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Nirmal Panth Di Gourav Gatha
By :
Giani Balwant Singh Kotha Guru
Village & P. O. Kotha Guru,
Distt. Bhathinda-151206
Ph.: 01651-258222, 259111

fdhvj l.lwiS ^ 2009

F[Bj ^ 325/-

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##dViqv ljZPbJ s[ Fer[G uJ dy,B[ F[l } r[t w[ dwl[ ai%J VpwajygVg wiVg qpVjdlW VhgG
ujfsg a[ RpV%J sj dHh F[t blPvg a"i Rpa[ dV.sS-I'e VhgG q>dVbj uj lwsj m l+g epiP e'dW.s dl.z
ug V[ dlt Ziq sj f+yji dlix f.ujW a,w hg lgqa VhgG i,tSj lg m dHl vHg dViqv[ ljZPbJ }
baga F[l ZjiV sg tpv% s[ w[ RpV%J V[ dl.zJ s[ WVjil'G qpCV lji s[l s[ hi[w dHvjw[ dry F[dubj
ba[ x[i bV.sfpi A,c w[ qjvr[ s[ dHvjw[ ujS lq[G sqsq[ a'G V.s[C aw RpV%J } bjfS[ l.e hg
idtbj m f>dca wiq dl.z@ siejh dl.z bjds dViqv[ ljZP duV%J a'G bjf dVajf+ag fpijaV e+.oJ
sg woj lpdSbj wis[ lV@ Zpi s,tS \V.s[C| aw bjf s[ hq-iwjW idh.s[ ih[ m$$
\dViqv l.f+sjdH f>Vj 149|
1! lP! f+! b! 34 A.s 30 fP
2! b!53 A.s 20 fP
3! epi^ f+^ lP^ bZl 5 A.s 27
4! b! 29@ A.s 19 Rp

16
 Vjq wiS-#dViqv f>o$
##qjdibj dlwj uea dry VjVw dViqv f>op yvjIj mm$$
\1/45|

epiP VjVw s[r ug s[ f{i'wjiJ sg l>ea sj l>f+sjHg VjRpG #dViqv f>o$ ] m #dViqv$ LWs
sj bio FjHg wjV% dl.z ug VjFj V[ #qhjV w'L$ dry dHl ai%J wgaj ] ^
#dViqv-q{v idha@ f+wjL@ Rpujvj@ i"LV@ wv.w idha@ l+[LBjyjig@ dVir{i@ bdrdsbj@
q{v idha@ dViqv Ziq-\tjvlj Ziq| dl,t Ziq@ dViqv f>o-dl,t l.f+sjdH m$
#bdhdVdl VraV dViqvj q{vj V wWhP> h'dH m$ \f>Vj 790|

dl,t Ziq ZjiV rjvj epiP VjVw sj dl,t dwh' duhj hp.sj ] (
ljZ l.e h'H[ dViqvj VjVw f+F w[ i.e mm \f>Vj 297|

lWs ia[ l[ dViqv[ hRp ls Wdvhji{ ujlp mm \f>Vj 27|

fpijaV e+.oJ dry ldaepiP ug sg l.f+sjdH sj #dViqv f>o$ Vjq Vjv hg d;wi bjdHbj
] m FjHg Wjv[ rjvg uVq ljtg sg q,w[ sg e'lB dry dvdtbj ] ^
#wdvIpe VjVw dViqvj@ epi y[vj firjV m
fjdi Rpaji[ lFVj@ ldaVjqp s[ sjV m
wdvIpe VjVw dViqvj@ f>o yvjdHY bjdH m
r[s wa[W'G Wjhij@ ufs[ H[w tpsjdH m$
lf,LB ] r[sJ ba[ wa[WJ a'G dVbjij ldaepiP ug V[ dViqv f>o lojfV wgaj ] u'
epiWjSg s:jij #ldaVjqp$ sj Rpfs[L s[ w[ lji[ l.lji sg wdvbjS wiV rjvj ] m FjHg Fjegio
ug dvts[ hV ^
#igda xwgig Zji w[@ qisjVj Wjvj l.ejHg m
t>c W+hq>cg l{v wi@ Fr dVZ ajig tvw lWjHg m
#dViqv f>o$ yvjdHY@ H[w drr[w Fea ds+CjHg m
ljZV wdnV AcjdH w[@ epi y[v[ sg iga yvjHg m
wdvIpe VjVw wvj dstjHg m$
\rji Fjegio fRpCg ^ 33|
17
 dHl fpijaV rji dry dViqv f>o sj ldaepiP VjVw s[r ug a'G f+eB h'SJ sdlbj ] m
l+g epiP VjVw s[r ug V[ l+g epiP b.es s[r ug } dViqv f>o s[ sPli[ ldaepiP dVIa wgaj@
Vjv hg bjfS[ l.f+sjHg dl,w[ #dViqv f>o$ sg rg z'LVj wgag m dHl dViqv f>o iPfg dl,w[ s[
yjvP wiV sj ba[ l+g epiP b>es s[r ug } f>o s[ f+dl,Z wiV ba[ berjHg wiV sj bjs[L
ds,aj m FjHg episjl ug xpiqjRpGs[ hV ^
#qjdibj dlwj uea drdy VjVw dViqv f>o yvjIj m
ojdfbj vdhSj ugGrs[ epdibjHg dldi Aa= dxijIj m$
\1/45|

l+g epiP biuV s[r ug s[ lq[G aw dViqv f>o drL: drbjdtbja h' ypwj lg m dHl rjla[
f>yq fjdaLjh s[ lq[G dry dViqv f>o sg Whpag f+dl,Zg r[tS dry bjMsg ] m
#epi biuV udh W{n wi@ WJZg WgC lp e+.o m
udh f+ljs lF uea q[G@ yvh{ dViqv f>o m$
dHl rjla[ ldaepiP biuV s[r ug sg h;Pig dry qoij F,B epiP ul riSV wisj h'dHbj
qjS Vjv wdh.sj ] ^
dViqv F[t bfji ajlp dWVp brip Vj w'Hg mm
\f>Vj 1409|

Fjr¯ dViqv f>o bjfS[ Rpy epSJ s[ wjiS bfji/qhjV ] m dViqv F[t s[ e"ir } w'Hg
rg fhp.y VhgG lwsj m dHl[ rjla[ be[ bjdtbj ] ^
dHh fZda a[ qa yPwdh i[ qV F[sp dWF[sp V ujV WgbRp mm
\f>Vj 1409|

#fZda$ l.f+sjdH } wdh.s[ hV@ dHl rjla[ dHo[ ljrZjV wgaj ] dw dHl qhjV f>o
\dViqv F[t| riej h'i w'Hg F[t VhgG ] u' Vjq-WjSg@ woj-wgiaV@ Vjq sj bdFbjlg@
bjaq-fs sg f+jfag sj dViS{ wiV rjvj ] m W+hq-drdsbj sj f+sjaj ] m dHl rjla[ dHl
#fZda$/l.f+sjdH a'G dwa[ sPi Vj h' ujSj m
#epif+ajf lPiu$ dry FjHg l.a't dl.z ug dvts[ hV ^
u'e F'e l' s'V' iga m sHg #dViqv f>o$ w' yga m
ldaVjqp w' lpqiV wiV' m dHhg I'e dHw dvr w' riV' m
viV difV l' wiI' wju m dHhg F'e s[ sgH[ lqju m
dHaIjdsw dViqv Il w' m W.sdh ldaepi fjdH fil w' m 1

1! ep! f+! lP! ipa 3@ b>lP 22

18
 l+g epiP hdie'dW.s ljdhW ug sg bjdebj bVplji FjHg dWZgy.s ug V[ q{Vjw sg l.ea }
H[h Rpfs[L ds,aj lg ^
epi qdhqj dlqiV ldaVjqP m h'q{G dabje[ qV dWl+jqP m
sIj dtqj lpy l.Iq Zgiu m Ziq fijdHS ljy lWgiu m
epi dl,tg dViqv l.a'tp m lsj epiP w{ ih{ Fi'l m 1
WjWj epids,aj ug s[ f+v'weqV lq[G A[r[G ldaepiP ug V[ xpiqjdHbj ^
l[r[ Rpi dViqv WV ujdH m Fea eIjV epi dl,tg FjdH m 2
#epif+ajf lPiu$ dry dvdtbj ] dw uV ljZjiV ldaepiP ug } dViqv[ wdhw[ Ijs wis[
lV ^
dViqv epi epi sildh dltV@ fiq[Lri w' f+[q lpujV m
#epidWvjl fjaLjhg 10rgG$ dry dvdtbj ] dw qVPi riej dVw.qj rg fjil sg A'h Vjv
lriV WS uJsj ] u' wlrBg Rpa[ fPij Rpaisj ] m u' l[rw ldaepiP ug s[ siWji dry siLV
wiw[ ldaVjqp sj bdFbjl wis[ hV@ Rph dViqv h' uJs[ hV m dViqv WSw[ wdvbjS s[
bdZwjig WSs[ hV m
w.yV u{l wl'dB ve@ fjil v'h qVPi m
aI'G dViqv h{: dl,t aV@ dHh siWji huPi m 3
ldaepi siLV wjBa fjf m lV[ lV[ dViqv ]: uja m
Fjr¯ ldaepiP ug sj siLV lqP.h fjfJ } w,B ds.sj ]@ dl,t Zgi[-Zgi[ dViqv f>o sj
ZjiVg WS uJsj ] m
slq ldaepiP ug V[ t>c[ s[ b>dq+a sg qdiIjsj wjdHq wiw[ f>uJ dfbjdibJ } b.dq+a sg
sja WtLw[ drZgra #dViqv f>o$ } w"qg iPf s[ ds,aj m
dHh dWdZ fJy' dl.z w' t>c[ fhpv sgV m
f>y w'L Rpi eIjV s[ #dViqv f>o$ lp wgV m 4
dHh s'hij FjHg ijqw>ri rjvg ljtg dry rg bjdHbj ]@ dHo'G FjHg l.a't dl.z ug V[ v{
w[ epif+ajf lPiu dry b>dwa wgaj ] m dHl ai%J ljc[ dlZJa sg h'i rg fpijaVaj dl,Z hp.sg ] m
l+gqjV f>dca epvjW dl.z ug V[ #q"wL f>o f+wjL$ dry dViqv f>o sg drL[Laj dHl ai%J
s,lg ] ^
1! ijl 8 b>lP 35
2! ijl 8 b>lP 37
3! epidWvjl fj ^ 10rgG dZb ^ 29
4! ep! f+! lP! ipa 1@ b>lP 19

19
 #l+g epip e'dW.s dl.z lp@ fPiS hdi braji m
iyI' f>o Fr q{ f+eB@ s' DdWZ w' drlaji m
H[wV w[ wi tCe s{@ Fpu Wv Whp dWlaji m
fjvV FPqg w' wiI'@ splBV qPv Rptji m
b"iV wg dft drqv qda@ sgV' fiq drr[w m
dViqv Fjt[ uea dah@ h[i[ W+hq lp H[w m$
bio lfLB ] dw l+g epiP e'dW.s dl.z ug fPiS braji lV duV%J V[ f>o iyw[@ s' iPfJ dry
l.ena wgaj m dHw u,oj LlaiJ s:jij Ziq sg idtbj wiV rjla[ ;jvqJ Vjv l.e+jq vHg
dVIa wgaj m sPli[ u,o[ dry drr[w WpZg rjv[ Ljla+J s[ fnV-fjnV dry vjH[ u' ldaepiP ug
sg bjdebj bVplji Vjq-WjSg m drdsbj sj f+yji wiV rjla[ s[l-s[lJaiJ dry yv[ eH[
ba[ l.lji dry dViqv f>o s[ Vjq Vjv f+dl,Z h'H[ m
rjlar dry l+g epiP VjVw s[r ug s[ lq[G a'G v{w[ slq epiP ug s[ lq[G aw epidl,tg sg
l.f+sjdH sj VjRpG #dViqv f>o$ hg f+dl,Z lg m #tjvlj$@ #ldhuZjig$@ #ldhv.e$ bjds Rpf LjtJ
lV m ldaepiPbJ s[ lq[G dr,y s[L-f+s[L sgbJ l.eaJ } s' dh,DdlbJ dry r.dcbj h'dHbj lg m u'
l.ea ldaepiP ug s[ dl,Zg bZgV lg@ Rpl } #tjvlj$ dwhj uJsj lg m ql.sJ s[ bZgV l.ea }
#lhv.e$ bjdtbj uJsj lg m fPi[ f>o sj VjRpG #dViqv f>o$ lg m
qjv s[ wje;J dr,y #tjvlj$ Rpl l.fag \;qgV| } bjts[ hV u' dl,Zg iju[-qhjiju[/
lqijB aoj w[Gsig liwji sg h'r[ m dul l.fag \;qgV| Rpa[ dwl[ drlr[sji@ d;qgsji@
ujegisji@ qVlWsji ba[ dwl[ rg bVU drbwag sj w'Hg bdZwji Vj h'r[ m #tjvlj$ LWs
A[r[G fjaLjh s[ lq[G dry rg f+yva lg m cj! e.cj dl>z ug rv'G l>fjsa wga[ hpwqVjq[ fdhvg
Ajf dry A[r[G epiP ug ba[ V"r[ ldaepiP ug s[ hpwqVjdqbJ dry rg #tjvlj$ LWs bjdHbj ]^
#fPiW sg l.eda epiP sj tjvlj hdH$ 1

#fBS sg l.eda l+g epiP ug sj tjvlj ] m$ 2

l+g epiP e'dW.s dl.z ug V[ ql.s f+oj lqjfa wiw[ epidl,tg } dl,Zj bjfS[ Vjv u'C dvbj m
Rpl r[v[ liWa l.ea } tjvl[ sg RpfjZg Vjv drFPLa wgaj debj m dHl rjla[ sPu[ FjHg
episjl ug V[ dvdtbj ] ^
#l.eda wgVg tjvlj qVqptg sph[vj m$
Fjr¯ ldaepiP ug V[ ql.sj sg dry'veg taq wiw[ liWa l.ea } tjvlj WSjw[ bjfS[

1! fj! 6rgG hpwqVjqj 9@ f>Vj 15 fdhvg Ajf

2! fj! 9rgG hpwqVjqj 23@ f>Vj 27

20
Vjv dl,Zj l.fiw u'C dvbj m
dHl s[ drf+ga@ dur[G Rpfi sdlbj ] epiP wg dl,tg sj VjRpG #dViqv f>o$ ] m dViqv s[
bio hV dw qv@ drwL[f@ bdrdsbj@ bdebjV a'G idha@ L+[LB@ lsjyjig@ fjrV bjaqj@
fdrai qV@ WjSg rjvj drbwag m slq ldaepiP ug V[ rg tjvl[ sg dHhg fdiFjLj dsag ] ^
ujea u'a uf{ dVl Wjlpi@ H[w dWVj qV V{w V bjV{ m
fPiV f+[q f+aga lu{@ W+a e'i qCg qB FPv V qjV{ m
agio sjV sdHbj af l.uq@ H[w dWVj Vh H[w fAjV{ m
fPiV u'a ue{ zB q{@ aW tjvl ajdh Vtjvl ujV{ m \fj! 10rgG|

ldaepiP ug s[ woV bVplji #tjvlj$ LWs ba[ #dViqv$ LWs dry FjLj-F[s a'G dWVJ
w'Hg b>ai VhgG ] m s'V'G LWs hg lqjVjiow hV m #tjvlj$ biWg sj LWs ]@ u' be[ `jilg
dry f+r[L wi yp,wj ] ba[ #dViqv$ l.ldw+a sj m epiP slq dfaj ug s[ lq[G dry s[L sg
ijuwgI FjLj xjilg lg m epiP ug l:I. xjilg s[ drsrjV lV m dHl rjla[ lqP>h dltg } #tjvlj$
sg RpfjZg Vjv lVqjdVbj debj m dViqv[ l.a ldaepiP ug s[ bjLgirjs Vjv l.ld*a@ FjLj@
ljdhaU@ siLV@ Fjiag dHdahjl@ dqdohjl ba[ epiqda-epiWjSg s[ drsrjV ih[ hV@ dHl
rjla[ Rph fpijaV l.f+sjHg VjRpG #dViqv f>o$ Vjv hg f+dl,Z ih[ riVj tjvlj@ dViqv f>o sg
RpfLjtj lg m slq ldaepiP ug s[ lq[G dry drLjvaj e+dhS wi debj m ljc[ dHl dryji sg
f+'C%aj l^ Lql[i dl.z ug #bL'w$ dHV%J LWsJ Vjv wis[ hV ^
##dlt Ziq dry dHl ai%J Fjr[G fdhv[ fdhv #tjvlj f>o$ hg #dViqv l.f+sjH[$ lg m fi x[i
Rpsjl l.dVbjl dabje a[ xwgijVj ria'G-drhji ijhgG epiqda s[ f+yji } qp,t i,t w[ slq
fjaLjh l+g epiP e'dW.s dl.z ug V[ WCg sPi-b>s[Lg Vjv dHl aigw[ } Wsv dsaj m dViqv[ dl.z
tjvlj f>o sj hg b>e WSj dsa[ m RpV%J dltJ } epiP ljdhW V[ bjfS[ ilq irju s[ qpajdWw wtjH[@
q>ugng@ l.ZPig@ e[iPH[ uJ lx[s rlai fdhVS sg tpv% dsag m$$ \dViqv l.f+sjdH f>Vj 149|

l+g epiP e'dW.s dl.z ug V[ braji fBVj ljdhW dry Zjdibj@ l+g bjV.sfpi ljdhW } w[Gsi
WSjdHbj m tjvlj f>o ljdubj@ 14 u.e vC[ m yqw"i ljdhW dry bwoVgI WvgsjV wgaj m
sgV[ dry ;xiVjqj dvdtbj@ v,tg u.ev dry wrg siWji wga[ m avr.cg ljW' dry ata
sqsqj ljdhW wjdHq wgaj m l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW ug sg f+qjSdw WgC l>fPiV wgag m bioJ sg
l.f+sjdH bji.F wgag m epiPwjLg wjdHq wgag m s,tS \l,yt>c h;Pi ljdhW| VJs[C drt[ l+g epiP
e+.o ljdhW ug epiaj sg e,sg a[ drFPLa wiw[ u'ag-u'da lqjH[ m
dHl[ ai%J ;qVj s[ dwVji[ l+g fjRpGBj ljdhW drt[ yji riL dVrjl i,tw[ bV[w ydi,ai
wga[ m fjMBj ljdhW f+d*ag sg qV'hi iyVj dry'G dHw ] m uqVj sj wv-wv wisj rdhS@
fhjCJ sgbJ bjwjL } A'GhsgbJ y'BgbJ@ bV[w ai%J sg rVlfag sg lujrB@ u.evg ujVri

21
a[ f>AgbJ s[ l.ega zpv[ ega@ f+d*ag sj igNJ vj-vj dL.ejdibj dHh f+s[L@ wpsia sj bjV.s
f+jfa wiV rjla[ W[-rl wi ds.sj ] m
dHo[ slq ldaepiP ug 1685 Hg^ dry fpu[ lV m dHl lojV s[ qV'hi ds+LJ } r[tw[ fiq
f+l.V h'H[ lV m f+d*ag sg lp.siaj r[tw[ dHo[ hg idhS sj dVly{ WSj dvbj m dwv%[ sj dLvj
dVbjl it ds,aj m fjMBj Ldhi \fJrBj Ldhi| sj dViqjS bji.F h' debj m dihjdHLg qwjV
WSjH[ eH[ ba[ dwv%j dabji wgaj debj m sPi-sPi sgbJ l.eaJ siLV rjla[ fpuS v,egbJ m
fhjCJ s[ drywji uqVj s[ dwVji[ LJa rjajriS dry ljdhaU sj bdZb{V wiV ba[
wirjRpS v,e[ m sPi-sPi s[ lPiq[G/u'Z[@ drsrjV f>dca h;Pig dry bjRpS v,e[ m dHo[ Ljla+J
ba[ Lla+J sj bdZb{V h'S v,ej m lPidqbJ } hi ai%J sg ZVpi drdsbj dry fif,w wgaj ujS
v,ej m drsrjV RpKy ldhaU sj bdZb{V wiV v,e[ m slq ldaepiP ug sg FPbj \WgWg rgi'| s[
lfp,ai ugaqv@ l.e'Ljh@ e.ejijq@ qjhigy.s ZVpi drdsbj s[ drL[LeU lV u' dlt lPidqbJ
} bdFbjl wirjMs[ lV m dHl[ ai%J s[L-f+s[L s[ drsrjV@ f>dca@ wrg@ wvjwji bj w[
bjfSg-bjfSg drdsbj s[ yqawji drtjMs[ lV m
ldaepiP ug uqVj s[ dwVji[ Rpfi drsrjVJ sgbJ e'LBgbJ ba[ wrg siWji wirjMs[
lV m l.ld*a@ xjilg@ W+u FjLj ba[ f>ujWg sj lqds+LBg Vjv ldawji wgaj uJsj lg m lpWh-
Ljq RpfdVLsJ@ I'erdLLB@ egaj@ ijqjdHS ba[ qhJFjia bjdsw e+.oJ sg woj hp.sg lg m
dw.V[ hg wrg bV[w ai%J s[ e.+oJ sj bVprjs wi ih[ lV m dw.V[ hg q"dvw e+.oJ sg iyVj wi ih[
lV m l:I. ldaepiP ug WjSg sg iyVj wi ih[ lV m l+g ujf ljdhW@ lpZj lr{I[@ bwjv Rplaa@
y.cg sg rji bjdsw WjSgbJ sg iyVj ldaepiP ug V[ fjMBj ljdhW drt[ hg wgag ] m
qhJFjia ei>o s[ bVprjs sj wjiu rg bji.dFbj debj fi Lgz+aj rjla[ dw.V[ hg
drsrjV wrgbJ } dHw-dHw fir sj bVprjs wiV rjla[ dsaj debj m wrg h.lijq } wiS
fir@ b>Ddq+aijH[ } lFjfir@ wri[l } s+'Sfir@ q>ev } LvUfir s[ bVprjs sj w.q
l"Gdfbj debj m dHw-dHw wrg } h;jiJ ipfH[ l[rj xv dsaj ujS vej m ldaepiP ug sj ul
lpSw[ sPi-sPi a'G l{GwC[ drsrjV@ wrg ba[ dvtjig bjMs[ u' v,tJ h;jiJ ipfH[ s[ fpilwji
f+jfa wis[ lV m fjMBj ljdhW dry Vjq-WjSg@ woj-wgiaV@ s[L-Feag@ l{:qjV@ l{:bjaq -
drL:jl@ ije@ wjrU sg b>Ddq+aZjij rdh ihg lg m hi fjl[ tpLgbJ@ f+l.Vaj ba[ bjV.s sj W'v
Wjvj lg m fjMBj ljdhW sj rS ije-wjrU@ bSt-e{ia sg dl.z z'LVj Vjv eP.du Rpdnbj m
ldaepiP ug Ljla+-Lla+@ ije-wjrU sg fPiSaj rjla[ hi lq[G ip,N[ idh.s[ lV m ldaepiP ug V[
bjfSg d;.seg sj ljij FdrLU dHo[ hg Rpvgw dvbj lg m
l+g epiP e'dW.s dl.z ug dHw-dHw dl,t } drsrjV WdSbj r[tSj v'ys[ lV m hi dHw dl,t
} e+.og ug w'v drdsbj fC%V sj hpwq lg m epidl,tJ s[ bdZb{V rjla[ u.eg f,Zi a[ ljdhaU
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22
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dl,tJ sg drdsbj f+jfag rjla[ avr.cg ljW' d;v%j Wdn.cj dry #epiP wg wjLg$ sg
lojfVj wgag ba[ risjV dsaj dw dHo[ W{v WpZg rjv[ v'w rg drsrjV WSVe[ m l+g epiP e+.o
ljdhW ug s[ bio wiw[ lpSjH[ u' bjds a'G b.a aw 48 dl,tJ V[ LirV wga[ duV%J } 48 W+hq-
debjVg dwhj uJsj ] m dHl ai%J epiWjSg s[ bioJ sg l.f+sjdH bji.F wgag m dl,tJ } lF ai%J
sg drdsbj fC%V rjla[ idhaVjdqbJ dry bjs[L ds.s[ h'H[ ldaepiP ug V[ xpiqjdHbj ] ^
#epiqptg b,ti u' ] FjHg m dlt dlt a[ lgt[ ujHg m
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ldaepiP ug s[ dHl hpwq bVplji lji[ dl,t epiqptg@ epiWjSg@ dHdahjl@ dqdohjl@ ije@
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dryji WSjdHbj dw dl,tJ } l.ld*a drdsbj rg brLU fC%Vg yjhgsg ] m fC%jRpS rjla[
f>dca izPVjo } dVIa wgaj@ fi f>dca ug V[ dl,tJ } drdsbj fC%jRpS a'G dHVwji wi dsaj
dw dlt Vgrg ujag \LPsiJ| dry'G hV m W+jhqS VhgG hV@ ba[ Vj hg wL,a+g hV m dHl rjla[
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aiw lpS w[ xpiqjdHbj ^
#f>dca ug ) duV%J } aplg LPsi wdh.s[ h' dHV%J dltJ s[ yiVJ dry W{n w[ r,c[-r,c[ W+jhqS
r[s@ Ljla+ bjds 14 ai%J sg drdsbj fC%Ve[ m dHh dl,t W+jhqSJ s[ drdsbj epiP h'Se[ m$
debjVg debjV dl.z ug dvts[ hV ^
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dHV hg q[i[ dl,tV a{ vt m dWsIj W[s fT{Ge[ s:u st m
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duV w' aP. LPsi Wai{ ]G m dWsIj epip dsuV dHh o{G ]G m$ 1

1! f>o f+wjL f>Vj 2787@ l>fjsw dl>z ljdhW debjVg d*fjv dl>z

23
 f>u l.aJ } drdsbj f+jfag rjla[ wjLg F[uSj
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sg lqP>h l.ea dHw,ai h'Hg m bjlj sg rji s[ wgiaV a'G Wjbs ldaepiP ug V[ drdsbj sg
qhjVaj sg drbjdtbj wis[ h'H[ liW,a } drdsbj f+jfa wiV sj Rpfs[L dsaj m dHls[ Vjv
hg epiWjSg ba[ FjLj s[ f>u f+dl,Z drsrjVJ } bjrj; s[w[ tC[% h'S sj bjs[L ds,aj m dHh f>u[
drsrjV l.a wiq dl.z ug@ l.a ijq dl.z ug@ l.a e.cj dl.z ug@ l.a rgi dl.z ug@ l.a l{Sj
dl.z ug ldaepiP ug sg bjdebj bVplji h,o u'Cw[ tC[% h' eH[ m
dHV%J sg y'S ldaepiP ug V[ dHl rjla[ wgag lg dwMdw dHV%J } drdsbj Vjv bVpije
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s[ fdhvJ hg drsrjV lV m VrIprw lV@ l{vjVg lpFjRp lg@ Rpy[ bjyiV s[ qjvw lV ba[
ldaepiP ug s[ bjdebjwji lV m bjrj;j lpSw[ f>u[ l.a/dl,t yiVJ dry hjd;i h' w[@ Vqlwji
wiw[@ tC%[ h' eH[ m sgrjV tyj-ty Fdibj h'dHbj lg m l.ea ljh i'w w[ lpSV rjla[ wjhvg lg m
ldaepiP ug V[ xpiqjdHbj@ ##aphj} l.ld*a fC%V rjla[ wjLg ug } F[u ih[ hJ m wtjH[/
Fer[G rlai ZjiV wiw[ l.dVbjlg iPf dry r[s Ljla+J sg l.ld*a dry ljig drdsbj f+jfa
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dHl drdsbj } f>o dry f+yjiVj m dul ai%J sg aphjcg dViqv WpZg ] dHl ai%J dViqv[ WSw[
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sPli[ dsV Fer[G rlai ZjiV wiw[@ ejagbJ vjw[@ dy,fgbJ v{w[@ f>u[ l.a wjLg ug ujS
rjla[ epiP ug s[ yiVJ dry hjdui h'H[ m ldaepiP ug r[tw[ fiq f+l.V h'H[ m bV[w bjLgirjs
s[w[ wjLg ug } ujS sg bjdebj wgag ba[ xpiqjdHbj ^
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wjq w+'Z v'F aIje lje fja tjdH Wh@
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24
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zjl sgbJ wpvgbJ WSjw[ idhS v,e[ m dHh uaV qn f+dl,Z VjRpG #y[aV qn$ dViqv f>o sj
f+dl,Z dHdahjlw lojV ] m 1
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25
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dHdahjl dry fdhv[ r[tg lpSg VhgG eHg m FjHg sdHbj dl.z ug@ FjHg Ziq dl.z ug@ FjHg
dh.qa dl.z ug@ FjHg q'hwq dl.z ug@ FjHg ljdhW dl.z ug s[ dli avrji sg Zji Vjv fit[
eH[ hV m w[leC% ljdhW s[ drLjv sgrjV dr,y V.eg avrji s:jij duRpG-duRpG ldaepiP ug lgl
sg q>e wis[ ih[@ dHh f>u[ dl.z *qrji Rpn-Rpn w[ bjfSj lgl ldaepiP ug sg F[Bj wis[ ih[ m
ldaepiP ug Wgi il dr,y c"dvYG xCw[ a.WP dr,y ZPhw[ v{ uJs[ ih[ m f+aga dHhg hp.sj lg dw dl,t
NBwjH[ uj ih[ hV m f>urJ lgl v{S a'G Wjbs qpC ldaepiP ug a.WP dry'G Wjhi VhgG bjH[ m W{ng
l.ea s[ qV wjhv[ f{ ih[ lV m ljh ipw ih[ lV m hpS wg h' dihj ] ( dwl[ } w'Hg faj VhgG m wjxg
lqJ Wga debj m ldaepiP ug a.WP a'G Wjhi bjH[ m FjHg sdHbj dl>z ug@ FjHg Ziq dl.z ug@
FjHg dh.qa dl.z ug@ FjHg q'hwq dl.z ug@ FjHg ljdhW dl>z ug ljo lV duV%J s[ lp.si
slaji[/sqjv[ lu[ h'H[ lV m w[lig y'v[ lV m dy,DB[ wAdhi[ lV m ejai[ d*fjVJ lugbJ h'HgbJ
lV ba[ duV%J sj af-a[u hg bv"dww lg m ldaepiP ug s[ yiVJ dry q>y Rpfi lu[ h'H[ lV m
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Rpfi liWv'h s[ WjB[ dr,y uv fjw[ t>c[ Vjv WjSg sj ujf wiV v,e[ m dHl lq[G qjaj uga' ug
fajl[ v{ w[ hjd;i h'H[ u' ldaepiP ug V[ WS ih[ #b>dq+a$ dry fj dsa[@ dul Vjv b>Ddq+a dqnjl
Vjv Fi debj m ldaepiP ug V[ t>c[ Vjv fdhv[ f>u rji t>cj RpKyj wiw[ b>Ddq+a s[ wai[ bjfS[
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dtajW WtdLbj m f>uJ } lsj bjfS[ b>e-l.e idhS sj bdZwji WtdLbj m b>dq+a dabji
wiV sg drZg liWv'h sj t>cj-WjBj@ f>u WjSgbJ@ f>u dfbjdibJ s:jij l.f>V wiV sj drZjV
WSjdHbj m ldaepiP ug V[ dHw-dHw dlt } b>Ddq+a AwS sj bjs[L dsaj m l{GwC[ dlt f+da dsV
b>Ddq+afjV wiw[ ugrV lxv wi ih[ lV m b>dq+aZjig sj af-a[u ba[ siLV lji[ l.lji dry'G
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drdsbj sj lpq[v WdSbj h'dHbj ] m dHw sPli[ f+da f+[q Fjr@ LiZj bwoVgI ] m
26
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ug V[ fdhv[ hg l'y lqN w[ l.ea dry'G VjRpG v{w[ ypS[ lV m dHh RpV%J drbwagbJ sg y'S wgag
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fpijS@ ijqjdHS@ qhjFjia| fC%V rjla[ wjLg ug F[dubj lg m dHV%J f>uJ sg zjvSj rg f>u
dfbjdibJ rieg qhjV ] u' ldaepiP ug sj hpwq q>Vw[ u.evJ@ fhjCJ@ VsgbJ dry sg wjLg
ug dry riLJ WZg eiqg@ lisg@ Fpt@ dfbjl ldh.s[ h'H[ w[rv drdsbj f+jfa wis[ ih[ m dHV%J
f>uJ } ldaepiP ug V[ f>u dfbjdibJ sg ai%J fiq ldawji ds,aj m
fjMBj ljdhW sg y'S a'G 13 riL qei'G l>V 1699 Hg^ dry l+g bjV.sfpi a?a w[leC%
ljdhW drt[ f>u dfbjdibJ sg y'S wiw[ tjvlj f>o sg dliuSj wgag eHg m
ldaepiP ug V[ dViqv[ l.aJ } Ljla+ drdsbj W?Lg ba[ tjvl[ } Lla+ drdsbj W?Lg m
Ziq s[ Rpfs[LwJ } Ljla+ dry dVf>pV wgaj ba[ Ziq s[ i,dtbwJ } Lla+ dry f+rgV wgaj m
wvegZi dfaj s[ bV[w ai%J s[ ydi,a+ lpSw[@ l+g bjV.sfpi sgbJ i"SwJ@ drsrjVJ sgbJ
e'LBgbJ@ wrg siWjiJ s[ lqjyji lpSw[ f>u[ l.aJ s[ qV rg epiP ug s[ siLVJ vHg wjhv[ h'
eH[ m drdsbj dry fPiSaj f+jfa wi yp,w[ lV m dHl rjla[ ldaepiP ug s[ yiVJ dry fp,uS sj
dVLy{ wi dvbj m drdsbj sjaj f>Ddca lsjV.s ug } ljig e,v s,l w[ f>ujW ujS sg bjdebj
q>eg u' f>Ddca ug V[ lphiL firjV wgag m l.aJ s[ 13 riL s[ dVrjl Vjv #y[aV qn$ dViqv[
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dfbji[ q>y s[ V;sgw ldaepiP ug s[ yiVJ dry ljL'dFa hV m lPiWgi Lla+Zjig dl>z #Wgi
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dry lxvaj f+jfa wiw[ bjH[ hV m dHh f>u l>a lsgr hg ldaepiP ug sg d*fj s[ fja+ WS[ ih[ m

27
 sl WtLgLJ
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drr[w@ lWi@ l.a't@ dabje r[tw[ lq[G-lq[G f+l>Vaj dry wHg rji bjLgirjs/ risjV WtL[
hV& duV%J dry'G ldaepiP ug s[ sl bjLgirjs f+dl,Z hV m dHV%J } dViqv F[t dry #sl
WtLgLJ$ dwhj uJsj ] m dHV%J #sl WtLgLJ$ dry'G wHg WtLgLJ sj #liW v'h f+wjL$ e.+o dry
drlaji fPiWw riSV bjdHbj ] m

fdhvg WtLgL
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wjh.P l[ V ijt[ ije@ sr{t hP. V wjhP. l.e@
v'w wpv vju tB tB' duV Vj w' ] m
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dVeq f+rjh dVaI duV w[ dVhjv dl>z@
deij epiP e>+o wg q{G uJ w' f+[q Wjw' ] m
dVajf+da dVi'fjdZ bh.W+hq W'Z uj w[@
s{:a qv wBg dViqv[ Vjq Ij w' ] m
dViqv F[t Wji[ epiP wvegZi l:jqg V[ f+l>V qpt xiqjdHbj@ ##dViqv f>o s' iPfJ dry
f+dl,Z ih[ej m Feag qjie s:jij b>a+gr debjV sg tCe ZjiV wiw[ wjq@ *'Z@ Hgitj@ v'F@
q'h@ bh.wji@ s:{a@ blpig l.f+sj sj Vjl wi[ej m u' dwl[ Vjv rg ije@ s:{L VhgG wi[ej m ljig
qVp,taj } dV.q+aj fPiWw Vjq-WjSg Vjv u'C[ej m liWa f+jSg-qja+ } bjfSg hg bjaqj
q>V[ej ba[ q>VV wirjH[ej m debjV sg #WTVg$ s:ji[ wPC s[ wPC[ } ljx wi[ej m
sPlij iPf ¯ tjvlj f>o ligiw Wv Vjv bZiqgbJ@ bdabjyjigbJ@ s'tgbJ sj liWv'h
sg tCe Vjv lpZji wi[ej m dHl ai%J f>o bjadqw \Zjidqw| ba[ lqjduw lpZji wiw[@ Fjia
t>c dry laU Ipe riajH[ej m$$ debjV qjieg ba[ l.lji qjieg s'VJ fZagbJ sg drbjdtbj
sj epiP ug V[ riSV wiw[ xpiqjdHbj ]-
28
 #Z>V ugRp dah w' ue qdh qpt a[ hdi dya qdh upZ Wgyji{ m
s[h bdVa V dVa idhh ul Vjr yC%{ Frljei aji{ m
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#q"wL f>o f+wjL$ dry f>dca epvjW dl.z ug dvts[ hV ^
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iyI' f>o Fr q{G f+eB@ s' dWdZ w' drlaji m
H[wV w[ wi tCe s{@ Fpu Wv Whp drlaji m
fjvV FPqg w' wiI'@ spLBV qPv Rptji m
b"iV wg dft drqv qda@ sgV' fiq drr[w m
dViqv Fjt{ uea dah@ h[i{ W+hq lp H[w m$
debjVg debjV dl.z ug #f>o f+wjL$ dry dvts[ hV ^
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tpLg h'H[ epi b{l Rpyjig m lji drdsbj ue upe Fjig m
Lla+ H[w Ljla+ sPug m RPF[ ujda ue qjVg fPug m
spLB qPT Llai[G wi sW ] m Ljla+ a{ w'drs Wl xW ] m
b>Wgig rugig xwgig m sjV shgig ldF asWgig m
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l.qa 1776 dW! \1719 Hg!| dry iqsjlfpi[@ ljdhW ijqwp>ri ug w'v fpu eH[ ba[ dHo[ hg
ldal.e wiV ve[ m
ljdhW ijqwp>ri \Rpix WjWj epiWtL dl.z| w'v lpWh-Ljq ldal.e hp.sj m ldaepiP ug sg
h;Pig dry'G bjH[ dl.z ba[ dHvjw[ sgbJ l.eaJ bV[w ai%J s[ f+LV wisgbJ m ljdhW ijqw>pri
ug lF sj lqjZjV wis[ m ljdhW ijqwp.ri ug sg bjdebj Vjv FjHg ljdhW dl.z ug dvtjig
ljig dryji } Vjv-Vjv dvt dihj lg m dHl ai%J@ dHh dHdahjl ba[ siLV sj fdhvj e+.o
dabji h' dihj lg m dHl e+.o sj VjRpG #f>u l" ljtg$ f+dl,Z ] dul sg hpS w'Hg f+ag dqv
VhgG ihg m

dViqv f>o sg idha qiIjsj

dHw dsV FjHg siWjij dl.z ug V[ f+LV wgaj dw #u[wi epiP w[ dl,t l.lji a'G Rpfijq h'w[
ljZP WSVj yjhpS aJ dwl l.f+sjdH sj F[t ZjiV wiV dul Vjv epiP w[ dl,tJ sj dl,tg dlsw rg
WdSbj ih[ m$
Rpai dry ljdhW ijqwp.ri ug V[ xpiqjdHbj dw@ #epiP w[ dl,tJ } dViqv l.f+sjdH s[ ljZP
WSVj yjhgsj ] m dViqv f>o slJ ldaepiPbJ } HgL:i sg u'da q>Vsj h{ m l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW ug
} bjfSj dHLB q>Vsj ] m f>uJ dfbjdibJ s:jij b>dq+afjV wiVj ;iPig q>Vsj ] m b>dq+afjV a'G
dWVJ dViqvj l.a WS hg VhgG lwsj m dViqvj l>a epiP w[ epis:jdibJ@ agioJ@ Wp.debJ@ Lhgs
e.uJ@ b>egdnbJ@ lqjZJ@ ataJ@ epiqdabJ@ hpwqVjdqbJ sj fPiS ldawji wisj ] m epiWjSg@
woj-wgiaV sj f+yji wisj ] m uV lZjiV } epiP ljdhWjV ba[ epiP zi a'G ujSP wiw[ epiP w[
vC vjMsj ] m epiWjSg sgbJ f'ogbJ dvtw[ Ziqjio r>csj ] m
qjl@ qsij \LijW@ bxgq@ l,ptj/F.e| bjdsw qjsw fsjioJ@ fi dHla+g sj dVL[Z wisj
] m h'i F[tJ sg ai%J dViqv f>o dry bdebjV ba[ b>Z-drLrjl VhgG ] m RpsjlgbJ@
l>dVbjlgbJ@ W{ijegbJ@ VjoJ@ I'egbJ@ u{VgbJ sg ai%J uV lZjiV a'G rtij WSw[ VhgG
idh.sj m dli-q>Ph q>pca wiVj@ rcgbJ-rcgbJ uBJ itSgbJ@ ligi a[ lrjh qvw[ itSg@

36
dv.e@ w.V bjdsw A[sV[ dViqv f>o dry VhgG hV m dViqv[ l.a lpFjdrw iPf dry idh.s[ hV m
l.psi rlai fdhVs[ hV m Fer[G uJ lpx{s slaji[@ Wjwg rlai rg Fer[G uJ dy<B[ fdhVs[ hV m
dHl rjla[ epiP w[ dl,t dViqv F[t } ZjiV wiV m dHl dry drdsbj fC%V sj bdFbjl@
Vjq dlqiV@ W+hqdy.aV wiV sj hg dVIq ] m$
dHl ai%J ljdhW ijqwp.ri ug w'v ldal.e yvsj idh.sj lg m dlt l.eaJ bjf ug a'G hg
Zjidqw berjHg f+jfa wisgbJ lV m ldaepiP ug s[ lji[ h;Pig dlt ldaepiP ug s[ Rpfs[L ba[
ljdhW ijqwp.ri ug s[ ldal.e wiw[@ l.lji s[ fsjioJ } apA lqNs[ lV m w'Hg c[ij@ bjL+q@ qn
wjdHq wiV sj dHV%J qhJfpitJ V[ wsg l.wvf hg VhgG wgaj lg m F+qS s:jij uV-ljZjiS }
epiP VjVw s[r ug sg yiV/LiV vjMs[ ih[ m Ziq f+yji@ epiWjSg sj f+yji@ b>dq+a sj l.yji@
epiqptg drdsbj sj f+yji wis[ ih[ m

dViqv F[t sg fpijaVaj

dViqv[ qhJfpitJ sg fpijaVaj hi ai%J f+dl,Z ] m bV[w l.a ldaepiP ug sg h;Pig dry
idh.s[ lV u' blgG Rpfi dvt rg bjH[ hJ m dHl a'G dWVJ c[dibJ@ bjL+qJ@ ZiqLjvJ s:ji[@ v[tJ
s:ji[@ e+.o iyVj s:ji[@ fdBbJ@ ujegiJ s:ji[ hi f,t a'G dViqv[ l.aJ sg f+jygVaj f+dl,Z ] m blgG
l.t[f dry dHw-dHw@ s'-s' f+qjS b>dwa wis[ hJ m

dViqv[ l.a ba[ c[i[

\1| #uaV rB$ f+dlZ Vjq #y[aV qn$ wJLg \duo[ 1743 dW^ \1686 Hg^| dry dViqv[
l.a drdsbj f+jfag lq[G ih[@ f+dlZ dHdahjlw lojV ] u' dViqv F[t s[ bdZwji dry ] m
\2| l.a siejhj dl.z ug V[ 1710 Hg^ dry wVtv drt[ agli[ fjaLjh l+g epiP bqisjl
ug sj epis:jij wjdHq wgaj dul sj VjM #WjWj siejhj dl.z sj rjCj$ f+dl,Z h'dHbj m dHh
slq ldaepiP ug a'G w[rv 2 riL qei'G sj lqJ ] m
l>a w'dHi dl>z ug V[ 1807 dW^ \1750 Hg^| } b>Ddq+ali dry l+g siWji ljdhW ug sg
fdi*qj dry \c[ij| #Wp.ej dViqdvbJ$ wjdHq wgaj m 1 dHh slq epiP ug a'G w[rv 42 riL
qei'G sj lqJ ] m
\3| f>dca qjV dl.z ug V[ wpiPwL[ai \xPv f+jyg| dry l.qa 1800 \1743 Hg^| dry c[ij
wjdHq wgaj u' slq epiP ug a'G w[rv 35 riL qei'G sj lqJ ] m
\4| l.qa 1809 \1752 Hg^| dry WjWj bjvj dl.z ug sg lfp,a+g WgWg f+ZjV V[ f>dca
1! Wp>ej w'dHi dl>z sj riaqjV Vjq #dViqv btjCj qh>a qPv dl>z$ \idu ^| l>a b{rgdVRP ug!Bg! i'c@
b>Ddq+ali ] m riaqjV qh>a e'fjv dl>z ug hV m

37
dV,wj dl.z ug } 30 df>cJ sj fBj c[ij WjWj eJZj dl.z rjla[ dvtw[ dsaj u' epiP ug a'G w[rv
44 riL qei'G sj lqJ ] m

dViqv[ l.a _ e+.o iyVj

\1| f>dca epvjW dl.z ug V[ h[n dvt[ 5 e>+o dvt[ ^
wiq drfjw Fjtj l.qa 1810 \1753 Hg^|
f+W'Z y.s+ VjBw l.qa 1817 \1760 Hg^|
Fjriljdq+a l.qa 1834 \1777 Hg^|
q"wL f>o f+wjL l.qa 1835 \1778 Hg^|
bZIjaq ijqjIS l.qa 1839 \1782 Hg^|
\dHV%J dry'G fdhvj e.+o slq epiP ug a'G w[rv 45 riL qei'G dvdtbj ] m|
\2| f>dca l<sj dl.z ug y[aVqn wjLg rjdvbJ V[ l>qa 1824 \1765 Hg^| dry #bs:{a
dlZg$ sj #lpeqlji y>s+wj$ Bgwj wgaj u' epiP ug a'G 59 riL qei'G dvdtbj ] m
\3| f>dca dVhjv dl.z ug V[ l>qa 1852 \1795 Hg^| dry ufpug sj l.ld*a Bgwj
wgaj ] u' epiP ug a'G w[rv 87 riL qei'G sg iyVj ] m

dViqv[ l.a-f+yji@ fB[@ ujegiJ

\1| l.qa 1821 \1764 Hg^| dry f>dca vtj dl.z } l+! bqi dl.z W,ej V[ f+eSj
lpujVfpi sj fBj dvtw[ dsaj u' f>dca ug V[ firjV VhgG wgaj m dHh rjiaj slq epiP ug a'G
56 riL qei'G sg ] m
\2| l+! lsj dl>z WdhC rjvgH[ V[ l.qa 1823 \1766 Hg^| dry l.a Fea dl.z ug a'G
qhJFjia sg woj lpSw[ F'e lq[G 7 df>cJ sj fBj dvtw[ dsaj m l.a Fea dl.z ug V[ w'Hg df>c
rg firjV VhgG wgaj m dHh ev ldaepiP ug a'G 58 riL qei'G sg ] m
\3| l.qa 1846 \1789 Hg^| dry l! u{ dl.z zVHgH[ V[ l.a siejhj dl.z ug s[ c[i[ }
yji df>c F[B wga[ lV m dHh zBVj epiP ug a'G 80 riL qei'G sg ] m
\4| l.qa 1853 \1796 Hg^| dry qhjijuj iSuga dl.z ug V[ f>Ddca dVhjv dl>z ug
ufpug l>ld*a s[ Bgwjwji } btjCj W+hqWPBj b>Ddq+ali s[ WijWi ujegi sj fBj dvtw[ dsaj
u' f>dca ug V[ bfirjV wi dsaj m dHh rjiaj ldaepiP ug a'G 88 riL qei'G sg ] m
dHl ai%J dViqv[ qhJfpitJ sg l[rj@ af-dabje@ a[u-f+ajf Vjv hg f+jygVaj f+dlZ ] m

38
 dViqv[ qhJfpitJ sg Rpfwji Fig lirf,tg l[rj
dViqv[ lafpiLJ V[ ldaepiP ug s[ bjsiL bVplji l[rj } qpt idtbj ]m qVp,taj sg
FvjHg rjla[ fiRpfwji dyars[ ih[ m uVaj uVjisV sg bjadqw ba[ l.ljiw berjHg
wiw[ lsqjie fjdHbj m iPCgrjsg Vj idhw[ v'C bVplji bjfj lqifS wis[ ih[ m
q>cvgbJ s:jij df>c-df>c Ziq f+yji wiV ve[ m df>cJ ba[ LdhiJ dry c[i[ wjdHq wiw[
debjV sj sgfw uejRpS ve[ m f[GcP W,dybJ } epiqda sg dldtbj s[S ve[ m epiqptg drdsbj
fC%jw[ epiWjSg s[ fjng ba[ debjVg WVjRpS ve[ m ydwalj s:jij i'eJ sj dHvju rg wiV
ve[ ba[ bjIpir{dsw rg fC%jRpS ve[ m l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW ug ba[ bVU e+.o dvtw[ c[dibJ/
ZiqLjvjrJ dry lojfV wiV ve[ m r,c[ agioJ@ q[dvbJ a[ woj-wgiaV ba[ Ljla+jio wiw[
epiqda-epiWjSg } lir'fig dl,Z wiV ve[ m drdsbjvI t'v%w[ drdsbj sjV wiV ve[ m
r,c[-r,c[ e+.oJ sg iyVj wiw[ epiqda dlZJa sj dViPfV wiV ve[ m epiWjSg s[ Bgw[@
w'L@ ljdhaU@ siLV@ A.s Ljla+@ dHdahjl s[ l{GwC[ e+.oJ sg iyVj wgag m wHg bLiZwJ rv'G
epiqda s[ t>cV dry dvt[ e.+oJ sj t>cV wiw[@ epiqda dlZJaJ sj Wj-svgv q>cV wgaj m e+.o
iyVj a'G dWVJ fa+wjig dry rg Rpzj I'esjV fjdHbj m btWjiJ spbjij Rpv[tSgI f+yji
wgaj m
hi f>ow wjiu dry be[ h'w[ dh,lj fjMs[ ih[ hV m s[L sg bj;jsg sg vdhi } bji.F
wiV rjv[ dViqv[ l.a hg hV m epis:jij lpZji vdhi ba[ l:a.a+aj b>s'vV dry lF a'G b,e[ ih[
hV m s[L l[rj@ Ziq f+yji@ drdsbj f+yji dry rg Rpv[tSgI l[rj wi ih[ hV m dHV%J qhJfpitJ
s[ lirf,tg dVLwjq fiRpfwjiJ sj l.t[f lji fjnwJ sg ds+LBge'yi wis[ hJ ^
woj drbjdtbjV
dViqv F[t dry WC[-WC[ drsrjV wojwji@ drbjdtbjVsjaj qhJfpit h'H[ hV duV%J V[
woj drbjdtbjV Vjv h;jiJ f+jSgbJ } lsqjie fjdHbj m epiWjSg@ epidl,tg Vjv u'Cw[
v'w-f+v'w lxv[ wga[ m Fjr[G woj@ drbjdtbjV sg dViqv F[t s[ lqPh qhJfpitJ } Zpi a'G hg
sja f+jfa ] fi wpN bduh[ bjv"dww@ yqawjig qhJfpit rg h'H[ hV duV%J s[ f+ryV wiV sg
L{vg@ fs-fsjioJ sj riSV@ f+qjS/ds+LBJa@ LWsjrvg@ bfPir lg m woV dry il ba[
qZpiaj lg m f+ryV@ Iojiowaj ba[ bjfS[ dlZJa } dl,Z wiV sg Lwag lg m
39
 Ziq f+yji@ ldaepiPbJ@ diLgbJ@ brajiJ s[ Rpfwji@ epiWjSg sg drbjdtbj ba[
W+hqdrdsbj s[ dViPfV lW.Zg h[n dvt[ bVplji ldafpiLJ sj I'esjV bsp,ag dihj ] m
f>dca hig dl>z ug wojrjv[@ f>dca sgrjV dl.z ug ngwigrjv[@ f>dca VjijdHS dl.z
ug driwa diLgw[L@ f>Ddca x"uj dl.z ug q>cvg rjv[@ f>Ddca wjvj dl.z ug q>cv[L:i@ f>Ddca
bV.s dl.z ug q>cvg rjv[@ debjVg li'ri dl.z ug@ l+g qh.a f>dca ijq dl.z ug higw[@ qh.a
hjwq dl.z ug c[ij WjWj dqLij dl.z b>dq+ali@ f>dca wdvbjV dl.z ug@ f>dca his[r dl.z
ug driwa wpBgbj wVtv@ f>dca Vi'aq dl.z ug dViqv A[a+ b>dq+ali@ f+dl,Z dHdahjlwji
debjVg debjV dl.z ug bjdsw f+dl,Z h'H[ hV duV%J sj f+Fjr hjvg aw li'dabJ s[ qVJ Rpa[
lqjdHbj h'dHbj ] m
f>dca hig dl.z ug \f>ujW dl.Z A[a+| f+dlZ wojrjv[@ l.a q>cvg ldha V[fjv sg Ija=j a[
eH[ m q>cvg dry f.dca HgLi dl.z ug s"Zi rjv[ rie[ driwa@ rgaije qhJfpit Ljqv lV m
dHw dsV V[fjv lqijB V[ tB siLV ljZP lqju } iju f+jljs dry WpvjdHbj m Whpa r,cg lFj
v,eg@ r<c[-r,c[ rgaije qhjaqj Rpfldoa h'H[ m dHl lq[G V[fjv Vi[L V[ Rpfs[L lirV wiV
sg dH,Aj f+eB wgag m l.a ldaVjq dl.z ug s[ wdhS a[ f>dca ug V[ f+ryV wgaj dul sg
b.dq+aWjSg } lpSw[ qhjijuj fiq f+l>V h'dHbj m epiWjSg@ r[s@ RpfdVLsJ@ fpijSJ@ dl.q+agbJ
s[ f+qjS/rjwJ s:jij f+Fjdra h'w[@ bjf ug sj Fea WS debj m sl h;ji ipfH[ F[B wga[
duV%J r,v f>dca ug V[ r[dtbj aw rg VhgG m dHl lq[G bjf ug V[ ijuZjVg wnq>cP dry
epis:jij ljdhW wjdHq wiw[ l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW ug lojfV wga[ m
l+g qh.a f>dca ijq dl.z ug higdwbJ rjv[ rg qhjV drbjdtbjV rjylfag lV m l.qa
1977 dW^ \1920 Hg^| s[ Rpu{V wp>F fir a[ bjf ug sj f+ryV lpSw[ qhjijuj erjvgbi
bdab.a f+Fjdra h'dHbj lg m dVq+aj fPiWw dVq>a+S s[w[ eS[L y"o a[ erjvgbi WpvjdHbj
ba[ xPv Wje dry Rpajij wgaj debj m tB siLV ljZP lqju sj bojh dHw,n lg m eS[L y"o
s[ fir a[ bjf ug } qdhvJ dry WpvjdHbj debj m tB siLV ljZP lqju rg fpdubj h'dHbj
lg fi l+g qh.a ug qhjiju } qhjiju[ V[ bjfS[ WijWi Rpy bjlV Rpfi W{njdHbj m qhjiju[ V[
eS[L ug sg qPiag be[ bjf wgiaV wgaj m
l+g qh>a ug qhjiju sj drsraj Fdibj drbjdtbjV h'dHbj m qhjijuj lpSw[ bda
f+l.V h'dHbj ba[ Vjv hg dHw dsV h'i woj wiV vHg W[Vag wgag m l+g qh.a ug V[ I'e lqJ
r[tw[ l+g epiP hdie'dW.s ug qhjiju sj erjvgbi s[ dwv%[ dry wjijrjl rjvj f+wiS
lpSjdHbj m qhjijuj lpSw[ dHV%J f+l.V h'dHbj dw xPv Wje dry epis:jij lojfV wi dsaj m l+g
qh.a ug ba[ l.a q>cvg sg ldawjifPiWw fPuj wiw[ drsjdHeg ds,ag ba[ dHw h;ji ipfH[
ljvjVj dVIa wgaj m
40
 f>dca VjijdHS dl.z ug sg woj LirV wiV rjla[ h;jiJ drbwag fdhvJ hg bjw[ W{n
uJs[ lV m duhCj rg woj Rpfs[L lpSsj lg Vjq WjSg@ dl,tg Vjv upC uJsj lg m l:jqg vjv dl.z
ug \f+dlZ dViqv l:jqg| us r[sJa Rpfi f+ryV wis[ lV@ h;jiJ drbwag qV wiw[ dHwjeidy,a
h' uJs[ lV m h[n dvt[ qh.a/l.a qhjV drbjdtbjVsjaj ba[ wojwji ru'G f+dl,Z hV ^
qh.a Wp,Tj dl>z ug dViqv bjL©q diLgw[L@ f>Ddca s[liju dl>z ug s,tSg@ f>Ddca HgLi
dl>z ug wjLg@ f>Ddca hig dl>z ug VjIjIw sqsqgH[@ f>Ddca wdvbjS dl>z ug wVtv@
f>dca l.fPiV dl>z vjh"i@ f>Ddca biuV dl>z ug dFtlP@ f>Ddca hig ijq dl>z ug r{dsw diLg@
f>Ddca l>a dl>z ug Ljla+g wjLg@ f>Ddca dV,wj dl>z ug driwa dViqv bjL+q diLgw[L@ f>Ddca
episgf dl>z w[lig rjijSlg@ f>Ddca biupV dl>z ug qpVg@ f>Ddca WvWgi dl>z drI'eg ds,vg@
l+g qh.a f>Ddca WvWgi dl>z ug Ljla+g@ debjVg lp>si dl>z ug woj rjv[@ f>Ddca hwgwa dl>z
ug bidr>s@ debjVg dWLV dl>z #*gB$ hdisrji@ f>Ddca VjijdHS dl>z ug r[sJa rjegl
s,tSg@ debjVg uea dl>z b>Wjvj@ qh.a Wdy,ai dl>z ug V.ejvg ljdhW@ qh.a ijq dl>z ug
dViqv bjL+q diLgw[l@ l>a WjWj sv[v dl>z ug driwa Ljh bjWjs@ qh.a ljZP dl>z ug
Ljla+g y,w r[Ghcv \uv>Zi| f>Ddca izpWgi dl>z ug Ljla+g dViqv l.afpij wVtv@ l:jqg
braji hig ug diLg bjL+q \q>lPig|@ l.a ueuga dl>z ug \hit'rjv rjv[| lpvajVfpi v'Zg@
qh>a lpiuga dl>z ug t>cPi ljdhW@ qh>a qvwgba dl>z ug dViqv wpBgbj W.e[@ qh>a Fje
dl>z ug W.e[@ \f+ZjV spbjWj dViqv qhJ q>cv| qh>a epiWyV dl>z ug fnvjrj \uViv
l{wBig spbjWj dViqv qhJ q>cv|@ l+g qh>a f>Ddca debjVs[r dl>z ug@ debjVg Vjhi dl>z
ug driwa wpBgbj i'fC@ l:jqg uesgL hig ug ijueC%@ l[rj s[ fp>u l.a dq,nj dl>z ug Wp.ej
qlaPbjSj sqsqj ljdhW@ WjWj Fer.a FuV dl>z ug iqsjl \sw'h[ rjv[|@ qh>a Wvr>a
dl>z ug l{wBig@ f>yjdHag btjCj dViqvj wVtv \hdis:ji| l:jqg lir[l:i dl>z ug lfali'ri
\hdis:ji|@ f>dca izpWgi dl>z ug Ljla+g vjh"ig B'vj wjLg ug@ l>a u'Z dl>z ug dViqv bjL+q
diLgw[L@ drdsbj sjVg l.a \WjWj| qvwgba dl>z \c[ij uWC| df>c qjSw'@ qh>a qVuga dl.z
ug V>ejvg ljdhW \u.qP|@ l>a uga dl>z ug ba[ l>a ulfjv dl>z ug u"hvj \uv.Zi|@ l>a
qVuga dl>z ug hit'rjv@ qh>a a[uj dl>z ug b{q!H[! epiPli tp,cj@ qh>a ues[r dl>z ug q'Vg
BPB'qujij@ qh>a fiL'aq dl>z Ljla+g q'sg Vei@ qh>a wqvuga dl>z ug Ljla+g ilPvfpi ba[
lptjV.s l>a d*LV dl>z ug l>aV wg wpBgbj b>Ddq+ali@ qh>a siLV dl>z ug f>u eijHg wvJ@
qh>a lpty{V dl>z ug debjVg ba[ qh.a ;{v dl>z ug Ljla+g dViqv btjCj@ qh.a qPv dl>z
ug!Bg! i'c l>a b{rgdVRP b>dq+ali@ qh>a hjwq dl.z ug df>c e.cj dl>z rjvj@ l.a iSuga
dl>z ug Wjh'rjv rjv[@ qh>a dHwWjv dl>z W'svJ rjv[ bjdsw bV[w qhJfpit hV m
ije wgiaV
ljdhaU ba[ l.ega drsraj sj dy.V% q>V[ uJs[ hV m dViqv[ qhJfpit ljdhaU ba[
41
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qhJfpit h'H[ hV duV%J V[ ije ba[ wgiaV s:jij VjqWjSg sg lji[ s[L dry b>dq+a ritj wgag
] m qhJfpitJ sg ije/wgiaV s:jij wgag h'Hg l[rj lpVdhig b,ti dry dvtS I'e ] m
l+gqjV l.a WjWj dqLij dl.z ug \b.dq+ali rjv[| f+dlZ ijeg ba[ wgiaVgH[ h'H[ hV u'
wHg riL l+g hdiq>si ljdhW ug@ b>Ddq+ali drt[ dWvjrv sg y"Gwg wis[ ih[ m bjf dVi[ ijeg
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43
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44
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h'dHbj m dHh l+g epiP e>+o ljdhW ug a'G RpKyj W{dnbj wisj lg m hp,wj fgGsj lg m l[rwJ } qP>h sg
fgw dfMsj lg m debjVg ug V[ bduh[ wpwiqJ a'G i'dwbj m Ljla+J spbjij a.WjwP sg F+LBaj
s,lg m epiWjSg s[ e"ir a'G ujSP wirjdHbj m epiWjSg/dHdahjl sgbJ svgvJ s[-s[ w[ dVipai
wgaj m dLrdsbjv dl.z V[ lji[ b"epS A,cS sj f+S wgaj m hp,w[ sj dabje wgaj m epiWjSg sj
ldawji wiV vej m dlrdsbjv dl.z ug s[ ugrV dry bjH[ fdiriaV Vjv Ldhi dry
debjVg ug sj fiq ldawji h'dHbj m
\6| f>dca qh[Lij dl.z ug Ljla+jio wiV dry bsp,ag I'eaj its[ lV m f+Ijeiju dry
bjf ug sj wgaj h'dHbj Ljla+jio f+dlZ ] m

47
 \7| l+g qjV f>Ddca sgrjV dl>z ug ngwig rjdvbJ sj a+I.Ww[L:i \Vjdlw| drt[ qhJ wp>F
fir RpKa[ a+I>Ww[L:i \q>Ddsi| s[ fpujigbJ ba[ s,tSg Fjia s[ dHl dHdahjlw Ljla+jio s[
wjiS a+I>Ww[L:i sg Zjiqw qiIjsj sj dHdahjl Wsv debj m drsrjVJ Vjv wgaj Ljla+jio
f+dl,Z ] dul sj drlaji blgG f>Ddca sgrjV dl>z ug sg ugrVg dry f>Vj !!!!!!!!!!!!! a[ b>Ddwa
wgaj ] m

sqsqg epiqptg s[ dvtjigbJ sg Bwljv

epiP wjLg epiqptg dvfg s[ dvtjigbJ sj w[Gsi rg lg dul sg lojfVj l+g epiP e'dW>s dl>z
ug V[ wgag lg m Fjr[G epiqptg e+.oJ s[ Rpaji[ h'i ojrJ RpKa[ rg hp.s[ lV fi sqsqg epiqptg sg
dvtS-L{vg Whpa hg LjVsji@ lf,LB ba[ lp.si lg m
dvtjigbJ } dvtjig WSV sg Bi[dV>e rg epiPwjLg dry hg ds,ag uJsg lg m dHw-dHw
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lV@ dul ai%J ^
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wgaj uJsj lg m epiPwjLg s[ b,ti dH>V[ lj` a[ lf,LB lV@ fjnwJ } dwl[ b,ti Wji[ F+Jag VhgG
hp.sg lg m
wje; wLqgig ridabj uJsj lg m wjQ; } dvtSI'e WSjRpS rjla[ fdhvJ w"cgbJ
s[ fp,n[ fjl[ Vjv z'Bw[ lj` a[ Viq WSjdHbj uJsj lg m f>wagbJ dl,ZgbJ i,tS sj T>e rg
i"yw a[ f+L.lj I'e lg m A[wJ rjvg v,wCg sg x,Bg dry q'B[ Zje[ RpaVg-RpaVg dr,o Vjv v>zjH[
uJs[ lV@ du>Vg dr,o f>wag sg i,tSg hp.sg lg m RpV%J ZjdebJ RpKa[ 10-15 wjQ; i,t w[ RpKa[
Fji i,Ddtbj uJsj lg m sjW Vjv f>wagbJ s[ dVLjV WS uJs[ lV dul Vjv f>wag dl,Zg
idh>sg lg m
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sj rg dvtjigbJ w'v dHvju lg m dl,fg \dwl[ yg; } l'wsg VhgG| dry dVIa deSag dry
w"cgbJ sj fgnj ba[ eP>s dqvjw[ fjSg fj w[ i,Ddtbj uJsj lg m dHl sj dlbjhg RpKa[ l`jHg

48
Vjv v[f wi ds,aj uJsj lg m lp,wS RpKa[ qpC lhg b,ti fjdHbj uJsj lg m dlbjhg x{vsg VhgG
lg m hvsg s[ fgv[ i.e Vjv lpZjHg hp.sg lg m slq e+.o dry dL>eix Vjv lv'wJ s[ V.Wi ba[
bVU fplawJ s[ b>av[ LWs@ dliv[t@ dh>sl[@ bdZbjH[ bjdsw vjv dlbjhg Vjv dvt[ uJs[
lV fi l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW dry vjv dlbjhg VhgG riag uJsg lg m
epiPwjLg dry RpKy f,Zi $a[ v[tS wjiI wiq y,vsj lg m dlbjhg dHo[ dabji hp.sg lg
dul dry r,t-r,t b"LZgbJ drL[L bVpfja Vjv dqvjHgbJ uJsgbJ lV aJ dw dlbjhg f,wg@
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dHo[ l+g epiP e+>o ljdhW ug sgbJ duvsJ W>V%S sg wvj rg dltjHg uJsg lg m l+g epiP e+>o
ljdhW ug sj r,cj bjwji h'S wiw[@ drywji'G f,ai[ Wjhi Vj dVwv ujS@ dHl i'w rjla[
duvs W>V%S a'G fdhvJ bsFpa ;.ugig W>V%g uJsg lg dul Vjv duvs bda q;WPa WS
uJsg lg m 1
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\uVq Vei FjHgiPfj-r[sJa sj qhjV drsrjV| s[ y"i b,u rg epiPwjLg s[ lji[ epiblojVJ
dry r[t[ uj lws[ hV m
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epiqptg } fC%jMs[ rg lV ba[ epiqptg sg dvtjHg rg wis[ lV m u' q"dvw e>+o dvtsj ]@ Rpl
} v[tw dwhj uJsj ] m u' tpLta \lp.si| b,tiJ dry e.+oJ s[ Rpaji[ wis[ lV@ RpV%J } #dvtjig$
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bSdehvg rias[ hV m

49
dwhj uJsj lg m dHh dvtjig dHwjeidy,a rjv[ l.a hg hp.s[ lV m dvtjigbJ sj drsrjV@
ljdhaUwji ba[ bjq l.eaJ bda ldawji wisgbJ lV m dvtjigbJ sj qp,t w[Gsi epiPwjLg
avr>cg ljW' dry lg duo[ tpLta dvtjHg wiV sg dldtbj dsag uJsg lg m qhJfpiL w[rv
epiWjSg sg dvtjHg ba[ Zjidqw e+.o hg dvdtbj wis[ lV m 1
\1| af'dVZg l:jqg Fea dl.z ug df>cgz[W rjdvbJ V[ l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW ug sgbJ f>u
WgCJ dvtgbJ lV m l+gqjV l.a drZjrj dl.z ug vdhijtjVj \d;vj Wdn.cj| rjdvbJ V[ f>u
WgCJ dvtgbJ lV m dHh qhJfpit ufpug@ lptqVg ljdhW ba[ h'i WjSgbJ s[ epBw[ dvt-dvt w[
r.dcbj wis[ lV m
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epiqptg hp.sg lg m dur[G epif+ajf lPiu@ q'wL f>o f+wjL@ bdZbjaq ijqjdHS@ h}qjV VjBw@
e.eIag dVsjV@ q[zdrV's@ f>o f+wjL bjds bV[w e+.o hV m f>ujW dry epiqptg dvfg ijhgG
du>VJ f+yji h}qjV VjBw ba[ bdZbjaq ijqjdHS sj h'dHbj ] RpVJ apvlg ijqjdHS sj
VhgG m
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ba[ epiPzi s[ bVU e+.o dHo[ bV[w dvtjig dvts[ lV m epiPwjLg@ l+g sqsqj ljdhW avr.cg
ljW' sg epiqptg } #sqsqg epiqptg$ bjdtbj uJsj lg m sqsqg epiqptg@ wLqgig epiqptg@
b>dq+alig epiqptg s[ fpijaV dvtag VqPV[ FjHg wjV% dl.z ug VjFj V[ bjfS[ #qhjV w'L$ dry
b>dwa wga[ hV m ljigbJ epiqptg dvfgbJ y'G sqsqg epiqptg lp.si a[ lfLB lg m us'G 1835
Hg^ dry vpdZbjS[ epiqptg sj AjfjtjVj vdebj@ aJ ljigbJ epiqptg dvfgbJ s[ VqPV[ dHw,n[
wga[ eH[ dw dwhC[ b,ti lpt{V@ lp.si ba[ lfLB hV m wjxg l'y dryji a'G qei'G sqsqg epiqptg
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VLgVg sj bdZwji dsaj debj m
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bwoVgI I'esjV fjdHbj ] m h[n dvt[ qhJfpit epiqptg s[ e+.oJ s[ f+dlZ dvtjig h'H[ hV ^

1! epiqptg Fjia sg f+jygV dvfg ] m dwl[ r[v[ Rpaig Fjia dry dHl sj W'v Wjvj lg@ fPir wjv a'G epiqptg
} dwl[ iju[ qhjiju[ V[ bjfSg lif+lag VhgG WtLg m dHlvjqg iju lq[G dHh f+LV hg VhgG Rpnsj m
qhjijuj iSuga dl>z r[v[ rg dHl } dwl[ V[ Ijs VhgG wgaj m hpS a,w epiqptg } ws[ rg w'Hg iju wgI
qjS-ldawji VhgG dqdvbj m epiqptg aP. ugra i,tS rjv[ w[rv Rpsjlg ba[ dViqv[ l>a hV m dHV%j qhJ
fpitJ V[ lji[ Fjia@ V[fjv@ bxejVlajV ba[ iPl s[ WjwP Ldhi a,w epiqptg sg e'iraj s[ N>c[ e,c[ hV
ba[ f>ujWg sg hiqV dfbjig dvfg WSjRpS/f+yjiV dry bwdh I'esjV fjdHbj ] m

50
 l.a h{Wj dl.z ug epis:jij epiPli df>c qijN \d;vj Wdn.cj|@ l.a sv dl>z ug Fpy' wvJ
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epiWtL dl.z ug Wp.ej dvtjigbJ sqsqj ljdhW epiPwjLg@ f>dca LIjq dl.z ug c[ij q.erjv@
l.a W,vj dl.z ug tcPi ljdhW@ f>dca VjVP dl.z ug c[ij w'i[rjvj@ qh.a u{ dl.z ug c[ij l,sj
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bzC dl.z ug BPB'qujij@ qh.a f+ajf dl.z ug c[ij y"Gw WjWjljdhW b>dq+ali@ l.a FerjV
dl.z ug debjVg c[ij qjSPw[ m

Zjidqw drdsbj
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rjla[ dHh qhJfpit bjf drdsbj sj bdZb{V wis[ ba[ qVp,taj } drdsbj sjV wis[ hV m
duo[ hi c[i[ dry drdsbj fC%jHg uJsg ] Rpo[ Rpy drdsbj rjla[ drL[L drdsbjvI rg
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fC%jHg uJsg ] m sPu[-VrgV T.e s[ \lwPv@ wjvu| u' dwl[ IPVgridlBg Vjv l.W.dZa hV m
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dry bji.F wgaj lg dul dry epiWjSg sj LpZ fjn@ bio-W'Z@ epidHdahjl \epif+ajf lPiu@
f>o f+wjL@ FjHg episjl@ slq e+.o bjds| fC%jdHbj uJsj ] m wgiaV-ije sg dldtbj rg
dsag uJsg ] m s[L s[ hi dh,l[ dry'G l{GwdCbJ sg deSag dry dHl drdsbjvI dry drdsbjiog
drdsbj f+jfa ih[ hV m rlai@ F'uV@ dihjdHL@ e+.o@ ije dl,tS rjv[ lj; drdsbjvI dry'G
hg dsa[ uJs[ hV m dHl bjL+q sj f+W.Z #l.a l[rw uoj Wp.ej qlaPbjSj$ fPiV I'eaj Vjv wi
dihj ] duV%J dry l.a dq,nj dl.z ug ba[ l.a debjVg u.e dl.z ug ijeg f+qp,t hV m

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duV%J dry l.ld*a sg RpKy drdsbj dsag uJsg ] m dHw drdsbjvI wVtv \hdis:ji| dry ] m
sPuj l.ea vjh"ig B'vj rjijSlg dry ] m s'r[G drdsbjvI #l.fPiVjV>s IPVgridlBg@ rjijSlg$
bZgV f+gdtbj ds.s[ hV m f>ujW@ V[fjv lq[a lji[ s[L dry'G drdsbjiog dldtbj f+jfa wis[
hV ba[ l.ld*a s[ f+wJc f>dca WSs[ hV m

51
 sqsqg bioJ sg l.f+sjdH 1
slq epiP ug a'G fdhvJ bioJ sgbJ wHg L{vgbJ f+yva lV m RpsjlgbJ sg L{vg@
qgdSbJ sg L{vg@ dh>sjvgH[/dVi>uVgbJ sg L{vg@ duV%J sj dHdahjl dry lf,LB riSV
dqvsj ] m dHhVJ L{vgbJ/f+SjvgbJ dry dwl[ dry f"ijSw woj whjSgbJ sg Fiqji ]@ dwl[
dry lepS brajiJ sg W[v'Cg Rpfqj wgag eHg ]@ dwl[ dry r[sJa sg fp,n ]@ dwl[ dry epiP
ljdhWjV ba[ epiWjSg } ApdBbj w[ bjfS[ wvfa qhJfpitJ sgbJ wvfa wijqjaJ s:jij
r,cfS riSV wgaj debj ] m dHV%J qVqagbJ sg L{vg sj ljdhaU f+wjLa ba[ bf+wjLa
dvtag iPf dry Whp-l.dtbj dry dqvsj ] m bduhg qVq,a Fig bdebjVaj } lsj vHg

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W'Z f+jfa wiV sj lji[ l>lji s[ f+jSg-qja+ } bdZwji ] m
sqsqg bioJ sg l>f+sjdH \sqsqg Bwljv| sj dHdahjl v>qj ba[ drLjv ] m blgG w[rv qja+ wpN
wp dViqv[ qhJfpitJ s[ Vjq b>Ddwa wiV a,w lgqa ihJe[ m
fdhvJ FjHg qVg dl>z ug Vjv lW.Za drdsbjiogbJ/woj wjiJ sj riSV wis[ hJ m dViqv f>o sg
deCrCg l>f+sjdH s[ debjVg dHdahjl f+dl,Z hV m l>a epvjW dl>z \deCrCg rjdvbJ| s[ da>V dLL_
f>dca ajij dl>z #Vi'aq$ @ f>dca ljZP dl>z fdBbjvj ba[ qh>a hqgi dl>z ug lV m RpaijdZwjig qh>a
hqgi dl>z dVIa h'H[ m qh>a hqgi dl>z s[ dLL l>a dWLV dl>z ug qijv[ rjv[ epiWjSg/epi dHdahjl s[
qhjV debjVg lV m l>a lp>si dl>z ug dF>ci wvJ rjv[@ debjVg dWLV dl>z ug s[ drdsbjiog lV m l>a
lp>si dl>z ug s[ bV[w drdsbjiogbJ dry'G l>a q[vj dl>z ug dViqv wpBgbj Ldhi W>ej \d;v%j VrJ
Ldhi|@ f>Ddca hwgwa dl>z ug #bidr>s$ ba[ l>a epiWyV dl>z ug dF>ciJ rjv[ lV m l>a epiWyV dl>z
ug s[ bV[w drdsbjiogbJ dry'G l>a q'hV dl>z ug dF>ciJ rjv[@ debjVg qptdabji dl>z ug #lji>e$@
qh.a Vjhi dl>z ug dViqv driwa wpBgbJ i'fC@ l>a dH>siuga dl>z ug debjVg@ l>a dVi>uV dl>z ug
r{sU bjdsw bV[w lV m r{sU ug s[ RpaijdZwjig debjVg Fpdf>si dl>z W'fjijH[ rjv[ hV m debjVg
hiFuV dl>z ug Tpcgw[ dVrjl i,ts[ hV m debjVg FerjV dl>z ug dViqv Wp>ej df>c dF>ciJ d;v%j
l>eiPi rjv[ rhgi \q>cvg| s:jij Ziq f+yji wi ih[ hV ba[ dVq+aj rjv[ qhJfpit hV m
l+gqjV l>a hiVjq dl>z ug epis:jij episiLV f+wjL y"Gw qdhaj rjv[@ l>a dH>siuga dl>z ug
debjVg s[ drdsbjiog hV m riaqjV lq[G s[ qhjV drsrjV@ afa[;@ f+ajf rjv[ qhJfpit hV m bjf ug
s[L ba[ drs[L dry epiqda/epiWjSg/epidHdahjl sj f+yji wi ih[ hV m l>a hiVjq dl>z ug f>o sg
qhjV bVq'v hlag hV m
52
?aq wiV rjla[ epiP wvegZi dfaj V[ fiq d*fj wi w[ bjfS[ l+g qp,t a'G epiWjSg s[ Iojio
bio wiw[ bdebjV sg dVdr+ag wi ds,ag m epiWjSg dry riSV wgag fjiW+hq sg Rplaag
} lfLB wiw[ ugr } rjdhepiP s[ Vjv q[v ds,aj m ldaepiP ug s[ bq'vw bioJ } #sqsqg
bioJ sg l.f+sjdH$ s[ debjVg q"dtw b,e[ f+yjiw[ epiP ug sgbJ tpLgbJ f+jfa wis[ ih[ m
dHh dHdahjlw l,yjHg ] dul ai%J sqsqj ljdhW dry epiP e'dW>s dl>z ug a'G v{ w[ hpS
aw woj sj bt>c firjh y,vsj bj dihj ]@ b>Ddq+ali dry bduhj VhgG h'dHbj m 60-70
riL ?jvl[ sj qpQvJ@ spijVgbJ@ bWsjvgbJ Vjv l.ziL dihj m dl>zJ sj b>Ddq+ali ba[
LdhiJ/df>cJ dry idhSj bdab.a wnV lg m dl>zJ s[ dliJ s[ qp,v f{Gs[ lV m ?jvlj u.evJ@
fhjCJ@ ijulojV ba[ qjvr[ s[ dHvjw[ dry dsV w,B dihj lg m l+g hdiq>si ljdhW ug sg
dHqjia WjiPs Vjv Rpcj ds,ag eHg lg m bduh[ dFbjVw l.wB wjv dry woj sj h'Sj bl.Fr
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ug V[ l+g sqsqj ljdhW drt[@ ldaepiP ug s[ l+g qptrjw a'G lpS[ bio drdsbjiogbJ } fC%jRpS[
ba[ f+yjiV[ bji>F wga[ m l+g wvegZi l:jqg s[ l+g qptrjw a'G RpyjiV wga[ bio dl,t f>o dry
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53
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y>sj dl>z ug Wp.ej wBP rjvj m 1
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hjd;ig dry bjfS[ h'Shji drdsbjiog l.a hiVjq dl>z ug a'G woj bji.F wirjHg lg m woj
bji.F h'S $a[ l.a y.sj dl>z ug V[ f+l.Vaj f+eB wis[ h'H[ `iqjdHbj lg@ ##Wp.ej qlaPbjSj
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hpS b,e[ } woj Wp.ej qlaPbjSj dry h'dHbj wi[eg m q[i[ ugrV a'G Wjbs hpS epiPwjLg dry
woj bji>F ih[eg@ q{} dHl e,v sg bfji f+l.Vaj ] m$$
l.a hiVjq dl>z ug a'G qei'G Wp.ej qlaPbjSj dry h[n dvt[ drsrjV *qrji woj wis[
h'H[ drdsbj sjV wis[ ih[ ^
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fC%jRpS rjv[ dVLwjq Zpi>Zi drsrjVJ sj h'i l>t[f r[irj ^
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Wp>ej dvtjigbJ_ l>a hgij dl>z@ l>a epiWtL dl>z m
Wp>ej qsi,lj_ l>a epvjW dl>z@ l>a L[i dl>z@ l>a f+[q dl>z@ l>a Fea dl>z m
Wp>ej qvrHg_ l>a lptj dl>z ug m
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VgrJ Wp>ej_ l>a ijq dl>z@ l>a u{ dl>z m
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lg m dHl a'G dWVJ epiqda ba[ FjLj s[ dHdahjl@ dqdohjl@ Ziq@ siLV@ ljdha@ wjrU@ bjIpir{dsw s[
e+>oJ sg rg l.oUj ds,ag uJsg lg m hpS w[rv woj sg qiIjsj Wp>ej qlaPbjSj dry f+yva ]@ Wjwg Wp>e[
L+'! ep! f+! wq[Bg V[ Tjh w[' ?aq wi ds,a[ hV m
54
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dViqv[ qhJfpit hV m dHlvjqg iju lq[G ba[ b>ei[;g iju wjv dry bjIpir{dsw } taq
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drdsbj fC%jMs[ lV m bjIpir{dsw Rpfi q"dvw e+.o rg dvts[ lV ba[ fpijaV e+.oJ s[ Bgw[ rg
wis[ lV m dViqv F[t dry WC[-WC[ f+dlZ yqawjig r{s h'H[ hV m
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bjf ug } #iljdHSg$ dwhj uJsj lg m hi fjdlM dVijl h'H[ i'eg dHo'G l:lo f+jfa wis[ lV m
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55
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sgiz ds+LBg Vjv fC%g dw cjwBi rg qja fj dsa[ m s[lg ba[ drs[Lg srjHgbJ s[ Vr[G-Vr[G
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I'eaj f+jfa wgag dw duV%J b>dV%bJ \V[aihgVJ| } b,tJ s[ lf{LdvlB cjwBiJ V[ urjW s[
dsa[ lV RpV%J s[ bljZ i'e bjf ug sg b"LZg Vjv wB[ eH[ m bjf i'egbJ } srjHg rg qpxa
ds.s[ lV m tjS rjla[ w'v'G tpijw rg ds.s[ lV m
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idh.s[ lV m qigu f>wagbJ vjHg W{n[ idh.s[ ba[ bjfSg rjig sg Rpcgw wis[ idh.s[ lV m
duhCj rg b"LZg v{ uJsj hi ai%J s[ i'e a'G qpwa h' uJsj lg m bjf ug s[ ugrV dry da.V hg
w>q lV- Vjq ufSj@ drdsbjiogbJ } epiWjSg fC%jRpSg ba[ i'egbJ } srjHg s[Sg m bjf
ugrV Fi dHh fiRpfwji wis[ ih[ m bjf ug sj dHvjw[ dry bda f+Fjr lg m bjf ug s[
RpaijdZwjig f>dca lpiuga dl.z ug rg dHl[ fi.fij bVplji l[rj wis[ ih[ m
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edvbji[ dry Tdhw[ taq h' ypwg ] m| b>dq+ali rjv[ f+dl,Z ydwalw h'H[ hV m
\9| f>dca dVhjv dl.z ug wjLg rjv[ f+dlZ r{s lV m bV[w i'eg bjf ug a'G l:loaj
f+jfa wis[ lV m bjf bjIpir{dsw e>+oJ s[ v[tw rg lV m
\10| qh.a u{ dl.z ug u.cJrjvj duv%j Wdn>cj bjfS[ lq[G s[ Rpz[ r{s lV m dibjla
xigsw'B sj qhjijuj ba[ Ljhg zijSj bjf ug sg b"LZg a[ drLrjl itsj lg m qhjiju[ rv'G
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56
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qhJfpit lV m bjf ug a'G Wjbs qh.a epiWtL dl.z ug bV.s FrV q'e[ rjv[ bspag r{s lV m
dHhVJ a'G dHvjrj h[n dvt[ qhJfpit ydwalj dry Rpv[tVgI f+Fjr its[ hV ^
qh.a ijq dl.z ug li[lrjvj@ l.a WjWj ur>s dl.z ug trjlfpi@ qh.a dVi.uV dl.z ug
dViqv btjCj qh>a qPv dl>z b>dq+ali@ f>dca WvWgi dl.z ug drI'eg l.afpij qjcv BjRPV
ds,vg@ qh.a FPf dl.z ug df>c LwPi@ qh.a vjv dl.z ug r{s Ljla+g Feaj FjHg@ f>dca y[aV
dl.z ug df>c ilPvfpi d;vj vpdZbjSj@ l>a f+ajf dl>z ug dy,Bg wpBgbj ijq ijH[ v.eC'bj
d;v%j VrJ Ldhi@ debjVg a[;j dl.z ug r{s Ljla+g b>dq+ali@ l>a ijq dl>z ug f+dl,Z
ijqI'eg vpdZbjSj@ qh.a bqi dl.z ug taijrJ rjv[@ qh>a lpdi.si dl.z ug b>dq+ali@ qh>a
d*fjv dl.z ug o[h ljdhW ZP.sj@ debjVg q>ev dl.z ug o[h ljdhW ZP.sj@ qh.a ljZP dl.z ug
w'i[rjvj@ qh.a ir[v dl>z ug df>c c,vg rjv[@ qh>a epiVjq dl>z ug r{sU c,vg rjv[@ qh.a
bqigw dl>z ug c[ij WjWj f+sqV dl>z q'Vg y"Gw b>Ddq+ali@ cj! qh.a dfbjij dl.z ug df>c
WjCgbJ@ qh.a Ljq dl.z ug Feaj FjHg@ qh>a e'fjv dl.z ug dViqv btjCj qh>a qPv dl>z
b>dq+ali@ l.a ulfjv dl.z ug f+dl,Z #WjWj r{s$ b>Ddq+ali@ qh.a q,tS dl>z ug df>c sigbj@
qh.a wqvuga dl>z ug Ljla+g lptV.s rjv[@ l.a episgf dl>z fBVPij bjdsw lji[ dViqv[
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#spt F>uVg bjL+q$ o'hjtjvlj drt[ bjH[ m dHl lq[G l+g l.a ug qhjiju f+dlZ VhgG lV m df>c
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57
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dHwjei wiVj f{Gsj ] m ligi } wHg wnV ljZV wiV[ f{Gs[ hV m l.lji s[ i.e aqjdLbJ sj
58
dabje wiVj f{Gsj ] m I'ejdFbjl Vjv ligi sg LpZg@ bjIP sg dr+Zg@ i'eJ sg dVdr+ag
hp.sg ] m
dViqv f>o dry qhjV I'ejdFbjlg l.a q'hi dl.z ug lV u' l{GwdCbJ } I'e sj
bdFbjl wirjMs[ lV m bjf ug V[ I'e sg drdsbj l.a y.fj dl.z ug a'G dl,tg lg m f+jSjIjq
s[ f+wji@ RpnS-W{nS sg dwdibj@ lq[G-wplq[G s[ f+wji@ lJe'fJe dl,t vH[ ba[ I'egiju s[ Vjq
Vjv f+dl,Z h'H[ m
bjf ug w'v Whpa drbwag I'e sg drdsbj dl,tS rjla[ bjRpS ve[ m bjf 25 l.aJ a'G
I'ejdFbjl wirjMs[ lV m 4-5 l.aJ } l[rj rjla[ its[ lV m bev[ qhgV[ fdhv[ l[rjsjiJ }
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q'hi dl>z ug V[ I'e Rpfi dHw e+.o #I'e dldtbj f+Fjwi$ rg dvdtbj ]@ u' fpijaV ljZ FjLj
epiqptg dvfg dry ] m l.a q'hi dl.z ug 145 riL sg bjIP dry W+hqvgV h'H[ lV m
l.ld*a s[ f+dlZ drsrjV f>dca HgLi dl.z ug #wdvIpe$ rg I'eLjla+ sj bsp,ag
debjV its[ lV m q{lqi[;q s[ rg drL[LeU lV m

59
 ljdhaU l[rj
dViqv qhJfpitJ V[ u' ljdhaU dry I'esjV fjdHbj ] Rplsg du.Vg rg f+L.lj wgag
ujr[@ o'C%g ] m l{GwC[ e+.oJ sg iyVj wgag ] m Fjr[G epiWjSg f+yji@ epiP VjVw dlZJa sg
drbjdtbj wiVg hg qp,t Rps[L dihj ] dxi rg Ziq@ wiqwJc@ r[sJa@ VIjI@ dHdahjl@
dqdohjl@ Bgw[@ w'L@ ljdhaU@ A.s Ljla+@ bjIpir{dsw bjdsw bV[wJ hg drdLbj Rpfi e+.o
iyVj wgag ] m dHV%J qhJfpitJ sj qV dwl[ FjLj@ dwl[ drL[ f+ag l.wgiS VhgG lg m dHl rjla[
dh.sg@ W+u FjLj@ l.ld*a ba[ f>ujWg lqiPf dry dvts[ ih[ hV m dur[G dw Rpfi sdlbj ]
epiqda sg drbjdtbj } hg qpt idtbj ] dul Vjv lji[ Fjia dry epiqda sj f+yji/debjV
h'dHbj ] m slJ epiPbJ s[ dlZJa/RpfwjiJ } zi-zi fhp.yjdHbj ] m qhjV v[twJ dry f>dca
epvjW dl.z ug@ f>dca ajij dl.z ug Vi'aq@ f+dlZ dHdahjlwji debjVg debjV dl.z ug@
debjVg WsV dl.z ug l[trJ rjv[ ba[ qh.a eS[Lj dl.z ug f+dlZ hV m blgG dViqv F[t sg
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f>Ddca epvjW dl.z ug

bjf dViqv f>o dry qhjV drsrjV h'H[ hV m l.ld*a s[ bjf f+wJc f>dca lV m l+g epiP
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dry b>dwa wiw[ liW ljZjiS rjla[ lpt{V ljdhaU f{sj wiV sj IaV wgaj ] m l.ld*a
bVprjs a'G RpV%J sg bfPir f>DdcajHg sj faj vesj ] m dHh rg faj vesj ] dw bjf ug
A.s Ljla+@ bv.wji@ ljdhaU s[ bs,pag debjaj@ liW f,tg drsrjV lV m bjf ug s[ dvt[ yji
e+.o dqvs[ hV ^
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bdZbjaq ijqjIS 1836 dW^ \1779 Hg^|
f+W'Z y.s+'sI VjBw 1836 dW^ \1789 Hg^|

60
Fjriljdq+a 1
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f+eB hp.sg ] m Fioig hig d*a r{ijeLaw s[ wHg fsJ sg Nvw Fjriljdq+a dry Nvwsg ] m
dHh bdab.a Rpaq iyVj ] dul dry LJa il@ dL.eji il ba[ wipSj il sj lp.si lpq[v ] m

q"wL f>o f+wjL

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e+.o ] m Rpaig Fjia \ljdhaU| dry bduhj sPlij e+.o VhgG ] m
l+g l.a dVhjv dl.z ug wrgGs+ V[ dHl e+.o Wji[ i"dyw RpojVwj dvtg ] ba[ sdlbj ] dw
#q"wL f>o f+wjL$ s[ v[tw f>dca epvjW dl.z ug s[ qhJfpit \epiPs[r| W+hqdebjVg f>dca qjV
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slq dfaj ug rg bdZwjig lqNw[ dryji fPiWw e'hN t'v%w[ L.wj lqjZjV wis[ lV m
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drlaji fPiWw Bgwj wgaj ] m agio dl>z dViqvj WiajVrg uqfv ] agio dl>z V[ Fjia \f>ujW/
fdBbjvj| dry bj w[ f>ujWg ldFbjyji@ dHdahjl ba[ FjLj sj drL[L ipyg Vjv bdZb{V wgaj ] m bjf
bdab>a lp>si f>ujWg W'vs[ ba[ dvts[ hV m uVq 7-9-1977 } v{lBi (Leicester) Vei drt[ h'dHbj m
fPir Vjq u'hV rgri (John Weaver), dfaj ug sj Vjq l+g lBPbiB dHr[dHV; (Mr. Atuart Evans)
ba[ qjaj ug sj Vjq l+gqag u[dHV dHr[dHV; (Mrs. Jane Evans) ] m bjf ug sg drL[L ipyg Ziq
bdZb{V ba[ qV'debjV (Religious Studies and psychology) s[ drdLbJ dry ] m bjf ug v{lBi
s[ dHw wjvu dry Wa"i v{wyiji (Lecturer) w.q wi ih[ hV m fC%V-fC%jV a[ t'u s[ w>q dry hq[LJ
drbla idh>s[ hV m bjf ug V[ Fjia/f>ujW dry epiWjSg ba[ r[sJa sj drL[L bdZb{V wgaj ] m
h[n dvt[ bVplji ljdha dry I'esjV fjdHbj ] m
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\b) l[rjf>og l>f+sjdH s[ e+>o dWW[wlji (Bibeksar) sj bVprjs ba[ drbjdtbj (translation and
commentary) wgag ] m
\H| dViqv f>o f+sjdfwj \debjVg debjV dl>z| sj b>e+i[;g FjLj dry bVprjs wgaj ] m
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61
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Vjq blv bdFf+jI a'G yji'G qhJrjw ] m b{l[ wdhw[ wjes wvq srja q>erjdH rjiaw
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epiP biuV s[r ug wdh.s[ hV RpV%J sj blgG drlaji fPiWw drbjdtbjV wis[ hJ m f>dca
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h'Sj hPbj ] m Ija{ f{Gag b" f{Gag l,ai Wit epiP ug a[ fgA[ q"t f>o WVj ] m l' lai Wit H[w fpit wg bjIP
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62
 drdha dVLds wvqdah qPv m ije s:{L wiqV w' qPv m12 m
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l' r[sJa ] epiP bZgV m aj fs l[r[ h'I lpsgV m
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aj q[G il[ fiq lpt fjHg m spt lwv w' qPv dqBjHg m18 m$$
#L+g q"wL f>o f+wjL$ epiWjSg f+rjh sj hg dHw l'qj ] m f>dca epvjW dl.z ug@ f>dca
ajij dl.z ug Vi'aq ba[ l+g l.a dVhjv dl.z ug sj dHh dViS{ ] m
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itsj ] m fa.uvg@ I'e Ljla+@ VIjI siLV@ qgqJlj siLV ba[ r[sJa sgbJ qpt qjVajrJ
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vjh"i a'G f+wjdLa h' ypwg ] m

63
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FjLj dry A.s-rZ bVprjs wgaj ] m
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dViqv wdhw[ ldawjdibj ] m f>dca ug l:I. dViqv[ l.a h'S a[ qjS wis[ h'H[ dvts[ hV ^
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64
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dryji ljei sj l.t[f lji ba[ #qhJ fpitJ s[ ugrV ydi,ai a[ Rpfwji$ rg l.a ueuga
dl>z ug V[ dvt w[ f+wjLa wga[ hV
l+g l.a q'hi dl.z ug wBHg \I'egiju| V[ #I'e dldtbj f+Fjwi$ e+.o 19rgG lsg s[ bji>F
dry dvdtbj lg u' ljZ FjLj epiqptg dvfg dry ] m
njwi dVhjv dl>z ug
njwi dVhjv dl.z ug o'hj tjvlj rjdvbJ sj dvdtbj ujf ljdhW sj #yw+Zi ydia+
yjiy.s+wj$ Bgwj f+dl,Z ] m dHh drldaa+ drbjdtbjadqw e+.o 600 f>V[ sj ] m Fjr[G epiqptg
dvfg dry f+wjLa h'dHbj ]@ fi FjLj WCg wnV ] m drsrjVJ s[ dryjiVI'e ] m dHl Bgw[
dry b>dwa wgag eHg wdraj rg W[-dqljv a[ qhjV ] m dh.sg s[ Rpyw'Bg s[ wrgbJ a'G dwl[

65
ai%J rg zB VhgG ] m ujf ljdhW sj Bgwj l>qa 1955 dW^ \1898 Hg^| dry #b{Gev' l.ld*a
f{+l@ vjh"i$ a'G Adfbj ] m dHh rg faj vej dw bjf ug V[ ufpug sj Bgwj rg wgaj lg m h[n
dvt[ e+.o bjf ug r,v'G dvt[ ujS sj faj vej ] ^
epidWvjl epiP e'dW.s dl.z ljdhW \bf+wjLa|@ dHw h'i bf+wjLa e+.o@ tjvl Law
\l.ld*a| m wdraj sj VqPVj dHh ] ^-
l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW ug sg WjSg sj qhjaq riSV wis[ hV ^
#a[u Fig@ LJda Fig@ s{rg epV fJda Fig@
bjAg Whp FJda Fig@ eUjV w[ lqju wg m
Hgl epSj rjs Fig@ r[s wg q+Ijs Fig@
b>dq+a l' l:js Fig i,Aw ] vju wg@
Fjr Fig Feda Fig@ Yu Fig Lwda Fig@
Fjig bVpiwa Fig@ Z:.dlVg wpfju wg m
ije Fig I'e Fig@ Fje Fig F'e Fig@
f>pV q{ f+I'e WjSg e>+o qhjiju wg m12m

f>dca ajij dl.z ug #Vi'aq$

bjf epiqda dlZJa@ epiqda siLV@ ljdhaU@ dHdahjl@ epiWjSg s[ Zpi.Zi drsrjV
lV m epiqda siLV epiWjSg lW.Zg bjf ug V[ sgiz ds+LBg Vjv dvdtbj ] m bjf f>o dry
fdhv[ drsrjV lV duV%J V[ #l+g epiqa dViSIljei$ riej sjiLdVw e>+o dvdtbj m l+g epiP
e+.o ljdhW sj fdhvj #l+g epiP deijio w'L$ dvdtbj ba[ s[L s[ lji[ epis:jdibJ sj dHdahjl
#epiagio l.e+dh$ b>Ddwa wgaj m bjf epiWjSg s[ Lp,Z Ljla+gI bioJ s[ lqiow lV m us'G bjf
ug } faj v,ej dw dHw b>e+[; drsrjV #B+{Gf$ epiWjSg s[ f,tfjag/bLpZ bio wi dihj ] aJ
bjf ug V[ dHlsj dri'Z wiw[ epiWjSg s[ LpZ bio dvtS sj IaV wgaj ba[ h[n dvt[ e+.o
dvt[ hV ^
1! l+g q'wL f>o f+wjL sj
#l:I.f+Fj drriS$ Bgwj l.qa 1922 \1865 Hg^|
2! lpiaip w'L l.qa 1923 \1866 Hg^|
3! l+g epipqa dViSIljei l.qa 1934 \1877 Hg^|
4! bwjvqPida f+siLV l.qa 1935 \1878 Hg^|
5! Bgwj epiFjrsgfwj l.qa 1935 \1878 Hg^|
6! Bgwj epiFjr sgfwj
66
 \ufp idhijl bjdsw| l.qa 1937 \1880 Hg^|
7! Fea WjSg sj Bgwj l.qa 1939 \1882 Hg^|
8! epiagio l.e+dh l.qa 1940 \1883 Hg^|
9! l+g ije Bgwj l.qa 1942 \1885 Hg^|
10! epideijio w'L \s' Fje| l.qa 1946 \1889 Hg^|
l+gq"wL f>of+wjL sj l:I.f+Fj drriS Bgwj
f>dca epvjW dl.z ug idya siLV s[ qhjV e+.o #q"wL f>o f+wjL$ a[ bjf ug V[ #l:I.f+Fj
drriS$ Vjq sj dBfSg/Bgwj wgaj ] m q"wL f>o f+wjL Fjiag siLV dry FjLj sj bspFpa
e+>o ] m dHl e+.o dry lqP>h Fjiag siLVJ Wji[ dryji wiw[ dVLwiL wdTbj debj ] m dHl a[
dB,fSg wiw[ bjf ug V[ h'i lpt{V wi dsaj m 1778 Hg^ dry f>dca epvjW dl.z ug V[ #l+gq"wL
f>of+wjL$ dvdtbj m 87 riL qei'G 1865 Hg^ dry bjf ug V[ #l:I.f+Fj drriS$ Bgwj b>dwa
wgag ] m dHh Bgwj 112 riL bf+wjLa fHg ihg m 19 uVrig 1977 Hg^ } l+g qh.a f>dca
lp,yj dl.z ug qhjiju V[ drsrjVJ ba[ uV ljZjiV s[ vjF dha s[rVjeig dvfg dry dHl
e+.o iaV sj f+wjLV wiw[ qhjV Rpfwji wgaj ] m

lpiaip w'L
dHh e+o
. f+jfa VhgG ] m epiagio l>eh
+ s[ woV bVplji dHl e+o
. iaV dry 4000 Lv'w lV m
l+g epipqa dViSIljei
dHh e+.o iaV epiWjSg sg drbjdtbj@ epiqda dlZJa } dViPfS wiV rjvj sjiLdVw
e+.o ] m bjf ug V[ epiqda sg e.Fgiaj Vjv drbjdtbj wgag ] m dHl a'G fdhvJ epiqda
lW>Zg w'Hg sjiLdVw e+.o RpfvWZ VhgG lg m #epiqa dViSIljei@ debjV sg Whpvaj@
dryji dVLnj dry FifPi h{ m bjf ug V[ bdab.a lp.si T.e Vjv dHw-dHw dryji sg
drbjdtbj wgag ] m hi L.wj sj lqjZjV wgaj ] m
epiqda s[ wHg dlZJaJ a[ f+LV wiw[@ drlaji fPiWw Rpai dsa[ hV m rjdhepiP q>a+ a[
drlaji fPiWw dryji wiw[ drbjwiS bVplji drRpafag w,Tw[ Lp,Z ba[ ajiw q>a+ dlZ
wgaj ] m
#l+g epipqa dViSIljei$ epiqda/epiWjSg f+rjh sj bduhj lqp>si ] dul dry iaV
iPfg yji t>c ljL'dFa hV m 31 RpiqgbJ/vdhiJ hV m f+oq t>c sg fdhvg Rpiqg dry Feag
ldha debjV sg qhjVaj ] m sPlig Rpiqg dry l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW ug sg f+qjSdwaj@ aglig
ba[ y"og Rpiqg dry l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW ug sg Bgwj Wji[ dryji wgag ] m f>urgG Rpiqg dry l+g

67
epiP VjVw s[r ug s[ epiP sj dViS{ wgaj ] m dHlg ai%J bVU RpiqgbJ dry epi braji@
r{dsw Ziq@ epiqda@ dHLB dViS{@ foi fPuj@ qpwda sj liPf@ epiWjSg s[ dF>V-dF>V bioJ sg
dVdr+ag@ f+LV'a+ ba[ f+LV dryji@ epiWjSg-bwjvg WjSg bjdsw bV[w drdLbj a[ dryji
wgag ] m
dHl e+>o } ijH[ Whjsi WPBj dl.z ijrvdf>cg rjdvbJ s[ IaV s:jij l>V 1877 Hg^ dry
AfrjdHbj debj lg u' hpS spivF lg m drsrjV dHl sg bSh'Gs } bVpFr wi ih[ lV m
fPuU l+g qh>a f>dca lp,yj dl.z ug s[ fdiL+q s:jij f+wjdLa h'dHbj m dHl l.lwiS s[ l'Zw ba[
l.fjsw l+gqjV f>dca WvWgi dl.z ug drI'eg hV duV%J V[ bdab.a dqhVa wiw[ f+dlZ
drsrjVJ s[ t'u fPia v[t v{w[ #epiqa dViSIljei$ ba[ f>dca ajij dl.z ug a[ t'u FifPi
f+wjL fjdHbj ] m

epiPFjr sgfwj
dHh ufpug ljdhW@ LWs h;ji[@ idhijl ljdhW ba[ wgiaV l'hv[ sj Bgwj ] m bji>F
dry slJ epiPbJ@ l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW ba[ bjfS[ epis[r sj q>ev ] m ufpug ljdhW sg
drbjdtbj Fjrjio-LWsjio s'VJ qjZUqJ ijhg wgag ] m bjf ug sg drbjdtbj s:jij
epiWjSg } lqNS sg WCg lhjdHaj dqvsg ] m
dHh e+.o l.V 1881 Hg^ dry sgrjV WPBj dl.z s[ #I.a+ bjxajW f>ujW f{+l vjh"i$ a'G f,oi
s[ Ajf[ dry f+wjdla h'dHbj lg m tpLVrgl FjHg hgij dl.z ug dvtjig l+g sqsqj ljdhW
rjv[ lV m

FeaWjSg lBgw
dHh Bgwj 1907 dry Ajfj BjHgf dry qpVLg epvjW dl.z s[ #qpxgs bjq f+{l vjh"i$ dry
Adfbj ] m 520 f>V[ dry Bgwj ] ba[ s' f>V[ sg FPdqwj ] m

l+g epiagio l.e+dh

dHl e+.o iaV dry slJ epiPbJ@ ljdhW;jdsbJ@ qjVVgI dl,tJ ba[ LhgsJ s[ lojVJ/
Lhgse.u ba[ epis:jdibJ sj dHdahjl b>dwa wgaj debj ] m dHh qhjV iyVj ] u' epis:jdibJ
lW>Zg dHdahjdlw ujSwjig ds.sg ] m u[wi bjf dHl e+.o } lq[G dli l.e+dh Vj wis[ aJ Whpa
lji[ epiZjq bv'f h' uJs[ ba[ wHg dqdohjlw f+eB h' uJs[ m dHh e+.o debjV sj F>cji ] m
epis:jdibJ s[ dHdahjl a'G dWVJ epiPr>L sj dHdahjl& wLa+gbJ@ ijufPaJ sg ujag Wji[ t'u@
bV[w ujagbJ sg Rpafag sj wjiV@ agio Ija+j sj qhjaq@ agio Ija+j wis[ lq[G dVIqJ sg
fjvSj wiVg bjds sj r[irj siu wgaj debj ] m

68
 hi[w agio lW.Zg ila[@ LdhiJ-df>cJ ba[ f+W.Z Wji[ fPij-fPij drriS dsaj ] m dHl e+.o
dry 508 epis:jdibJ/agioJ sj riSV ] m dHh rg lfLB wgaj ] dw blgG w[rv dHdahjlw
agioJ sj hg riSV wiJe[ m u' fpujigbJ V[ bjfSg Rpfugrwj rjla[ dqdohjlw wvf[ hV@
RpV%J sj d;wi VhgG wgaj ujr[ej m
riaqjV lq[G dry l+g h[qw.pB sg WCg f+dlZg ] m h[qw.pB } f+eB wiV rjv[@ h[qw.pB sg
dVLjVs[hg slS rjv[@ bjf ug hV m qhJFjia bjdsw fpijaV e.+oJ s[ hrjv[ s[w[ h[qwp.B s[
lojV } uV ljZjiS dry f+dlZ wgaj m h[qw.pB \e.Z qjsV| fiWa sg Fpe'dvw fCy'v wgag
dul s[ fC%S a'G bjf ug s[ Fpe'v lW.Zg debjV sj faj vesj ] m blgG bjf ug sg iyVj
dry'G fjnwJ s[ debjV rjla[ lji b>dwa wis[ hJ ^
##dul w[ Rpfi Ws+g VjijdHS wj q>si ] Rpl fiWa wj Vjq #e>Z qjsV$ ] m e>Z
qjsV l[ A[ w'L Vgy[fiWa wj Vjq #la dl+.e$ ] m Rpl q[G fJcP V[ I'e wgbj m bW RphJ
#f>cw[l:i$ e+jq Wlaj ] m Ws+g VjijdHS wg Ija+j lF RPhj w' h' wi ujag ] m dwVji[ ujS[
w' ilaj VhgG m la dl+.e l[ bjn w'l Rpfi epiP ug V[ af wgbj m l' bFg lf,LB wia[ ] ^
f>c w[l:i l[ H[w qgv Vgy[ lCw lqgf #bvw V>sj$ e.ej wj fpv ] m fpv w[ lqgf hg
bvw V.sj q[G #F'Bg e.ej$ dqvag ] m fpv f[ vt F'Bg w[ l,u[ hjo uja[ agV w'l f[ H[w ejRpG
] m rhJ b"i fpv ] m Rpl f[ vt F'Bg e.ej w[ t,W[ hjo uja[ agV w'l f[ F'Bg e.ej w[ ljo
#v'h fjv$ w[ uv wj l.eq ] m HghJ l[ yC%jHg vesg ] m l' s' w'l ilaj wdnV ] m f.cw[l:i
wj fpujig v'h fjv q[G v[ ujaj ] m
v'h fjv q[G uv wj avjW ] m l' lrJ l{ wsq y"Cj ] m bjZ w'l f,w[ wj v.Wj ] m
avjW w[ f,Aq fjl[ q.si ]G H[w #qhJwjv$ wj sPlij #qhJwjvg$ wj@ qhjwjv wj q>si H[w
1! qei'G h[qwp.B sg l[rj/f+yji l.a l'hV dl>z wis[ ih[ m l.a l'hV dl.z ug dHh rg yjh.ps[ lV dw dHl lojV
sj f+W.Z l+g dViqv f>yjdHag btjCj l.Fjv vH[ fi btjC[ s[ Rpfijqaj drtjRpS a[ h[qw.pB riaqjV
f+W>Z h[n bjdHbj ] m
2! f>Ddca ug l>ld*a s[ bsp,ag drsrjV hp.s[ h'H[ rg e+>o iyVj epiqptg dvfg dry wis[ lV m bjf ug V[ s[r
Vjeig dvfg sg ai%J LpZ l:i \bjrj;| RpyjiV rjla[ epiqptg dvfg dry Vr[G b,ti rg WSjH[ dul ai%J ^

dHV%J ZpVgbJ } bjf ug V[ #epiP deijio w'L$ dry ridabj ] m FjHg wjV% dl>z ug VjFj V[ bjfS[ e+>oJ
dry dHV%J Vr[G b,tiJ sj tpv% w[ f+I'e wgaj ] m dHh f>dca ug sg epiqptg dvfg rjla[ qhjV s[S ] m
69
 e; RPyj ] m qhJwjvg f"V e; RPyj ] m qPiagbJ s'V'G q[G ZjaP wg ]G m qPiag qhJwjv wg
H[w edvla wg s' Fpu rjvg ] m wjvg wg f"V edvla wg yji Fpu rjvg ] m F'e s'V' w'
wCjh wj veaj ] m eJuj aqjwP rhJ w'Hg fgaj VhgG m uPaj H[w w'l av[ epxj q[G A'c
uja[ ]G m blv q[G Vjq #v'w fjv[Lri$ ] m
Ws+g qhjaq q[G dHl agio lqgf uj wi qv@ qPa+@ sjaV@ wpivj wiV[ b"i oPwV[ wj
Wcj l.w'y dvtj ] m avjW w[ uv q[G w'Hg c,wj e[i[ ditg uV f>AgYG wj iPf Zji Rpnj v[
uja[ dvtj ] m q>si'G wj avjW l[ yji wsq wj xiw ] m bjf q[G hjo Fi wj xiw ] m Rpai
fjl[ w[ fiWa q{G dei w[ avjW q[G uv fCaj ] m fAq fjl[ q>si'G w[ lqgf av[ w' dVwl
ujaj ]!!!! l' dHlg ojV q[G W{n w[ epiP ug V[ fPiW uVq q[G!!!!!!! af wgbj m$$
f>Ddca ug s[ dHl v[t a'G s' evJ lfLB hp.sgbJ hV m fdhvg e,v f>dca ug s[ lq[G b,u s[
lq[G bjrjujHg s[ ljZVJ sg dF>Vaj ] m sPlig e,v qhJwjv ba[ qhJwjvg s[ q>siJ sj iPf@
avjW dry fjSg sj f{Sj ba[ dVwvSj@ q>siJ sg RpyjHg@ li'ri a'G qPiagbJ sg dr,o Wji[ u'
wpN dvdtbj ] bu rg Rplg iPf dry drsUqjV ] m dHl a'G faj vesj ] bjf ug V[ ;ij-;ij
oJ } sgiz ds+LBg Vjv fCajdvbj ] m be[ dvdtbj bjf ug sj lpNjRp fC%S I'e ] u' liW,a
Ija+gbJ s[ vjF rjla[ sjVgbJ } f+[iVj s[w[ d*bjadqw iPf dry dvbjRpSj yjhp.s[ hV m
##u[wi w'Hg epiP wj dfbjij ijuj@ WjWP dl,t fJy lja h;ji ipfIj vej wi
f>cw[li w[ Rpiv[ fpv l[ lCw WSrjH[ m qhJwjv qhJwjvg w[ q>si'G lqgf epiP ug w[ aflg
F[l rjvj q>si WSrjH[ aW dVly[ ] dw w[sjiVjo wj ljn w'l ilaj A'c lF q[vj dHl
bjn w'l rjv[ ojV q[G hg h'S[ ve ujr[ m WSrjS[ rjvj bjfS[ Vjq wg f+dl,Zg s[t lpS
v[r[ bi qhJwjv w[ fp,a+ epiP ug w[ lqgf WCg hg f+daLnj fjr[ m$$
bu f>dca ug sg qV'wjqVj d*bjadqw iPf dry xvg FPa h'Hg-h'Hg ] m #l+g h[qwp.B
ljdhW$ \qhJwjv qhJwjvg s[ Vjv| s[ epis:jij ljdhW sg Fr dHqjia lpFjdHqjV h' ihg ] u'
tjvl[ s[ af-a[u@ f+jwiq@ Feag-Lwag sj fdiyI s[ ihg ] m ila[ dry l.eaJ s[ bjijq
rjla[ bV[w lhjdHw epilojV epis:jij spLB sqV@ u'Lg q,n@ e'dW.s zjB@ e'dW.s Zjq wjdHq
hV m F'uV drLijq sj fPiV f+W.Z ] m ljdhW l+g epiP e'dW.s dl.z ug qhjiju V[ f>dca ug sg
dH,Aj } Lgz+ fPiV wi ds<aj ] m 1
epipagio l.e=dh fdhvg rji 1884 Hg^ dry dvo' e+jxg \f,oi s[ Ajf[| dry f+wjLa
h'dHbj lg m sPlij l.lwiS l+g qh.a f>dca lp,yj dl.z ug s[ fdiL+q Vjv 1975 Hg^ dry
f+wjLa h'dHbj ] m
epiPdeijio w'L
dHh e+.o iaV l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW ug sj fdhvj qpw.qv w'L ] 2 dul dry epiWjSg s[
70
fs-fsjioJ sg lfLB drbjdtbj wgag eHg ] m dHh lir L+[LB e+.o b,u a'G dHw l" riL
fdhvJ dvdtbj debj lg m dHl sg dvta a'G f>dca ug sg drsraj@ veV ba[ zjvSj sj
faj vesj ] m dHl e+.o dry wHg Vr[G rjZ[ hV m rjiaw sg VrgV L{vg dry Rpaig Fjia sj
fdhvj w'L ] u' LWsJ sg drbjdtbj RpsjhiV ldha wisj ] m dwl[-dwl[ LWs sg drbjdtbj
bda drla+a ] dur[G bjaqj@ dlL+Bg@ dh.sP bjdsw LWs hV m AfjHg q'B[ b,tiJ dry dvo'
e+jxg \f,oi s[ Ajf[| sg ] m
fdhvg l{Gyg 702 f>V[ sg #S$ b,ti aw@ #dVRP dH.fgigbv f+{l vjh"i$ ba[ #ijdu>s+j f+{l
fdBbjvj$ dry Afg ] m dHl l{Gyg dry 12 f>V[ sg FPdqwj fC%VI'e ] m
sPlig l{Gyg #a$ b,ti a'G #C$ b,ti aw 706 f>V[ sg ] u' #ijdu.sij f+{l fdBbjvj$ dry
Afg ] m wdraj sj VqPVj dHl ai%J ] ^
##lpa[ dl,Z lp,Z Wp,Z dVaI dVidrwji iPf@
dViupi dVigh dVis't dVijwji ]m
bu{ bdWVjlg bjds b>da l[ dWhgV iPf@
bvt bfji fji dVtv flji ]m
H[w iPf H[w u'da H[w lpt H[w Ya@
H[w dVZg H[w s[r H[wj H[w.wji ]m
rhg dVu qjIj q[G flji u'da agV iPf@
Zji w[ whjI' deij lji Rpb>wji ] m$$
l+g f>dca ajij dl.z ug Vi'aq bjfS[ lq[G s[ qhjV drbjdtbjwji lV m bjf ug V[
ugrV Fi epiqda/epiWjSg sg t'u dry lqJ Waga wgaj ] m ljij ugrV epiqda dryjiZjij
} lf,LB wiV dry vjdHbj m bjf ug V[ ds+C%aj Vjv dvdtbj ] dw epiWjSg sg drbjdtbj
wiVg@ Bgw[ wiV[@ epiP w[ dl,t sj wia,rU ] m l' bjf ug dHl WyV bVplji epiPzi sg l[rj
b>daq l:jlJ aw wis[ ih[ m bjf ug s[ qhjV Rpfwji dl,t f>o dry ldawji Vjv Ijs wga[
ujSe[ m

debjVg debjV dl>z ug

debjVg debjV dl.z ug Zpi.Zi drsrjV@ qhjV wrg ba[ f+dl,Z dHdahjlwji lV m bjf
ug V[ W+u FjLj dry f+dl,Z e+.o #l+g epiP f>o f+wjL qhJwjdr$ dvdtbj ] m f>ujWg rjiaw dry
#arjigt epiP tjvlj$ b>dwa wgag ] m VrgV f>ujWg rjiaw s[ bjf ug q'Tg lV u' dVtirgG
LpZ iPf dry Wj-aiagW dvtg ] dul Vjv uV ljZjiS f[GcP l.eaJ } bda vjF fh>pdybj ] m
bjf ug sg rjiaw dry bjZpdVw L{vg s[ lji[ vwLS drsqjVU hV m rjiaw L{vg lir epS

71
FifPi ] dul dry dl,t dHdahjl } r[ir[ ldha b>dwa wgaj ] m hi zBVj } dryji a'v w[
dvdtbj ] m ldaepiP VjVw s[r ug V[ lji[ Fjia sj s[LjBV wgaj fi ldaepiP ug s[ RpfwjiJ/
epis:jdibJ sj riSV@ fpijaV e>+oJ/uVq ljtgbJ dry Whpa zB bjdHbj ] m debjVg
debjV dl.z ug V[ l:I. s[l sj F+qS wiw[@ bV[w bwdh-bldh wLB ldhw[ ldaepiP ug s[ lqPh
lojVJ a[ fh.pyS sj IaV wgaj ba[ Wj-aiagW Fe'dvw iPf dry ldaepiP VjVw s[r ug sg
ugrV woj dvtg m Vjv hg Fjia sgbJ bV[w ujagbJ s[ ilq'G dirjuJ@ Zjidqw drLrjlJ sj
t'u fPia riSV wgaj ] m qpt e,v dHh ] dw debjVg ug b>Z drL:jLg VhgG lV m Fjia dry
Ziq s[ Vjq h[n h' ihgbJ bV[w wpigagbJ sj cB w[ t>cV wgaj ] m b>Z-drL:jl a[ bjf ug sg
wvq datg/ a[u h' w[ y,vg ] m
bjf fdhv[ drsrjV lV@ duV%J V[ s[L s[ fplawjvI x'v-x'v w[ epidHdahjl sj qljvj
dHw<ai wgaj m dWiZJ a' ujSwjig v{w[ b>dwa wgag m bjf dHl IaV dry rg ih[ dw slq dfaj
s[ dwl[ h;Pig/lqwjvg dl,t uJ WjWj W.sj Whjsi s[ lqwjvgbJ s[ siLV h' lwS@ aJ dHdahjlw
lq,eig h'i rg t'u fPia dqv lw[ m qhjijuj iSuga dl.z ug sj iju wjv bjf ug V[ b,tgG
r[dtbj lg m dHl ai%J bjf ug V[ dHw-dHw rjiaj } svgv sg wlr,Bg a[ fitw[ dvdtbj ] m
dwlg V[ w[rv slJ epiPbJ aw dvdtbj ]@ dwlg V[ WjWj W.sj Whjsi aw@ dwlg V[ dqlvJ
aw@ dwlg V[ qhjijuj iSuga dl.z a,w dvdtbj ] fi debjVg debjV dl.z ug bu[h[ qhjV
drsrjV lV@ duV%J V[ l+g epiP VjVw s[r ug a'G v{w[ bwjvg vdhi aw f>u l" riL sj dHdahjl
dvtw[ f>o sg qhjV l[rj wgag ] m fdhvg rji RpsjlgbJ@ dViqdvbJ@ l[rjf>ogbJ@ dVh.edl.zJ@
VjqZjigbJ bjdsw bV[w l.f+sjrJ sj dHdahjl drlaji fPiWw dvdtbj ] m dHl e,v dry rg
debjVg debjV dl.z ug V[ fdhv wis[ h'H[ f>ujW s[ ldFbjyji@ idhS-ldhS@ ilq'-dirju@
tjS-fjV@ eqg-Ljsg a[ drbjdtbj fPiWw dvtw[ s,dlbj dw ljc[ rc[i[ dwl ldoag dry sg
ep;is[ h'H[ hpS aw fh.py[ hV m da>V l" a'G Rpfi dl,t zijdSbJ sj dHdahjl rg dvdtbj lg u'
ep.q h' debj m b>dq+ali ba[ vjh"i sg arjigt rg fdhvg rji bjf ug V[ dvtg ] m dVh>e
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bjf ug u' wpN rg dvts[ lV@ f>o sg l[rj lqNw[ dvts[ lV m duV%J w.q dHw,v[ debjVg
debjV dl.z ug V[ wgaj ]@ Rpl lq[G dwl[ rg lFj lpljdHBg V[ H[V%J w.q VhgG wgaj lg m debjVg
ug V[ ljdhaU l[rj sj ljij w.q dWVJ dwlg l.loj@ iju siWji sg lhjdHaj a'G drbwagea
bjfS[ dVu s[ IaV Vjv hg wgaj ] m debjVg ug } aJ dHw' veV lg dw ldaepiPbJ ba[ f>o
s[ RpfwjiJ@ wjiVjdqbJ@ l[rj@ Rpy epSJ } uVaj uVjisV aw fhp.yjdHbj ujr[ m
riaqjV dHdahjlwjiJ } debjVg ug s[ dHdahjl a'G l[Z dqvsg ] m w'Hg rg dHdahjlwji
debjVg ug sgbJ dvtaJ rjy[ dWVJ dvtS sj sjbrj VhgG wi lwsj m dHdahjl s[ drdsbjiog
debjVg ug s[ lsj hg diSg idhSe[ m
72
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4! iju tjvlj \Fje aguj| 5! lisji tjvlj \Fje y"oj| 6! f>o tjvlj \Fje f> u rJ|
7! dViqv f>o f+sgfwj 8! tjvlj faa fjrV 9! lPiu f+wjL \da>V Fje| 10! epiZjq l>e+dh
11! woj fPiVqjLg 12! difsqV f+wjL \f>u Fje| 13! FPdf>sij V.s 14! arjigt b>dq+ali
15! epifpiW f+wjL 16! dHdahjl dibjla WjeCgbJ 17! b>dq+a f+wjL 18! Vgag f+wjL
19! bdVw f+wjL 20! s'hjrvg 21! f+LV'a+g 22! F[t f+Fjwi 23! f>ujWg lghixg 24! dHw
bjIpir{dsw e+.o 25! l{:ugrV woj m
bjf ug rv'G RpisP dry dvt[ e+.oJ sj r[irj dHl f+wji ] m
1! arjigt epiPtjvlj \dh,lj fdhvj| 2! LqL[i tjvlj \dh,lj sPuj| 3! iju tjvlj \dh,lj
aguj| 4! arjigt l+g b>dq+ali 5! arjigt vjh"i 6! lrjdVh Rpqig debjVg debjV dl.z m
1! l+g epif>o f+wjL
dHh e>+o W+u FjLj sj bsp,ag qhJwjrU@ dl,t dHdahjl sj f+qjSgw ba[ ljdhaw epSJ
Vjv drFPLa dHdahjl ] m dl,t ljdhaU dry #epif+ajf lPiu$ } A,cw[ bduhj h'i e+.o
ds+LBge'yi VhgG h.psj m dh>sg ljdhaU s[ drsrjV dHl qhjV wjrU iyVj a[ iLw wis[ hV m
f>ujWg s[ rg wpN drsrjV Hgitj wis[ ih[ hV m wpN drbwagbJ V[ Hgitj bZgV wHg riL s[
wnV fdiL+q Vjv dabji wga[ dHl qhJwjrU sg dHw-dHw f>wag@ rjiaj@ l>qa@ daogbJ }
bLpZ wiV vHg bSo,w IaV wga[ hV m dHh ljig dqhVa dHl rjla[ wgag eHg dw debjVg
debjV dl.z ug s[ debjV } bdebjV dry Wsv dsaj ujr[ m
HgitjrjsgbJ sg dwifj Vjv dHh FjrVj wjxg lqJ WSg ihg dw debjVg ug f+l.e ba[
l>qa eva dvts[ ih[ hV@ fi l,y sj y.s+qj wPC sg bqjrl Vjv lsj VhgG Tdwbj uj lwsj m
debjVg ug sg dVLwjq l[rj } f+eB wiV rjla[ dl>z ljdhW debjVg d*fjv dl>z ug
V[ drr[w WpZg Vjv f>o f+wjL a[ t'u bji>F wgag m wHg rdi%bJ sg bSo,w dqhVa veV Vjv
f>o f+wjL s[ A[ l.lwiS ljq%S[ i,tw[ dGHw-dHw b,ti@ dHw-dHw f>wag@ dHw-dHw f+l.e@ dHw-
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ljdhW ug s[ dHl Rpfwji Wsv[ f>o lsj diSg ih[ej m
2! arjigt epiPtjvlj
dur[G f>o f+wjL W+u FjLj \dh.sg| ljdhaU dry bjsp,ag qhJwjrU ] m dHlg ai%J arjigt
epiPtjvlj \f>u Fje| n[n f>ujWg dry bfPir iyVj ] m debjVg debjV dl.z ug bjZpdVw

73
f>ujWg rjiaw s[ dfajqh hV m bjf ug V[ f>ujWg rjiaw dry epipdHdahjl dvtw[ LjVsji
l[rj wgag ] m dHl rjiaw arjigt epiPtjvlj V[ h;jiJ drbwagbJ } epidl,tg Vjv u'dCbj ] m
arjigt epiPtjvlj sj fdhvj Fje l>V 1891 Hg^ dry #qaWj l+g epiP e'dW.s dl.z f+{l@
dlbjvw'B \hpS fjdwlajV|$ dry 18°22/4 bwji s[ 361 f>V[ \f,oi s[ DAjf[| dry Adfbj
lg m dHl e+.o dry epiP VjVw s[r ug sg fPiS ugrV woj ] m
dHl e+.o iaV } sPug rji l+g epiP VjVw s[r ug s[ f>u l" ljvj braji fpiW a[ dl>z
ljdhW debjVg d*fjv dl.z ug V[ l.fjdsa wgaj ] dul} L+'qSg epispbjij f+W>Zw wq[Bg@
b>dq+ali V[ 1969 Hg^ dry f+wjLa wgaj lg m
3! LqL[i tjvlj
dHh rg f,oi s[ Ajf[ dry 18°22/4 bwji s[ 117 f>V[ hV m #qaWj l+g epiP e'dW>s dl.z
f+{l@ dlbjvw'B \hpS fjdwlajV|$ dry l>V 1892 Hg^ dry Adfbj lg m
dHl e+>o dry WjWj W>sj dl>z Whjsi s[ hjvja@ dl.zJ sgbJ LhgsgbJ@ qhjijuj
iSuga dl>z s[ iju aw sj dHdahjl siu ] m
4! iju tjvlj
dHh e+.o Ajfj f,oi #ftjSI>ai l+g epiP e'dW.s dl>z f{+l W[i WjWj VjVw dlbjvw'B \hpS
fjdwlajV|$ dry l>V 1894 Hg^ } Adfbj m dHl e+.o s[ 528 f>V[ hV m 12 dqlvJ@ xPvwgbJ
dibjlaJ s[ hjvja@ qhjijuj iSuga dl.z ba[ qei'G sj dHdahjl b>dwa ] m
5! lisji tjvlj-f>o tjvlj
dHh s'V'G bsFpa e+.o ep.q h' eH[ hV m lisji tjvlj dry da>V l" a'G Rpfi dl,t zijdSbJ
sj dHdahjl lg u' dwl[ Vj dwl[ iPf dry ldaepiPbJ a'G v{w[ W>sj Whjsi@ dqlvJ@ LhgsJ@ aa
tjvlj@ qhjijuj iSuga dl.z ug aw f>ow l[rj dry Rpfldoa ih[ lV m dHh qhjVaj rjvj
e+.o lg m dHlg ai%J epiP bqisjl ug sg W?lL WjHg q>ugbJ@ Wr>uj fgdC%bJ@ f+dl,Z ql.sJ@
WjHg q[rdCbJ@ bisjlgbJ@ ldaepiJ s[ epis:jdibJ@ Lhgse.uJ@ s[hpdibJ@ ldaepiJ s[ huPig
qptg epidl,tJ@ ljdhW;jdsbJ@ W[sg@ a+[hS@ F,DdvbJ@ l'TgbJ@ dVh.e dl>zJ@ RpsjlgbJ@ dViqdvbJ@
VjqZjigbJ bjdsw dl,t l>f+sjrJ sj t'ufPia dHdahjl lg m dHh s'V'% e+.o l.qa 1958 dW^ dry
tjvlj B+{wB lpljdHBg V[ AjfS rjla[ debjVg ug a'G v{w[ ep.q wi dsa[ hV m
dHV%J e+>oJ s[ drL[ a'G faj vesj ] dw u' wpN dHV%J e+.oJ dry dvdtbj h'dHbj lg dHh
debjVg ug sg dVu sg t'u lg u' h'i dwl[ rg v[tw@ lFj lpljdHBg V[ dHh dHdahjlw t'u
dHw,ai VhgG wgag m dHl dHdahjlw t'u s[ ep.q h'S Vjv f>o/s[L } dw>V%j zjBj dfbj ] m dHh
dHw dHdahjlwji t'ug hg bVpFr wi lwsj ] m

74
6! l+g epifpiW f+wjL
dHh W+u FjLj@ wjrU dry dvdtbj e+>o ] u' l.qa 1923 dW^ dry dvdtbj debj lg m
17 riL qei'G #qaWj l+g bwjv I.ai lpZjli \b>dq+ali|$ y 21 qjz l.qa 1940 dW^ dry
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lqjRpS s[ fir b>dwa hV m wdraj f+FjrLjvg ] m fdhvg rji 700 wjfgbJ AfgbJ lV m
dHw l+g epifpiW f+wjL-bjf ug V[ rjiaw dry rg b>dwa wgaj ] u' n[n f>ujWg dry ] m
dHl e.+o dry epiP ljdhWjV s[ RpfwjiJ Wji[ Wj-svgv drbjdtbjV dvt[ hV u' woj wjiJ@
v{wyijiJ rjla[ vjFsjdHw hV m

7! dViqv f>o f+sgfwj

dHh dViqv F[t lW.Zg dHw'-dHw fdhvj f+qjSgw e+.o ] u' l.V 1891 Hg^ dry #qaWj
epiP e'dW.s dl.z f+{l@ W[i WjWj VjVw dlbjvw'B \hpS fjdwlajV|$ dry Adfbj ] m 20°26/8
bwji s[ 100 f>V[ hV m dHh ljZ FjLj rjiaw dry ] m
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]@ dul dry dViqv F[t s[ qhJfpitJ@ qh>aJ@ l.aJ sgbJ Wj-aiagW LjtJ/l>f+sjrJ s[ Lui[
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8! tjvlj Ziq fdaa fjrV

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bjfS[-bjf dry bsFpa ] dul dry bV[w ujagbJ sg Rpafag sj riSV@ qplvqjVJ }
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9! woj fPiVqjLg
dHl dry WjiJ f>pDdVbJ Wji[ woj wdraj dry riSV wgag ] m dHh e+>o bsvj-Wsvg
Vjv wHg rji Ajdfbj uj ypdwbj ] m
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dHh e+.o rg wdraj dry ] dul dry FjHg iPfy.s ug sg r>L sj f+qjSgw dHdahjl
b>dwa wgaj debj ] m epidqa f{+l b>Ddq+ali dry 20°26/8 bjwji s[ 160 f>DdVbJ dry
bf+{v 1917 Hg^ dry Af ypwj ] m
75
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dry slq dfaj l+g epiP e'dW.s dl.z ug Wji[ ba[ dl,t f>o lW.Zg dvdtbj debj ] m dHh e+.o
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dHh e+o . #epit
P jvlj f+l
{ b>Ddq+ali$ drt[ 24 fpbjdH>B s[ b,tiJ dry f+wjLa h'dHbj ] m
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dHl arjigt s[ b>a dry 20 f>V[ debjVg hqgi dl.z rv'G vjH[ eH[ hV u' f>Vj 289
a'G f>Vj 308 aw hV m dHl sj VjM #;qgqj arjigt b>Ddq+ali$@ l+g hdiq>si ljdhW sj
f+W.Z \fpijSj a[ VrJ| ] m dHl dry tjvlj wjvu@ l+g hdiq>si sj f>ow f+W.Z dry bjRpSj
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76
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il riSV wiVj wjdr sj qpt epS ] m wjdr s[ fC%V/lpSV Vjv u' qV a[ Fjr
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77
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ugrVg| \1954 Hg^| m
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q.cv sg l[rj dHw qjai ldaepiP biuV s[r ug sg lh{aj Vjv hg lphSg Fpeasg ihg m2$$
#epiqa dlZJa WI'e$ epiqda sg drbjdtbj drL{ rlaP s[ f,t a'G qh,ar fPiV ] m dHl
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l.a dVhjv dl>z ug V[ #l+g uea epiPf>o f+W'Z VjBw$ dvdtbj u' hjvg aw bf+wjLa ] m
l.a FerjV dl>z debjVg ug V[ bjlj sg rji sj Bgwj dvtw[ f+wjLa wgaj ] m
qh>a iS dl.z ug c[ij WjWj tCe dl.z y"Gw WjWjljdhW b>dq+ali rjdvbJ V[ #hgdibJ s[
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dVaV[q lBgw@ idhijl@ wgiaV l'hv[ lq[a r{ije Law lBgw dvdtbj m
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dvt[ e>+oJ sg iyVj wgag ] ^
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dry f+wjLa wgag ] m
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ugrV m
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debjV dry rjZj hp.sj ] m
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90
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aV dry qV dry #*gB$ wV wV dry VjVw s[ VPi } lji[ sdlbj h;Pi ] m$$
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zi dry Wji dry@ uPh a[ W;ji dry@ ypf a[ f+yji dry a[ij hg liPi ] m
zpf z'i b.Z dry@ lPiu a[ y>s dry@ dWuvg sg a>s dry a[ij dHw' VPi ] m
idCbJ q{sjVJ dry y'BgbJ yBjVJ dry@ Wjv dW+Z urjVJ dry lji[ FifPi ] m
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FeaJ sg Feag $y dLr I'e Lwag $y@ FPLV driwag $y a[ij q'ag yPi ] m
r[HgG dry V%j V%j w[ l,yt>c uj uj w[@ daiv'wg v.z be[ r[dtbj h;Pi ] m
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ljdhaUw l[rj riSV I'e ] m
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l.a lpZ dl.z ug V[ #aiw l.e+dh$ debjVg lpdi>si dl.z F>ri V[ #bq'vw dViqv hgij$ \l>V
1939 Hg^| qh.a lPia dl.z ug V[ #l[i[ bjvq$ fplaw dvt[ hV m
f>dca LIjq dl>z ug c[ij q.erjv \d;vj duhvq hpS fjdwlajV| rjdvbJ V[ #f+IjI l+g
epiP e>+o ljdhW ug s[$ dvt[ u' b{Gev' RpisP b{Gc epiqptg f{+l@ b>dq+ali a'G 1906 Hg^ dry
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debjVg WpZ dl.z ug V[ #ufpug ljdhW lBgw$ 1905 dry b>dq+ali a'G Ajdfbj m l.a WpZ dl.z
ug vjh"i rjdvbJ V[ #dL.ejiLaw$ sj bVprjs wgaj u' wji'V[LV df+>dB>e riwl f+{l@ b>dq+ali
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epiWtL f+{l@ vjh"i a'G 1903 Hg^ dry f+wjLa wgaj dul dry ijeqjvj } f+qjSJ spbjij
epiWjSg dlZ wgaj ] m
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dViqv f+Fjwi bjdsw da.V e+.o dvt[ hV m bjf qhjV drsrjV lV m wdraj Rpy f,Zi sg ] m
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ldawji lg m
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Whpa ;iPia ] m l' HghJ epiqptg drdsbj w[ rgy Whpa lpeq bio wiw[ dvtj ] m aW Fg
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hdis:ji m
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5! dViqv f,a+ ^ qp,t l.fjsw qh.a dsbjv dl.z@ l.fjsw debjVg dWLV dl.z
#*gB$ b>dq+ali 1937-42 Hg^ m
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112
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l[rj lsgbJ a'G wis[ bj ih[ hV m lji[ l.lji s[ dHdahjdlw epis:jdibJ sg dVLjV-s[hg wiV
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113
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lp.si dHqjiaJ WSjHgbJ m
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wgag ] m siLVg dHqjiaJ WSjHgbJ@ li'ri WSrjH[ ba[ qpi>qa wirjHg m bjf l+g hdiq>si
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tp,v%g wiV sj dryji WdSbj@ aJ dHh l[rj s' qhjV ldafpitJ } dsag eHg m l.a epiqpt dl.z
ug duV%J V[ z.Bj-zi sg fdiw+qj dabji wirjHg ] ba[ sPu[ bjf ug lV du.V%J V[ WjWj sgf
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dul Vjv epis:jij ljdhW ba[ e.ej ug s[ lp,hfS dry bwdh rjZj h'dHbj ] ba[ epis:jij
ljdhW sg dHqjia rg e.ej sg WjC a'G lpi,dtba h' eHg ] m
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114
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ih[ hV m
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WSjdHbj ] m epiPli li'ri sg fdi*qj a[ y"x[i[ Wijqs[ WSjH[ eH[ hV m
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BgRPBi dVIa wgaj debj m 11 sl.Wi 1849 } qhjijuj svgf dl>z } f>ujW dry'G w,Tw[
xadheC% \IP!fg!| dry F[u ds,aj m Rpl a'G Wjbs rvjdHa v{ ujw[ HgljHg WSjdHbj debj m
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u>ev dry qgdB>e wi ih[ lV u' dHo'G b>Ddq+ali uj w[ qjN[ dry b;jsg firjdVbJ } uo[W>s
wiVj yjhp.s[ lV m dHw qptWi V[ 28 sl.Wi 1849 } uv>Zi s[ dcfBg wdqLVi h{Vig r{VlBjiB
} ?Wi ds,ag dw WjWj ug dHl r[v[ bjsqfpi sg dNCg dry hV m dcfBg wdqLVi 30-40
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141
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dVwv[ ba[ dHw V[ cg!lg! a[ Wilg Vjv rji wgaj@ fi cg!lg! V[ fla"v qjiw[ Rplsg WJh }
dVwjij wi ds,aj m Rpl a'G Wjbs cg!lg! sg bjdebj bVplji z[ij a>e wis[ h'H[ be[ rZ[ ba[
WjWj qhjiju dl>z ug } 21 dl.zJ lq[a de+xaji wi dvbj m dHV%J dl.zJ dry Whpa[ spbjW[ s[
lV m
WjWj ug } u[v% dry W.s wiV lq[G ujqj avjLg vHg eHg dul dry'G dHw epiP e+>o ljdhW
ug sg A'Bg WgC ba[ dHw dy,ng s'la qph.qs tJ bqgi wjWv sg dqvg m
cg!lg! V[ 29 ba[ 30 sl.Wi 1849 } dq^ q{wv'c wdqLVi a[ lpfic{GB uv>Zi crg;V }
s' dy,ngbJ dvtgbJ duV%J dry siu lg dw qhjiju dl.z } de+xaji wi dvbj ] ba[ ljogbJ
lq[a uv.Zi u[v% dry W.s wi ds,aj debj ] m dl,t ejic V[ qhjiju dl.z } Vqlwji wgag ] m
ljij dsV dh>sP RpV%J s[ siLVJ } u[v% sg fdiw+qj wis[ ih[ hV m
WjWj ug sj uV ljZjiS dry fiq ldawji r[tw[ cg!lg! } L,w h'dHbj dw fdhi[ a[ ve[
dl,t dlfjhg dwa[ Wejra V wi s[S m dl,tJ sg oJ a[ qplvqjV ba[ b>e+[; dlfjhgbJ } fdhi[
RpKa[ vjdHbj debj m uv>Zi AjRpSg dry lta fdhi[ h[n s' dsV i,Ddtbj debj m WjWj ug sg
de+xajig sg e'ijLjhg dry bojh tpLg qVjHg eHg m
slajr[; V.^ 13
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h{Vig r{Vdl,BiB b{lwpbjdHi
dcfBg wdqLVi@ uv.Zi m
l[rj drt[
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30 sl.Wi@ 1849
lg+qjV ug@
1! us'G qhjiju dl>z ba[ Rpl s[ ljogbJ } u[v% dvujdHbj debj aJ dl,t ejisJ (Sikh
Guards) dry'G wHgbJ V[ Rpl b,e[ dli NpwjdHbj m ljij dsV bV[wJ dh>sP Rpl dHqjia s[ siLV
wiV vHg u[v% spbjv[ dHw,n[ hp.s[ ih[ dul dry Rpl } w{s wgaj h'dHbj lg@ ba[ q{G u' hpS aw
dh>sP v'wJ dry hiqV dfbjij lJ dHl r[v[ RphVJ sg dz+Sj sj fjai WS debj hJ m
142
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LjdHs hg w'Hg dsV bduhj v.dzbj h'Sj ] us'G l{GwC[ LiZjvPbJ V[ Rpl sg bijZVj Vj wgag
h'r[@ ba[ spbjW[ dry bjv[-spbjv[ s[ lji[ df>cJ dry hg v'wJ } Rpl sg dHl dHvjw[ dry
q"uPseg Wji[ WCg y>eg ai%J faj lg ba[ dHw bduhg drMa WSjHg uj ihg lg dul } bqv
dry dvbjRpS vHg Wp,Zrji sj dsV dqdobj debj lg ba[ Rpl dsV sg ija } h;jiJ sg
l.dtbj dry bjsqgbJ V[ dHw,n[ h' w[ dHl drMa } bqv dry dvbjRpSj lg@ yjh[ dHh drMa
wpN rg h'r[_us'G dHh a,o q[i[ drLrjl bVplji dl,Z h' yp,wj ] aJ q{G dHh e,v ;'i s[ w[ bjtsj
hJ dw epiP } dhijla dry i,tS vHg uv>Zi w'Hg lpi,Ddtba oJ VhgG ]@ ba[ lF a'G z,B
lpi,Ddtbaj dl,t WBjvgbV s[ fdhi[sjiJ wiw[ RpaVj dyi ih[eg us'G aw RphVJ } dHw IPifgV
b`li sg dl,Zg dVeijVg bZgV VhgG i,Ddtbj uJsj m
3! r,Z a'G r,Z aVtjh u' q{G dHw si'e[ } s[ lwsj hJ Rph 360 ipfH[ ljvjVj ] m w,v% aw
u[wi bduhgbJ l.FjrVjrJ f{sj h' ujS dw dHl bjsqg sg dihjHg tigsg uj lwsg h'r[ aJ q{G
s' v,t ipfH[ dHw,n[ wiV aw rg yvj ujrJej m epiP w'Hg ljZjiV bjsqg VhgG ] m s[L s[ v'wJ
vHg Rph Rph' wpN ] u' bda LiZjrjV HgljHgbJ vHg dIlP qlgh m Rpl sgbJ wijqjaJ h;jiJ v'wJ
V[ r[tgbJ hV ba[ RpV%J RpKa[ f+jygV lq[G s[ f{e.WiJ sgbJ wijqjaJ Vjv'G rg rZ[i[ bljVg Vjv
drLrjl wgaj uJsj ] m
4! fi hpS dHl fpiL } wjWP wi dvbj debj ] a[ Rph ljig ajwa u' fdBbjv[ a'G f[Ljri
aw s[ dl,t qVJ } hvPS lpBsg lg WCg a[;g Vjv tpi ihg ] m dHh fpiL u' ws[ i,W lg hpS ljc[
h,oJ dry \u[wi Rph ljcg dVeijVg a'G Vj Wy dVwv[| dHw bjq bjsqg ] ba[ Rpl sgbJ
I'uVjrJ u' bu[ b,Z-dryjv[ lV blxv WSj ds,agbJ eHgbJ hV m
5! us'G q{G dHV%J I'uVjrJ Wji[ dvtsj hJ aJ aplgG q{} fp,A'e[ dw a[i[ w'v dHl sj wg lWPa
] m aJ q{} RpKai s[Sj fH[ej_w'Hg VhgG m u' drbwag (Parties) hpS aw xC[ eH[ hV RphVJ V[
dHl Wji[ dWvwpv q>Ph VhgG t'dv%bj m ba[ l,yg e,v ] Vj hg tps qhjiju dl>z } dHl Wji[ fp,AS
sg q[ig w'Hg dH,Aj ] m dHl r[v[ aJ Rpl s[ qV dry dHh rjs-drrjs y,v dihj ] dw wg Rpl }
hi f+wji s[ F'uV sj dabje wiw[ Fp,t[ qi ujSj yjhgsj ] uJ VhgG m Rpl sj ds+C% dHijsj 38
z>B[ aw aJ wjdHq dihj ] ba[ dHh x{lvj aJ Rpl V[ bjf wiVj ] dw wg Rph dHl f+wji sg q"a
qi w[ bjfS[ f{i'wjiJ s[ dsvJ dry bjfSj bdqB VJ A,c ujr[ uJ bjfS[ ugrV s[ Wjwg dsV@
u' rg Rpl } HgLri uJ liwji V[ WtLS[ hV@ rjladrw a"i a[ Lidq>seg rjvj ugrV duRpS
dry dWajr[ m fi Fjr[G dHl e,v sj lWPa aJ q[i[ w'v w'Hg VhgG@ dxi rg dul f+wji q{G v'wJ dry
dryisj hJ@ q[i[ qV dry dHh drLrjl wq;'i VhgG h'dHbj m
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drbwag \qhjiju dl>z| sg l.Fjv sg d;.q[rjig Vj vHg \Fjr[G RplV[ rjbsj wgaj ] dw
143
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e[cgbi rgvi lg!Wg! sg lpi,Ddtba dhijla dry s[ dsbJej uJ dxi u[v% dry \fdhi[ a[ v,e[|
dl,t l{dVwJ } Rpo'G hBj w[ RphVJ sg oJ a[ qplvqjV yfCjlgbJ } vej dsbJej ba[ xjBw s[
Wjhi eLa wiV vHg r,cg l.dtbj dry bdVIqa z'C-lrji (Irregular Horse) dVIpwa wi
s[rJej m
7! q[ig dH,Aj aJ dHh' ihg ] dw q{G dHl fpiL sg qh,aaj a[ ;'i Vj s[rJ a[ dHl Vjv dHw
lZjiV w{sg riej hg lvPw wiJ fi q{G Vj aJ lji[ s[L sg Zjidqw w,BCaj sj ba[ Vj hg dHw
qhjV w"q sg lJNg s"va sj dri'Z wiV s[ I'e hJ m
8! ba[ u[wi qhjiju dl>z Wy w[ dVwv debj ba[ spWjij Vj xdCbj uj ldwbj aJ dl,t
w"q sg l'y dqv w[ dHw drbwag \qhjiju dl>z| sg l'y WS ujr[eg m bduhg hjva Vjv'G aJ
qhjiju dl>z } Vj fwCVj h;ji epSj y.ej hp.sj m
9! dl,B[ ru'G q{G dHh e,v whJej dw qhjiju dl>z Vjv w'Hg l?ag VhgG riag eHg m Vj
aJ Rpl s[ f{igG W[CgbJ fjHgbJ eHgbJ hV a[ Vj hg Rpl } ;.;giJ dry uwdCbj debj ] m
ija r[v[ Rpl sj l,uj h,o dHw ds+C% dHijs[ rjv[ qplvqjV s[ t,W[ h,o Vjv W>V% ds,aj uJsj ] m
u[wi dHh fpiL u' dHl r[v[ dHw dVqjSj w{sg ]@ ds+C% dHijsj wi w[ Fp,tj qi debj ba[ qiV
a'G dfA'G bjRpS rjvgbJ VlvJ s[ dsvJ dry bjfSj VJ lsj vHg bqi wi debj_Rphg VJ
duhCj Rpl s[ s' ljv vHg u[v% dry duMs[ idhS dfA'G h"vg-h"vg v'wJ s[ qVJ dry'G dVwvsj-
dVwvsj ?aq h' ujSj ]_aJ dHh dHw q>sFjeg e,v h'r[eg m
uv>Zi q{G hJ!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
s`ai@ dcfBg wdqLVi sla?a/b{Ky! r{Vdl,BiB
30 sl.Wi@ 1849 dcfBg wdqLVi
eriVi uViv vjic cvh"ug V[ 13 uVrig 1850 s[ dHw V'B dry dvdtbj ] ^
dHh ?Wi Fi'l[ Vjv lpSg eHg ] dw qhjiju dl>z } dq^ r{VlBjiB cg!lg! uv.Zi V[
de+xaji wi dvbj ] m dul dh>qa sv[ig h"lv[ a'G w>q v{ w[ R[V%J V[ qhjV \taiVjw| Wjeg }
xdCbj ] Rph LvjzjI'e ] m
q[ig dH,Aj ] dw bduh[ taiVjw si'hg } wydhig ijhg l?a a'G l?a l;j ds,ag ujr[ m
q[ij W'ic Vjv dHl e,v' qdaF[s ] dw FjHg ug } tpv%g wydhig dry f[L wgaj ujr[ m dHl Vjv
e{i IwgVg hjvja rZSe[ ba[ FCwjhB r,Z lwsg ] m LVjta h' ypwS Rpf+>a WjWj ug }
dHvjhjWjs s[ dwv%[ dry F[dubj ujr[ m dxi wvw,a[ F[u ds,aj ujr[ m Rpl lq[G W'ic dHl I'e h'
lw[ej dw WjWj vHg w'Hg lisji \dl,t| rg fdhij s[ lw[ m
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144
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debj m
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dH>cgbj w>fVg lq[a w"Glv sg dHw dy,ng 14 uVrig 1850 a'G dqvsj ] m
blgG dHl e,v a[ f+l>V hJ dw svgf dl.z } vjh"i a'G v{ bJsj ] m Rpl } A[ag hg blv
dBwjS[ a[ fhp.yj ds,aj ujr[ej m lj} dHl e,v sg bda al,vg h'Hg ] dw b>a ljcg qpdh>q li h'
eHg ] m
blgG lqNs[ hJ qhjiju dl>z sj xdCbj ujSj dwl[ ai%J rg RpV%J e,vJ Vjv'G z,B qhjVaj
VhgG i,tsj m blgG eriVi uViv sg dlxjiL Vjv u' Rpl V[ r{VlBjiB Wji[ wgag ] Lvjzj a[
qjS Vjv fPig ai%J ldhqa hJ bduh[ w{sgbJ sg l.Fjv a[ i,Ddtbj wiVg b{l[ lq[G lji[ Vgag
rjV a[ awWi ldha h'S sj dy>V% ] m
HglB dH.cgbj w>fVg hjRPl
blgG aphjc[ LpF dy>aw
lhg b{y l{vr[
hjWiB w{fW{v a[ u'hV l{xivc
b>a 23 qjiy 1850 } eriVi uViv V[ hpwq ds,aj dw qhjiju dl>z } dl>zjfpi
F[dubj ujr[ m u[v% s[ sirju[ s[ Rpfiv[ wqi[ dry i,Ddtbj ujr[ aJ dw Wjwg w{sgbJ a'G rt
idh lw[ m
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uhj; ijhgG dl>zjfpi } a'dibj debj m Rpo'G s[ dH>Vyjiu } eriVi uViv dh>s s[ lw,ai r,v'G
dvdtbj debj m
##q{} bjf ug } s,lS sg bjdebj h'Hg ] dw WjWj qhjiju dl.z ug sg dVeijVg b>e+[;
liwji vHg tjl lojV i,tsg ] m dHl vHg bda ;iPig ] Rpl } V[dCY r[t[ ujS rjvg oJ a[
f+W.Z h[n i,Ddtbj ujr[ fi Ijs ih[ dHh Ljhg w{sg ] m Rpl Vjv eva riajRp Vj wgaj ujr[ m
eriVi uViv us dl.zjfpi eH[ lV@ lj} dHh Ijs ] dl.zjfpi sg u[v% dry Rpfivg
q>Dd;v sj wqij Whpa y.ej ] m Rph ijtg sg ds+lBg Vjv rg ngw ] m q{} bjdebj h'Hg ] dHh
f+W.Z h' lw[ aJ br,L wgaj ujr[ m bjRpS rjv[ lq[G a,w e'i[ x"ug a[ wdqLVc b`li dHl w.q
RpKa[ vjH[ ujS Fjr[G RpV%J } bvjRPGl ds,aj ujr[ m dHh eriVi uViv ljdhW sg bjdebj ] m
w{sgbJ s[ dihjdHLg lojV a[ wqJci sg bjdebj dWVJ w'Hg Vj ujr[ m wqJci rg hxa[ dry
zB'-z,B da>V yji rji bjf ujw[ r[tS wj IaV wi[ m$$

145
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s[ wqi[ dry i,Ddtbj debj m wqi[ s[ ypx[i[ h'i rg RpKyg yji sgrjig wi ds,ag eHg m wqi[ sgbJ
dtCwgbJ rg W>s wi ds,agbJ eHgbJ m l:A hrj \rjIP| bjRpSg ujSg W>s wi ds,ag eHg m dHl
wjv w'nCg dry rg WjWj ug yC%sg wvj dry ih[ m qV Vjq Vjv upC debj m bn[ fdhi-
dlqiV wiV v,e[ m wjv w'nCg W>ZV f+aga Vhg hp.sg lg m dHl } dHwjeiaj rjla[ dHwJa
lojV lqNs[ lV m dwl[ LjdHi s[ woV bVplji ^
ep;iuj lWi' i;j l[ W[ dVbj;jVj mm
dw dHl w[ Wjbs w'Hg dHqahJ Wjwg Vhg idhaj mm
FjS[ dry bc'v@ bjV>s dy,a idhS v,e[ m epiWjSg s[ woV bVplji dHl brloj s[
ZjiVg WS eH[ m
bjf[ hdi dHw i.ep ] bjf[ Whp i>eg mm
u' dalp Fjr{ VjVwj ljHg ev y>eg mm
\f>Vj 726|

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dl>z ug dabji wis[ lV m dHw dsV WjWj tCw dl>z ug sj u[v% s[ wiqyjigbJ Vjv rjs-
drrjs h' debj fi WjWj qhjiju dl>z ug LJa ih[ ba[ s'V%J dZiJ } dBwj ds,aj m Vjv hg bjf
ug V[ u[v%i } dwhj@ #blgG b>e+[; liwji s[ drip,Z vC[ hJ@ dHl rjla[ lj} b>e+[;J w'v'G y.e[
riajRp sg bjLj VhgG@ dxi rg lj} a.eg VhgG s[Sg yjhgsg m$
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blgG ijuVgag dry dh,lj VhgG vrJe[@ bjfS[ c[i[ dry ihJe[@ w[rv FuV fjn wiJe[@ b>e+[;
liwji s[ w>qJ dry stv VhgG s[rJe[ as aphj} hpS rg dihj wgaj uj lwsj ] m$
WjWj ug V[ dwhj@ #dHh dwr[ h' lwsj ]( lPiWgi WyV w[ Wvg blgG bjfS[ dlZJa } dwr[G
dabje lws[ hJ ($
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wgaj ] dul s[ wjiS lji[ wiqyjig q{} h,ls[ hV m$ blgG Rpfi dvt bjH[ hJ dw WjWj ug }
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dW>s Rpai bjdHbj m

146
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w'nCg dry W>s wgaj lg m hpS 30 uPV 1853 ] m dHw' oJ idhS wiw[ apiV-dxiV Vj h'S wiw[
e'dcbJ dry fgC f{sj h' eHg ]@ b,tJ sg dVe%j uJsg ihg ] m yiy V[ be[ dvdtbj ] ^
#qhjiju dl>z } Wjhi apiV dxiV sg bjdebj ds,ag ujr[@ Rpl Vjv w'Hg w{sg e,vWja
Vhg wi lw[ej dwMdw e'i[ dlfjhg ba[ b`li Vjv h'Se[ m$
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ltag wi ih[ lV m dHh dvtaJ wdhS qja+ hg lV@ bqv rjla[ VhgG lV dwMdw eriVi
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1856 } bdllB{GB liuV dq^ u{lwPfi dl>zjfpi u[v% V[ Ljhg w{sgbJ Wji[ bfSg A[qjhg dif'iB
dry eriVi uViv } dvdtbj m
q{G W[Vag wisj hJ dw tCw dl.z sg dlha dWvwpv ngw ] fi qhjiju dl>z sg hjva
dy>aj uVw ] m dfAv[ s' qhgdVbJ a'G Rpl sg dlha Whpa deisg uj ihg ] m Rpl sg ugF Rpfi
tW[ fjl[ w{Gli h' debj ]@ dul dry'G tPV dilsj idh>sj ] m dHl wiw[ hjva Whpa tijW ] m Rph
wHg hxdabJ a'G fjSg dry dV.WP a[ vPS sj il dqvjw[ v{ dihj ] m q{G dlxjdiL wisj hJ dw
w{sgbJ } Wjhi l{i wiV sg tpv% ds,ag ujr[ m e>s[ tPV s[ dc,eS s[ wjiV wqi[ b>si spie.Zg
x{v eHg ] m wqi[ dry aj;g hrj sj f+r[L VhgG hp.sj m dHl wiw[ wqij Whpa e>sj ] m tpvg hrj
rjla[ dHV%J sg hrjvja dry aWsgvg wiVg ;iPig ]- u[wi h'i wpN Vhg h' lwsj aJ dHV%J }
dwl[ z'C e,cg dry W{nj w[ tpv%g hrj dry dxijdHbj ujr[ m l{i Whpa ;iPig ] m zB'-z,B hxa[
dry s' rji l{i wijHg ujr[ m
fi bdllB{GB liuV u{lwPfi sg dif'iB a[ w'Hg bqv VhgG h'dHbj m WjWj ug sg hjva
bdab>a tijW h' eHg m Rpf+'wa cjwBig dif'iB dry WjWj ug sgbJ dFbjVw bwdh/bldh
WgqjigbJ sj d;wi wgaj debj ] m dHh WgqjigbJ e'ijLjhg sg zCg Vgag bVplji hg f{sj
h'HgbJ lV m dwMdw WjWj ug } u[v% s[ Rpfiv[ wqdibJ dry'G dHw bdab>a A'B[ wqi[ dry W>s
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147
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e,vWja VhgG wiV ds,ag uJsg lg m ija } uJ dsV } apiV-dxiV sg bjdebj VhgG lg m dHh
epiP wvegZi dfaj sj L[i faj Vhg dw>V[ l.wvf drwvf wisj h'dHbj bV[w WgqjigbJ Vjv
e+dlbj debj m e'dcbJ sg Wgqjig Vjv fgCa h' debj@ V[a+J sg u'a uJsg ihg m qP>h s[ tW[
fjl[ w{Gli h' debj dul wiw[ tjSj fgSj rg W>s h' debj m u[v%iJ rv'G wqij ljx wiV sg
;iPia VhgG lqNg uJsg lg m s[l rjlgbJ } dHl b;jsg zpvjBgH[ sj w'Hg faj Vhg lg dw Rph
dwo[ ]( dwl ai%J sg hjva dry ]( ugra ] dw qi debj( c[ij V"i>ejWjs s[ f+W>Zw WjWj ug
Wji[ fPig ai%J bdebja lV m
dHl wiw[ f>Ddca L[i dl>z ug V[ Wgidq+e[l epidWvjl wvf aiP e+.o s[ f>Vj 1593 a[
dvdtbj ] dw@ #WjWj ug } 1905 dW^ } b>ei[; xCw[ wjv[ fjSg v{ eH[ duo[ Rph l,yt>c
dlZji eH[ m$ us'G dw dViqv f>o sj dHh bVq'v iaV dl>zjfpi sg u[v% dry bwdh/bldh
algh[ ldh>sj h'dHbj 5 upvjHg 1856 } b>Ddq+a r[v[ l,yt>c dlZji debj m
bjf ug sj l.ziL lfLB ijuVgdaw l.e+jq lg m dwl[ ai%J sg Zjidqw FjrVj f+eB wiw[
ldhI'egbJ } dwl[ ai%J s[ Fpv[t[ dry Vhg fjdHbj lg m ljogbJ } lfLB sdlbj lg dw qpC a'G
dlt iju lojfV wiV vHg ujVJ rjiVgbJ hV m e'i[ } f>ujW dry'G w,TSj ] m qhjijuj svgf
dl>z } bjfS[ wW;[ dry wiw[ qhjijuj svgf dl>z s[ VjM h[n vCjHg vCV sg I'uVj lg m
qhjijSg du.sJ } xi>egbJ sg w{s dry'G w,Tw[ lpitUaj s[Sg dHl I'uVj dry Ljqv lg m WjWj
ug l:a.a+aj f+jfag } d*bjadqw iPf s[S vHg vCjHg s[ q{sjV dry Rpai[ lV m bjf ug sg
dHVwvjWg l'y V[ xi.egbJ sg VgGs hijq wi ds,ag lg m lqwjvg btWji #b>Ddq+ali$ WjWj ug
s[ *Jagwjig wjiVjdqbJ sgbJ ?WiJ fdhv[ lx[ a[ f+wjLa wisj lg m qjN[@ qjvr[ ba[ spbjW[
s[ dlt iju s[ ljdWw x"ug WjWj ug sg lwgq a[ bfSgbJ ujVJ rjiV vHg aiv'q,Ag h' ih[
lV m b>e+[;J sj ljij epfa liwjig diwjic duo[ WjWj ug } #cjwP$ wdhw[ bfS[ qV } h'vj
wisj ] Vjv hg #epiP$ wdhw[ WjWj ug s[ RpKy bjyiV@ wpLv Vgag@ dVf>pVaj@ uo[W>sw@ l.enV
sg FifPi f+L.lj rg wisj ] m
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WjWj ug b;jsg sgbJ vdhiJ s[ fo-f+siLw ba[ l:a>a+aj l>e+jqgbJ s[ lisji WS[ lV m
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bsp,ag wiSg sj r[irj b>e+[u b`li ojS[sji a'G v{ w[ dcfBg wdqLVi@ eriVi ba[ rjdHlijH[
a,w bjfS[ dy,ng-fa+ cjdHigbJ@ qpwsq[ sgbJ xjdHvJ dry liWf,tg ujSwjig siu wis[
ih[ m WjWj ug } cjwP/s[l Z+'hg dvts[ h'H[ rg WjWj ug sg qhjV wpiWjVg sg f+L.lj wiV' idh
Vhg lw[ m lqwjvg btWji #b>Ddq+ali$ WjWj ug sgbJ ?WiJ } f+qp,t oJ ds>sj lg m blgG b>e+[;J
s[ dHl ev'G Z>Vrjsg hJ duV%J sgbJ dvtaJ s[ wjiS WjWj ug sg wpiWjVg f+wjL dry bjHg ] m
148
 b>e+[;J s[ epfa slajr[; u' hpS Fjia liwji V[ liWa s[ bdZb{V rjla[ t'v% ds,a[ hV m
dHV%J slajr[;J dry'G l+! Vjhi dl>z ug V[ WjWj qhjiju dl>z ug Vjv lW.Za diwjic Rpaji
w[ fplaw s[ iPf dry f+wjLa wgaj dul sj f>ujWg bVprjs FjHg bqigw dl>z ug V[ wgaj ] m
blgG dHl bVprjs a'G Z>Vrjs ldha vjF RpnjdHbj ] m fjnwJ s[ debjV dry rjZj wiV vHg
slajr[; ba[ RpV%J sj lji dHo[ b>Ddwa wi ih[ hJ m
18 bela 1847
lisji vdhSj dl>z } bjs[L ds,aj debj ] dw RpV%J f>yJ } dihj wi s[r[ u' FjHg
qhjiju dl>z s[ f{i'wjiJ lq[a xC[ eH[ lV m FjHg \qhjiju dl>z| s[ vpwS sg oJ Wji[ w'Hg
lpije VhgG dqdvbj m
4 uPV
lpdSbj ] dw FjHg qhjiju dl>z \yVjW sdibj dry| cp,W eH[ hV ba[ RpV%J s[ f{i'wjiJ
dry'G WhpdabJ V[ hdobji lp,B ds,a[ hV m dHh e,v b{V bduh[ Tp,wr[G lq[G a[ h'Hg ] us'G RpV%J s[
Ziq-Ip,Z sj f+yji q[i[ w{Gf dry bu[ LpiP hg h'dHbj lg m Rpf+'wa dryji } 15 uPV } qpC
epfayi drFje V[ sphijdHbj ] m
15 uPV
vjh"i s[ epfayi drFje a'G faj v,ej ] dw WjQg FjHg qhjiju dl>z yVjW dry cp,W
eH[ hV m RphVJ s[ 800 sgrjV[ f{i'wji aJ RphVJ s[ Vjv hg cp,W eH[ fi Wjwg s[ 500 f{i'wjiJ
} fwC dvbj debj ] m
us'G lisji epvjW dl>z fjl dHl sj d;wi wgaj debj aJ Rpl V[ dli x[dibj ba[ FjHg
qhjiju dl>z sg q"a sg ?Wi a[ L.wj f+eB wgag m
vjh"i sgbJ ijulg cjdHigbJ
duvs IV \ÉÐÌÎ-ÌÐ|
r,v'G
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lhjdHw i{;gc{GB Ñ uPV@ ÉÐÌÐ
drLj ^ qhjiju dl>z@ FjHg

w,v% sg cjw dry q{} q[ui V[fgbi (Major Napier) r,v'G F[dubj dHw f,ai dqdvbj dul
dry FjHg qhjiju dl>z } xCV vHg wga[ eH[ blxv uaVJ sj riVS lg m q{G diwjic dry
dHh e,v siu wga[ dWVJ VhgG idh lwsj dw dfAv[ xirig qhgV[ dry q{G wjiu-yjvw iju-
f+agdVZg (Officiating Resident) } ;'i s[ w[ dHh e,v whg lg dw dHl drbwag } api>a wjWP
149
wiVj bag ;iPig ] m q{G dHl e,v r,v rg dZbjV dsrjdHbj lg dw dHl qV'io vHg F[ug eHg
l{dVw BpwCg v'CgGsg lqi,oj a'G dw>Vg z,B lg m q{G Rpl} dHl a,o r,v rg dZbjV s[S vHg
bjdtbj lg dw l{dVw BpwCg s[ bjfS[ wjirjHg rjv[ lojV a[ fp,uS a'G dHw hxaj fdhvJ hg
l{dVw BpwCg sg irjVeg ba[ dHl s[ q>ar Wji[ b?WjiJ V[ ?WiJ Ajf ds,agbJ lV m u' w>q Rpl
lq[G dWvwpv bljV lg@ Rph hpS bl.Fr h' debj ] dwMdw qpvajV dry Wejra sj RpFiVj
ba[ dHl cjwP sj@ dul} l{Vj dHw l>a qhjaqj sj siuj s[S vHg dWhWv ]@ Wy dVwvSj
WjegbJ s[ h,o q;WPa wi[ej m f'n'hji s[ dHvjw[ dry'G w{fBV dVwvlV (Captain Nicholson)
rie[ ;Wisla dVeijV } hBj v{S Vjv WiajVrg f+Fjr sj u' dHw drLjv tvjb f{sj h'
debj ]@ dHl sj WjegbJ } Fjig vjF fp,u[ej m
eriVi uViv s[
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s[ qp,t-lhjdHw@ q[ui ujiu lB! fg! vji{Gl
sg ijulg cjdHig dry'G m

slajr[; V.! 17
l[rj drt[
q[ui b{Ky fjqi b{Kq!Wg!
uv.Zi m
l+g qjV ug@
\qhjiju dl>z }| u[v% dry'G Wyjw[ v{ ujS s[ dwl[ IaV sj aJ f+LV hg Vhg lg RpKnsj m
fi dHh e,v f,wg lg dw dl,t fdhi[sjiJ } uJ q[i[ bjfS[ bjsqgbJ } uJ s'hJ } diLra s[
ds,ag ujSg lg m duhCj ijulg w{sg fdhvJ u[v% $y'G F,u debj lg Rph Vj aJ w'Hg ilPt rjvj
bjsqg lg a[ Vj hg Rpls[ VJ Vjv epiP s[ VJ du>Vg fjrVaj upCg h'Hg lg@ dxi rg Rph bjsqg
u[v% $y'G F,uS dry lxv h' debj m
q{G yjhp.sj lJ dw q{} l{dVwJ sg dHw w>fVg uJ zB'-zB b,lg fdhi[sji ba[ RpaV[ hg dl,t
fdhi[sji ds,a[ ujS duV%J sg wqjV dl,Zg dHw IPifgV bxli s[ h,o h'r[ m w{fBV BiVi V[
dHhVJ drbwagbJ sg l.Fjv sj w>q bjfS[ du>q[ v{ dvbj ] ba[ Rpl } bjl ] w,v% } wpN h'i
bjsqg dqv ujSe[ ba[ q{} f>ujh bdVIdqa z'C lrji dqv eH[ hV m
uv.Zi q{G hJ
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30 sl.Wi@ 1849 dcfBg wdqLVi
150
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du.Vg A[ag h' lw[ FjHg qhjiju dl>z } dl>zjfpi F[u ds,aj ujr[ m lxi lq[G Rpl s[ F'uV
bjdsw sj fPij f+W.Z wgaj ujr[ aJ dw Rpl} W[ v'CgbJ awvgxJ a'G WyjdHbj uj lw[ m
FjHg qhjiju dl>z Vjv Rpfi'wa ljiu>B ba[ dHw A'Bg ejis F[ug ujr[ ba[ Rpl }
#lBi[Bl l{Bvq{GB (Straits Settlements) s[ eriVi s[ lfpis wi ds,aj ujr[ m
wiVv rBirio } hsjdHa wgag ujSg yjhgsg ] dw u[wi l.Fr h'r[ aJ Rph FjHg
qhjiju dl>>z } dl>zjfpi sg u[v% s[ Rpfivg q>D;v s[ wqdibJ dry it[ m dHh oJ fPiV a"i
lpi,Ddtba ba[ dlha vHg y>eg ] m
wiVv WBirio } dHh rg lPdya wi ds,aj ujr[ dw FjHg qhjiju dl>z dHw ijulg w{sg
]@ dHl vHg Rpl Vjv wn'i riajRp Vj wgaj ujr[ fi Rpl} ngw ai%J dhxjua dry i,tSj rg
WCj ;iPig ] m
yVji s[ lojV a[ rg Rphg ljrZjVgbJ riagbJ ujSgbJ yjhgsgbJ hV u' h'iVJ lojVJ
a[ riaSgbJ hV m wqJdc>e b`li sg dHh d;>q[rjig h'r[eg dw Rph WVjil drt[ eriVi
uViv s[ lhjdHw } dif'iB F[u[ ba[ Rph bduhg dif'iB F[uS vHg h'iVJ bdZwjigbJ rJe
hg w{sgbJ fjl hi qhgV[ ujdHbj wi[ m FjHg \qhjiju dl>z| ba[ qPv iju } dWV-WpvjH[
dqvS bjH[ drbwagbJ } b>si ujS a'G i'wS vHg tjl y"wlg riag ujr[ m dVil.s[h@ v'w
RphVJ Vjv qpvjwja wiV vHg WC[ Rpalpw h'Se[ m
lhg/ cvh"ug \eriVi uViv|
9 bf+{v@ 1850

slajr[; V.! 59
r,v'G
i{;gc{GB w"Gdlvi@
dl>zjfpi m
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14 uPV@ 1850
151
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hsjdHa bVplji RphVJ } u[v% s[ Rpfiv[ wqdibJ dry idtbj debj ] m
ldawji ldha m
aphjcj bda bjdebjwjig V"wi
dl>zjfpi lhg/-
14 uPV@ 1850 i{;gc{GB w"Gdlvi

slajr[; 80 dry Bg yiy i{;gc{GB w"Glvi dl>zjfpi V[ 2 bela 1853 s[ fai dry
v{xBgV{B bji yiy lw,ai liwji lB[Bl l{Bvq{GB a'G bjdebj q>eg ] dw FjHg qhjiju dl>z
ba[ tCw dl>z V[ s' f,ai V"i>ejWjs F[uS sg bjdebj q>eg ] m
Vjv hg dvdtbj ] dHV%J fa+J sj Fjr \bio| lqNS sj q[i[ w'v w'Hg ljZV VhgG ] fi
Rph Fi'lj srj ih[ hV dHV%J fa+J dry w[rv firjdiw e,vJ WjaJ hg dvtgbJ hV m
slajr[; 81 dry 7 la.Wi 1853 } wjiurjhw Rpf lw,ai u[! vji.l b{lwpbjdHi
ygx wdqLVi f>ujW } dvdtbj ] q{G aphj} dl>zjfpi sg u[v% dry W.s s' ijulg w{sgbJ FjHg
qhjiju dl>z ba[ tCw dl>z r,v'G f+jfa h'H[ fa+ F[u dihj hJ ba[ dHl s[ Vjv hg W[Vag wisj
hJ dw dHV%J fa+J sj Rpvoj wirj dvbj ujr[ ba[ u[wi dHV%J dry w'Hg dHaiju I'e e,v Vj
vF[ aJ dHV%J } dliVjr[G sjiJ a,w fhp.yjRpS sj f+W.Z wgaj ujr[ m
dHl[ slajr[; s[ bev[ f{i[ dry xi.eg bfSg wpBvVgag riSV wisj h'dHbj dvtsj
] m #q{} dHh e,v sl s[S sg hsjdHa rg h'Hg ] dw eriVi uViv dHV w"Glv epiP \qhjiju
dl>z| rv'G dvt[ dwl[ fa+ } F[u[ ujS s[ drip,Z hV m
slajr[; V.! 14 dry dvdtbj ]@ #epiP sj y[vj tCw dl>z dHw f,wj WsqjL ] m$
dHV%J f>wagbJ a'G lf,LB h' uJsj ] dw Fjr[ l.a qhjiju dl>z V[ dl.zjfpi sg u[v% dry'G
bV[w fa+ dvt[ h'Se[ fi Rph xi>eg sg xjHgv sj dL.eji WSs[ ih[ uJ uvj ds,a[ uJs[ ih[ m
WjWj ug s[ fa+J } V"i>ejWjs uJ WjWj ug s[ dwl[ dha{Lg w'v F[uS s[ drip,Z xi>eg sj diwjic
W'v dihj ]
slajr[; 82 a'G faj v,esj ] dw ##q'agH[ s[ wjiS FjHg qhjiju dl>z sg dVe%j dWvwpv
yvg eHg ] m q'agH[ sj Rpfi[LV wiV Vjv rg dVe%j ngw h'S sg w'Hg Whpag l>FjrVj VhgG m$$
slajr[; V.! 84 dry dvdtbj ] m FjHg qhjiju dl>z sg dlha dfAv[ qhgdVbJ dry

152
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da>V hxdabJ a'G aJ Rph Whpa o'C%j tJsj ] ba[ wpN dsVJ a'G aJ Rph w[rv o'C%g duhg wJug
ba[ fjSg fgGsj ] m
slajr[; V.! 86 dry dvdtbj ] dw ##dHl qhgV[ sg 5 ajigw } ijulg w{sg FjHg
qhjiju dl>z sj dshJa h' debj ] m$$
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qhjiju dl>z ug sg bfPir wiVg dul V[ f>ujW sg b;jsg sj lqsP s[ avj a[ f+S wgaj lg m
lPiWgi Zgiu qda fPij mm bjfS[ b>aq l:jlJ a,w ds+C% dihj m dl>zjfpi sg u[v% s[ wiqyjigbJ
s[ qjV-bfqjV a'G RpKfi RpKnw[ Vjq dy>aV dry dHwjei h' debj m e'dibJ sgbJ dz+Sa/
bfqjVa wiaPaJ s[ wjiS wsg-wsg WjWj tCw dl>z e'dibJ Vjv bduhj riajRp wiV vHg
RpajiP h' uJs[ lV dul ai%J sj riajrj e'i[ wis[ lV m
slajr[; 74 dry eriVi df+>l bj` r[vu sgf lqPh dl>zjfpi ba[ bvjwj 24 uVrig
1851 sg fa+wj dry dvtsj ]@ ##q{} r[tw[ spt hp.sj ] dw dfAv[ wpN lq[G a'G tCw dl>z Whpa
f+[LjV wi dihj ] m Rph bduhgbJ yg;J q>esj ] duhCgbJ lBi[Bl dry dqvsgbJ VhgG uJ
liwji r,v'G bduhgbJ rlaJ dsa[ ujS sg f+rjVeg VhgG ba[ Rpl sj drRphji WCj hg
F{Cj ] m!!!!!!
!!!!!!dHh rg r[dtbj debj ] tCw dl>z epl[ dry bjw[ F'uV tjS a'G VJh wi ds>sj ] ba[
ligi s[ wfC[ fjC-fjC w[ lpBsj ] m us'G dqlBi yiy ba[ dqlBi h{q>c V[ u[v% sj s"ij wgaj
aJ tCw dl>z sj ljij drRphji hg dHVJ bfqjV uVw ba[ eplajt lg dw dqlBi yiy V[ aJ
bjfS[ hg dlfjhgbJ sgbJ b,tJ ljhqS[ bduhj bfqjV hp.sj r[tw[ dLidq>seg qdhlPl wgag m
fi dHls[ RpvB FjHg qhjiju dl>z } u' wpN rg ds,aj uJsj ] Rph Rpl Vjv l.apLB h' uJsj ]
ba[ bjfS[ ljog w{sgbJ rv'G wga[ uJs[ bduh[ drRphji f+ag Lidq>seg ba[ dz+Sj f+eB wiV
s[ Vjv-Vjv RpV%J } lsj bduhj wiV a'G i'wS sj IaV wisj ] m$$
wiVg l+[LB Rph hp.sg ] dulsg Laµ rg f+L.lj wi[ m WjWj ug sg s[l Feag@ l.ziL sg
b>e+[u bdZwjigbJ V[ FifPi f+L.lj wgag ] u' liwjig diwjic dry lpitUa ] m WjWj ug }
de+xaji wiV rjv[ uv.Zi s[ dcfBg wdqLVi r{VlBjiB V[ bfSg dHw fa+wj dry dq^ qwv'c
wdqLVi spbjWj } dvdtbj ] #dw qhjiju dl>z s[ da>V hxa[ spbjW[ dry idhS Vjv u'
eCWC h'Hg ]@ qjN[ dry dHl a'G rg r,Z h' lwsg lg dwMdw qhjiju dl>z qjN[ dry Whpa lqj
ih[ lV m Rph Rpo'G s[ hjvja a'G fPig ai%J ujSP lV m$
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153
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dHl[ f+iwS dry WjWj ug s[ f+Fjr \bli ilPt| } riSV wis[ h'H[ dvdtbj ] m
#u[wi qhjiju dl>z Wy w[ dVwv debj ba[ spWjij Vj xdCbj debj aj dl,t w"q sg l'y
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dl>z ug s[ l+[LB qhjV epSJ sj riSV wis[ h'H[ dvdtbj h{ ^
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qhjV dlbjSf@ l:{ drL:jl h{ m$
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dHw dsV l>ea sj bojh dHw,n lg m dcfBg wdqLVi l{Gcv ba[ x"ug wqJci h{iglV V[
w.ri V"dVhjv dl>z s[ Wp.e[ dry W{nw[ lji[ dHw,n } sPiWgV Vjv r[dtbj m WjWj ug sj f+Fjr@
l>eaJ Vjv f+[q r[tw[ dHV%J V[ dHhg f+Fjr dvbj dw WjWj ug liwji rjla[ dwl[ r[v[ rg
taiVjw WS lws[ hV m dHl vHg WjWj ug } w'arjvg ldsbj debj ba[ fpdAbj@ #qhjiju
dl>z ug Vjv aphjcj wg l.W.Z h{($
WjWj ug V[ bjdtbj@ #blgG s'V'G WjWj Wgi dl>z ug s[ dLL hJ m Rph q[i[ epiFjHg ba[ c[i[ s[
qh.a lV m$ dHl a'G Wjbs WjWj ug } b>dq+ali wparjvg dry W>s wi ds,aj debj m dxi rg
fpA-fCajv wis[ ih[ m b>a #li ujVvji.l$ V[ WjWj ug } f>u ljogbJ lq[a da>V-da>V ljv
sg w{s WjqpLwa uJ f>u-f>u h;ji sgbJ Vws ;qjVaj s[w[ Wjhi idhS sj hpwq lpSjdHbj m
WjWj ug V[ ujVvji.l sj hpwq lpSjRpS rjv[ ;qjsji } dwhj@ #ljcg vji.l Vjv e,v
wijRp m$ ujVvji.l V[ e,v wiV a'G dHVwji wgaj a[ dwhj@ #q{} faj h{ WjWj ug W[wlPi hV fi
q{G q;WPi hJ$ ba[ WjWj ug } b>dq+ali a'G vjh"i v{ ujw[ ;[v% dry W>s wi ds,aj m ;[v% dry
fdhvJ rg wHg dl.z W>s lV u' siLV wiw[ fiq f+l.V h'H[ m ;[v% dry rg ldal.e h'S v,ej fi
wpN lq[G qei'G WjWj ug } vjh"i a'G b>dq+ali ;[v% dry F[u ds,aj m fdhv[ dl>z Rpsjl h' eH[ ba[
W'v[@ #qhjiju ) lj} rg Vjv v{ yv' m$ WjWj ug V[ bjdtbj@ #FjHg lF wpN epiP s[ hpwq dry
ria dihj h{ dy.aj Vj wi' aplgG A[ag hg W.ZV qpwa h' ujr'e[ m lpWh Rpn w[ LVjV wiw[ LWs sj
bdFbjl wi'@ dVaV[q sg WjSg sj fjn wiw[ lptqVg ljdhW ba[ bwjv Rplaa sj fjn
wiVj m$ WjWj ug sg ;qjVa sj IaV wgaj debj aJ liwji V[ 15 h;ji ipfH[ sg ;qjVa
q>eg m
vjh"i s[ yji qhJfpitJ l>a ljdhW dl>z@ qh>a Fea dl>z Lhgse>u rjv[@ FjHg bq'vw
dl>z dVh.e ba[ l^ uga dl>z V[ WjWj ug sg ;qjVa s[S sj dryji WSjdHbj m dHl Fjr sg
d;v[% dry dWV{ fa=wj ds,ag m Rph rjfl tpsjWtL w'arjv w'v bjHg m RplV[ dHV%J y"hJ ;qjVagbJ

160
sg bjiow brloj r[tw[ dLxjiL wi ds,ag m uqjVa firjV h' eHg ba[ WjWj ug } dihj wi
ds,aj debj m
;qjVagbJ V[ cg!lg! } fp,DdAbj@ #hpS WjWj ug dwo[ idhS($
cg!lg! V[ bjdtbj@ #duo[ dHV%J sg dH,Aj h{ m$
WjWj ug V[ yjiJ ;qjVagbJ } bjdtbj@ #FjHg hpS blgG aphjc[ w'v vjh"i dry hg
ihJe[ m$
b>dq+ali sg l.ea V[ WjWj ug sj ba[ yjiJ ;qjVagbJ sj fpLfhji fdhVjw[ uvPl
wdTbj m uvPl b,e[ eawj fjiBgbJ W{Gc rju[ rjv[ yv ih[ lV m l.eaJ Rpfi w[li dACdwbj
uj dihj lg@ xp,vJ sg ritj h' ihg lg@ iSdl>z[ r,u ih[ lV m u{wji[ bjwjL ep.uj ih[ lV m dHh
qhjV L'Fj Ija=j l+g hdiq>si ljdhW ujw[ lqjfa h'Hg m WjWj ug V[ lpZjli li'ri dry dHLVjV
wiw[ l+g hdiq>si ljdhW@ bwjv a?a ba[ h'i epis:jdibJ dry wCjh f+Ljs sgbJ s[eJ yC%jw[
ldaepiJ sj LpwijVj wgaj ba[ vjh"i } yv[ eH[ m
WjWj ug vjh"i dry idhw[ Vjq-WjSg@ woj-wgiaV Vjv uV ljZjiS } ls-qjie
fjRpS v,e[ m l.ea sj bojh dHw,n idhS v,ej m ljZJ@ l.aJ@ ls-e+dhlogbJ sg hi r[v[
bjrjujHg v,eg idh>sg m
dHw dsV dwl[ drL[L bjsqg V[ #li ujVvji.l$ } dwhj@ #aplgG WjWj tpsj dl>z } vjh"i
dry dWnj dvbj h{ m RpV%J w'v hi r[v[ bojh dHw,n idh>sj h{ m dHl rjla[ RpV%J s[ ep;ji[ sj rg
aphj} f+W.Z wiVj yjhgsj h{ m$
ujVvji.l V[ dwhj@ #WjWj ug liW lqi,o hV@ lireU hV@ blgG qpvj;q RpV%J sg wg
lhjdHaj wi lws[ hJ m$
dHw dsV l^ urjhi dl>z ug VvPH[ V[ WjWj ug } W[Vag wgag@ #u[ bjdebj dsRp aJ #li
ujVvji.l$ } ep;ji[ rjla[ dWV{ wgag ujr[ m$
WjWj ug V[ bjdtbj@ #L[i dwl[ b,e[ h,o VhgG bdcbj wis[@ Rph bjfSg qji bjf qjis[
hV m f>u[ Vjv hjogbJ s[ dli x'C ds>s[ hV m Wju wsg sPdubJ sg qji r,v VhgG aws[ m b,e[
rjla[ bduhg wq;'ig rjvg e,v ljc[ b,e[ VhgG wiVg m ljcg dy.aj epiP wvegZi fjaLjh }
h{G@ blgG liW l>lji s[ fjaLjh s[ fp,ai hJ m blgG ujVvji.l } wpN VhgG lqNs[ m$
l.qa 1909 dW^ dry WjWj t[q dl>z ug W[sg WjWj ug } dqvS bjH[ m WjWj t[q dl>z V[ rg
WjWj Wgi dl.z a'G b>dq+a Adwbj lg m dHl ai%J WjWj t[q dl>z ug WjWj ug s[ epiFjHg lV m
WjWj ug V[ W[sg ug } bjdtbj@ #aplgG epiP VjVw s[r ug sg b.l r.l h'@ ugr zja Vj wi' m bjf
Vjq uf' m b,e[ l.ea } ufjY@ lda l.ea wi'@ v>ei yvjRp m$

161
 1916 dW^ dry WjWj ug s[ fPuU qjaj ug bjf ug sg hjd;ig dry lyt>c dlZji[ m qjaj
ug s[ spldhi[ a,w ldhufjn ba[ woj wgiaV hp.sj dihj m sldhi[ a[ bfji l.ea dHwai h'Hg m
dHl lq[G bap,B v.ei riajdHbj m
l.qa 1917 dry qhjijuj Vdi>si dl>z ug fdBbjvjfag siLV wiV bjdHbj ba[
W[Vag wgag@ #q{} w'Hg l[rj s,l' q{G v.ei vHg wpN F[Bj wiVj yjhp.sj hJ m$
WjWj ug V[ bjdtbj #lj} dwl[ yg; sg v'C VhgG@ iju[ ypvg dVbjr wg bVplji fiuj sg
fjvSj wi' m dVbjH[ ba[ bduhj f+W.Z wi' dul Vjv lF lptg idhS m$
qpswg@ x[iP Ldhi ba[ lFijrJ sgbJ vCjHgbJ dry esjig wiV rjvj q[in sj e"C
W+jhqS/dl,t uiV{v a[u dl.z rg vjh"i dry idh>sj lg m Rpl sg dH,Aj lg dw WjWj ug q[i[ zi
v.ei A,wS uJ q{G c[i[ dry hjd;i h'w[ v.ei AwjrJ fi WjWj ug V[ dl,t iju sj W[Cj c'WS
rjv[ esji } bjfSg Vgag Vjv Vj c[i[ bjRpS sj q"wj ds,aj ba[ Vj Rpl s[ zi eH[ m
b>dq+ali s[ dHw fjfg V[ WjWj qhjiju dl>z r,v'G WjWj ug s[ Vjq dvtg Vwvg dy,ng
dcfBg wdqLVi l{Gcv } ds,ag m cg!lg! V[ WjWj ug } vjh"i a'G b>dq+ali WpvjdHbj m
WjWj ug b>dq+ali fp,u[ m cg!lg! V[ dwhj@ #aplgG vjh"i s[ cg!lg! } b>dq+ali bjRpS sg
dHdavjh s[ w[ VhgG bjH[($
WjWj ug V[ dwhj@ #dHw rji rjdhepiP bwjv fpit } dHdavjh s[ ds,ag h{ hpS rji-rji
W>dsbJ } dHdavjh s[S sg v'C VhgG m$
cg!lg!_#b,u w,v WjWj qhjiju dl>z ug dw,o[ hV($
WjWj ug_#aphjc[ f[B dry hV m$
cg!lg!_\dy,ng drtjw[| #wg dHh dy,ng WjWj qhjiju dl>z V[ aphj} F[ug h{ m$
WjWj ug_us'G Rpl fdr,a= bjaqj \WjWj qhjiju dl>z| } aplgG tj dvbj h{ aJ dy,ng dwl
V[ dvtSg lg( Vwvg dy,ngbJ Fjr[G i';jVj dvtg ujRp m$
dHl lq[G x[i FjHg Fea dl>z ug V[ f>u h;ji sg ;qjVa ds,ag m da>V ljv ?aq h'S a'G
Wjbs WjWj hjwq dl>z ug e'dH>srjv rjdvbJ V[ agug rji ;qjVa wijHg m
WjWj ug bjfS[ c[i[ vjh"i dry idh>s[ ih[ m c[i[ sj Vjq #WjWj tpsj dl>z rjvj c[ij$ f+dl,Z h'
debj m bjfSg qiIjsj bVplji ldal.e wis[ uV-ljZjiS } Vjq-WjSg Vjv u'Cs[ ih[ m
15 dsV fdhvJ bjf ug V[ sl ds,aj dw@ #FjHg ) hpS blgG l,yt>c } ujrJe[ m$ dHh
wdhS a'G Wjbs dVujV.s dry dHwjei bjadqw dy.aV dry v,e eH[ m f>u dsV fdhvJ b>V
fjSg sj dabje wi ds,aj m
blP rsg 10rgG l.qa 1918 dW^ } ldaVjqp sj dy.aV wis[ h'H[ lda Vjv bF[s h' eH[ m
162
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qhjijSg du>sj } ypVji s[ dwv%[ $y'G wTS rjv[
dViqv[ l.aJ sg V[fjv dry Vjsg W.l
l+gqjV WjWj qhjiju dl.z ug dl,t iju } ldoi itS s[ hqjdHag u'Z[@ qhjV l.e+jqg@
b>ei[;J s[ wBC dri'Zg ba[ Fjia sg bj;jsg s[ fdhv[ VjdHw lV m Fjr[G bjf } uvjraV
wiw[ dl.zjfpi sg u[v% dry F[u ds,aj debj duo[ bjf bV[w algh[ ldh.s[ h'H[ 7 ljv ;[v% dry
idhw[ 5 upvjHg l.V 1856 dry l,yt>c dlZji eH[ fi bjf ug sg uejHg bj;jsg sg u'da
h'i rg a[u h'w[ ueS veg m WjWj ug WC[ Vgag dVf>pV@ drrhji wpLv ba[ u,o[W.sw lV m bjf
ug V[ l+g l.a ijq dl.z ug driwa sg f+ZjVeg h[n b,n l.aJ sj dHw u,oj dHl rjla[ WSjdHbj
lg dw qhjijuj svgf dl.z ug } ypw w[ ba[ bjfS[ wWu[ dry wiw[ qhjijuj svgf dl>z ug
s[ Vjq h[n b>ei[;J } f>ujW dry'G wTS rjla[ l.ziL a[u wgaj ujr[ m tjl-tjl bjsqgbJ s[
VjM dyngbJ dvt w[ tiy rjla[ 1100/- IjiJ l" ipfH[ s[w[ vjh"i } a'dibj debj u' vjh"i
ujw[ dHw ZiqLjvj dry ndhi[ m L,w sg hjva dry dHl ZiqLjvj sg avjLg h'Hg ba[ b,n[
l.a de+xaji wga[ eH[ m
dHlg ai%J WjWj qhjiju dl.z ug sg lwgq bVplji sPlij u,oj dabji wgaj debj lg dw
qhjijSg du.sJ } b.ei[;J s[ wWu[ dry'G l:a.a+ wgaj ujr[ m qhjijSg du.sJ } b>ei[; V[ fdhvJ
L[tPfpi[ s[ dwv%[ dry@ qei'G #ypVji$ s[ dwv%[ \Rpai f+s[L| dry V;iW.s wgaj h'dHbj lg m
qhjijSg ypVji s[ dwv[% dry'G s"C w[ V[fjv yvg eHg m
qhjijSg bjfS[ bjf V[fjv o'C'% yvg eHg lg ( dHl lji[ wjiu dfA[ dViqv[ l>aJ sj Rph
u,oj w>q wi dihj lg dul sg dcRPBg l.a WjWj qhjiju dl.z ug V[ vjHg lg m dHh WCg i"yw
whjSg ] u' hjvg aw f+wjL dry VhgG bjHg m
qhjijSg } ypVji s[ dwv%[ y'G wTS rjv[ f>u dViqv[ l.a lV m dHl wjiu } bqvg iPf
s[S rjla[ wHg qhgV[ dryji-drqiL hp.sj dihj ba[ ljig I'uVj dabji wgag eHg m qhjijSg
} ba[ sjlg } fPig Bi[dV.e ds,ag eHg m ila[ sj@ VsgbJ sj@ dwLagbJ sj@ dViS{ wgaj
debj m qhjijSg s[ s"CV a'G Wjbs api.a l.Fjv sj f+W>Z wgaj debj m qhjijSg sj F[l
Wsdvbj debj m lxi dry s' l.a 4-5 qgv be[-be[ yvs[ lV u' lji[ tai[ sj dViS{ wis[

163
lV m s' l.a qhjijSg s[ Vjv lV m dHw l.a 4-5 qgv dfA[ idhw[ hjvja a[ dVejh it dihj
lg m b.a dHh IaV lxv h'dHbj m qhjijSg dh.splajV sg lgqj fji wiw[@ V[fjv yvg eHg
ba[ wnq>cP fh>py eHg m V[fjv Vi[L } dqvw[ ijulg LiS q.eg eHg m V[fjv Vi[L V[ l:gwji
wiw[ qhjijSg } ijulg LiS s[w[ #ojfjovg s[ ijSjrJ s[ qh,v$ dry idhS sg bjdebj s[
dsag m
qhjijSg } lpitUa lojV a[ fhp.yjw[ qhjijSg Vjv bjH[ s'V' l.a@ l.a iSu'Z dl.z ug
ba[ l.a iSZgi dl.z ug f,Aqg V[fjv s[ #qpwagVjo$ ba[ #fdr,ai e>cwg$ s[ Rpseq lov rv
yv[ eH[ m l.aJ s[ dHo[ ujS s[ da.V wjiS hV m
\1| dh.splajV sg b>ei[; liwji rv'G qhjijuj V[fjv a[ sWjRp rZ dihj lg dw qhjijSg
du.sJ } b>ei[; s[ hrjv[ wgaj ujr[ m l.a VhgG yjh.ps[ lV dw V[fjv iju Rpfi sWjRp h'i lta
h'r[ ba[ dHh ljWa h'r[ dHw,vg qhjijSg VhgG h'i dl,t WjegbJ } rg qhjijuj LiS s[
dihj ] m
\2| l.a qhjiju[ a[ W'N rg VhgG WSVj yjh.ps[ lV m
\3| V[fjv s[ wj}V bVplji w'Hg drs[Lg Vjeiw V[fjv dry idh VhgG lg lwsj m
dHl ldoag } dryjiw[@ Vgag bVplji s'V' l.a #qhJwjv[l:i$ ldoa spieq fhjCgbJ s[
u.ev dry epxjrjlg h' eH[ m 1 qei'G sPli[ da>V[ l>a@ l.a iSWgi dl.z ug@ l.a iSdruI dl.z
ug ba[ l.a iSdr*q dl.z ug bjS dqv[ ba[ f>u[ l.a dHw,n[ h' eH[ m
dHh f>u[ l.a 1925 Hg^ aw ugra ih[ duV%J s[ b,e[ 35 dLL WS[ m dHh lji[ qhJfpit
Fjr[G Fjia ba[ l.lji Vjv'G l.fiw a'C W{n[ hV fi epiqda@ epiWjSg Vjv h'i rg ds+C% h' eH[

1! qhJwjv[l:i-qpwdaVjo sj q>si spieq fhjCgbJ dry dzdibj dFbjVw u.ev dry ] m V[fjv s[
Ldhi f'tCj a'G sl dsV sg f{sv Ijaij ] m fpijVw woj bVplji-s[ra[ s{GaJ s[ lqp>si q>oV lq[G dVwv[
14 iaVJ dry'G FerjV L.wi V[ hvjhv sj l[rV wiw[@ dHo[ dVrjl idtbj lg m Fjr[G dHo[ bdab.a Wi`
f{Gsg ] fi dLr ug sg drL s[ f+Fjr wiw[@ n.c zB ] m
dHo[ WpZ-wjv lq[G sgbJ 108 epxjrJ \bu>BjdHv'ij sg ai%J| WSgbJ h'HgbJ hV duV%J dry dHh f>u[
l.a uj w[ ih[ m
dHV%J epxjrJ dry dHh dHw<v[ l.a hg VhgG lV@ h'i q,aJ s[ ljZP rg dVrjl its[ hV duV%J dry
l>dVbjlg@ Vjo@ W'Zg@ vjq[G@ aJda+w ba[ qplvqjV bjdsw wHg l.f+sjrJ/q,aJ s[ ljZP f+[q fPiWw idh>s[
lV m wpv 108 ljZP idh ih[ hV m lji[ I'ejdFbjlg hV m l.lji Vjv'G BpB[ h'H[@ bjfS[ bjf bjV>s dry hV m
Vjq dy>aV@ afdlbj dry ds+C% hV m I'ejdFbjl s[ wjiS lF sg bjIP 100 ljv a'G Rpfi ] m l:lo/bi'e
ba[ f+aga dHl ai%J hp.s[ hV@ dur[G 55-56 riL sg bjIP s[ h'S m dF>V-dF>V l.f+sjrJ s[ h.ps[ h'H[ rg f+[q
ldawji Rpv[tVgI ] m lq-ds+LBg rjv[@ RpKybjadqw brloj s[ l:jqg hV m l.lji Vjv'G BpBw[ HgL:i Vjv
upC[ h'H[ hV m lq>Ph qhJfpitJ sj F'uV w[rv yjrv ]@ u' eiq yLq[ dry RpWjv[ uJs[ hV m dHh v.ei
WVjRpS sg l[rj dViqv[ l>aJ V[ l>Fjvg h'Hg ] m
164
hV m fdhv[ f>uJ l.aJ V[ bjfS[ lji[ dLLJ } epiqiIjsj bVplji@ l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW ug ba[
slq e+.o ug bioJ ldha fC%jH[ hV m ljdibJ } sl epiP ljdhWjV ba[ l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW ug
dHLB ds+C% wijH[ hV m #rjdhepiP$ q>a+ sj ujf@ epiWjSg sj dVaV[q f+f,w wijdHbj ] m wHg l.a
W+jhqS fdirji dry'G hV m lji[ l.ld*a s[ drsrjV hV m l.ld*a rg Rpf+'wa f>u s[LFea
l.aJ V[ hg fC%jHg ] m dHl a'G faj vesj ] dw Rph duo[ qhjV s[LFea dl,t iju s[ LpFdy.aw
lV Rpo[ epiqda@ epiWjSg ba[ l.ld*a s[ rg debjaj lV m

1! l.a iSu'Z dl>z ug \dq+aIP 1920 Hg^| s[ dLL

\1| l.a rgiFs+ dl.z \f>ujW|
\2| l,yt.crjlg l.a biZVjigl:i dl.z \dq+aIP 1933 Hg^| \qsijl|
\3| l.a bjLpa'L bdrVjL dl.z \Rpai f+s[L|
\4| l.a rl.pZij dl.z ug \Rpai f+s[L|
\5| l,yt>crjlg l.a q,DdvwjiupV dl.z \dq+aIP 1939 Hg^| \qsijl|
\6| l.a bq[Irgi dr*q dl.z ug \Rpai f+s[L|
\7| l.a b>dq+aZjig dl.z ug IjIjri \f>ujW|

2! l.a iSZgi dl>z ug \dq+aIP 1918 Hg^| s[ dLL

\8| l>a Vihig dl.z ug \f>ujW|
\9| l,yt>crjlg l.a b>dq+a dl.z ug \dq+aIP 1914 Hg^| \f>ujW|
\10| l,yt>crjlg l.a dViqv dl.z ug \dq+aIP 1929 Hg^| \f>ujW|
\11| l,yt>crjlg l.a buI dl.z ug \dq+aIP 1935 Hg^| \f>ujW|
\12| l,yt>crjlg l>a bFI dl.z ug \dq+aIP 1931 Hg^| \f>ujW|
\13| l,yt>crjlg l>a drr[w dl.z ug \dq+aIP 1924 Hg^| \f>ujW|
\14| l,yt>crjlg l>a dq+e[Gs+ dl.z ug \f>ujW|
\15| l.a RpsIf=ajf dl.z ug \f>pVA|
\16| l.a FjVPf+ajf dl.z ug \f>pVA|
\17| l>a IpZrgi dl.z ug \f>pVA|
\18| l>a IpdZLdni dl.z ug \f>pVA|
\19| l>a i>uVwpqji dl.z ug \f>ujW|
165
 \20| l>a qI>w dl.z ug \f>pVA|
\21| l>a LlgwL[ti dl.z ug \f>pVA|
\22| l>a df+IsiLV dl.z ug \f>pVA|
\23| l>a s+'SjyjiI dl.z ug \f>pVA|

3! l>a iSWgi dl>z ug \dq+aIP 1922 Hg^| s[ dLL

\24| l,yt>crjlg l>a buga dl.z ug \f>ujW|
\25| l>a Vi[Gs+ dl.z ug \f>ujW|
\26| l>a lpiuga dl.z ug \f>ujW|
\27| l>a wjidaw[I dl.z ug \f>ujW|
\28| l>a f+ujfag dl.z ug \f>ujW|
\29| l.a Vje[Gs+ dl.z ug \f>ujW|
\30| l>a Vje[l:i dl.z ug \f>ujW|

4! l>a iSdruI dl>z \dq+aIP 1925 Hg^| s[ dLL

\31| l>a bipS dl.z ug \f>ujW|
\32| l>a drV's dl.z ug \f>ujW|
\33| l>a f+q's dl.z ug \f>ujW|
\34| lyt>crjlg l>a w[lr dl.z ug \dq+aIP 1941 Hg^| \f>ujW|
\35| l>a beVgr[L dl.z ug \f>ujW|
\36| lyt>crjlg l>a Fwaralv dl>z ug \dq+aI 1947 Hg^| \f>ujW|
\37| l>a r[sJaw[lig dl.z ug \f>ujW|
\38| l.a rdya+rgiu dl.z ug \f>ujW|

5! l.a iSdr*q dl>z ug \dq+aIP 1925 Hg^| s[ dLL

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l.aJ sj bjyji/drhji@ idha qiIjsj@ l[rj@ dlqiV r[tw[ uV ljZjiS uVaj drL[L wiw[
VjVwf>og ba[ dl,t aJ yiV l[rw WS eH[ m dHl wp.F Rpa[ qhjijuj iSuga dl.z rg dHLVjV
wiV bjH[ h'H[ lV u' f>dca dVhjv dl.z #ufpug l.ld*a$ Bgwjwji sg epiWjSg sg woj lpSw[
fiq f+l.V h'H[ m
l.qa 1876 \1819 Hg^| sj w.pF qhJfir rg RpaLjh Vjv qVjdHbj debj m dHl wp.F
q[v[ a[ l.a Fea dl.z ug@ f>dca Lqgi dl.z ug@ l.a epidsbjv dl.z ug@ l.a lisPv dl.z ug@
qh>a vtj dl.z ug WiVjv[ rjv[@ l.a i'yj dl.z ug@ l.a WpZ dl.z ug@ l.a buga dl.z ug@ l.a
u,lj dl.z ug@ l.a q'hi dl.z ug@ l.a lpujV dl.z ug@ l.a a'aj dl.z ug ngwigrjv[@ l.a h;Pij
dl.z ug@ l>a u'ej dl>z ug@ l.a Ziq dl.z ug@ l.a yjVSj dl.z ug@ l.a qlajV dl.z ug
bjdsw f+dlZ qhJfpit fpu[ h'H[ lV m wp.F sj q[vj ZPq-Zjq Vjv qVjdHbj debj dul sj tB
siLV ljZP lqju a[ bwdh f+Fjr dfbj m
l.qa 1888 \1831 Hg^| dry qpC WjWj siejhj dl.z ug s[ c[i[ dry w>pF qhJfir
qSjdHbj debj m dHl a'G fdhvJ du>V[ rg wp.F@ biZ wp.FgbJ qVjHgbJ eHgbJ lV@ dwl[ q[v[ a[
Z:uj VhgG lg tC%g wgag m dHl lq[G fdhvg rji l+g epiP e'dW.s dl.z ug sj w[lig dVLjV tC%j
wgaj debj m dHl wp.F fir a[ l.a u'ej dl.z ug b>dq+ali@ l.a i'yj dl.z ug tcPi ljdhW@ l.a
Fje dl.z ug e'sCgbJ@ l.a s"va dl.z ug ngwigrjvj@ l.a t;jV dl.z sPZjZjig y,w rjvj@
l.a q>Vj dl.z ug@ l.a dsbjv dl.z ug@ l.a h;Pij dl.z ug@ l.a N.cj dl.z ug@ l.a liPf dl.z
ug@ l.a yjVSj dl.z ug@ l.a v,tj dl.z ug@ l.a s[rj dl.z ug bjdsw bV[w l.a@ qh.a@
drsrjV dHw<ai h'H[ m
dHlg ai%J l.qa 1900 \1843 Hg^| sj wp.F q[vj rg qVjdHbj debj m w[lig dVLjV
ljdhW sg Aai AjdHbj h[nJ woj-wgiaV@ v>ei@ ldal>e sj f+rjh ydvbj m Ijaig F'uV
ba[ FuV sj bjV.s f+jfa wiw[ dViqv f>o sj ul wi ih[ lV m dHl lq[G qh>a eJZj dl.z ug
WiVjvj@ l.a a'aj dl.z ug@ l.a hgij dl.z ug ngwigrjvj@ l.a dsbjv dl.z ug@ l.a l"S dl.z
ug@ l.a W,vj dl.z ug tcPi ljdhW@ l.a u'ej dl.z ug b>dq+ali@ f>dca ijq dl.z ug wW[igH[@
l.a epvjW dl.z ug dlnJrjv[@ njwi epidsbjv dl.z ug e.ZgbJrjv[@ l.a epids,a dl.z ug@
f>dca tCw dl.z ug v>qgbJrjv[@ l.a qlajV dl.z ug qijN rjv[@ l.a oiju dl.z ug l[trJ
rjv[@ l.a iS dl.z ug higw[ wvJ rjv[@ l.a lireU dl.z VJej@ l.a q,v dl.z ug f>c'ig rjv[@
l.a s[rj dl.z ug e'sCgH[ bhgbjfpi rjv[ ba[ s[L Fi s[ bV[w l.a@ qh>a@ f>dca@ drsrjV
173
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V[ RpaLjh Vjv l[rj wgag m
hpS aw dViqv F[t V[ woj-wgiaV/f+yji/v>ei sj z[ij w[rv hdis:ji aw hg idtbj
lg m dHw lq[G F[t s[ qptg l>aJ/qh.aJ V[ dryji WSjdHbj dw dHvjhjWjs s[ w.pF qhJfir Rpfi
rg AjRpSg vjw[ epiqda sj f+yji wiVj yjhgsj ] ba[ epidltJ \VjVw f>ogbJ| rjla[ v.ei
sj f+W.Z wiVj yjhgsj ] m dHl f+lajr bVplji l.qa 1902 \1845 Hg^| s[ w.pF a[ W.Z[ w'v
AjRpSg vjw[ w[lig dVLjV tC%j wgaj debj m sgrjV dry LjVsji f>cjv WSjw[ lB[u lujHg
eHg m Rpfi l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW ug sj f+wjL wgaj debj m bt>cfjnJ sg vCg yv fHg m lpW%j-
Ljq woj-wgiaV@ drbjdtbjV h'S ve[ m s[L s[ qh>a@ l.a@ f>dca drsrjV@ epSg-debjVg
fpu eH[ m dHl lq[G yji h;ji qh>a@ l.a fpuw[ siLV s[ ih[ hV m tB siLV ljZP lqju ba[
fPiW sg uVaj woj-wgiaV@ drLijq a[ v>ei Aww[ bda f+Fjdra h' ihg lg m epiP VjVw s[r
ug qhjiju sg u{ s[ oJ-oJ u{wji[ e,u ih[ hV m dHl fir a[ fpu[ h;jiJ qhJfpitJ dry'G wpN
f+dl,Z qh>aJ@ l>aJ@ drsrjVJ ba[ epSg debjVgbJ s[ Vjq dHl ai%J hV ^
f>dca ijq dl.z ug wW[igH[@ l.a W'Z dl.z ug@ f>dca Lqgi dl.z ug@ f>dca liPf dl.z ug@
f>dca ijq dl.z ug wjLgrjv[@ l.a u'ej dl.z ug@ l>a N..cj dl.z ug@ l.a y[a dl.z ug f>c'ig
rjv[@ l.a epvjW dl.z ug@ l.a epiqpt dl.z ug@ l.a liWeU dl.z ug@ l.a dVhjv dl.z ug
v.qJ@ brZPa sgrjV dl.z driwa ci'vgrjv[@ l.a lpsjei dl.z ug@ l.a drljrj dl.z ug iju'
qjuigH[ bjdsw qhJfpit fpuw[ L'Fj rZj ih[ lV m
l.qa 1906 \1849| dry hdis:ji sg biZ w.pFg h'Hg m dHl biZwp.Fg a[ F[t rv'G dViqv[
l.aJ V[ dihjdHL/woj-wgiaV/v.ei sj w'Hg f+W.Z Vj wgaj m w'Hg dwa[@ w'Hg dwa[@ bVU
ljZPbJ s[ lojVJ dry uj w[ ndhi[ m dHl rjla[ wHg y.e[-y>e[ qhJfpitJ } rg bfqjV ldhV
wiVj dfbj m dHl biZ wp.Fg V[ aJ dVly{ wirj dsaj dw hdis:ji bjdsw agioJ a[ bjfS[
lojV-v.ei sj w'Hg ldawjiI'e f+W.Z h'Sj yjhgsj ] m
dHl rjla[ hdis:ji dry dHw drL[L dHw,n WpvjdHbj debj dw dViqv F[t s[ ljZPbJ@
epidl,tJ sg dihjdHL@ v.ei sj w'Hg I'e f+W.Z wgaj ujr[ m dHw<n dry lji[ s[L s[ qh.a@ l.a@
drsrjV@ qptg dViqv[ qhJfpit dHw,ai h'H[ duV%J dry'G h[n dvt[ qhJfpiL f+dlZ hV ^
l+gqjV WjWj qdhajW dl.z ug driwa@ l.a dZbjV dl.z ug NjCgrjv[@ l.a epvjW dl.z
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dl.z ug WCgrjv[@ qh>a VjijdHS dl.z ug l[trJ@ qh.a Lqgi dl.z ug Wv"Geg rjv[ bjdsw
l{GwC[ qhJfpitJ V[ filfi sgiz dryji s:jij yji[ w.pF q[dvbJ ba[ bVU agioJ Rpa[ dl,t Ziq
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f+lajr fjl wgaj m dHh rg fjl wgaj dw bj ih[ hdis:ji s[ w.pF qhJfpir a[ drZgra #l+g
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ai%J sg lpt-lpdrZj WSjHg ujr[ ba[ Ljhg wTg ujr[ m
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eHg@ dul s[ f+W.Z rjla[ l.a ugrj dl.z ug ba[ l.a i'yj dl.z ug bjdsw yji l.a dVIa h'H[@
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l[rj wgag m
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RpaLjh Vjv fpu[ m lfali'ri AjRpSg wjdHq wgag eHg m l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW ug vHg Rpyj q.y
WSjdHbj debj m w[lig dVLjV tC%j wgaj debj m v.ei sj LjVsji f+W.Z wgaj debj m dHl
wp.F q[v[ a[ lji[ F[t s[ Wgaije driwa qhjaqj@ qh>a@ l.a@ f>dca@ drsrjV@ ZPq-Zjq Vjv
fpu[ lV duV%J dry l+gqjV WjWj qdhajW dl.z ug driwa@ l.a ajij dl.z ug@ qh>a dVhjv
dl.z ug@ l.a Whjv dl.z ug@ l.a l"S dl.z ug@ njwi dsbjv dl.z ug b>dq+ali@ qh>a eJZj
dl.z ug WiVjvj@ qh.a WPBj dl.z ug tp,cj@ f>dca Ljq dl.z ug q.erjv@ qh>a hgij dl.z ug
ngwigrjv[@ qh>a VjijdHS dl.z ug l[trJ@ l.a epvjW dl.z ug@ qh.a ljZP dl.z ug@ qh>a q,v
dl.z ug f>c'ig@ qh>a lisPv dl.z ug F>ejS[rjv[@ l.a bAij dl.z ug vjh"i bjdsw dHw,ai h'H[ m
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Rpfi w[rv s' e; sj slajij@ Rpfi wjvg w>Wvg i,ts[ lV m siLV wiV rjv[ f+l.V h' uJs[ m
Wl ) bjf lq[G sg Rpy hlag lV m
qhjijuj Vdi>si dl.z ug fdBbjvjfag bjf ug sg Rpy brloj@ bdZbjadqw f+Fjr a'G
y>eg ai%J ujSP lg m dHl rjla[ bjf ug s[ siLV wiV[ f>pV lqNsj lg m qhjiju[ V[ fdhvg rji
bjf ug s[ siLV l.qa 1909 \1852 Hg^| dry Wsig VjijdHS sg Ija+j lq[G wga[ lV m Rpl
lq[G a'G bjf ug s[ yiVJ sj F"ij WS debj lg m

178
 l.qa 1913 \1856 Hg^| $y xveP sj q[vj qVjdHbj debj m l.qa 1914 \1857 Hg^|
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WSjdHbj debj m bt.cfjn bji>F wga[ eH[@ woj wgiaV sj f+rjh yv dfbj m f+jSg qjai }
tpv%j v>ei riaV v,ej m lu-Zu Vjv l+g epiP e>+o ljdhW ug sg lif+lag h[n w[lig dVLjV
o,v[ L'Fj Ijaij \Ljhg| w,Tg eHg m l+gqjV 108 l+g qh>a WjWj qdhajW dl.z ug lp.si hjog
Rpfi lpFjdHqjV h' ih[ lV m dHl wp.F a[ dViqv F[t sj Rpv[tVgI f+Fjr dfbj m 1
dHV%J riLJ dry qhjijuj Vdi>si dl.z ug V[ wHg rji bjfS[ bxli F[u w[ l+g qh>a ug
qhjiju } fdBbjv[ siLV s[S sg f+jioVj wgag lg@ fi l+g qh>a ug qhjiju hi rji Bjvs[
ih[ lV m qhjiju[ } faj v,ej dw l+g qh>a ug qhjiju xveP s[ q[v[ Rpfi bj ih[ hV m dHl
rjla[ qhjijuj Rpy[y[ fPuU l+g qh.a ug qhjiju s[ siLV ba[ Rpfs[L rjla[ xveP fpu[ m dHl
q[v[ Rpfi qhjijuj liPf dl.z ug ugGs fag@ l+! vdhSj dl.z ug iHgl wvlgbJ lB[B ba[ h'i
dw>V[ hg iHgl@ lisji dHLVjV vHg bjH[ h'H[ lV m woj-wgiaV@ ldal.e lpSw[ f+l>V h' ih[
lV m dHl q[v[ Rpfi qhjijuj Vdi.si dl.z ug fdBbjvjfag ba[ qhjijuj liPf dl.z ug
ugGsfag btjC[ s[ lji[ qh>aJ@ l>aJ@ drsrjVJ@ driwaJ } yJsg s[ wB'dibJ dry spZ dfbjdHbj
wis[ lV m lji[ qhjijdubJ lisjiJ V[ F>cji[ rg wga[ ba[ tpv%g fPuj rg wgag m woj-wgiaV
drbjdtbjV lpSw[@ lsRpfs[L e+dhS wiw[@ lji[ fiq f+l>V h'H[ m dHh q[vj l.qa 1916
\1859 Hg^| dry h'dHbj lg m
rjflg lq[G qhjijuj Vdi>si dl.z ug V[ fPuU l+g qh.a ug qhjiju } fdBbjv[ siLV s[S
sg lpdVq+ f+jioVj wgag m qhjiju[ sg l,yg LiZj-Feag r[tw[ ba[ qh.a hgij dl.z ngwig
rjdvbJ sg f+[iVj bVplji dVq>a+S firjV wgaj debj m
xveP s[ q[v[ sj ljij f+W>Z l.Fjvw[ fPuU l+g qh>a ug qhjiju l.a q>cvg lq[a diLgw[L
fpu eH[ m qhjiju[ V[ l+! ijq dl.z ug u[ug } hjog s[w[ fPuU l+g qh.a ug qhjiju } dvbjRpS
rjla[ F[dubj m l+g qh>a ug qhjiju bjf aJ Vj bjH[ fi l.a wiq dl.z ug } F[u ds,aj Vjv
hg xiqjdHbj@ ##blgG dxi bjrJe[ m$$
bjf fPuU l+g qh>a ug l.a q>cvg lq[a 1917 \1860 Hg^| } l+g b>dq+ali sgfqjvj a[
fpu eH[ m dHo[ bjfS[ epilojV \riaqjV c[ij WjWj u'ej dl>z| drt[ dihjdHL i,tg m b>dq+ali
dry rg VjqWjSg sj y>ej f+rjh ydvbj m b>dq+ali s[ qh>aJ/l>aJ V[ bjfS[-bjfS[ c[dibJ

1! qhjijuj Vdi>si dl>z ug fdBbjvjfag V[ Wsig VijdHS sg Ija+j lq[G dltg f+yji ba[ dihjdHL rjla[
Wsig VjijdHS dry rg epis:jij ljdhW wjdHq wgaj lg m e+>og l>a qV[Lj dl>z ug lwipvjfpi rjdvbJ }
dVIa wgaj m fi dHw rji Whpag Wix f{S Vjv epis:ji[ sg dHqjia Wix h[n sW w[ Tdh eHg m qh>a
eV[Lj dl>z ug epiP e+>o ljdhW } v{ w[ wVtv \hdis:ji| e>ej dwVji[ fdBbjv[ rjvg hr[vg dry bjS ih[
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179
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epiFjHg l.a tBsiLV dl.z ug@ qh>a u'ej dl.z ug@ l.a siWjij dl.z ug ba[ l.a byv dl.z
ug V[ dsV-ija dHw wiw[ f+[q fPiWw l[rj wgag m dHo'G l+g qh>a ug qhjiju bjfS[ wga[ ryV
bVplji l.a q>cvg lq[a fdBbjvj } yv[ eH[ m
qhjijuj fdBbjvjfag bjfS[ q>aigbJ ba[ bVU bdZwjigbJ lq[a f>u w'h b,e[ l:jea
rjla[ fpu[ m fPuU l+g qh>a ug qhjiju s[ fjrV yiVJ dry Va qlaw h' eH[ m dHl lq[G
bjalWj;g s[ e'dvbJ V[ bjwjL ep.uj ds,aj m Whpa hg ldawji-LiZj Vjv dHh uvPl Ldhi
dry fpdubj m fPuU l+g qh>a qhjiju sj Rpajij WVjli zi dry wgaj debj m dHl dsV Ldhi
dry sgf qjvj wgag eHg m a'fJ sg Lvw wgag eHg m w{sg A,c ds,a[ eH[ m bVju s[ w'n[
eigWJ dry vp B jH[ eH[ m fP u U l+ g qh. a ug qhjiju s[ ldawji dry bV' t j Rp l ar
qVjdHbj debj m
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lg m qhjijuj@ q>aig q>cv/bdhvwjiJ lq[a ls-Rpfs[L e+dhS wiV rjla[ s{dVw Rpfldoa
hps
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dl.dzbJ Vjv bjwjL eP.u Rpdnbj m b,e[-b,e[ x"u qjiy wi ihg lg m fPuU l+g qh>a qhjiju
ba[ qhjijuj FifPi dl.z hjogbJ a[ lrji lV m Ldhi dry fh.py w[ l+g qh>a ug qhjiju sj
l.psi w'ng dry Rpajij wgaj debj m l+g qh>a ug qhjiju b,n dsV VjF[ dry ih[ m woj wgiaV
sj f+rjh yvsj dihj m qhjijuj i';jVj sgrjV dry hjd;i h'w[ LpF Rpfs[L e+dhS wisj lg m
dHo[ qhjijuj liPf dl.z ug ugGsfag s[ l[rw hjd;i h'H[ m qhjijuj sg f,a+wj s[w[
Vqlwji wgag m
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180
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qh>a ug sj dVrjl lp.si w'ng dry wijdHbj debj m l+g qh>a ug qhjiju b,n dsV dHo[ ndhi[ m
qhjijuj s'V'G lq[G ldal.e dry hjd;ig Fisj m qhjijuj liPf dl>z ug sj f+[q fPij wiw[ l+g
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dl.z ug fdBbjvjfag } l[rj wiV sg aurg; s[ lji[ bdZwji dsa[ eH[ m dHl dryji a'G
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181
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182
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183
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189
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l+g qh.a ug qhjiju sj dHh Rpai fC%w[ qhjijuj hgij dl.z qV dry wjxg Vjij; h'H[ m
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btjCj wjdHq wiV dry sjV s[ w[ dh,lj fjdHbj ] m dHl rjla[ bjf ug sj da>VJ
dibjlaJ Vjv l.fiw ] m bjf dwl[ ai%J ujegi sj VpwljV V wij W{n'G m$$ Rpai dry l+g
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hg dwhj@ ##hpS ljij F[t dHw,ai h'dHbj ] m lj} hpS F[t u' bjdebj wi[ej blgG Rpl[ bVplji
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f+jioVj wig@ u' rjla[ x{lvj wiV[ dWrjs dVh>eJ re{i[ w[ wIj wpA wpv f>o wg ijdH ] m
b"i q[i[ rjla[ dwbj wiaWU ] m
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ug w' hsjdHa Vjq[ q{G dvta wi sHg ]@ b"i dul fi bju aw WijWi bqv sijqs h'
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199
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qjhixa sPvj dl.z w[ hqji[ fjl stV q[G fh.py[ ]G duV%'G q{G dViqv[ ljZ'G wg dWvwpv bVh'Hg
dV>sj dvtg ]@ fi.aP dViqdvYG V[ fa+ uWjWg VhgG fjIj b{l[ lWi wgbj u' ly w' Fg ;jhi
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slata Bdhv sjl stSg
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btjCj hPbj ] dal i'u l[ qiIjsj u' btjC[ q[G l+g qh>a qdhajW dl.z ug w[ Wta l[ WVg
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W[-f+rjhg s[ WyV rg lpSj dsa[ m qhjijuj WCj fi[LjV h'dHbj dw q{G dwh' u[h[ l+g qh.a Vjv
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LiZj ] dal w' s[rSj wi'@ hqji[ ligi w[ ApB[ a[ borj bW hg m dul w[ yg; h,o h'ag ]
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ljZ'G wg lvjh l[ hg wi'e[ m dHV b,ti' wj bdFf+jI h'i w' s[Sj m dHw l[ hBjr w[ sPu[ w'
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]G RpV wg lvjh l[ wi'e[ dHh' ] m be[ dul q{G qhjijuj hgij dl.z ug wg qi;g l' lhg m
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rjv[ l[ lpVg og VjF[ l[ qpC w[ Wjiaj w[ b.a q{G dw dfaj w[ wi[ w' hBj VhgG lwa[@ be[ w' fdBbjv[
rjv[ w[ ljog ] m bW Fg lpierjlg ijuj v'w wg qjxw lqioj ldaepiP V[ itg h'Hg ] a' m$$
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dvt[Ge[ m qzi Wsg 2 ljv 1933 q{G dvtj ] m hjC lpsg 5 ljv 1934 q{G ] m dHlg ljv
blP lpsg 4 wj ] m Fjsi'G Wsg 6 ljv 1935 wj m blP lpsg 9 l.qa 1935 m u[n Wsg 6
l.qa 1942 m qjz rsg 14 l.qa 44 Fjsi'G rsg 12 l.qa 45 blP lpsg 1 l.qa
1945 m
qhjijuj wiq dl.z Vdi.si dl.z ug \fdBbjvj| ijuj ulr>a dl.z ug s[r[Gsi
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s[t' hjVg vjF w{lj ] m \u[n Wsg 4 l.qa 1946|
qhjijuj hgij dl.z ug l+g qh.a ug qhjiju sg fa+wj fC% w[ WCj f+[LjV h'dHbj ba[ hpwq
dsaj dw dViqv btjC[ sg qpbjxg Ziq tja[ \W{Gw| dry uq%J hp.sg ih[ m us'G dViqv[ bjfSg
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dHh fPuj f=daLnj h'Hg lpSw[ HgiLjrjsg dxi uvV ve[ m h;Pi ljdhW w[ fpujig dViqv btjC[
sg fPuj h'Hg lpSw[ uv w[ seZ h' eH[ m sptg a[ bLJa h'dHbJ V[ dHw bdebjVaj Fig fa+wj
qhjijuj ijdu.si dl.z ug fdBbjvjfag } dvtw[ F[ug ^
O l+g rjdhepiP ug wg xa[ ] m
VjVw epiP e'dW.s dl.z fPiV epi braji mm
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LpF uVq Z.V Z.V[ fi'fwjig lVqpt sirjig Rpuv[ qlaw f+q f+[qg epi dltg wg
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206
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bjf wg lpt bV.s hq[L epiP ug l[ yjha[ ]G be[ Wg VjdqdvI'G w[ qpwsq[ q{G hpwqVjqj
bjIj agV' iIjla'G q{G bjf w[ bdhvwji'G V[ Rpai sgbj uW aw hqji[ ijuj ljdhW esg
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w' Wg lWj Wil hPbj bjf V[ h'i hg ilaj v{ vgbj m hq V[ lpVj ] bjf V[ fdhv[ VjdqvI'G
w' u.egi sHg ] m fgA[ l.eiPi VjF[ rjv'G V[ sHg ] m H[l Wja fi h;Pi ljdhW q{G idhV[
rjv'G V[ WCj bxl'l wgaj dVhjdHa bxl'l ] m
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bjf V[ Fg dvtj oj u' lVjaV qiIjsj epiP wg ] l' epispbji[ b"i f>o w[ hg btdabji ]@
hq dHV w' qsa Wg VhgG s[a[ bi qjVa[ Wg VhgG m bjf V[ dHlg bjfS[ WyV fi wjdHq
idhSj ug bjf wj ul v'w fiv'w q{G h'r[ej u' Ltl epiP w[ zi l[ aVtjhgbj h' Rpl w'
u.egi s[Sj dwbj f+I'uV ] ug m u[ apq wh' hpqji[ WcU'G wg sHg hPHg ] l' apqji[ WcU'G V[
liW tjvl[ w' sgbj ] m yji ata h'i episrji[ Whpa h{V uhJ bjf wg LiZj ] ahJ s[e
vej s[r'@ RPhJ hg epiP w' F'e ve[ej bjf w[ Vjq wg bisjl h'r[eg@ dWh.eq baga Aw
w[ blgl s[Se[ m bjf wj ul v'w f+v'w q{G h'r[ej@ u[ wh' WcI'G wg sHg hPHg hq t'l VhgG
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l[ b{lg l;j h'Hg aJ dul qhjijuj V[ bjf w' b{lg fsrg WtLg ] b>ei[; Fg rc[ rc[
B'fgbJ Rpaji w[ lvjqJ wis[ h{V ug Rpl qhjiju epiP sg W[bsWg dHV%J VjdqdvbJ V[
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bisjlj W.s h' eHg og@ l' bjf w[ WcI'G V[ Wc[ IaV l{ WtLjHg ] m dHhp aJ H[Vj
Vjdqdvbj V[ tjl h;Pi ljdhW sg W[bsWg wgag ] m dHh h;Pi ljdhW y"og t>PB q{G w{lj ]
u{l[ qplvqjV'G w' qwj ] m h;Pi ljdhW w[ siLV w' yji'G WiS tB F[t qplvqjV b>ei[;
Wcg LiZj l{ bjra[ ]G F[Bj it w[ lvjqJ wia[ ]G m qV' wjqVj lW wg fPig h'ag ] m apiwJ
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207
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v.e'BgbJ lq[a@ h'i Fg b{l[ W[bsWg w[ WyV wh[ duhC[ blgG dWbjV Vhg wi lws[ m epiP
w[ zi wj Whpa VpwljV wgaj m fyjl ljn tPV wi[ wijH[ m dxi b{dlbJ w' bjf u.egi s[a[
h' u{l[ V[wg dHV%J V[ fgA[ h;Pi ljdhW q{G wig h{ a{l[ dxi bje[ w' wiVe[ m h;Pi ljdhW q{G
liWa tjvl[ ug wg bjdebj ] w'Hg dl.z epiP wj dHV%J VjdqdvbJ w' wpA Vj s[r[@ Vj q>V[
fPu[ m dHhp Wjap u' qjV[ej l' dVhjv h'r[ej@ dltg rjla[ epiP V[ liW>l vej sgbj@ x[i
FjHg ajiP dl.z ug V[ dli sgbj@ FjHg qVg dl.z ug W.s W>s wBjH[ ]G ug fi dltg VhgG
dabjeg m Vj dqdvbJ w' dwhCg FgC f{Hg og u' dHV%J V[ epi dl,tg wg qiIjsj dabje
dsag m H[hp Vjdqv[ h{sijWjs y>sP vjv w[ f'a+[ Vdi.si Whjsi w' dqv[ m dHV%J V[ Rpl } dwhj
lj} h;Pi ljdhW s[ siLV wijRp Rpl V[ dwhj apqji[ Vjq dwbj ] dHV%J V[!!!!!!!!!!!\dyng
Vjqpw.qv|$
dHl dyng } fjnw sprji[ fC%V aJ faj ve[ej@ dw dwaVg ab,lpW Fig LWsjrvg dvtg
]@ blFU FjLj sj f+I'e wgaj ] m dHw-dHw LWs dry'G Hgitj f=eB h' ihg ] m V"urjV
qhjijuj fdBbjvjfag } hi ai%J bwljRpS sg w'dLL wgag ] m ab,lpW dHo'G aw Fdibj dfbj
] dViqv[ qhJfpitJ } rji-rji dy,ng dry #Vjdqv[$ dvtw[ bjfSg *'ZjeVg } LJa wgaj ] m
ljij f,ai WC[ *'Z a[ u;Wja dry dvdtbj ] Wvdw dibjla fdBbjvj s[ l:iegI qhjijdubJ
ba[ riaqjV qhjijuj ijdu.si dl.z ug sj bfqjV wiV a'G rg l.w'y VhgG wgaj m dur[G dw -
##u[ dViqdvbJ } l;j VhgG s[r'e[ aJ fiq[Lri aphj} l;j s[r[ej m aphjc[ rdcbj V[ dVh.e dl.zJ
sg W[sbWg wgag lg aJ w'Hg fdBbjvj dibjla sj uv fjSg VhgG riasj lg m yjiJ ataJ Rpfi
bisjl W>s h' eHg lg m$$
dHl fa=wj } qhjijuj ijdu>si dl.z ug V[ bjfS[ q>a+g q.cv dry W{nw[ dryjdibj m
da>V-yji z>B[ sg dryji a'G Rpfi.a dViS{ h'dHbj dw w[rv Hgitj a'G lrjH[ dHl fa+wj dry
wpN VhgG m u[wi wAdhi[ V itS a[ l.a aVtjhgH[ wiji dsa[ eH[ hV aJ h;Pi ljdhW s[ Wvr[
a'G fdhvJ bwjv ata b>dq+ali@ w[leC% bjV.sfpi bjds ataJ/agioJ@ ZjqJ Rpfi dViqv[
l.aJ sg bisjl fPuj dwM hp.sg ihg ] ( idha qiIjsj rjvg ev w[rv WhjV[Wj;g ] m
rjlar dry drbwagea Hgitjs:{L a'G dlrjH[ h'i wpN VhgG ] m dHl rjla[ liwji fdBbjvj
dHl rjs drrjs dry stv s[Sj bI'e lqNsg ] m
qp,t e,v dHh ] u' sjV fPuj Wupie sjsj ljdhW ug qhjijuj Vdi.si dl.z ug wi eH[
hV m blgG RpV%J rv'G wga[ sjV dry stv s[Sj bI'e lqNs[ hJ m FdrLUa dry dHl qjqv[
Rpa[ dryji wiV sg br,Lwaj VhgG ] m

208
 qhjijuj fdBbjvjfag sj x{lvj lpSw[ qhjijuj ugGs fag V[ rg dHhg dViS{ wgaj dw
##rc[ qhjijdubJ s[ fpV Ziq dry stv s[Sj L'Fj sj wiq VhgG m$$ rc[ qhjijdubJ s[ vjH[
lji[ drZjV ujegi fPuj f+daLnj Rplg ai%J Whjv ih[ m
qhjijuj hgij dl.z ug } s'VJ dibjlaJ s[ x{lv[ lpSw[ Fjr[G spt h'dHbj fi bjf rg
qpbjxg f,w[ a"i a[ W>s VhgG wgag m dViqv f>yjdHag btjC[ sg qpbjxg sg iwq dViqv btjC[
s[ bqjVa tja[ dry uq%j wirjMs[ ih[ m qhjijuj hgij dl.z } drL:jl lg dw ws[ V ws[ l+g
qh.a ug bjfSg idha qiIjsj Wsvw[ bqjVa f+jfa wi v{Se[ fi l+g qh.a ug qhjiju l:{
qjV@ bjaqdFqjVg@ dlZJa a[ bBv fdhij s[S rjv[ ds+C% drL:jlg lV m RpV%J V[ qhjijuj hgij
dl.z rv ws[ rg w'Hg dyng f,ai uJ l.s[L VhgG F[dubj lg m
wHg riL v.z eH[ m b>a l.qa 1956 \1899 Hg^| dry qhjijuj hgij dl.z ug V[ bjfS[
t;jVj q>a+g Vjv dryji wiw[ dViqv btjCj sg bqjVa sj dhljW fpdAbj m Vjv hg Ziq
Z:uj VjFj s[ qh.a wiq dl.z ug } rg w'v Wpvj dvbj m ljig fCajv wiw[ qhjijuj ljdhW V[
h[n dvdtbj x{lvj lpSjdHbj ^

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hpwq h;Pi l+g qhjijuj VjFj
bju uq%J tiy iwq bqjVa ljZjV dViqv btjC[ rjv[ q{GWi b"i qphi t;jV[ W{Gw
Ziq V[ iP-WiP bdhvwjijV r wiq dl.z qh.a f[L wgbj m qpvjh;j uq%J tiy l[ rjd;bj
hPbj dw dqVupqvj iwq 22092mm¯| ipf{ lgej hj;j uq%J Lpsj t;jVj W{Gw Ziq 4240m¯|
a' sjV r aVtjh q[G b"i 5570mm¯| ajqgi qwjV r blWjW re{ij fi lix h' ypw[ m
12282 | dHl rwa t;jVj W{Gw Ziq q[G q"uPs ]G m y.Pdw dHl qjqv[ q[G fdhv[ Wajigt
23 ljrV l.qa 1944@ dxi Wajigt 22 qjz l.qa 1945@ dxi Wajigt 9 drljt
l.qa 1948 qpxlv h' ypwj ] dw qh.a wj aigwj bfVg idha epiP qhjiju l[ Wi bwl
] dHV w' hqijh tjvlj dHaxjw VhgG m hi y.s dw rjla[ siplag aigwj b"i bxPwijV[
awlgija b"i WtLjV[ aVtjh h;Pi siWji ljdhW l[ H[w bil[ l[ xdhqjdHLja hP.Hg@
v[wV RpV%'G V[ bfVg qiIjsj sipla VhgG wg@ b"i Vj h;Pi ljdhW eH[ m aj rwa[ dw
qiIjsj w' sipla V wi[G ipdfbj bjqsVg ujegi sjtv W{Gw h'aj ih[ m ypVJdy bW aw
dHV%'G V[ dHl fi bqv VhgG wgbj m dHl rwa Fg u' wiq dl.z qh.a l[ sdibjxa wgbj
debj dw wAp fdhig hPHg ] a' dWbjV wgbj dw Wruj Wgqjig VhgG fdhig m dHh Rp;i
RpV wj ngw VhgG ] m wA wj fdhiVj Wgqjig q[G w'Hg awvgx s[h VhgG ]@ Wvdw bfVg
idha q[G dtbjv itV[ l[ b"i Rpl qpajdWw bqv wiV[ l[ Wgqjig l[ WyV[ b"i lpZg wj qPuW
] m dHl l[ ljx ;jhi h'aj ] dw dHV wg qa dHl fi bqv wiV[ wg VhgG ] b"i Vj bW
209
 aw qjxg hjlv wg m dHl rjla[ qpVjlW alri hPbj dw u{l[ dibjla yhjiq dhlj hjlv
v[ag ] r{l[ hg dqVupqvj iwq 17852m-| mm qpx,lvj ;{v lgej h;j 12282 | iPf{
q"uPsj W{Gw@ 5570mm¯| lix Lps si ajqgi qwjV re{ij@ qWve 4000| ipfUj WVjq
siWji ljdhW epiP qhjiju uq%J W{Gw wijdHbj uj wi Rpl wj lPs sjtv t;jVj siWji
h;Pi ljdhW h'aj ih[ m b"i bjdH.sj uW aw dIh qjxg hjlv Vj wi[G@ Rpl rwa aw u'
bjqsVg h'@ Rpl wj yhjiq dhlj t;jVj W{Gw q[G uq%J h'wi Rplwj lPs Fg sjtv t;jVj
siWji ljdhW h'aj ih[ m siWji ljdhW q[G dHavjh sg ujr[@ b"i l+g qh.a btjC[ w' Fg
dHavjh sg uj wi dvtj ujH[ dw qpajdWw xdhbjdHL ljWwj bfVg qiIjsj w' silpa
wi w[ qjxg hjlv wi[G b"i dHh Fg dvtj ujH[ dw IhJ fi w'Hg b"i qh.a F[uVj yjhgH[ m
hpwq hPbj dw W-ei; ajqgv blv hj;j fjl bdhvwjijV buvjl qpilv h' m
adhigi 20 wa,w l.qa 1956
qhjijuj ljdhW rv'G dHh hpwq dvt w[ bjvgbj dH;vjl dry F[dubj debj u' qei'G
ajqgv h'S vHg sgrjV ljdhW s[ sxai F[u ds,aj debj m
b; bjvgbj dH;vjl
blv WQi; ajqgv Wdtsqa sgrjV ljdhW qjv qpilv h' m qiwPq 17 f'h l.qa 1956 m
us'G dHh hpwq sgrjV ljdhW s[ sxai dry fpdubj aJ sgrjV ljdhW V[ h[n dvdtbj
hpwq lpSjdHbj ^
b; sgrjVg qjv lsi
H[w Vwv dHl wg Wei; ajqgv W{Gw Ziq bio q[G F[ug ujr[@ b"i qh>a siWji ljdhW q[G
W;igbj adhigi ;jWaj hlW wjdHsj WqVLjdH hpwq h;Pi bVri sjqh lqahpq dHavjdh
sg ujH[ m adhigi 28 f'h l.qa 1956
qhjijuj ljdhW ug sj fPir Rpwa bjs[L bjvgbj dHuvjl sg bjdebj bVplji sgrjV
ljdhW qjv V[ rjla[ ajqgv l+g qh.a ljdhW 1 } wVtv F[dubj Vjv hg h[n dvdtbj f,ai rg
V,og wgaj debj ^
Vwv ta sgrjV ljdhW VjFj
##qpLxw dqhiWjV wiq xpiqjdHsj qpt dvljV l+g qh.a c[ij ljZjV dViqvj btjCj
lvjqa ) b>sigG WjW hpwq h;Pi bVri sjqh lqhpq 20 wjaw l.qa 1956 Wei; ajqgv

1! dHl lq[G l+g qjV 108 f>dca RPZr dl.z ug l+g qh.a lV@ l+gqjV 108 f>dca ijq dl.z wW[igH[ l.qa 1953
dW! dry W+hqvgV h' eH[ lV m

210
q"lPv ldiLaj h' wi H[w Vwv hpwq h;Pi rjvj sjqh lqa hpq Wei; ajqgv W{Gw Ziq bio
q[G F[ug uj wi W biljv Vwv hpwq h;Pi rjvj W;igbj hu%j dHavjhV i[t ajh?j q[G Rpv
adhigi ] dw bjf qVLjdH hpwq h;Pi bVri l[ qavj h' wi urjW F[u s[r[G m$$
adhigi 28 f'h l.qa 1956
slata sgrjV ljdhW
\W;WjV xjilg|
qhjijuj VjFj sj us'G dHh hpwq l+g qh.a \f>dca RPZr dl.z ug| w'v fpuj aJ bjf ug V[
Rpai dry qhjijuj VjFj Vi[L } dvt F[dubj dw@ #bjf ug s[ W;pie rc[ qhjijuj ljdhW ug
V[ btjC[ } Ziq bio df>c dsaj lg m hpS bjf l:a.a+ h'& dur[G I'e lqN' dHl Ziq bio
qjdHbj } dwa[ rg tiy wi'@ lj} w'Hg dHaij; VhgG m$
qhjijuj VjFj fag sj A[dCbJ rjs-drrjs ba[ h'dHbj dyng-f,a+ fjnw fC%s[ bj ih[
hV m qhjijuj ljdhW btjC[ Vjv d;.seg sj wjxg lqJ Vjij; ih[@ ujegi ;Wa wgag eHg m
dqvriaV W.s wgaj debj fi l.qa 1957 \1900 Hg^| dry iqa dViqv btjC[ sj yaiqjlj
ldawji ba[ RpaLjh Vjv VjF[ dry vjdHbj debj m slaPi Rpv bqv s[ dVIqJ bVplji lji[
drZjV vjeP it[ m iqa dViqv btjC[ sg iju siWji rv'G f+[q Vjv l[rj hp.sg ihg m yaiqjl[
sg lqjfag a[ iqa btjC[ s[ lji[ l.aJ sg 21-21@ 11-11 ipfH[ fPuj wgag eHg ba[ btjC[
} fPi[ ldawji Vjv drsjdHeg ds,ag eHg m
dHl lq[G dViqv[ l.aJ sj drL:jl ba[ l.a't r[tw[ qhjijuj bjfS[ qV dry bVpFr wiV
vej dw dViqv f>yjdHag btjC[ sj u' ipdfbj bqjVa tja[ uq%J h' dihj ] Rph btjC[ } rjfl
wi s[Sj yjhgsj ] m dHl rjla[ bjfS[ q.a+gbJ ba[ bVU bdZwjigbJ Vjv dryji-drqiL
wiw[ ngwigrjv[ l.aJ s[ diLgw[L rjv[ qwjV s[ qpwsq[ ba[ ajqgi sj ljij tiy wB w[ Wjwg
iwq btjC[ } rjfl wi s[S sj bjs[L dsaj m
fi btjC[ V[ dHl ai%J dHh iwq v{S a'G ljx dHVwji wi dsaj m btjC[ rv'G qhjiju[ }
dvdtbj debj dw diLgw[L rjv[ qwjV a[ tiy liwji VjFj V[ bjfSg l:{-dH,Aj Vjv wgaj ] m
dHl ai%J tiyj wBSj qhjiju[ sg LjV bVplji ngw VhgG ] m dViqv btjCj rg dHl ai%J
tiyj wBj w[ iwq v{Sg bfqjV lqNsj ] m
dHl ai%J yji f>u ljv h'i v.z eH[ m 23 Fjsi'G 1963 \1906 Hg^| } qhjijuj ljdhW V[
dxi hpwq ujig wgaj u' sgrjV ljdhW s[ ijhgG btjC[ dry bjdHbj ^
qhjijuj VjFj rv'G hpwqVjqj \Vwv|
qpLxw dqhirjV qptvljV f>cajV ljdhWjV ljZjV dViqdvbjV btjC[ rjv[ )
ipwj q[G dWv bdhvwji ljdhWjV bjvgH[ dHuvjl dHlqg lisji ljdhW dHuvjl tjl si
211
 Wji{ dHl w[ dw dHl qpljix 8159 mm | mm wg WjWa f[Lejh tjl l[ I[h hpwq ljsi h' ypwj
] dw u' ipdfbj f>dcajV ljZjV dViqdvbjV btjC[ rjv[ wj W{Gw Ziq bio q[G uq%J fCj
]@ rhJ I[h hrjvj siuj wgbj ujH[ dw ljZjV btjC[ rjv[ w' dHl ipfH[ w[ sgH[ ujV[ wj
hpwq W{Gw Ziq bio q[G fh.py[@ Rpl rwa W{Gw rjv[ l[ dif'iB f[L h'r[ dw u' ipdfbj ljZjV
dViqdvbjV btjC[ rjv[ l[ WjWa qpwsq[ hr[vg ditgw[L wjWdv rlPv ]@ rph r;[ wgbj
ujr[ aj dw fdhv[ dif'iB f[L h'r[@ bjdH.sj dHl iwq fi lPs vejVj W.s wgbj ujr[@ b"i
qh.a ljZjV dViqdvbjV btjC[ rjv[ l[ urjW vgbj ujr[@ qei dViqdvbjV V[ urjW
VhgG sgbj m
I[h iwq dWvj lPsg h' ypwg ]@ lPs wj VpwljV ]@ dqV upqvj bqjVa dViqdvbjV
Ih iwq sjtv wijHg ujr[@ u' dHuvjl tjl q[G F[uj debj@ a' ipwj urjWg ldiLajsji
ljdhW dHuvjl W hrjv[ hpwq f[Lejh tjl WavW urjW b; dViqdvbjV q[G dqlv
q"lPv ldiLa[hPbj@ qpw,ii ipwj WavW urjW biljv ] dw bjf hlW qVLjdH hpwq
urjW biljv wi[G m
qiwPq 23 Fjsi'G l.qa 1963
slata sgrjV ug w[
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dHV%J V[ rg l+g qh>a wW[igbJ s[ dryji bVplji ujegi v{S a'G Rpfijqaj hg drtjHg m dHl ai%J
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bqi dl.z FjHg lpi{S dl.z m
agli[ dsV dHl x{lv[ } l,yt>c h;Pi ljdhW drt[ fC%w[ lpSjdHbj debj dul } lFD V[
firjV wgaj m dHl x{lv[ s[ bVplji l.a Wvr>a dl.z ug diLgw[L rjdvbJ sg ata l,yt.c
bWyv Vei h;Pi ljdhW drt[ bisjl wgag eHg ba[ tpLg s[ f>u u{wji[ A,c[ eH[ m bisjl
wiV a'G Rpfi>a dHl lq[G sg wjirjHg dHw qa[ s[ iPf dry dHl ai%J siu wgag eHg m
bu 16 s[ 1339 xlvg qpajWw 20 Vr.Wi l>V 1929 \qzi 7 l.qa 1986| dsV
WpZrji rwa 12 Wu[ dsV w[ episrjij ata l+g h;Pi ljdhW bWyv Vei ljdhW q[G yiV
wrv w[ F'e lq[G Rpwa q;hWg wq[Bg wj x{lvj sgrjV bjq q[G f[L wgbj debj m Wjbs dryji
w[ l>ea V[ liW l.qag l[ f+rjV wgbj dw Rpwa q;hWg wq[Bg wj epiqaj WjWa bisjl
dViqv[ l.a w[ f+rjV ] b"i l.a Wvr>a dl.z ug wg bisjl wg ujr[ m b"i dul fi l[ Wvr>a
dl.z ug wg bisjl wg eHg b"i bjdH.sj lir dViqv[ l>a'G wg Fg bisjl wg ujIj wi[eg m
ajigt lsi l.V lsi m
\lhg| hgij dl.z fpujig h{c \lhg| dVh.e h;Pi dl.z Q+.og wg \lhg| l.a urjvj dl.z
fdBbjvj \lhg| VjVP dl.z rwgv m
fPuU l+g qh.a ug dViqv f>yjdHag btjCj wVtv hdis:ji ba[ f+ZjV dViqv qhJq>cv
b>dq+ali } rg lPdya wi dsaj debj m
dViqv f>o sg bisjl tpv ujS sg tWi f>ujW dry bjHg aJ dlbjS[ dl,tJ ba[ f>ow
uo[W.sgbJ V[ fpi;'i l:jea wgaj m #tjvlj lqjyji$ ba[ #w"qg sis$ bjdsw f>ow btWjiJ V[
bisjl tpv%S sgbJ drlaji fPiWw tWiJ f+wjdLa wgagbJ m bisjl s[ tpv%S dry ljdibJ V[
f+l>Vaj f+eB wgag@ fi h;Ppi ljdhW s[ fpujig ba[ dVh.edl.z dxi dri'Zaj dry cB eH[ m
l,yt>c siWji s[ q'hadqq l^ Q'fjv dl.z ug V[ dVh.eJ ba[ fpujigbJ } Whpa lqNjdHbj fi
RpV%J sg hn Ziqg rZsg hg eHg m fpujigbJ ba[ dVh.eJ V[ bjfSg svgv dry bjdtbj dw
dHw iqa[ l.a sg sitjla a[ bisjl t'v% s[Sg dwo'G sg dlbjSf ] ( Vjv hg VJs[C s[ dcfBg
wdqLVi } rg sitjla s[ ds,ag dw@ #u[wi dViqdvbJ sg bisjl l,yt>c dry wgag eHg aJ
xljs h' ujSe[ m$ dul s[ bZji a[ dcfBg wdqLVi V[ l^ Q'fjv dl.z } hpwq F[u ds,aj dw@
#fpijSg qiIjsj V a'Cg ujr[ m$ l^ Q'fjv dl.z } dHl hpwq s[ dqvS a[ ba[ dqhVa Vjv wga[
lqN"a[ a[ fjSg dxi ujS a[ Whpa wL'F h'dHbj m l^ Q'fjv dl.z ug yjhp.s[ lV dw f>o sg
drsrjV l>f+sjdH dViqv f>o } sPi Vj wgaj ujr[ m dHl rjla[ bjf ug V[ h"Glvj Vj Adcbj

218
a[ dHw f,a+wj dViqv f>yjdHag btjC[ s[ l+g qh.a f>dca ugrV dl.z ug } dvt w[ F[ug m
qphi
sxa+ Qpisrjij
O ldaepi f+ljds mm
Qpisrjij lyt>c l+g h;Pi bWyv Vei ljdhW VJs[C \stS|
3 qHg l.V 1931 V>Wi 478
l[rj drt[
l+gqjV l+g qh>a f>dca ugrV dl.z ljdhW ugY )
rjdhepiP ug wj tjvlj l+g rjdhepiP ug wg xadh f+rjV h'r[ m
l+gqjV ug@ I[h bjf w' qjvPq ] dw epis:jij lypt>c l+g h;Pi bWyv Vei ljdhW q[G
H[w bilj l[ dViqv[ l.a'G wg bisjl VhgG h'ag ] m dHl ru%j l[ dViqvj l.a Wvr>a dl.z
ljdhW V[ u' WQi; siLV episrjij lypt>c l+g h;Pi bWyv Vei ljdhW bjH[ hPH[ o[
bilj s' ljv wj h'aj ]@ H[w sitjla q>pa;qgG episrjij w[ fjl f[L wg og dw u{l[ b"i
ata ljdhW fi dViqv[ l>a'G wg bisjl h'ag ] Rplg ai%J IhJ fi Fg h'Sj yjhgH[ m dHl
sitjla w[ qpa,vw q;hWg wq[Bg b"i wsgq dVrjlg dl.z ljdhWjV wg ijdH vg eHg@
b"i dVh>e dl.z ljdhWjV w' dIh dHaij; ] dw u{l[ b"i dl>z b>dq+a ZjiV wiV[ w[ Wjbs
f>u wwji wg idha it[G b"i Fer[ wfC[ fdhVVj A'C s[G a'G bisjl h'Vg yjhgH[ riVj VhgG m
dHl qpbjqvj w[ alxgbj w[ vgH[ u' wq[Bg qpVbws h'Hg og Rpl q{G I[h a{ fjdHbj
dw dlix dHw dViqv[ l.a Wvr.a dl.z ljdhW wg sitjla fi dHl bjq dirju w' u'
ljvhj ljv wj bqv dHl rwa episrjij lypt>c l+g h;Pi bWyv Vei ljdhW VJs[C q[G
] Vj hBVj yjhgH[ m dHl vgH[ dHl qpbjqvj q[G H[w sitjla qh.a wg ujVW l[ f[L hPHg ]@
bjq ata ljdhW'G wg ijdH vg ujdH b"i u' ijdH Wj evWj bjri h' Rpl wg ajqgv w[
vgH[ dVh.e dl.z ljdhWjV i;jq>s ]G m dHl vgH[ bjf wg l[rj q[G dHavjh sg ujag ] dw
dViqv[ l.a'G wg bisjl w[ vgH[ H[w sitjla bjf bjfSg ujVW l[ episrjij lypt>c l+g
h;Pi bWyv Vei ljdhW w[ Vjq sxa+ dh;j fi irjVj xiqjHgH[ m dHl w[ Wjbs hlW
alxgbj wq[Bg sgei l+g ata ljdhWjV l[ ijdH vg uj wi dViqv[ l.a'G wg bisjl w[
qpab,vw alxgbj wgbj ujdHej m b"i u' alxgbj h'ej rph bjf ug wg l[rj q[G dHavjh
sg ujH[eg xwa m
qphadqq
r liWijh episrjij l+g h;Pi ljdhW
l+g qh.a ug qhjiju aJ f+l.V lV dw dViqv f.o sg bisjl tpv% ypwg ]@ fi dHh f,a+wj
219
dqvS a[ dVh>eJ ba[ fpujigbJ sg hn Ziqg a[ Whpa bxl'l h'dHbj m
dHl rjla[ l+g qh>a ug qhjiju V[ dHl f,a+wj sj urjW s[S dry Rpfijqaj ZjiV wi
vHg m w'Hg urjW Vj ds,aj m
da.V qhgV[ Wjbs l^ e'fjv dl.z ug V[ dxi f,a+wj F[ug m Vjv hg Lgz+ hg Rpai s[S sg
f+jioVj wgag m F[ug eHg dyng sj Rpajij h[nJ ds,aj uJsj ] ^

V.Wi 635 Iwq upvjHg l.V 1931

episrjij l,yt>c l+g h;Pi bWyv Vei ljdhW VJs[C \stS|
dqV uVjW e'fjv dl.z qphadqq episrjij dltjV VJs[C
l+gqjV l+g qh>a f>dca ugrV dl.z ug ljdhW@
l+g rjdhepiP ug wj tjvlj l+g rjdhepiP ug wg xadh f+rjV h'r[ m
Wdlvlvj buijdH qpijlvj V.Wi 478 q:itj 28 tpisis l.V 50@ bi; ] dw
bjf V[ dHl rwa aw ahigi qpijlvj qpa;wih Wjvj wjdqv Q"i `iqj vgbj h'ej@
Wijdh wiq H[w si?jla al`gbj bisjl dViqv[ l.a'G w[ qpab,vw irjVj xiqjHgH[@
xwa m
qphadqq Qpisrjij
Rpai dry l+g qh>a f>dca ugrV dl.z ug V[ f,a+wj dvtw[ F[ug dw #lji[ epis:ji[ \l+g
VVwjSj ljdhW a'G v{ w[ lyt>c h;Pi ljdhW aw| ljc[ dHLB hV@ duV%J sj siLV blgG
ljdtbja slJ epiPbJ apv q>Vs[ hJ m dViqv ljZPbJ dry epis:jdibJ rjla[ bfji LiZj ] m
dHl rjla[ dul ai%J l+g b>dq+ali \l+g hdiq>si ljdhW@ l+g bwjv ata a[ L+'^ ep^ f+^ wq[Bg| s[
epis:jdibJ dry bisjl sg tpv% ]@ dHlg ai%J lyt.c h;Pi ljdhW rg bisjl h'Sg yjhgsg ]
fi dHl dry Fer[ wfdCbJ Wji[ dwl[ ai%J sj f+daW>Z VhgG h'Sj yjhgsj m$
dHl a'G o'C%j dyi qei'G l>qa 1989 dry da+I.Ww \Vjdlw| sj wp.F bj debj m dHl w.pF sj
dHLVjV wiw[ Whpa lji[ dViqv[ l.a l,yt>c h;Pi ljdhW s[ siLV rjla[ rg fpu[ m fPuj F[Bj@
bisjl Wji[ faj vej@ hjvg rg tpv% VhgG dqvg m dViqv[ l.a l+g epiP e'dW>s dl.z ug s[ bVVU
LiZjvP hV fi l^ e'fjv dl.z ug V[ quWPig ;jhi wgag m RpV%J V[ dViqv[ l.aJ Vjv hqsisg
rg f+eB wgag m fpujigbJ-dVh.eJ sg hnZiqg a[ bxl'l rg wgaj m
l.aJ V[ rg l^ e'fjv dl.z ug } dwhj@ ##aplgG H[waj s[ hqjdHag h'@ dViqv F[t rjla[
aphjc[ dhis[ dry hqsisg ] m dHw rji ;'isji IaV wi'@ ldaepiP lF } lpq,a WtLSe[ m$$
dHl dryji a'G Rpfi>a l^ e'fjv dl.z ug V[ r[ir[ ldha L+'qSg episrjij f+W>Zw wq[Bg a'G

220
igwjic \dViqv f>o sg bwjv ata a[ bisjl tpv%S sj r[irj@ qa[@ bwjv ata sj b{vjV
bjdsw| q>erjdHbj m dHl s[ Rpai dry L+'qSg episrjij f+W>Zw wq[Bg@ b>dq+ali V[ h[n dvtg
f,a+wj l,yt>c h;Pi ljdhW } F[ug ^

aji B{vgx'V
O ldaepi f+ljds mm
epis:jij 367
L+'qSg episrjij f+W>Zw wq[Bg@ b>dq+ali ug
V.^ 3113/9 H[ ajigt 17-9-32
l+g qjV qphadqq ljdhW
episrjij l+g h;Pi ljdhW VJs[C ^
fiq d*fjvP ug@
bjf ug sg f,a+wj V. ^ 596 dqag 6 la.Wi 1932 s[ l.W.Z dry W[Vag ] dw
dViqv[ l.aJ s[ bisjl[ WjWa w'Hg rtij dVIq WS"Sj dWvwpv bI'e f+aga hp.sj ] m
Fjr[G L+'qSg wq[Bg dry bu[ tiCj f[L VhgG h'dHbj fi IwgV ] dw bisjl[ l.W.Zg dVIq
dWvwpv Yh' uJ awigWV Yh fjl h'r[ej u' dw ihp iga lW wq[Bg s[ tiC[ dry lxj 10
s[ b>w \n| dry siu ] ba[ dul sg Vwv bjf } be[ F[ug uj ypwg ] m dHh aJ h' VhgG
lwsj dw w'Hg F[t Ij L+[Sg ljig hg aVtjhgH[ h'r[ Ij ljig dabji Wi dabji h'r[ m dHh
drL[lS dHw,v[-dHw,v[ dlt Rpa[ ridabj uj lwsj ]@ l' duhCj dlt \V dw duhCg L+[Sg|
fa,a uJ aVtjhgbj h'r[ w[rv Rpl[ sj bisjlj W.s h'Sj yjhgsj ] m
L+'qSg wq[Bg s[ f+W>Z h[nv[ uJ l.W.Za lji[ epis:jdibJ ba[ ataJ fpi be[ hg dHh'
dirju ] m bjf tjh-qtjh dHl qjqv[ } vqwjHg Vj ujr' ba[ hi[w f+jSg s[ bisjl[
WjWa x{lvj wgaj wi' V dw dwl[ L+[Sg uJ F[t vHg m dViqv[ l.aJ vHg aJ f>ow udobJ s[
dsvJ dry tjl ldawji ] dwMdw Rph f>o sg hi b"wC lq[G f>o sj ljo s[Gs[ ih[ hV m
bjl ] dw bjf RphVJ s[ bisjl[ l.W.Zg ljigbJ ipwjrBJ hBj dsRpe[ m LjdHs bjf sg
dy,ng sj Rpa+ tiC[ s[ b>aq x{lv[ a[ hg dsaj uJsj fi Rpa+ hpS[ s[Sj ;iPig f+aga h'dHbj
] aj dw dViqv[ l.aJ qh.aJ } wp.F lq[G w'Hg awvgx Vj h'r[ dwMdw dHh qjqvj b{lj
lfLB ]@ dul WjWa s' ijrJ h'S sg w'Hg bjl VhgG m
sjl-vjv dl.z@ qga lw,a+
L+'qSg episrjij f+W>Zw wq[Bg
L+'qSg episrjij f+W>Zw wq[Bg sg dHh f<a+wj fC%w[ q'hadqq \l+^ e'fjv dl.z ug| ljdhW
WC[ f+l.V h'H[ m bjf ug V[ dHh f,a+wj@ L+'^ ep^ f+^ wq[Bg s[ fdhv[ qa[@ l+g bwjv ata sj b{vjV
221
bjdsw ljij igwjic dHw,ai wiw[ dcfBg wdqLVi VJs[C } F[dubj m Vjv hg bjfSg ijH[
dvtw[ V,og wgag dul dry dViqv f>o sg bisjl tpv% ujS sg ;'isji dlxjiL wgag m dHl
diwjic s[ bjZji a[ dibjla h{sijWjs V[ wdqLV wjdHq wgaj dul V[ f>ujW dry fpuw[ ljig
ujSwjig dHw,ai wgag m f>ujW s[ f>ow V[ajrJ@ l.aJ@ qh>aJ@ dl.z lFjrJ V[ L+'qSg episrjij
f+W>Zw wq[Bg Vjv bjfSg l.qag ;jhi wgag ba[ dwhj@ ##dViqv f>o dlt Ziq sg qpt Ljtj ]
dHl rjla[ blgG yjhp.s[ hJ dw l,yt>c h;Pi ljdhW drt[ dViqv[ l.aJ sg bisjl h'Sg yjhgsg ] m$$
dHhg dif'iB wdqLV V[ dsag dw f>ujW s[ lqPh dlt dViqv[ l.aJ sg bisjl tpv%S s[ h,w dry
hV m dHl dif'iB s[ bjZji a[ VrjW h{sjijWjs V[ hpwq lpVjdHbj@ ##l+g bwjv ata l+g
b>dq=ali drt[ dViqv[ l.aJ sg bisjl dWVJ dwl[ HgV Lia qVjH[ s[ hp.sg ] m dHl rjla[
episrjij VJs[C \l,yt>c h;Pi ljdhW| drt[ rg dViqv[ l.aJ sg dWVJ Lia s[ bisjl h'Sg
yjhgsg ] m$$ dHl hpwq bVplji fPiS iPf dry bisjl tpv% eHg m hpS ws'G rg w'Hg dViqvj l.a
ujH[@ dwl[ Rpa[ w'Hg Bgwj-dBfSg VhgG wgag uJsg m dHh h;Pi ljdhW Vjv lW.Za 60 ljvJ sj
btjC[ sj dHdahjl riSV wgaj ] m dHh NeCj l+g qjV f>dca ijq dl.z wW[igH[ \sPli[ l+g
qh>a| s[ lq[G l>qa 1929 dW^ \l>V 1872 Hg^| dry bji>F h'dGHbj ba[ l+g qh>a f>dca ugrV
dl.z ug s[ lq[G l.V 1932 Hg^ dry lqjfa h'dHbj lg m
l+gqjV f>dca ijq dl.z ug wW[igH[ Vjq WjSg s[ bdFbjlg dlqiV dry bdZw lqJ Waga
wis[ lV m l,yt>c h;Pi ljdhW s[ qpw,sq[ ba[ Wjwg rjs-drrjs rv rg lqJ s[Sj f{Gsj lg m
btjC[ s[ w.qJ } yvjRpS rjla[ bjf ug V[ Rpl lq[G s[ f+dlZ drsrjV f>dca ajij dl.z ug
#Vi'aq$ } VjdHW l+g qh.a dVIa wgaj u' btjC[ s[ lji[ wji drhji lxvaj fPiWw yvjMs[
ih[ m dxi rg wW[igH[ l+g qh>a ug btjC[ sg RpVag rjla[ f+IaV Lgv idh.s[ lV m
qjz l.qa 1933 \31 uVrig 1877| dry bjf ug V[ wVtv drt[ FrVj rjvg hr[vg
ba[ WdhvtjV[ rjvg hr[vg Vgvjqg dry vHgbJ m wpnji rjvg hr[vg 1934 dW! \5 bf{+v
1878 Hg^ dry 7250/- ipfH[ } tigsg m l.qa 1937 dW! \l.V 1881 Hg^| } riaqjV
dViqv AjrSg \lB[LV a'G fji| hdis:ji dry tigsg m dHl[ riL f+Ijeiju \dHvjhjWjs| drt[
wgBe.u fgvg w'ng tigsg m
blP rsg 10 l.qa 1938 \1881 Hg^| dry 51777¯| mm dry r,cg H[wC A'Bg H[wC@
lptijlj@ b>WPrjvj@ NjWig@ Whjsifpi@ ijdHfpi sj wpN dh,lj tigdsbj m l.qa 1946 \24
xirig 1890 Hg^| } wVtv drt[ spwjVJ rjvg oJ tigsg m l.qa 1947 \12 sl.Wi 1890
Hg^| } diLgw[L rjvgbJ spwjVJ Fia q>si s[ qh.a ijq iaV a'G qpv vHgbJ m l+gqjV l.a L[i
dl.z V[ l.qa 1887 dW^ \4 Vr>Wi 1830| dry 2450/- ipfH[ dry qh.a L[i dl.z rjvg uej
wjLg ug dry tigsg u' btjC[ s[ f+W>Z dry bj eHg m dHlg ai%J l.ea rgi dl.z \wjLg hCj|
rg l.qa 1950 dry btjC[ s[ bdZwji dry bj eHg m hdis:ji drt[ lB[LV s[ Vjv rjvg
222
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bjf l:{-qjVg@ l:{-drLrjlg@ l,Dda-rjsg@ lda-fpiL lV m bjf ug V[ ws[ dqdobj rjw
VhgG lg W'dvbj m bjf ug } F[t dry u'egiju uag@ dl,Zfpit ba[ W+hqdebjVg q>dVbj uJsj
] m bjf ug s[ ugrV Vjv lW>Za wHg yqawjig zBVjrJ f+yva hV@ fi bjf ug s[ Rpy[
bjyiV sgbJ blgG s' dHdahjdlw zBVjrJ riSV wis[ hJ ^
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siLV ljZP lqju } F>cjij wiV sg dH,Aj f+eB wgag m dul dsV qhjijuj F>cjij wiVj
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qhjiju[ b,e[ lf,LB aJ V wdh lw[ dw dHl lq[G F.cjij q>DdVbj uj yp,wj ] m dHlsg WujH[
qhjiju[ } dHh wdh dsaj dw dViqv f>yjdHag btjC[ s[ l+g qh>a ug qhjiju F.cjij firjV
wi v{Se[ aJ Wjwg hdis:ji s[ l.a rg bj ujSe[ m dibjla xigsw'B V[ dViqv f>yjdHag
btjC[ } dHw df>c y.W[vg sjV wgaj h'dHbj lg m dHl rjla[ qhjiju[ } qjS lg dw l+g qh>a ug
q[ij dVq>a+S dwr[G VhgG firjV wiVe[ ( qhjijuj dViqv f>yjdHag btjC[ dry bjdHbj ba[
dVq>a+S dsaj@ fi l+g qh.a ug qhjiju V[ dwhj@ ##wv dHw f+[qg sj F>cjij q>V ypw[ hJ m bjf
w'Hg h'i lqJ it vRp m$$ qhjijuj lpSw[ rjfl bj debj m
qei'G l+g qh>a ug qhjiju } sdlbj debj dw qhjijuj ljdhW Vjij; h'w[ eH[ hV m l+g
qh>a ug V[ bjdtbj@ #FjHg blgG qhjiju[ } dwM Vjij; wiVj ] ( u' l.a xigsw'B sg Ziq
Zpuj dry idh.sj ] Rpl } rjfl Wpvj vRp m$ dHlg ai%J h'dHbj m xigsw'B Ziq Zpuj sj qpwjqg
qh>a rjfl Wpvj dvbj debj m qei'G ujegi ;Wa h' eHg m
dHw rji dHw WjSgbJ bjf ug w'v'G RpZji v{S rjla[ bjdHbj m bjf ug V[ ipdfbj s[S
sg wpnjig qh>a wfPi dl.z ug } bjdebj wi dsag m ipfH[ s[S Rpfi>a wpnjig w'v'G w'Hg wj}Vg
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dsa[ m dHl rjla[ blgG NPn VhgG W'v lws[ m$
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lq[G dry tBsiLV ljZP lqju dry bjf ug sj af-a[u ba[ f+Fjr bwoVgI lg m

223
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f>dca ajij dl.z ug #Vi'aq$ } VjdHW l+g qh>a dVIa wgaj lg m
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224
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225
 VjdHW l+g qh.a
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228
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bduh[ bV[w ojrJ a[ dru{ f+jfa wiw[ epiqda sj f+yji wgaj ] m
dHl Ljla+jio sg dru{ Vjv f>dca sgrjV dl.z ug sj lji[ dViqv F[t dry bda
ldawji rZ debj m dViqv F[t s[ l.a bjf ug } #epiP ug$ wdhw[ WpvjMs[ lV m sPli[ F[tJ dry
dHl Ljla+jio sg tWi rjIP sg ai%J x{v eHg m dHl ai%J Rpsjlg@ l.dVbjlg@ W{ijeg@ sjsP f>og
bV[w l.f+sjrJ s[ qptgH[ l.a@ qh.a@ q>cv[L:i ba[ drsrjV dViqv F[t s[ l+g qh>a f>dca ijq
dl.z ug qhjiju wW[igbJ } rZjHg s[S ba[ f>dca sgrjV dl.z ug s[ siLV wiV bjH[ m dHl
ai%J dViqv F[t ba[ f>dca ug sj lji[ ul x{v debj m
f>dca sgrjV dl.z ug V[ ya+qjlj da+I.Ww[L:i wp.F q[v[ Rpa[ hg wdBbj m wp.F sg lqjfag a'G
Wjbs f>Ddca ug wjLg ug yv[ eH[ m wjLg ug a'G 1938 dW^ s[ f+Ijeiju s[ wp>F q[v[ a[ bjH[ m
H[o[ wHg qhgV[ idhw[ woj-wgiaV@ ldal.e s:jij l.eaJ } ls-Rpfs[L ds>s[ ih[ m f+Ijeiju s[
wp.F a'G dlZ[ f>ujW bjfS[ c[i[ ngwigrjv[ fpu eH[ m lF qhJfpitJ } dqvw[ lpt fPiWw idhS
v,e[ m

229
 bjf ug s[ epiP qh.a hgij dl.z ug sj fdBbjvj iju-zijS[ dry bda ldawji lg m bjf
ug sg drsraj a'G rg iju-zijSj f+Fjdra lg m us'G qh>a hgij dl.z ug l:ierjl h' eH[ aJ
dibjla rv'G bjf ug } Rphg ldawji dsaj debj m f>dca ajij dl.z ug Vi'aq sg la%jig lq[G
Rpy[y[ fdBbjv[ fpu[ m la%jig s[ F'e a'G qei'G l+g qh.a f>dca ijq dl.z ug wW[igH[ V[ VrJ #VjdHW
l+g qh.a$ lojfV wiV sj lpNjb idtbj aJ lji[ F[t V[ bjf ug sj VjM aurg; wgaj m bjf
ug V[ Fjr[G dHVwji rg wgaj fi bjf ug } dHl fsrg a[ drFPLa wgaj debj m duo[ lji[ F[t
V[ dli'fjRp F[B wga[ Rpo[ dibjla fdBbjvj rv'G fPuj/f,e/spLjvj bjdHbj m fi L'w ) bjf ug
w[rv 3 riL dHl fsrg a[ idhw[ l>qa 1950 dW^ } W+hqvgV h' eH[ m
f>dca sgrjV dl.z ug ngwigrjvj l>V 1891 Hg^ a'G 1893 Hg^ aw 3 riL #VjdHW l+g
qh.a$ ih[ m wpv bjIP 62 riL lg m
l+g qh.a f>dca ijq dl.z ug wW[igH[ Whpaj lqJ dlqiV FuV dry vjRpSj yjhp.s[ lV m
dHh rg yjhp.s[ lV dw w'Hg drrhji wpLv dlbjSj drsrjV l.a #VjdHW l+g qh>a$ WSw[ btjC[
sj w.q yvjH[ m dHl dryji bZgV f>dca RPZr dl.z ug VIjIw wjLg rjdvbJ } lji[ F[t sg
l.qag Vjv #VjdHW l+g qh>a$ sg fsrg a[ dVIpwa wi dsaj ba[ btjC[ sj lF w.q dHV%J }
l.Fjv dsaj debj m
dHl lq[G da+I>Ww \Vjdlw| s[ wp.F dry bn sl qhgV[ lV@ dHl vHg #VjdHW l+g qh.a$ ug
} f+W.Z wiV rjla[ da+I.Ww[L:i \Vjdlw| F[u dsaj debj m dHl lq[G bjf ug V[ Whpa hg I'eaj
Vjv q[v[ sj f+W>Z wgaj m tB silV ljZP lqju ba[ dViqv F[t f+W>Z r[tw[ fiq f+l.V h'dHbj
fi q[v[ s[ dsVJ dry hg #l+g qh.a$ f>dca ijq dl.z ug wW[igH[ Wgqji h' eH[ m da+I.Ww[L:i tWi
fpug aJ #VjdHW l+g qh>a$ ug ljij f+W>Z qptgH[ qh>aJ } l.Fjvw[ hdis:ji bjH[ dw.aP l+g qh.a ug
sj ligi wq;'i h.psj debj ba[ Wgqjig rZsg eHg m b>a ljrV rsg 15 f+drLB[ 26 ljrV
1953 dW^ } W+hqvgV h' eH[ m f>yfpig dry L'w ria debj m la%jig a[ ljij dViqv F[t
hdis:ji drt[ dHw<ai h'dHbj m l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW ug s[ fjn sj F'e dfbj m b>daq bisjl h'Hg m
dHl[ dsV 8 Fjsi'G l.qa 1953 dW! } f>dca RPZr dl.z ug qhjiju } #l+g qh.a$ dVIa
wgaj debj m lji[ F[t V[ f,eJ@ spLjv[ F[B wga[ m qhjijuj fdBbjvj fag rv'G fPuj@ f,e spLjvj
bjdHbj m
l+gqjV f>dca ijq dl.z ug wW[igH[ l>V 1871 a'G 1896 Hg^ aw 25 riL #l+g qh.a$ ih[ m
wpv bjIP 81 riL lg m

230
 agu[ l+g qh.a
l+gqjV 108 f>dca RPZr dl>z ug VIjIw
l+gqjV f>dca RPZr dl.z ug VIjIw sj uVq df>c w,v%j d;vj b>dq=ali drt[ l+! vdhSj
dl.z s[ zi l.qa 1897 dW^ \1840 Hg^| } h'dHbj m bjf f>u riL s[ h'H[ aJ dfaj ug l.a
dr+ag ZjiV wiw[ zi dabje eH[ fi ih[ df>c s[ c[i[ dry hg m dHl rjla[ qpTvg epiqptg sg
drdsbj bjf ug V[ bjfS[ dfaj ug w'v'G hg f+jfa wgag m WjiJ riL sg bjIP dry hg l+g epiP
e+.o ljdhW ug s[ fjng WS eH[ m FjLj s[ bV[w e+.oJ sj bdZb{V wi dvbj m bjf ug sg drr[w
WpZg } r[tw[ wHg dlbjdSbJ V[ l.ld*a fC%V sg ijH[ dsag m h'Shji r[tw[ dfaj V[ rg
bjdebj s[ dsag m drdsbj f+jfag rjla[ bjf wjLg ug dry yv[ eH[ m dHl lq[G wjLg dry
f>dca epvjW dl.z ug idh.s[ lV m bjf dHV%J qhJfpitJ s[ yiVJ dry fpuw[ dLL WSw[ fC%V
v,e[ m bjf ug V[ dwl[ LpF veV dry drdsbj bji>F wgag m bjf ug a[ lil:ag bu[hg f+l.V
h'Hg dw dul e+.o } rg bji>F wgaj@ drbjdtbj Fjrio ldha dhis[ dry ZjiV wi dvbj m
drdsbj bdZb{V dry bu[hg ipyg v,eg dw dWVJ fC%V-fC%jRpS dWVJ a'G h'i w'Hg w.q y.ej
VhgG lg vesj m 15-16 ljv bu[hj bdFbjl wgaj@ bjf wjLg s[ ypSr[G f>dcaJ dry deS[
ujS v,e[ m bdab.a wdnV lPa+ uJ f>wag wjLg s[ drdsbjiog bjf ug w'v'G fpAs[ a[ bio
drbjdtbj lqNs[ lV m Ljla+J s[ ephN fs-fsjioJ } bjf ug hg f+eB wis[ lV m bjf ug s[
bVpFrg debjV sg wjLg dry f+dl,Zg h' eHg m duhC[ f>dca uJ drdsbjiog bjf ug w'v'G lPa+J
ba[ bV[w Ljla+J s[ e'hN ihlU lqNs[ lV RpV%J s[ qV wqv sg ai%J f+xpv,a ba[ f+l>V h'
uJs[ lV m
wjLg s[ r,c[-r,c[ W+jhqS@ l.dVbjlg ba[ Rpsjlg bjf ug w'v'G drdsbj bdZb{V wiV
dry qjS lqNs[ lV m drbjwiS s[ Bgw[@ tB Ljla+J sj fnV-fjnV@ r[sJa s[ qhjV e+.o
#dy,a lptg$@ #qgqJlj$ bjds Ljla+J dry fPiS dVf.pSaj f+jfa wgag lg m VIjI s[ #f>y rjs$ sj
aJ bjf V[ dHV%J bdZb{V wgaj h'dHbj lg dw wjLg s[ drsrjV f>dca dHwq,a bjf ug }
#e'aq$ sj #braji$ q>Vs[ lV m ljigbJ l.f+sjrJ s[ drdsbjiog bjf ug w'v drdsbj bdZb{V
wis[ lV m fC%jRpS sg L{vg bu[hg l.psi lg u' drdsbjiog LirV wi v{Gsj wsg rg Fpvsj VhgG
lg m f+dl,Z drsrjV l:jqg bs:{ajV>s@ l:jqg FjlwijV.s bjf ug s[ drdsbjiog lV m tB siLV

231
ljZP lqju dry bjf ug sj dHV%J ldawji lg dw rIjl bjlV Rpa[ w[rv bjf ug } hg
dWnjdHbj uJsj lg m l.dVbjlgbJ dry dHw fi.fij ] m Rph drsrjV f>dca q>cv[L:i } bjfSj
dHLB q>Vw[ qpt e,sg a[ W{njw[ fPuV wis[ ba[ bjiag Rpajis[ hV m Rpl s[ WijWi dwlg bVU
F[t s[ l.a@ qh.a@ drsrjV sg e,sg VhgG veS ds.s[@ fi bjf ug sg qhjV drsraj } qpt
itw[ l.dVbjlg q>cv[L:i rg bjf ug sg e,sg WijWi vrjMs[ lV m bjf ug s[ af-a[u@
drdsbj Wv b,e[ l.dVbjlgbJ sg fi.fij BpB eHg lg m drsrjV q>cv dry bjf ug sj qhjV
ldawji lg m
wjLg s[ drsrjV rie dry #epiPs[r$ wiw[ fPu[ ujS rjv[ l.ld*a s[ f+wJc f>Ddca h'w[
rg epiWjSg dry fiq LiZj its[ lV m dVaV[q epiWjSg sj hg wis[ lV m epiqda sj f+yji
wis[ lV m ljsj tjS-fjS@ ljsj fdhijrj@ ljsg d;.seg its[ lV m dVq+aj s[ braji lV m
wjLg drt[ fdhvJ dwl[ s[ qwjV dry drdsbjiogbJ } fC%jdHbj wis[ lV m dxi bjf ug
s[ l[rw ijH[ Wi[vg rjv[ lisjiJ V[ bjf ug s[ rjla[ lp.si qwjV v{w[ s[ dsaj dul sj
riaqjV VjM ##y"t>Fj l.ea l+g qh.a RPZr dl.z ug$$ f+dl,Z ] m bjf V[ l.ld*a drdsbjvI }
dHl qwjV dry t'v% dsaj m dHh wjLg s[ lji[ drdsbjvI dry'G f+dlZ h'dHbj m dHV%J dsVJ dry
fdBbjv[ $y #VjdHW l+g qh.a$ f>dca sgrjV dl.z ug epifpig dlZji eH[ aJ fPuU l+g qh.a ug
qhjiju wW[igH[ Whpa Rpfijq idhS ve[ m RpV%J } bjfSj RpaijdZwjig ds+LBg VhgG lg bj
dihj dul } btjC[ sj wjiu Fji l"Gf lwS m dHw dsV F[t s[ l.aJ@ qh.aJ dry ev yvg aJ
dwlg l.a V[ f>dca RPZr dl.z ug sj VjM dvbj m lpSw[ fPuU l+g qh.a ug lq[a lji[ f+l>V h'
eH[ m fPuU l+g qh>a ug V[ f+[q Fig fa+wj dvtw[ dHw drL[L l.a } rjijSlg F[dubj m fa+wj
fC%w[ f>Ddca RPZr dl.z ug hdis:ji fpu eH[ m dHo[ bjf ug } F[t sg l.qag Vjv l>qa 1952
} #VjdHW l+g qh>a$ dVIpwa wi dsaj m wp,N lqJ VjdHW l+g qh.a ih[ m 26 ljrV l.qa 1953
\1896 Hg^| } fPuU #l+g qh.a ug wW[igH[$ W{wp.n dlZji eH[ aJ 8 Fjsi'G l.qa 1953 } fPi[
dViqv F[t V[ bjf ug } #l+g qh.a$ s[ bjlV a[ bjlgV wi dsaj m lji[ dViqv F[t ba[ tB
siLV V[ f,eJ-spLjv[ F[B wiw[ fPuj wgag m qhjijuj fdBbjvjfag V[ rg spLjvj ba[ fPuj F[u
w[ f+l>Vaj f+eB wgag m
wVtv dry lF w.q l.Fjvw[ qpC da+I.Ww[L:i \Vjdlw| wp.F s[ lqjeq dry uj Ljqv h'H[ m
da+I.Ww[L:i dry wp.F fir a[ ljij ya+qjlj hi lq[G ritj hp.sg idh.sg ] m dHl wp.F a[ bjfS[
qwjV a'G dWVJ idhSj Whpa b"tj ] m dHl lq[G dViqv btjC[ sj bjfSj w'Hg qwjV VhgG lg m
dHl zjB } bVpFr wiw[ bjf ug V[ wjxg sp,t qVjdHbj m dHo[ qptgH[ qh>aJ/l.aJ/wjiwpVJ Vjv
dryji wiw[ dHw uej qp,v vHg dul sg idulBig 9 f'h l.qa 1953 \23 sl.Wi 1896 Hg^
}| wirjHg m wpN dsV bijq wiw[ iqa btjCj s[LjBV \epiqda f+yji| rjla[ a'i dsaj m bjf
btjC[ s[ w.qJ rv dZbjV s[S ve[ m l.a e.ej dl.z ug wpnjig@ qpwjqg qh.a wfPi dl.z ba[

232
qh>a dVhjv dl.z ug sg l.qag Vjv bjf ug V[ bjfS[ lq[G h[n dvt[ f+dlZ w.q wga[ ^
H[wC Vjv dqvrJ df>c Whjsifpi ba[ dqiujfpi hjC rsg 8 l.qa 1954 \1897 Hg^|
dry tigdsbj m ijqVjo iaVijq W+jhqS urjvjfpi a'G Whjsifpi sj idh.sj y"oj dh,lj rg
l.qa 1857 dry qpv t+gs dvbj m wpiPwL[a+ dry dl.zfpigbJ hr[vg ba[ Wje hjC lpsg 13
l.qa 1959 \1903 Hg^| } f>Ddca s[rg dsbjv a'G qp,v t+gs[ m
l.qa 1960 dW^ \1903 Hg^| sj hdis:ji sj wp.F lu-Zu Vjv qVjdHbj m dlbjv dry
f+Ijeiju yv[ eH[ m dHo[ qh.a WpTj dl.z ug qpwjqg qh.a@ qh.a vjv dl.z ug \wpnjig|@ qh.a
VjijdHS dl.z ug #qpljxi$ \wjiWjig| sg lvjh Vjv 20 xirig 1904 Hg^ dry df>c Fi[aj@
wpV[ng@ dal"ij@ wdvbjSfpi \Rpix| v"Vjig@ qV[oP@ y{qvfpi ba[ a[ufpi dHh l,a df>c 56960/-
ipfH[ Vjv tigs[ m btjC[ sg bfji ujdHsjs rZjHg m btjC[ s[ ldawji lVqjV dry h'i bV[w
rjZ[ wga[ m l+g h;Pi ljdhW ug sg zBVj s[ lW.Z dry btjC[ s[ ldawji lVqjV } zBS VhgG
ds,aj m lyt>c rjlg #l+g qh.a ug wW[igbJ$ sg Vgag } hg qp,t idtbj m
qhgVj q,zi l.qa 1961 \23 Vr.Wi 1904 Hg^| } f+Ijeiju drt[ l+g dViqv f>yjdHag
btjCj idulBic h'dHbj m Rpl r[v[ u' q{q'i.cq dvdtbj debj l+g qh.a ug Rpl Vjv ldhqa
VhgG lV m F[t dry rg drrjs f{sj h'dHbj m 1 23 Vr.Wi 1904 Hg^ dry dHl wq[Bg dry h[n
dvt[ qptgH[ qh>a ba[ qpwjqg wjiwpVJ sg y'S wgag eHg lg m
Vjq epiP sj VJ bhpsj qpwjq
qh.a urjvj dl.z \dvZCJ| l.a fiL'aq dl.z ug qptgH[ iqa
q^ dVhjv dl>z dl.z \WiVjvj| qh.a bjaqj dl.z ug qptgH[ iqa
qh.a q[hi dl.z ug l.a q'hi dl.z ug qptgH[ iqa
q^ hidsa dl.z ug \ygqj| q^ WPBj dl.z ug qptgH[ iqa
f>^ ugrV dl.z ug \vjh"i| l.a vjv dl.z ug h'ag qptgH[ iqa
q^ WpTj dl.z ug \diLgw[L| WjWj Ziq dl.z ug qptgH[ iqa
q^ hgij dl.z ug l.a Vi{S dl.z ug qh>a f+Ijeiju
q^ f+gaq dl.z ug l.a wiaji dl.z ug wpnjig f+Ijeiju
q^ vjv dl.z ug l>a q'Vg ug tjij WiVjvj wpnjig f+Ijeiju
q^ y[a dl.z ug \lphjrj| q^ vjv dl.z ug qh.a fdBbjvj
1! l+g qh>a f>Ddca ijq dl>z ug higdwbJ s[ lq[G dry lji[ F[t sg l.qag Vjv l>V 1914 Hg^ } l'Z wiw[@ VrgG
wq[Bg WSjHg eHg lg dul } lji[ dViqv F[t V[ firjV wgaj lg m

233
 dH.si dl.z ug ijH[ hig ug wpnjig fdBbjvj
qp^ lpZj dl.z ug q^ epiqpt dl.z ug qh.a wVtv
debjV dl.z ug q^ u,lj dl.z ug wjiWjig wVtv
Wgi dl.z ug q^ epvjW dl.z ug qh.a l.eiPi
hiVjq dl.z ug q^ y.sj dl.z ug qh.a xigsw'B
liPf dl.z ug l.a qHgbj dl.z ug qh>a l.ea wjLg
q[hi dl.z ug q^ hig dl.z ug q^ Vjdlw da+W.w[L:i
f+ajf dl.z ug l.a sgrjV dl.z ug wpnjig Vj! da+W.w[L:i
q[hi dl.z ug q^ e'fjv dl.z ug qh>a wpiPwL[a+
HgLi dl.z ug q^ rljrj dl.z ug wpnjig wpiPwL[a+
rljrj dl.z ug q^ hdisbjv dl.z ug qh.a diLgw[L
l.a't dl.z ug q^ lp.si dl.z ug qh>a VjFj
Ljq dl.z ug q^ sPvj dl.z ug qh>a Rpu{V
WsV dl.z ug q^ Ziq dl.z ug qh>a w[lig
wjvj dl.z ug q^ vjv dl.z ug qh>a AAi"vg
l.qa 1962 dW^ \1905 Hg^| dry f+Ijeiju sj wp.F fir bj debj dul s[ f+W>Z rjla[
wjiwpVJ lq[a l+g qh.a ug qhjiju fdhv[ fpu eH[ lV m dHl r[v[ bjf ug sg bjIP 65 riL h'
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byjVw dq+aP a[ tB siLV ljZP lqju V[ rg spt qVjdHbj m l.dVbjlg@ Rpsjlg@ qhJq>cv[L:i@
drsrjV dHh wdhw[ L'w wi ih[ lV dw@ #dViqv F[t dry'G debjV sj lPiu bv'f h' debj m$
#dViqv F[t sj drdsbj qjia>c yvj debj m$ #drdsbj qpwBqSg bv'f h' debj m$ ##Fjia sj
VIjI e"aq$$ W+hqvgV h' debj m bjds rjwJ s:jij LiZJuvg lqifS wi ih[ lV m bjf ug s[
fjn sj F'e la%jig a[ fjdHbj debj m fPuU l+g qh.a ug sg b>aq bisjl a[ wp.F q[vj h'S
wiw[ ljij dViqv F[t dHw<ai h'dHbj lg m dHl rjla[ 4 qjz } lji[ F[t sg qpC dHw<a+aj h'Hg
dul dry l+gqjV f>Ddca ljZP dl.z ug fdBbjv[ rjv[ #l+g qh.a$ ypS[ eH[ m
l+gqjV 108 f>dca RPZr dl.z ug VIjIw l>V 1896 a'G 1905 Hg^ aw 9 ljv #l+g
qh.a$ ih[ m wpv bjIP 64 riL lg m

234
 y"o[ l+g qh.a
l+gqjV 108 f>Ddca ljZP dl>z ug fdBbjv[ rjv[
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wv%J d;vj b>dq+ali drt[ l.qa 1898 \1841 Hg^| dry h'dHbj m bjf ug } ldal.e sj f+[q
A'Bg brloj a'G ve debj lg m 16 ljv sg bjIP dry aJ zi sj dabje wi dsaj lg m
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lV m c[i[ dry ljZ l.ea sg l[rj wiVg ba[ drdsbj fC%Vg bjf ug s[ s' hg w>q lV m
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bdFbjl wgaj m epiqda lW.Zg Whpa lji[ v[t dvt[ m wjxg lqJ #dViqv iqa btjC[$ s[ qptgH[
WSw[ iqa btjCj rg x[is[ ih[ m dHl lq[G bV[w fs-fsjioJ sj f+I'e wis[ lV m f+qjS/
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LijW@ qjl@ a>WjwP sj fdidabje wgaj m bjf ug sg idhSg WdhSg@ bjyiV@ drbwaga: sj
bwdh f+Fjr f{Gsj lg m
wpN lq[G a'G Wjbs iqa btjC[ sg l[rj Acw[ fdBbjv[ bjfS[ epiFjHg f>dca ajij dl.z
ug #Vi'aq$ w'v #ZiqeC%$ w'ng dry yv[ eH[ m Vi'aq ug s[ l.fiw Vjv bjf ug sj rg iju-
siWji dry fdiyI h' debj m epiWjSg sg woj/drbjdtbjV LirV wiw[ qhjijuj qdh.si
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dHl H[wJa lojV dry dVrjl wiw[ bjf ug V[ epiqda s[ wHg sjiLdVw \bjwi| e+.oJ sg
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dry rjZP lqJ tiy VhgG wis[ lV m w[rv dvtS/fC%V ba[ dlqiV dry v,e[ idh.s[ lV m
235
 f+Ijeiju s[ wp.F q[v[ dry 20 f'h 1962 \1905 Hg^| } fPuU l+g qh>a f>dca RPZr dl.z
ug epifpig dlZji eH[ m RpV%J sg la%jig s[ F'e a'G Wjbs dViqv F[t V[ 4 qjz l.qa 1962 }
bjf ug } #l+g qh.a$ ypS dvbj m dW+Z brloj h'S wiw[ bjf ug V[ wjxg dHVwji rg wgaj@ fi
bjf ug sg lhjdHaj rjla[ qh.a dVhjv dl.z ug fdBbjvj ba[ qh.a dqhi dl.z ug }
lhjdHw dVIa wgaj debj m f+Ijeiju sj wp.F q[vj ZPq-Zjq Vjv qVjdHbj m lqjfag a[ bjf
btjC[ s[ w[Gsi wVtv \hdis:ji| fpu eH[ m fdBbjv[ c[i[ bjfS[ dLL qh>a q'hi dl.z ug } F[u
dsaj m lhjdHwJ ba[ bVU wiqyjigbJ Vjv dqvw[ btjC[ sj f+W>Z wis[ ih[ m
l.qa 1964 \1907 Hg^| dry bjf fdBbjv[ bjH[ duo[ wpN dsV Wgqji idhw[ qjz rsg
15 l.qa 1964 dW^ \2 xirig 1908 Hg^| } epifpig dlZji eH[ m la%jig sj F'e fdBbjv[
dry hg fjdHbj debj m
bjf epiqda@ epiWjSg s[ qhjV drsrjV lV m H[wJa idhS rjv[ lV m z,B W'vs[ lV m
l,Dda-l.a't@ LJag@ dVq+aj@ e>Fgiaj bjds epSJ s[ ZjiVg lV m fiRpfwjig@ l[rj sg FjrVj
rjv[ lV m qhjV v{wyiji@ woj rjyw@ v[tw ba[ t'ug lV m bjf ug s[ dvt[ e+.oJ sj bdZb{V
wiV Vjv epiqda ephN s[ bV[wJ ihlU tpvs[ hV m
bjf ug s[ lyt>c yv[ ujS a'G qei'G 8-9 qhgV[ s'V'G lhjdHw \qh>a dVhjv dl.z ug ba[
qh>a dqhi dl.z ug| btjC[ sj f+W>Z wis[ ih[ lV fi 1965 dW^ \1908 Hg^| dry da+I>Ww[L:i
\Vjdlw| e'sjrig s[ wp.F q[v[ s[ bjRpS wiw[ #l+g qh.a$ sg y'S rjla[ F[t sj dHw,n h'dHbj
dul dry sgizp dryji a'G Rpfi>a l+gqjV f>dca ijq dl.z ug higw[ rjv[ #l+g qh.a$ lojfV
wga[ eH[ m
l+gqjV 108 f>dca ljZP dl.z ug l>V 1905 Hg^ a'G 1908 Hg^ aw 3 ljv l+g qh.a ih[ m
wpv bjIP 68 riL lg m

236
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l+gqjV 108 f>Ddca ijq dl>z ug higw[ rjv[
f>dca ijq dl.z ug sj uVq df>c higw[ d;vj qpwdali drt[ f+daLna u,B dlt fdirji
dry l>qa 1918 dW! \l>V 1861 Hg^| } h'dHbj m WyfV zi dry hg ep;jdibj m A[ag hg df>c
s[ c[i[ l.a qlajV dl.z ug s[ yiVJ dry fpuw[ l[rj wis[@ fC%s[ ih[ ba[ dLL WS eH[ m df>c
dry idh.s[ h'H[ rg zi a'G Rpfijq h' eH[ m Wl l[rj@ dlqiV a[ fC%jHg a'G dWVJ h'i dwl[ fjl[ ipyg
VhgG lg m epiWjSg@ epidHdahjl sj rg bdZb{V wi dvbj m FjHg episjl ug sgbJ rjiJ ba[
FjLj s[ qpTv[ r[sJa@ Vgag s[ e>+o fC% vH[ m bjf ug sg drr[w WpZg r[tw[ qhJfpitJ V[ bjf ug
} l.ld*a fC%V s[ rjla[ wjLg F[u dsaj m wjLg dry bjf ug V[ qV vjw[ fdC%bj ba[ bu[hj
bdFbjl wgaj@ wjLg s[ f+dlZ f>dcaJ dry q>V[ eH[ m wjLg dry idhw[ drdsbjiogbJ }
fC%jRpS ve fH[ m bjf ug a'G l>dVbjlg@ Rpsjlg@ sjsP f>og ba[ W+jhqS bjdsw lF L+[SgbJ s[
drdsbjiog drdsbj f+jfa wis[ lV m
dfA'G df>c higw[ c[i[ bjf ug s[ epiPs[r l.a qlajV dl.z ug bjfS[ epiFjHg l.a epiqpt
dl.z ug } c[i[ sj f+W.Z l.Fjvw[ l,yt>c dlZji eH[ m faj v,eS a[ bjf higw[ bjH[ aJ bjf ug
s[ yjyj epiP l.a epiqpt dl.z ug V[ f+l.Vaj fPiWw bjf ug sj l:jea wgaj m l.a qlajV dl.z
s[ L'w/r{ije dry WyV-dWvjl wis[ ih[ m wpN dsV Wjbs bjf ug s[ yjyj epiP l.a epiqpt
dl.z ug V[ bjfS[ epiFjHg l.a qlajV dl.z ug sg dH,Aj bVplji bjf ug } c[i[ sg qh>ag sg
f,e s[ ds,ag fi bjf ug V[ bjfS[ yjyj epiP sg hjd;ig dry c[i[ sj qh>a WSVj I'e VhgG
lqdNbj m c[ij l.a epiqpt dl.z ug } l.Fjvw[ bjf df>c a'G Wjhi wpBgbj fjw[ idhS ve[ m bjf
ug w'v bV[wJ ljZP@ W+jhqS bjw[ fC%V ve[ m bjf lF } f+[q/dVq+aj fPiWw fC%jMs[ lV m
v.ei@ rlai@ fplaw lF } w'v'G hg ds.s[ lV m dHl ai%J bjf ug sj sPi-sPi aw ul h'
dihj lg m
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fdhvJ qjz 1964 \1908 Hg^| dry l+g qh.a l+gqjV f>dca ljZP dl>z ug W{wp.n dlZji eH[
lV m ljij F[t da+I.Ww[L:i wp.F q[v[ a[ dHw,nj h'dHbj m f+r[L Ljhg a'G fdhvJ l+g qh>a sg y'S
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237
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ug s[ VjM sg f+rjVeg aJ fdhvJ hg h' ypwg lg@ dHl rjla[ bjf ug } #l+g qh>a$ sg fsrg a[
drFPLa wiw[ iSdl.dzbJ ba[ u{wjdibJ sg eP.u dry f,e dsag eHg m f+dlZ drsrjV qh.a
eS[Lj dl.z ug lw,ai ypS[ eH[ m da+I.Ww[L:i \Vjdlw| sj wp.F q[vj Whpa hg RpaLjh a[ f+l.Vaj
Vjv qVjdHbj debj m wp.F q[vj lqjfa h'S a'G Wjbs #l+g qh.a$ ug qhjiju wVtv \hdis:ji|
bj eH[ m
us'G bjf ug wVtv btjC[ s[ lsi qpwjq dry fpu[ aJ hdis:ji dry f+l>Vaj sg vdhi s"C
eHg m bjf ug s[ bjeqV Vjv btjC[ rjvg hr[vg lpFjdHqjV h' eHg m wVtv@ hdis:ji@
urjvjfpi bjdsw LdhiJ s[ y"Zig a[ bVU fdar>a[ bV[w ai%J sg F[Bj ldha yiVJ dry
hjd;i h'H[ m bV[w F[tJ s[ ljZP@ l.a@ qh.a@ q.cv[L:i@ drsrjV siLV wiV bjH[ m bjf ug sg
y'S a[ lji[ hg f+l.Vaj f+eB h' ihg lg m
btjC[ s[ w[Gsi dry fhp.yw[ bjf ug V[ f+W.Z rv dZbjV dsaj m lji[ f+W>Z } WCg I'eaj
Vjv yvjdHbj m bjf ug V[ btjC[ sg l.fag dry qhjV rjZj wgaj m dHl lq[G bjf ug V[
Whjsifpi ba[ dqi;jfpi s[ idh.s[ dh,l[ rg tigs[ m ijH[fpi sj dh,lj rg qp,v v{ dvbj m dHl lq[G
qh.a dH.si dl.z ug f,wg l.ea f+Ijeiju V[ bjfSg ljig l.fag 6 hjC 1966 \19 uPV
1909| } btjC[ s[ VjM verj dsag m l.qa 1968 \1912 Hg^| dry wCA sg ;qgV rg
tigsg eHg m
l+g qh.a f>dca RPZr dl.z VIjIw ug s[ ugrV lq[G dry fjnw fC% bjH[ hV dw 23
Vr>Wi 1904 Hg^ dry l+g dViqv f>yjdHag btjCj wVtv idulBic h'dHbj lg m Rpl lq[G
wHg aipBgbJ idh eHgbJ lV dur[G l+g qh.a sg fsrg sj d;wi Vj h'Sj@ btjC[ sj lsi
qpwjq wVtv sg WujH[ f+Ijeiju h'Sj bjds@ dul wiw[ F[t dry wHg ai%J s[ L.w[/yiy[ yv
ih[ lV m dHh q{q'i>cq njwiJ s[ c[i[ l+g b>dq+ali dry dvdtbj debj lg dul Rpa[ vjvj uea
VjijdHS ba[ vjvj Ljq sjl dqRpGldfv wdqLVi s[ hlajti lV m
us'G f>dca ijq dl.z ug higw[ rjdvbJ } #l+g qh>a$ WdSbj 5-6 qhgV[ h' eH[ aJ y[a+
1966 \4 bf+{v 1909| } dViqv F[t V[ dHw qp,t ldqag \uViv wq[Bg| ypSg dul dry 13
q{GWi \l.a| vH[ eH[ m 6 dsVJ qei'G \10 bf+{v 1909| } wpN h'i q{GWi Ljqv wiw[ wpv 31
q{GWi WSjH[ eH[ m dHl wq[Bg s[ f+ZjV qh.a WpTj dl.z ug diLgw[L rjdvbJ } WSjdHbj debj
fi F[t dry 1904 Hg^ r[v[ a'G hg F+Jag f{sj h' eHg lg duls[ wjiV epfa rjs-drrjs ujig
dihj m
b>a qh>a eS[Lj dl.z ug V[ sgizp ds+LBg Vjv l'y dryji wiw[ 1904 Hg^ rjvj
q{q'i>cq ba[ Rpf+'wa 31 q{GWig wq[Bg sg l'Z wiw[ l.qa 1971 \3 sl.Wi 1914 Hg^| }

238
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WSjHg dul } lji[ F[t rv'G f+rjVeg dsag eHg ^
Vjq epiP sj Vjq qpwjq
q^ dVhjv dl.z q^ bjaqj dl.z WiVjvj \fdBbjvj|
q^ q[hi dl.z q^ ajij dl.z qJeB \epuija|
q^ urjvj dl.z q^ f+L'aq dl.z dvsC \vjh"i|
q^ iaV dl.z q^ dqLij dl.z vAqVli \b>dq+ali|
f>^ epiqpt dl.z q^ qPv dl.z v.q[ ujegi \vjh"i|
f>^ Wl.a dl.z f>^ sgrjV dl.z ngwig rjvj \WiVjvj|
q^ dwLV dl.z nj^ Fea dl.z y"w q'Vg \b>dq+ali|
q^ hidsa dl.z q^ ijq dl.z lFijH[ \vjh"i|
q^ hqgi dl.z q^ hgij dl.z t,pcj \hpdLbjifpi|
q^ q'hi dl.z l+g q^ ljZP dl.z q^ Wh[Cj \fdBbjvj|
q^ Vi{S dl.z q^ dsbjv dl.z Vgvfpi \fdBbjvj|
q^ WpZ dl.z q^ sgrjV dl.z q>erjv \u[hvq|
f>^ hiFuV dl.z q^ WpZ dl.z dViqv A[a+ \b>dq=ali|
f>^ sIj dl.z q^ qvPw dl.z Rpe' \fdBbjvj|
q^ vjv dl.z q^ l[rj dl.z rifjv \b>dq=ali|
q^ urjvj dl.z _ Fje'rjv \hpdLbjifpi|
q^ iaV dl.z q^ VijdHS dl.z y[aVqn wJLg
q^ izpWgi dl.z q^ u{ ijq dl.z vjh"ig B'vj wJLg
q^ y>sV dl.z q^ qvPw dl.z W+hqwpBg wJLg
q^ dWLV dl.z q^ epvjW dl.z uvjv@ dibjla VjFj
q^ V.s dl.z q^ l[rj dl.z v'heC% \fdBbjvj|
q^ HgLi dl.z q^ lpV[a dl.z Wjliwg \b>dq+ali|

239
 q^ w[hi dl.z q^ tCe dl.z e'v[rjvj \xigsw'B|
q^ u{qv dl.z q^ tCe dl.z iSgbJ dxi';fpi|
q^ hgij dl.z ug driwa f>^ HgLi dl.z diLgw[L \c[hijsPV|
q^ qPv dl.z q^ dVhjv dl.z _
q^ vjv dl.z _ lphjrj \epuija|
q^ V.s dl.z ljHgGv'w lptj dl.z ijrvdf>cg
q^ ijq dl.z q^ yiV dl.z qlaeC% \hpdLbjifpi|
q^ y[a dl.z q^ dVhjv dl.z cj^ fpijSj rjzj \dxi';fpi|
q^ Ziq dl.z q^ xah dl.z w'hjvj \b.dq+ali|
f>^ VjijdHS dl>z _ diLgw[L \s[hijsPV|
q^ ijH[ dl.z q^ q'hi dl.z uvjv rjvj \xigsw'B|
dHhg uViv wq[Bg wpN riL Wjbs #dViqv qhJq>cv$ s[ iPf dry f+dlZ h'Hg m
drljt rsg da+I'slg l.qa 1977 \16 bf+{v 1920 Hg^| } l+gqjV qh.a f>Ddca q'hi
dl>z ug fdBbjv[ rjdvbJ } #VjdHW l+g qh.a$ dVIa wgaj m dHl lq[G hg qh>a hiVjq dl.z ug
fdBbjvj@ qh.a qghJ dl.z ug f+Ijeiju ba[ qh.a vjv dl.z ug wVtv drt[ da>V' rt-rt
lw,,ai WSjH[ eH[ m

240
 VjdHW l+g qh.a
l+gqjV 108 f>Ddca q'hi dl>z ug fdBbjv[ rjv[
f>dca q'hi dl.z ug sj uVq dfaj l+! dWLV dl.z \u<B dl,t|@ qjaj ugrg ug df>c
lihjvj d;vj hpdLbjifpi drt[ l.qa 1920 \1863 Hg^| dry h'dHbj m 25 ril aw zi s[
w.q wis[ ih[ m dHw rji bjf ug s[ df>c #l+g qh.a$ f>dca ljZP dl.z ug bjH[ aJ woj Rpfs[L lpS
w[ l[rj dry ve eH[ ba[ drdsbj fC%Sg LpiP wi dsag m epiqda ba[ l.ld*a s'hJ drdsbj }
fPig veV Vjv fdC%bj m Vjv hg f>Ddca ug a'G epiq>a+ v{w[ dLL WS eH[ m l.qa 1962 \1905
Hg^| dry f>dca ljZP dl>z ug } f+Ijeiju drt[ #l+g qh>a$ lojfV wi dsaj debj aJ f>dca
ug sg bjdebj Vjv bjf fdBbjv[ rjv[ lojV dry idhS ve[ m l.qa 1964 \1907 Hg^|
dry f>dca ug s[ epifpig dlZji ujS a'G dfA'G fdBbjv[ rjv[ c[i[ s[ qh.a WSjH[ eH[ m dHl lq[G
qhjijuj fdBbjvj fag rv'G rg f,e/spLjvj fpdubj m lji[ liwjig drZjV ujig ih[ m bjf
l[rj wiV rjv[ dVq+ qhJfpit lV m
l.qa 1977 \1920 Hg^| dry l+g qh.a f>dca ijq dl.z ug higdwbJ rjv[ ba[ lji[ F[t
s[ dryji Vjv bjf ug } #VjdHW l+g qh.a$ ypS dvbj debj m bjf Whpa dlbjS[ ba[ drrhji
wpLv lV m hi w>q s[ Vagu[ } lqNs[ lV fi Wjwg wjiwpVJ Vjv bjf ug sj dqvriaV Vj
idh ldwbj m hi lq[G rjs-drrjs yvsj idh.sj lg m w.q sg s[t Fjv ba[ dWiZ brloj h'S
wiw[ bjf ug V[ y[a+ lpsg 5 l.qa 1978 \1921 Hg^| dry #VjdHW l+g qh.a$ sg fsrg a'G
dabje f,ai s[ dsaj ba[ fdBbjv[ bjfS[ lojV a[ yv[ eH[ m btjC[ s[ lji[ w.qJ sj W'N qpC
f>dca ijq dl.z ug higdwbJ rjdvbJ Rpfi hg bj dfbj m
f>dca q'hi dl.z ug V[ l.V 1920 a'G 1921 Hg^ aw 1 ljv #VjdHW l+g qh.a$ sg fsrg
a[ idhw[ l[rj wgag m wpv bjIP 64 riL lg m
f>dca sdHbj dl.z ug Rpe' rjdvbJ } #VjdHW l+g qh.a$ WSjdHbj debj m
dHw rji f>dca ijq dl>z ug higdwbJ rjv[ btjC[ s[ lW.Z dry fdBbjv[ bjH[ aJ bjf
ug } lta Wptji h' debj m wpN dsV fdBbjv[ dHvj; yvsj dihj fi bjf ug sg dH,Aj bVplji
bjf ug } wVtv drt[ dvbJsj debj m dGHo[ bjf 25 q,zi l.qa 1984 \10 sl.Wi 1927
Hg^| } lyt>c dlZji eH[ m la%jig a[ F'e dfbj m F[t sj WCj Fjig dHw,n h'dHbj m
qei'G #VjdHW l+g qh.a$ f>dca sdHbj dl.z ug Rpe' rjv[ btjC[ sj f+W.Z wis[ ih[ m
l+gqjV 108 f>dca ijq dl.z ug higdwbJ rjv[ 1908 a'G 1927 Hg^ aw 19 ljv #l+g
qh.a$ sg fsrg a[ ih[ m wpv bjIP 66 riL lg m

241
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l+gqjV 108 f>Ddca sdHbj dl>z ug Rpe'
f>dca sdHbj dl.z ug sj uVq df>c hgi' tpis dry l.qa 1925 dWw+qg \1868 Hg^|
dry h'dHbj m WyfV zi dry hg Wgdabj m l.a qvPw dl.z ug e'sCgH[ bjf ug s[ qjq[ lV m
dHl rjla[ bjf WyfV a'G hg dHV%J sg l[rj dry idhS ve fH[ m f+[q fPiWw qhJfpitJ ba[ ljZ
l.ea sg l[rj wis[ h'H[ fC%s[ ih[ m epiqda ba[ r[sJa s[ e+.oJ sj bdZb{V wgaj m FjLj s[ A'B[-
A'B[ lji[ e+.o fC% vH[ m l.a qvPw dl.z ug sg q>cvg dry fC%s[ lq[G l[rj wis[ h'H[ RpV%J s[ dLL
WS eH[ m qhJfpitJ sg bjdebj bVplji Rpy drdsbj sg f+jfag vHg wjLg ug uj ih[ m wHg
ljv qV vjw[ l.ld*a sg fC%jHg wgag m Fjiag siLV s[ f+wJc f>dca WS eH[ m
wJLg ug fC%w[ c[i[ Rpe' bjH[ m dHo[ rg hi lq[G drdsbj bdZb{V dry hg ve[ idh.s[ lV m
bV[w drdsbjiog bjf ug w'v fC%S ve fH[ m F[t dry rg bjf ug sg WCg f+dlZg h' eHg lg m
drdsbw epSJ s[ bjf FPLV lV m dHl rjla[ 8 qjz l.qa 1980 \21 uVrig 1924 Hg^|
dry bjf ug } f+Ijeiju sg biZ wp.Fg a[ #VjdHW l+g qh.a$ dVIa wgaj debj m f>dca ijq
dl.z ug higw[ bjf ug s[ ldhfjng lV m s'hJ dry bojh f+[q lg m dHl rjla[ btjC[ sj Whpa
hg b,Aj f+W.Z ydvbj m l+g qh.a f>dca ijq dl.z ug higdwbJ s[ l,yt>c dlZji ujS a'G Wjbs
26 wa<w l.qa 1985 dW^ \1928 Hg^| } wpiPwL[a+ lPiu e+dhS a[ bjf ug } dViqv F[t V[
#l+g qh.a$ ypS dvbj m bjf ug s[ lq[G sg w'Hg drL[L zBVj f+dlZ VhgG m bjf dVq+aj s[ braji
lV m ljdhaUw dr+ag rjv[ lV m bjf ug s[ lq[G dry lji[ wjiwpV dqvw[ f+[q fPiWw btjC[ sj
w.q yvjMs[ ih[ m
l.qa 1986 \1929 Hg^| } f+Ijeiju sj wp.F rg bjf ug lif+lag h[n lxvaj fPiWw
l.f>V h'dHbj m dHl lq[G bjf ug sg bjdebj Vjv f>dca W[vj dl.z l{wBig ba[ qh.a W+hq dl.z
wpnjig lV duV%J V[ I'eaj Vjv wp.F s[ lji[ w.q-wju } l.Fjdvbj fi o'C%j dyi qei'G hg f>dca
W[vj dl.z ug V[ dabje f,ai s[ dsaj m dH>V%J sg ojRpG a[ l.a dwLV dl.z ug driwa \y[vj
qh.a V,oj dl.z| } l{wBig WSjdHbj debj m dHw rji bjf ug V[ #l+g qh.a$ fs a'G dabje f,a+
s[S sg dH,Aj rg wgag fi lji[ dViqv F[t V[ f+jioVj wiw[ bduhj wiV a'G i'w ds,aj m wp.F sg
lqjfag a'G qei'G wpN lqJ hdis:ji bjijq wiw[ \bjfS[ c[i[| Rpe' bjH[ ba[ Wgqji h' eH[ m y.e[
a'G y.e[ r{sJ \cjwBiJ| V[ dHvju wgaj fi bjijq VhgG bjdHbj m b>a 3 f'h l.qa 1987 dsV
WpZrji } lyt>c dlZji eH[ m bjf ug s[ bwjv yvjS[ sg tWi hrj rJe x{v eHg m dViqv
F[t dry L'w f{ debj m bjf ug sg la%jig wVtv \hdis:ji| drt[ 22 f'h \1987 dW^| \1930
Hg^| } qVjHg eHg m dViqv F[t ba[ tB siLV ljZP lqju dHw,ai h'dHbj m
F'e a'G qei'G Ljq } #l+g qh.a$ sg y'S rjla[ F[t sj dHw<n h'dHbj dul dry liW l.qag
Vjv l+gqjV f>dca ugrV dl.z ug wjLg rjdvbJ } ypdSbj debj m
242
 lar[G l+g qh.a
l+gqjV 108 f>Ddca ugrV dl>z ug wJLg rjv[
l+gqjV f>dca ugrV dl.z ug sj uVq dfaj episjl A,a+g@ qjaj v,Aqg s[ zi df>c
e'Gsrjv d;vj lie'Zj \fjdwlajV| drt[ l.qa 1932 \1875 Hg^| dry h'dHbj m 6 riL sg
Rpqi dry df>c s[ epis:ji[ epiqptg fC%S W{njH[ eH[ m 9 ljv sg Rpqi dry l+g epiP e>+o ljdhW ug
s[ fjng WS eH[ m dxi df>c s[ qsil[ \lwPv| dry da.V ljv RpisP/`jilg fC%g m Rpf+>a dfaj
Vjv zi s[ w.q-wju dry lhjdHaj wiV ve[ m
l.qa 1950 dW*qg \1892 Hg^| dry bjfS[ dfaj ug Vjv dwl[ w.q rjla[ vPS-
dqbjSg eH[ m dHo[ l.a q,tS dl.z ug driwa \l.a i'yj dl.z ug s[ y[v[| bjH[ h'H[ lV m lda-
l.e ujig lg m bjf ug V[ rg woj rjiaj lpSg m ls-Rpfs[L lpSw[ qhJfpitJ s[ yiVJ s[ F"i[ WS
eH[ m driwa ug s[ yiVJ dry idhS sg dfaj w'v'G bjdebj v{ vHg m l[rj dry ve eH[ ba[
drdsbj fC%S ve[ m dHvjw[ dry s"ij wiw[ driwa ug bjfS[ bjL+q qJeB fpu eH[ aJ bjf
ug V[ dHo[ qiIjsj bVplji epiq>a+ v{ dvbj ba[ dLL WS eH[ m VjM #ugrV dl.z$ idtbj
debj m
epiP ug V[ drdsbj fC%S sg bjdebj wgag aJ diLgw[L yv[ eH[ m drbjwiS dHo[ hg
fdC%bj m dw.V[ hg h'i e+.oJ sj bdZb{V wgaj m Rpy drdsbj sg f+jfag rjla[ l>qa 1959
dW*qg } wjLg ug dry vjh"ig B'v[ uj ndhi[ m dHl lq[G vjh"ig B'v[ s[ qh.a izpWgi dl.z ug
lV m dHV%J w'v idhw[ drdsbj bdZb{V bji>F wgaj m fPig veS Vjv 15-16 ljv fnV-
fjnV wgaj ba[ F[t dry Rpz[ drsrjV WS eH[ m bjf ug s[ epiP l.qa 1970 \1913 Hg^|
dry f+v'w dlZji eH[ fi bjf 1976 Hg^ aw wjLg dry fC%s[ ih[ m
Fjr[G vjh"ig B'vj dViqv F[t sj bjL+q lg@ dHo[ drdsbj fC%S rjv[ dViqv[ l.a
drdsbjiog bjijq fPiWw idh.s[ lV m dxi rg F[t sj bjfSj drdsbjvI Vj h'S wiw[ dViqv
F[t s[ drdsbjiogbJ } fC%S lq[G bVUqagbJ w'v'G aiwJ ldhSgbJ f{GsgbJ lV m i';-i'; sj
qjVdlw spt drdsbjiog s[ qV dry hgS FjrVj f{sj wisj lg m drdsbjiog sg bSt e{ia
zBsg lg m dViqv[ drdsbjiog dHl wLB } bVpFr wis[ h'H[ drdsbj s[ vjvy dry FpvS sj
IaV wis[ lV m dHl drL[ Rpa[ bjf ug V[ l.qa 1978 sg hdis:ji biZ wp.Fg a[ drsraj

243
Fdibj hvPSj s[S rjvj drbjdtbjV dsaj m wjLg dry u' dViqv[ drdsbjiogbJ } wLB
F'eS[ f{Gs[ lV m sp,tJ sj ljhqSj wiVj f{Gsj lg m W+jhqSJ ba[ bVUqagbJ w'v'G wW'v ldhS[
f{Gs[ lV m drbjdtbj fPiWw riSV wiw[ #dViqv l.ld*a drdsbjvI$ t'v%S a[ ;'i dsaj m
bjf ug sg dVq+aj@ drsraj s[ wjiS drbjdtbjV sj bu[hj f+Fjr dfbj dw F[t s[ lqP>h
l.aJ@ qh>aJ V[ drdsbjvU rjla[ tpv%[ dsv Vjv sjV dsaj m h;jiJ ipfH[ lB[u Rpfi hg dHw<n[
h' eH[ m bjf ug sj rg RpaLjh rZ debj m dHl rjla[ biZ wp.Fg sg lqjfag h'S lji hg
vjh"i@ epuija@ b>dq+ali bjdsw LdhiJ ba[ f+JaJ sj s"ij wgaj m dHl lq[G rg qh.aJ@ l.aJ@
ls e+dhlogbJ V[ drdsbjvI rjla[ tpv%[ dsv Vjv sjV s[ bisjl[ wirjH[ m us'G v'C bVplji
wj`g ipfH[ h' eH[ aJ bjf ug V[ wjLg dry #dViqv l.ld*a drdsbjvI$ vjh"ig B"vj drt[
bji>F wi ds,aj m dHw wq[Bg l.edna wgag eHg duls[ f+ZjV bjf ug hg lV m dHl ai%J bjf
drdsbjvI s[ drwjl ba[ drdsbj s[ f+yji dry ija-dsV a,afi idhS ve[ m
dVq+aj ba[ dabje bjf ug dry H[Vj lg dulsj dHl ev a'G faj vesj ] dw l.qa
1986 } f+Ije s[ wp.F a[ l+g qh.a f>dca sdHbj dl.z ug Rpe' rjv[ wpN dlha sg wq;'ig
wiw[@ wpN l.f+sjHg qhJfpitJ s[ wdhS wiw[ #l+g qh.a$ fs a'G dabje fa+ s[S vHg dabji h'
eH[ m dHl dViS{ s[ dVfBji[ rjla[ f+Ijeiju dry WCg Fjig dHw,aiaj h'Hg m F[t s[ qjVVgI
qhJfpitJ V[ l+g qh.a ug qhjiju sg oJ #l+g qh.a$ sg fsrg l:gwji wi v{S vHg bjf ug }
f+[dibj m Rpai dry bjf ug V[ tC%[ h'w[ dVq+aj fPiWw xiqjdHbj@ ##q[i[ epiFjHg l.a ugrV dl.z
driwa sj ligi lta Wgqji ] duV%J sg w[rv blgG hg l[rj wis[ hJ m dHh l[rj blgG A,cSg
VhgG yjhp.s[ m sPlij dHh q{G wsg rg br,Ddebj VhgG wi lwsj dw fPuU l+g qh.a ug qhjiju
w'v'G dabje f,a+ v{w[ RpV%J sg e,sg l.FjvgH[ m$$ dHh wdhw[ bjf lFj dry'G Rpnw[ Wjhi yv[ eH[ m
bjf ug s[ dHl woV a'G f+Fjdra h'w[ lji[ F[t V[ liWl.qag Vjv f+lajr fjl wi dsaj
dw l+g qh.a ug a'G Vj dabje f,a+ dvbj ujr[ej ba[ Vj hg f+rjV wgaj ujr[ej m
us'G l+g qh.a f>dca sdHbj dl.z ug lyt>c dlZji eH[ aJ la%jig a'G qei'G qjz rsg
H[wq l.qa 1987 dW^ \5 uVrig 1931 Hg^| } wVtv drt[ qhjV dHw<n h'dHbj dul dry
liW l.qag Vjv bjf ug } #l+g qh>a$ dVIa wgaj debj m bjf ug V[ #l+g qh.a$ WSw[ fPiV
I'eaj Vjv lji[ f+W.Z } bjfS[ bZgV wi dvbj m
bjf ug s[ lq[G dry bhgbjfpi \f+Ijeiju| sg f,wg l.ea sj qpw,sqj dHw riL aw
yvsj dihj dul sj x{lvj l.qa 1991 dW^ \26-4-1934 Hg^| } btjC[ s[ h,w dry h'dHbj m
dHl zBVj s[ dfA'wC sj dHdahjl dHl ai%J ] ^
fPiW sg dl,tg s[ s"i[ ba[ agio Ija+j lq[G@ l.qa 1723 \1666 Hg^| dry l+g epiP a[e
Whjsi ug qhjiju@ da+r[Sg \f+Ije| rg fpu[ ba[ wjxg lqJ idhw[ l.eaJ } ls Rpfs[L ds.s[
ih[ lV m ldaepiP ug s[ f+Ije dVrjl sg rjiaj } l+g epiP e'dW.s dl.z ug qhjiju V[ rg
244
#Wdy,ai VjBw$ dry l:I. dvdtbj ] ^
uW hg uja da+r[Sg FH[ mm f>pV sjV dsV wia WaH[ mm
dHl Ijs dry dHo[ epis:jij ljdhW \l.ea| wjdHq ] m fPiW dry epis:jij ljdhW }
#l.ea$ wdh.s[ hV m
fpijSj diwjic slsj ] dw l.qa 1920 \1863 Hg^| dry l.a ijq dl.z ug \ijqsjl|
dHl lojV s[ qh.a lV m dHh WC[ Rpy[ ugrV rjv[ Vjq WjSg s[ ilgH[@ lda fpit lV m dHvjw[
dry bjf ug s[ l{GwC[ LiZjvP lV duV%J dry'G V"vtj VjqgG d;qgGsji bjf ug sj bVVU l[rw
lg m Rpl V[ df>c tjVfpi bjf ug } F[B wiw[ bjf ug s[ VjM sjtv tjiu wirj ds,aj lg m bjf
ug a'G Wjbs bjf ug sj y[vj l.a dVhjv dl.z qh.a WdSbj m 24 q,zi l.qa 1926 \7 sl.Wi
l.V 1869 Hg^| } df>c tjVfpi qpC bjf ug s[ VjM sjtv tjiu h'dHbj m bjf ug wjxg lqJ
qh.a ih[ m dW+Z brloj dry l.a epvjW dl.z s[ y[v[ l.a wjV% dl.z ug \dLrug dl.z l.f+sjdH
ijqagio| } qh.a WSj dsaj m 11 f'h 1947 dW^ \24 sl.Wi@ 1890 } qh.a wjV% dl.z ug
\dLrug dl.z| l:ie dlZji eH[ aJ bjf ug s[ epiFjHg l.a ajij dl.z ug qh.a WS[ m dxi l.a
u{qv dl.z ug qh.a h'H[ m qh.a u{qv dl.z ug V[ l.qa 1962 \10 xirig 1906| s[ f+Ije wp.F
Rpa[ l.a ijH[ dl.z ug riljr[ rjdvbJ s[ dLL l.a dH.si dl.z ug } bjfSj RpaijdZwjig
WSjdHbj m dHV%J V[ rg wpN lqJ qh.ag wgag m qh.a dH.si dl.z ug V[ bjfS[ lq[G dry l+g qh.a
f>dca ijq dl.z ug higdwbJ rjdvbJ ba[ F[t s[ bVU qptgbJ@ qh.aJ@ l.aJ Vjv dryji-
drqiL wiw[ V"r[G ldaepiP ug sj #epis:jij f,wg l.ea$ dViqv f>yjdHag btjCj wVtv }
l.Fjv dsaj m 6 hjC 1966 dW^ \19 qHg 1909 Hg^| } df>c tjVfpi sjtv tjiu wiV rjla[
bsjva dry dWV{ f,ai dsaj debj m
dHl dsV a'G #epis:jij f,wg l.ea$ sj f+W.Z l+g dViqv f>yjdHag btjCj wVtv w'v ] m
us'G a'G dHh lojV btjC[ s[ f+W.Z dry bjdHbj ]@ Whpa hg i"Sw h'Hg ] m f'h lpsg lfaqg sj
epifir ba[ epiP a[e Whjsi ug s[ Lhgsg dshjC[ sj fir dHl lojV a[ btjC[ rv'G lu Z,u
Vjv qVjdHbj uJsj ] m
l.qa 1990 \1933 Hg^| dry l.a lp.si dl.z ug wpnjig fgvgw'ng s[ qh.a lV m RpV%J V[
bjfS[ dsbjvP lpFjb bVplji v'wv e+dhlog dl,tJ } wHg drL[L lhPvaJ s[ dsagbJ dul sj
RpV%J V[ VjujdHu vjF Rpnjw[ dHl dHdahjlw f,wg l.ea \epis:jij ljdhW| Rpa[ bjfSj wW;j
wiV sj IaV wgaj m filfi dryji-drqil Vjv dHh v'w q>V[ VhgG@ aJ bsjva dry w[l
ydvbj m #l+g qh.a$ f>dca ugrV dl.z ug ba[ qh.a w[hi dl.z ug lw,ai V[ bSo,w IaV Vjv
w[l vdCbj m wHg qhgV[ qpw,sqj yvsj dihj ba[ btjC[ sj wjxg tiyj h'dHbj m b>a dqag
26-4-1934 Hg^ } l+g dViqv f>yjdHag btjC[ s[ h,w dry x{lvj h'dHbj m x{lv[ sg Vwv
blgG h[n b>dwa wis[ hJ ^
245
 x{lvj
dHvjhjWjs fwg l.ea sj u' dlBg q{dulB+[B siuj V.^ 1 v{c ljdhW V[ qpwsqj V.Wi 12
sj l.V 1934 bfi{v 26 } dsaj m
liwji WVjq njwpi dl.z re{ij qpv;q
upiq sxj 145 aj;gija dh.s
dHh qpw,sqj s'hJ fjiBgbJ f>yjdHag btjCj dViqvj a[ epiP VjVw dl.z lFj s[ drywji
h' dfbj lg m liwji V[ 107 aj;gija dh.s bVplji s'hJ dZiJ sgbJ ;qjVaJ v{ vHgbJ lV m
dHh qpbjqvj ngw a"i a[ as aw Vdudnbj VhgG uj lwsj us aw dwl[ dlrv w'iB a'G x{lvj
Vj dsaj ujH[ m dHl vHg A[ag a'G A[ag 145 sg wjirjHg ngw ]@ dWVJ s[i s[ qpw,sq[ }
Vdudnbj ujH[ m ljZPbJ sg H[h dLwjdHa lg dw qpw,sqj yvV a'G fdhvJ wW;j dwl sj lg m
\1| w'arjvg s[ ojV[sji ijuwpqji dl.z dul V[ dHl bsjva s[ hpwq Vjv fwg l.ea }
wpiw wgaj lg a[ ljZP hig dl.z ho'G wp.ugbJ dqvgbJ lV m dHw wqi[ a'G ApB h'i lji[ wqdibJ
dry ljZJ sg ujdHsjs dqvg a[ Rpl a'G fdhvJ Fg ojS[sji V[ r[dtbj lg dw fwg l.ea dry
w[rv ljZP hg idh.s[ lV m dHl ev sg alsgw Rpl hvw[ s[ VjdHw ijq f+Ljds V[ Fg wgag lg m
q[ig ijdH dry dltJ sg w'dLL u' fpvl fi dHv;jq vjRpS sg ] dWvwpv NPn ] m
\2| qhJs[r Vjq dHw lpVji wijdHbj ljZPbJ } hg ds.sj dihj ]@ dul sgbJ ilgsJ
dqlv Vjv hV m
\3| fwg l.ea s[ rjBi B{wl sgbJ ilgsJ ljZP s[Gs[ ih[ hV m
\4| dqRPGdlfv W'ic s[ lW.Z dry igwjic ljZPbJ sj wWuj slsj ] m l.psi dl.z V[ l.V
1933 dry dHaij; wgaj lg@ Fjr[G dHl sj dvdtbj s'hJ dZiJ sj l.W.Z y.ej VhgG slsj lg&
fi sjtv tjiu is VhgG h' debj m
\5| qh.a l'hS dl.z fwg l.ea s[ fpujig l.V 1920 a'G 1927 aw lg@ Rpl V[ wpN qwjV
rg WVjH[ lV m dHh dqMdlfv W'ic s[ wje;ja a[ dHw dlt vgci njwpi dl.z s[ 146 sxj s[
qpw,sqj sgrjVg u' dw 1926 dry lhjiVfpi s[ lW uu s[ h'dHbj lg m
\6| qh.a w[hi dl.z ug lw<a+ dViqv btjCj s[ dWbjV lpSV a'G q{} dHl e,v sj Lw
dWvwpv VhgG ] dw wpnjig a'G fdhvJ fwg l.ea a[ ljZPbJ sj wW;j lg@ dHh y.eg ai%J ljWa
h' debj ] a[ dHl s[ qpajdWw q{G hpwq s[Gsj hJ dw wpiwg hBj dsag ujH[ a[ RpV%J s[ hrjv[ wi
dsaj ujH[ m dHl hpwq sj bli RpV%J v'wJ fpi VhgG fr[ej@ u' qpVjdlW a"i fi episrji[ dry
fPuj s[ rjla[ bjRpSe[ m
slata v{c 26-4-34
v^ e^
246
 23 blP l>qa 1991 \1934 Hg^| dry l'qjrag bqjrl sj q[vj xveP dry qVjdHbj
debj dul dry epiWjSg woj wgiaV sj wHg dsV f+rjh yvsj dihj m dHo[ l+g qh.a ug
Wgqji h' eH[ m Wgqjig sg hjva dry hg bjf ug } fdBbjv[ dvbJsj debj fi bjf ug }
dHo[ rg bjijq V h'dHbj Wvdw a[; VqPVgbJ h' debj m fdBbjv[ a'G rg Wgqjig sg hjva dry
hg wVtv dvbJsj debj m 3 w,aw dsV Lpwirji l.qa 1991 dW^ \1934 Hg^| } wpnji rjvg
hr[vg dry f+r[L lq[G hg bjf epifpig dlZji eH[ m F[t dry L'w sg vdhi x{v eHg m qh.a w[hi
dl.z ug lw,ai ba[ F[t s[ qptgbJ V[ l+g epiP e>+o ljdhW ug sj ldhu fjn it w[ la%jig sj dsV
29 w,aw dVIa wgaj m
la%jig s[ F'e a'G fdhvJ hg F[t dry l+g qh>a sg y'S Wji[ dryji-drqiL h'S ve dfbj
lg m b>a lji[ F[t sg l.qag Vjv l+g 108 f>dca lp,yj dl.z ug df>cgz[W rjv[ #l+g qh.a$ lojfV
wga[ eH[ m
29 w,aw } lji[ s[L dry'G dViqv F[t dHw,ai h'dHbj m #l+g qh.a$ f>dca ugrV dl.z ug
qhjiju sg Ijs dry F'e dfbj m b>daq bisjl h'Hg m Rpf+.a F[t V[ ldawji fPiWw l:jqg lp,yj
dl>z ug qhjiju } #l+g qh.a$ sg e,sg a[ dWnjdHbj m dli'fjRp a[ slajiJ F[B wgagbJ ba[
qdibjsj fPiWw drZgra #l+g qh>a$ dVIpwa wga[ eH[ m
f>dca ugrV dl.z ug wjLg l>V 1931 a'G 1934 aw 4 ljvJ aw l+g qh.a sg fsrg a[
ih[ m wpv bjIP 58 riL lg m

247
 bnr[G l+g qh.a
l+gqjV 108 f>Ddca lp,yj dl>z ug df>cgz[W rjv[
f>dca lp,yj dl.z ug qhjiju sj uVq qjaj qdhajW w"i@ dfaj l+! V,oj dl.z #aPi$@ df>c
dF>ciwvJ@ d;vj q'ej drt[ l>V 1886 Hg^ } h'dHbj m WyfV zi dry hg Wgdabj m bjf ug
sg bjIP A[ riL sg lg us'G qjaj-dfaj l:ierjl h' eH[ m bjf ug sj fjvS bjf ug s[ yjy[
l+! bai dl.z ug V[ wgaj m bjf ug } l.a w[L'sjl ug s[ c[i[ fC%S vHg fj ds,aj m c[i[ epiqptg@
epiWjSg ba[ FjLj s[ A'B[-A'B[ e+.oJ sj bdZb{V wgaj m l.a w[L'sjl ug s[ c[i[ dry yv ih[
ldal.e s[ f+rjh V[ bjf ug sg dr+ag rg Zjidqw WSj dsag m bjf drdsbj fC%s[@ l[rj wis[@
ldal.e lpSs[ LpF epSJ Vjv FifPi hp.s[ ih[ m
l.V 1899 Hg^ dry af'dVZg l:jqg Fea dl.zug qhjiju df>cgz[W rjv[ dF.ci wvJ drt[
l:jqg w[L'sjl ug s[ c[i[ dry bjH[ m lpWh-Ljq } epif+ajf lPiu sg woj rg wis[ lV m Wjvw
lp,yj dl.z f+[q fPiWw woj } LirV wiV ve[ m l:jqg ug s[ af dabje@ Vjq dlqiV sj f+Fjr@
f+Fj q>cv sj f+wjL@ siLV wiw[ Wjvw l+g l:jqg ug qhjiju s[ yiV wqvJ sj F"ij WS
debj m
#fPiW wiq b.wpi uW f+eB[ F[dBY fpitp idlw W{ijeg m
dqdBY b.Z[ip dqva hdi VjVw uVq uVq wg l'Hg ujeg m$
\f>Vj 204|

wjxg dsV woj wgiaV@ ldal.e sj f+rjh yvsj dihj dul dry dHh Wjvw bjadqw
bjV.s f+jfa wisj dihj m dHw dsV l:jqg Fea dl.z ug qhjiju dF>ciwvJ a'G rjfl bjfS[
bjL+q o[h ljdhW df>c ZP.sj \e'dH.srjv ljdhW| yv[ eH[ m Wjvw lpyj dl.z } faj vej dw l:jqg
ug aJ yv[ eH[ hV m bjf ug V[ dwl[ dlbjS[ fjl'G #l.afpij o[h ljdhW ZP.sj$ sj fPij faj v{
dvbj m dWVJ dwl[ } s,l[ dWbjl Vsg fji wiw[ o[h ljdhW l:jqg ug qhjiju s[ fjrV yiVJ
dry fpu eH[ m LLBJe c.cjRpa wiw[ yiVJ dry f{ eH[ m #silV s[ta hg lpZ wg V lpZ ihg@ WpZ
wg V WpZ ihg qda q[G V qda ] m$ rjvg brloj h' eHg m f+[q b.lPbJ Vjv l+g yiV Z' dsa[ m l:jqg
ug V[ bjLigrjs ds,aj ba[ fpdAbj@ #dwo'G bjH[ ($
#ug dF.ciJ a'G$@ #dwl rjla[ ($ #ug siLV rjla[ m$ #siLV aJ h' eH[$ l:jqg ug W'v[ m

248
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#dHh dFbjVw u.ev ]@ lif bjdsw dFbjVw ugrJ sj hi lq[G ci ]@ wg a[ij qV dHo[
ve ujH[ej ($ l:jqg ug V[ fpdAbj m
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ug V[ Wjvw s[ qlaw rv r[dtbj ba[ dHw B,w wjxg lqJ r[ts[ hg ih[ m ujS dvbj dw dHh aJ
qhjV af,l:g bjaqj ]@ ba[ #fPiW uVq w[ l.u'eg hV m$ Fdr,LU dry vtJ drbwagbJ } ls-
qjie fjRpSe[ m dHw l.a } bjrj; s[w[ xiqjdHbj@ #dabjig wi'@ dHl Wjvw } b>dq+afjS
wirjRpSj ] m$ api>a f+W.Z h' debj m l:jqg ug V[ f>u dfbjdibJ ijhgG Wjvw } b>dq+a sg sja
WtLw[ epiq>a+ ds<aj ba[ qiIjsj bVplji dLL WSj dvbj m
Wl ) hpS bjf zjv dry ve eH[ m ija } b>dq+a r[v[ s' ru[ RpnS sj bdFbjl
WSjdHbj m L"y dHLVjV wiw[ LWs sj bdFbjl wis[& dxi dVaV[q wiw[ c[i[ sg l[rj dry ve
uJs[ m NjCP x[is[@ tPh dry'G v.ei vHg fjSg wTs[@ lji[ v.ei s[ WiaV ljx wis[@ v.ei rjla[
vwCg dvbjMs[@ c[i[ ba[ l:jqg ug sg l[rj dry bjfSj bjf hg Fpv[ idh.s[ m wpN lqJ l.oUj
s:jij l+g epiP e.+o ljdhW ug sj fjn wis[ m wpN lqJ l:jqg ug FjLj@ r[sJa a[ Vgag s[ dV,w[-dV,w[
e+.o fC%jMs[ m us'G epiWjSg sj LpZ fjn h' debj m bio-W'Z rjla[ l:jqg V[ bjf ug } debjVg
VjijdHS dl.z fjl df.c w'Bvg d;vj epuija \fjdwlajV| drt[ F[u dsaj m dHo[ epiWjSg sj
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250
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251
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252
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l[rj wiV dry lqJ Waga wis[ lV m c[i[ dry hg epiqptg b,ti fC%w[ epiWjSg sj fjn wgaj m
Vjv hg f>dca ug a'G dh.sg sj bdZb{V wiV ve[ m dHo[ epiqda s[ Rpy fplaw@ FjLj ba[
r[sJa s[ e.+oJ sj bdZb{V rg wgaj m f>dca his[r dl.z ug V[ h'Shji r[tw[ l+g dViqv
f>yjdHag btjCj wVtv s[ l.ld*a drdsbjvI dry drdsbj bdZb{V vHg F[u ds,aj m l+g
qh.a fPuU l:jqg lp,yj dl.z ug qhjiju sg Aai AjdHbj h[n idhS ve[ m dViqjSaj@ LpF
epSJ s[ wjiS fPuU l+g qh.a ug qhjiju sg d*fj s[ fja+ WS eH[ m l.ld*a s[ vzPw"qpsg
bjdsw qp,Tv[ e>+oJ sj bdFbjl wgaj m wVtv a'G drdsbj lqjfa wiw[ wjLg ug drt[ l+g
dViqv f>yjdHag btjC[ s[ drdsbjvI #l.ea vjh"ig B'vj$ drt[ drdsbj bdZb{V wiV ve[ m
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254
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255
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