6/29/23

Special Use Airspace

o Prohibited Areas
o Restricted Areas
o Warning Areas
o Military Operations
Area (MOA)
o Alert Areas
o Controlled Firing Area
(CFA)

31

Prohibited Areas
o Flight of aircraft is
prohibited
o Normally
established for
security or national
welfare

32

1
 6/29/23

Restricted Areas
o Denote the existence of
unusual often times
invisible hazards
n Artillery firing
n Aerial gunnery
n Guided missiles
o Not always active
n Contact controlling agency

33

Warning Areas
o 3 NM outward from
coast
o Activity hazardous to
nonparticipating
aircraft
o Intended to warn
nonparticipating pilots

34

2
 6/29/23

Military Operations Area (MOA)

o Designed to separate
military and IFR traffic
o VFR pilots should
exercise caution
n Air combat tactics
n Aerobatics
n Low-altitude tactics
n Formation training

35

Alert Areas
o Designed to warn
nonparticipating pilots
n High volume flight
training
n Unusual aerial activity
o All pilots equally
responsible for
collision avoidance

36

3
 6/29/23

Controlled Firing Area (CFA)

o Activities that could be hazardous to
nonparticipating aircraft
o Uncharted on the sectional chart
o Activities are stopped immediately when an
aircraft is spotted by:
n Spotter aircraft
n Radar
n Ground spotters

37

Other Airspace
o Military Training Routes (MTR)
o Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR)
o Published VFR Routes
o Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA)
o National Security Areas

38

4
 6/29/23

Military Training Routes MTR’s

o IR – IFR procedures are conducted regardless
of weather
o VR – VFR procedures, must have 5 SM and
3,000 ft ceilings
n No segment above 1,500 ft identified by 4
numbers ( IR1206, VR1207)
n One or more segments above 1,500 ft identified
by 3 numbers (IR206, VR207)

39

Temporary Flight Restriction TFR

o NOTAM documents the valid time and
operations that are restricted
n Protect persons and property in air or on the
surface
n Provide a safe environment for disaster relief
n Prevent congestion over public events (sporting)
n Protect the president, vice president
n Provide safe environment for space agency
operations

40

5
 6/29/23

Published VFR Routes

o Allows VFR traffic to more easily navigate through
congested airspace (class B)
o VFR Flyways
n No ATC clearance required
n On the back of associated Terminal Area Charts (TAC)
o VRF Corridor
n Essentially “a hole” through class B airspace
o VFR Transition Route
n Defined, standard route to minimize clearance time

41

VFR Flyways

42

6
 6/29/23

VFR Corridor

43

VFR Transition Route

44

7
 6/29/23

Terminal Radar Service Area

o Not a part 71 airspace
o Primary airport is class D
o Underlying airspace is class E
o Participation is encouraged but not required
o Charted by a black ring on sectional charts

45

Terminal Radar Service Area

46

8
 6/29/23

National Security Areas (NSA)

o Pilots requested to voluntarily avoid flights
through NSA
o Flights may be temporarily prohibited, and
will be announced via NOTAM

47

Air Traffic Control Services

o Primary RADAR
n The primary RADAR uses echoes off of the
aircraft
n Primary RADAR allows ATC to determine an
aircraft’s position and speed, but not altitude
o Secondary RADAR
n Utilizes the aircraft’s transponder to determine
altitude

48

9
 6/29/23

Air Traffic Control Services

o Transponder Codes:
n 7700 – General Emergency
n 7600 – Lost Communication
n 7500 – Hijacking
n 7777 – Discrete Military Code
o Emergency Frequency:
n 121.5 VHF
n 243.0 UHF

49

Air Traffic Control Services

50

10
 6/29/23

Air Traffic Control Services

o Traffic Advisories:
n ATC issues traffic
advisories based on
observed radar targets
n The traffic is referenced by
azimuth from the aircraft in
terms of the 12-hour clock
n The pilot should note that
traffic position is based on
the aircraft track, and that
wind correction can affect
the clock position

51

Radio Communication
o Restricted Radio License:
n Issued by the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC)
n Required to be in pilots possession for international
operations
n Valid indefinitely
o Radio Station License:
n Issued by the FCC
n Required for airplanes flying international or weighing
over 12,500 lbs
n Valid for 10 years (to the day)

52

11
 6/29/23

Radio Communication
o Radio Equipment
n In general aviation, the most common types of radios are
Very High Frequency (VHF)
n A VHF radio operates on frequencies between 118.0 and
136.975 and is classified as 720 or 760 depending on the
number of channels it can accommodate
n The 720 and 760 use .025 spacing (118.025, 118.050)
with the 720 having a frequency range up to 135.975 and
the 760 going up to 136.975
n VHF radios are limited to line of sight transmissions;
therefore, aircraft at higher altitudes are able to transmit
and receive at greater distances

53

Radio Communication
o Technique:
n Listen – Understand what the air traffic is telling
you
n Think – Decide what is required for the readback
n Speak – Read back only instructions

54

12
 6/29/23

Radio Communication
o Basics of Communication:
n When communicating with an air traffic
controller the following should be said:
o Who you are

o Where you are

o What you want to do

55

Key Terms
o General
o Controlled Airspace
o Class G Airspace
o Special Use Airspace
o Other Airspace Areas
o Prohibited Areas
o Restricted Areas
o Alert Areas
o Warning Areas
o Military Operations Areas
o National Security Areas
o Controlled Firing Areas

61

13