Structure and Functions

of Animal Tissues and

Cell Modification
HIERARCHY OF
BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
UNIFYING THEME IN
BIOLOGY

“Form Fits Function’’

Introduction
⚫ Histology = study of tissues
⚫ Tissue = group of cells with similar structure and function
⚫ They are classified according to the shape of the cell, size,
intracellular matrix.
⚫ Four types of human tissues:
⚫ Epithelial tissue
⚫ Connective tissue
⚫ Muscular tissue
⚫ Nervous tissue
The organ can may consists of one (heart) or combination of
these tissues (stomach, skeleton, skin)
Four Tissue Types:
1 2 3

4
Muhammad
Ali,
considered
one of the
greatest
boxers of all
time had
developed
Parkinson’s
disease
Kobe Nike
shoes that
supports
Achilles
tendon of
athletes.
Being tightly
packed, tight
junctions serve as
barriers for
pathogens,
mechanical
injuries, and fluid
loss.
a. Blood is classified as
______________because
the cells are separated by a
matrix—plasma. Plasma, the
liquid portion of blood,
usually contains several
types of cells.
b. Drawing of the components
seen in a stained blood
smear: red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets
(which are actually fragments
of a larger cell).
Epithelial Tissues
Characterized by:
⚫ commonly seen outside the body as coverings or
as linings of organs and cavities.
⚫ are characterized by closely-joined cells with tight
junctions
⚫ serve as barriers for pathogens, mechanical
injuries, and fluid loss.

1. Simple Squamous Epithelium:
⚫ The cells are flat with smooth
edges.
⚫ They appear spindle-shaped
in cross section
⚫ Each cell containing a
nucleus in the widest area.
⚫ Found in the lining blood
vessels, covering serosa
⚫ for exchange of material
through diffusion
Blood vessel
Serosa
Simple Squamous Epithelium

Simple Squamous Epithelium Bowman’s capsule

2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
⚫ The cells in this
epithelium are square-
shaped in cross section.
⚫ Have central and round
nucleus.
⚫ Lining the kidney
tubules and Follicles of
thyroid gland
⚫ for secretion
Follicles of thyroid gland
 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

cells

single layer of cube shaped cells; large nuclei

3. Simple Columnar Epithelium
⚫ Built of long pillar-
shaped cells.
⚫ Containing an oval
nucleus.
a. Ciliated: Bronchioles
b. Non Ciliated: lining
the ileum
⚫ for secretion and
active absorption
4. Pseudo-stratified Epithelium
⚫ Single layer of cells which rest on a basement
membrane but do not all reach to the free surface
of the epithelium.
⚫ Their nuclei found at different levels giving a false
stratified appearance.
⚫ Cells that reach the surface carry cilia at their free
ends.
⚫ Lining the trachea.
Connective Tissue
⚫ composed of the following:
⚫ BLOOD
⚫ CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER (CTP)
⚫ loose connective tissue;
⚫ and fibrous connective tissue.
⚫ CARTILAGE
⚫ BONE
Blood composition
RBC (hematocrit) 40% ⚫
WBC 1% ⚫
Platelets 1% ⚫
Plasma 58% ⚫
(i.e., liquid extracellular
matrix); contains water,
salts, and dissolved
proteins
 Blood:
Erythrocytes,
red blood cells
Hemoglobin carries oxygen ⚫

No nucleus ⚫

Made in bone marrow ⚫

Leukocytes: White blood cells
Thrombocytes: platelets
Platelets adhering to damaged vessel ⚫
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER (CTP)

Adipose tissues are

also examples of
loose connective
tissues that store
fats which
functions to
insulate the body
and store energy.
Loose connective tissue (under skin and epithelial ⚫
tissue)
Tendon: bone to muscle
More flexible and thicker
Ligament: bone to bone
Not as flexible or thick
CARTILAGE

—characterized by
collagenous fibers
embedded in chondroitin
sulfate. Chondrocytes
are the cells that secrete
collagen and chondroitin
sulfate. Cartilage
functions as cushion
between bones.
 Bone
Haversian canal with ⚫
blood vessel and nerve

Lacuna openings with ⚫

osteocytes in them
Calcium carbonate ⚫
matrix

-mineralized connective tissue made by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts which

deposit collagen. The matrix of collagen is combined with calcium, magnesium, and
phosphate ions to make the bone hard. Blood vessesl and nerves are found at a
central canal surrounded by concentric circles of osteons.
MUSCLE TISSUE
-are composed of long
cells called muscle fibers
• skeletal—striated;
voluntary movements
• cardiac—striated with
intercalated disk for
synchronized heart
contraction; involuntary
• smooth—not striated;
involuntary
Striations Intercalated discs ⚫
3 types of
muscle tissue:
skeletal,
smooth,
cardiac
NERVOUS TISSUE

-are composed of nerve

cells called neurons and
glial cells that function as
support cells. These
neurons sense stimuli and
transmit electrical signals
throughout the animal
body. Neurons connect to
other neurons to send
signals.
NERVOUS TISSUE

The dendrite is the part of

the neuron that receives
impulses from other
neurons while the axon
is the part where the
impulse is transmitted to
other neurons.
Neurotransmitter crosses
synapse
Schwann
cells make up
the myelin
sheath.
Impulse
jumps from
node to node