA and RNA

a. RNA is a _double helix_ whereas DNA is…

b. What three parts do they have in common? sugar, phosphate, base

c. What sugar is in place of deoxyribose in RNA? ribose

d. What base is in place of thymine in RNA? uracil

2. DNA replication:
a. First step: _uu_zip it

b. Can only add new bases on the _3_prime end.

c. Lagging strand has to _back_ stitch

Review Sheet for AP Biology Contributed by Winnie Litten —
YouTube - /mslittenbiology Twitter-@mslittenbiology
 3. Central Dogma:
a. Who coined the term? crick

b. It explains how DNA → RNA→ proteins → phenotypes → you

c. First step: RNA polymerase is going to drive down the DNA

d. The copy of DNA is called: mRNA

e. DNA stays within the nucleus

f. mRNA will feed through a (big green structure): ribosome

g. tRNA brings in 1 amino acid

h. amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

i. Translation: mRNA→ 🡪 protein

j. Phenotypes: what you physically …. look like

k. Changes to the DNA will ultimately cause changes in the phenotypes

l. The extended phenotype: an _extension_ of genes and selected for. The behavior is
selected for.

4. Genetic Engineering:
a. Since DNA is _interchangable__ you can insert genes from humans into:

b. You can even insert human genes into: bacteria

Review Sheet for AP Biology Contributed by Winnie Litten —

YouTube - /mslittenbiology Twitter-@mslittenbiology