MASS&BALANCEQUESTI

ONS 1

MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS

1 Thecentreofgravi
tyofabodyisthatpoint
a) t hr
oughwhi cht hesum oft hef orcesofallmassesoft hebodyis
consi
deredtoact.
b) wher ethesum oft hemoment sfrom theexter
nalfor
cesacti
ngonthe
bodyisequaltozero.
c) wher ethesum oftheext
ernalfor
cesi sequal
tozer
o.

2 Thecentr
eofgr av i
tyofanaer opl
aneisthatpointthr
oughwhicht
het
otal
massoftheaer
opl aneissaidtoact
.Theweightactsi
nadirect
ion
a) paral
lel
tothegr avi
tyvector
.
b) alwayspar
alleltotheaeropl
ane'
svert
icalaxi
s.
c) atri
ghtanglest ot
hefli
ghtpath.

3 When an aeropl
anei sstati
onaryon theground,it
st ot
alwei
ghtwi
l
lact
v
ert
ical
ly
a) throughitscent
reofgravi
ty.
b) throughitscent
reofpressure.
c)
thr
ought hemainwheelsofitsunder
carr
iageassembly
.

4 Thewei
ghtofanaeropl
ane,whichisinl
evelnonaccel
erat
edf
li
ght
,issai
dto
act
a) ver
ti
cal
lyt
hroughthecentr
eofgravit
y.
b) ver
ti
cal
lyt
hroughthecentr
eofpressure.
c) ver
ti
cal
lyt
hroughthedatum poi
nt.

5 Thecent
reofgravi
tyofanaeroplane
a) canbeal l
owedtomov ebetweendef inedli
mi t
s.
b) mayonl ybemov edi
fpermit t
edbyt heregulati
ngauthor
ityandendor
sed
i
ntheaeropl
ane'
scert
ifi
cateofairworthi
ness.
c) isinafi
xedpositi
onandisunaf f
ectedbyaer oplanel
oading.

6 Thecent
reofgravi
tyisthe
a) pointwher
ealltheaircr
aftmassisconsi
der
edtobeconcent
rat
ed
b) centreoft
hrustalongthelongi
tudi
nal
axi
s,i
nrel
ati
ontoadatum l
i
n

7 Duri
ng take-of
fy ounot i
cet hat
,foragi venelevatori
nput,theaer
opl
ane
rot
atesmuchmor erapi
dlythanexpect
ed.Thisi
sani ndi
cat
ionthat
:
a) t hecentreofgr
av i
tymaybet owardstheaf
tlimit
.
b) t heaeroplanei
sov er
loaded.
c) t hecentreofgr
av i
tyistoofarf
orward.

8 Ift
hecent
reofgr avi
tyi
sneartheforwardli
mittheaeropl
anewill
:
a) requi
reelevatortr
im whi
chwill
resulti
nani ncr
easeinfuel
consumpt
ion.
b) benefi
tfrom reduceddragduetothedecreaseinangleofatt
ack.
c) requi
relesspowerf oragiv
enairspeed.

9 Anaer
opl
aneissai
dtobe'neut
ral
l
ystabl
e'
.Thi
sisl
i
kel
yto:
a) becausedbyacent
reofgravi
tywhi
chist
owar
dsther
ear
war
dli
mit
.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 2

b) becausedbyacentr
eofgravi
tywhichistowardst
heforwardl
i
mit
.
c) betot
all
yunrel
atedt
otheposi
tionofthecentr
eofgravi
ty.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 3

10 Thestal
l
ingspeedofanaeropl
anewi l
lbehi
ghestwheni
tisl
oadedwi
tha:
a) highgrossmassandf or
wardcentreofgrav
ity
.
b) lowgrossmassandf orwardcentr
eofgravi
ty.
c) lowgrossmassandaf tcentr
eofgravi
ty.

11 Wi t
hthecentr
eofgravi
tyontheforwar
dli
mitwhi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
stobe
expect
ed?
a) Adecreasei
nrange.
b) Adecreasei
nthelandi
ngspeed.
c) Adecreaseoft
hestall
i
ngspeed.

12 Themaxi mum cer ti

ficatedt axi( orramp)massi sthatmasst owhichan
aeropl
anemaybel oadedpr iortoengi nest art
.Itis:
a) af ixedvaluewhi chi sli
st edintheFl ightManual .
b) av aluewhichv arieswi thairfi
eldt emper atur
eandal ti
tude.Cor
rect
ions
areli
stedintheFl ightManual .
c) av aluewhichv ariesonl ywi thairfi
el dalt
itude.Standar
dcor r
ect
ionsare
li
stedintheFli
ghtManual .
13 Themaxi mum masst owhi chanaer oplanemaybel oaded,pri
ortoengine
st
art
,is:
a) maxi mum certi
ficatedt axi (
ramp)mass.
b) maxi mum regulatedt axi (r
amp)mass.
c) maxi mum certi
ficatedt ake-of fmass.

14 Themaxi
mum taxi(r
amp)massi sgover
nedby:
a) str
uctur
alconsi
derat
ions.
b) ty
respeedandt emperat
urel
imi
tati
ons.
c) beari
ngstr
engthofthetaxi
waypavement.

15 Consi
deri
ngonlystructurall
imi
tati
ons,
onver
yshor
tlegswi
thmi
nimum t
ake-
of
ffuel
,thetr
affi
cloadi snormall
yli
mit
edby:
a) Maxi mum zerofuel mass.
b) Maxi mum l
andingmass.
c) Maxi mum take-
offmass.

16 Consi
der
ing onl
y struct
uralli
mitati
ons,on long di
stance f
li
ghts(
att
he
aer
opl
ane'smaximum range)
,thetraf
fi
cloadisnormal
lyli
mit
edby :
a) Themaxi mum take-
offmass.
b) Themaxi mum zerofuelmass.
c) Themaxi mum zerofuelmassplusthetake-
offmass.

17 Themaxi
mum zer of
uel massi samassl
imit
ationforthe:
a) str
engthofthewingr oot
b) str
engthofthefuselage
c) al
lowableload exerted uponthewing consideri
ng amar
ginf
orf
uel
t
anki
ng

18 Whi
chofthefol
l
owingstatementsiscorr
ect
?
a) TheMaximum LandingMassofanaer opl
aneisrestr
ict
edbystr
uctur
al
li
mit
ati
ons,per
for
mancel i
mitati
onsandthest
rengthofther
unway.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 4

b) TheMaxi mum Zer

oFuelMassensur
esthatt
hecent
reofgr
avi
tyr
emai
ns
wit
hinli
mitsaft
ert
heupli
ftoff
uel
.
c) TheMaxi mum Take-
offMassi sequaltothemaximum masswhen
l
eavingtheramp.

19 Themaximum cert
if
icatedtake-offmassis:
a) astruct
urall
imitwhichmaynotbeexceededforanytake-off.
b) atake-offli
miti
ngmasswhi chisaff
ect
edbytheaer
odromeal t
it
udeand
temperat
ure.
c) atake-offli
mitingmasswhi chisgover
nedbythegr
adientofcli
mbaft
er
reachi
ngV2.

20 Foraparti
cul
araeroplane,thestr
ucturalmaxi
mum masswi thoutanyf
uelon
boar
d,othert
hanunusabl equanti
ti
es,is:
a) af i
xedvaluewhichi sstat
edintheAeropl
aneOperat
ingManual.
b) av ari
abl
ev al
uewhi chisgovernedbythepayl
oadcarri
ed.
c) av ari
abl
ev al
uewhi chmayl i
mitthepayl
oadcarr
ied.

21 Anaer oplane,whichi sscheduledt of l

yanoceani csector
,isduet odepar
t
fr
om ahi ghalti
tudeairportinthetropicsat1400localti
me.Theairpor
thasan
excepti
onallylongr unway .Whichoft hef ol
lowi
ngi smostlikel
yt obethe
l
imiti
ngf actor
(s)indeterminingthet ake-offmass?
a) al ti
tudeandt emper at
ureoft hedepartureair
fi
eld.
b) maxi mum zer ofuelmass.
c) maxi mum cer t
if
icatedtake-of fmass.

22 Basedonact
ualcondit
ions,anaeropl
anehast
hef ol
lowingper
for
mancet ake-
offmassl
imi
tat
ions:Fl
aps:0°10°15°Runway :410044004600Cl i
mb:4700
45004200Massesar ei nkgSt r
ucturall
i
mit
s:take-of
f/l
andi
ng/zerof
uel:4
300kgThemaximum take-offmassis:
a) 4300kg b) 4100kg
c) 4200kg

23 Assumi nggrossmass, alt

itudeandai
rspeedr
emainunchanged,
mov
ementof
thecentreofgrav it
yfr
om t heforwar
dtotheaftl
i
mitwil
lcause
a) i ncreasedcr ui
serange.
b) hi gherstallspeed.
c) l oweropt i
mum cr uisi
ngspeed.

24 Ifnosewheelmov esaftdur
inggearretract
ion,
howwillt
hismov
ementaf
fect
thelocat
ionofthecentr
eofgravi
ty(cg)ontheaeropl
ane?
a) I twil
lcausethecgtomov eaft
.
b) I twil
lnotaff
ectthecgl
ocati
on.
c) I twil
lcausethecgtomov efor
war d.

25 Whi
chofthefollowi
ngst at
ementsiscorr
ect?
a) At ai
lheavyaer oplaneislessstabl
eandst all
satalowerspeedthana
noseheav yaeroplane
b) Iftheactualcentreofgr avi
tyi
slocatedbehindtheaf
tli
mitofcentreof
gravi
tyiti spossi blethatthe aer
oplane wil
lbe unst
abl
e,maki ng i
t

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 5

necessarytoincreaseel
evat
orfor
ces
c) Iftheactualcentr
eofgravi
tyiscl
osetot
heforwar
dli
mi tofthecent
reof
gravit
ytheaer oplanemaybeunstabl
e,maki
ngitnecessarytoincr
ease
elevat
orforces

26 Whi
choft hefollowingst atement siscorrect?
a) At ailheavyaer oplanei slessst ableandst al
lsatalowerspeedthana
noseheav yaeroplane
b) Thest at
ion( STA)i salway st hel ocati
onoft hecentreofgravit
yi n
relati
ont oar eferencepoi nt,normallytheleadi
ngedgeoft hewingat
MAC
c) Thecent r
eofgr av i
tyisgi veni nper centofMAC calcul
atedfrom the
leadingedgeoft hewi ng,wher eMACal way s=thewingchordhalf
way
bet weenthecent relineoft hefuselageandt hewingt
ip

27 Whichofthef
oll
owi ngismostl i
kelytoaff
ectt herangeofcent r
eofgravi
ty
posi
ti
onsonanaeroplane?
a) Elevat
orandt ail
plane(hori
zontalst
abil
iser)effect
ivenessinal
lfli
ght
condi
ti
ons.
b) Locati
onoftheunder car
ri
age.
c) Theneedtomai ntainalowvalueofst
all
ingspeed.

29 Incr
uise,anext r
emeaf tlongit
udinal
centerofgravi
ty:
a) br i
ngst hecy cli
cstickclosertoitsf
orwardstopandi ncr
easesthest
ress
i
nt herotorhead
b) mov esawayt hecy cli
cst i
ckfrom it
sf or
wardst opandi ncr
easesthe
str
essint her otorhead
c) br i
ngst hecy cli
cstickclosertoit
sforwardstopanddecreasesthest
ress
i
nt herotorhead

30 Incr
uisefli
ght,
anaf tcent reofgravit
ylocati
onwill
:
a) decr easelongitudinalstati
cstabi
lit
y
b) increaselongitudinalstaticst
abil
ity
c) doesnoti nfluencel ongitudi
nalstat
icstabi
l
ity

31 Themassdispl
acementcausedbylandi
nggearextension:
a) creat
esal ongi
tudi
nalmomenti nthedi
rect
ion( pit
ch-
uporpi
tch-
down)
deter
minedbyt hety
peoflandi
nggear
b) creat
esapi t
ch-upl
ongi
tudi
nalmoment
c) doesnotcreatealongi
tudi
nalmoment

32 Atthef l
ightpr eparati
onst age,t hefoll
owingpar ametersinpar t
icul
arare
avai
l
ablef ordeter mini
ngthemassoft heaircraft
:1-Dryoper at
ingmass2-
Operat
ingmassWhi chstatementi scor
rect:
a) Thedr yoper ati
ngmassi ncludesfi
xedequi pmentneededt ocarryouta
specifi
cfli
ght .
b) Theoper at
ingmassi sthemassoft heaeroplanewithoutt
ake-offf
uel.
c) Thedr yoperatingmassi ncludestake-of
ffuel.

33 TheDr
yOper
ati
ngMassofanaer
opl
anei
ncl
udes:

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 6

a) Crew and cr ew baggage,cat

eri
ng,r emovabl
e passenger ser
vice
equi
pment,potabl
ewaterandl
avat
orychemical
s.
b) Unusabl
efuelandreser
vefuel
.
c) Fuelandpassenger
sbaggageandcargo.

34 Whilemakingmassandbal ancecal culat

ionf orapar t
icul
araeroplane,the
ter
m' EmptyMass' appli
est ot hesum ofai rf
rame, engine(s),f
ixedbal
lastplus
a) unusablefuel andf ul
loper at
ingf l
uids.
b) al lt
heoil
,fuel,andhy drauli
cfluidbutnoti ncludingcrewandt raf
ficload.
c) al lt
heconsumabl efuelandoi l
,butnoti ncludinganyr adioornavigati
on
equipmentinstall
edbymanuf acturer.

35 Whi
chistr
ueoftheaer
opl
aneemptymass?
a) Iti
sacomponentofdr
yoperat
ingmass.
b) Iti
sdryoper
ati
ngmassminusfuell
oad.
c) Iti
sdryoper
ati
ngmassminustraf
fi
cload.

36 Inrel
ationt oanaer oplane, theterm' BasicEmpt yMass' i
ncludest hemassof
theaer oplanest ruct ur
ecompl etewi thitspower pl
ants,systems,f ur
nishi
ngs
and ot heri t
ems ofequi pmentconsi dered to be an int
egralpar toft he
parti
cularaer oplaneconf igur at
ion.It
sv al
uei s
a) f oundi nthelat estversionoft hewei ghingscheduleascorrectedtoal l
ow
formodi fi
cations.
b) i nclusiveofanal lowancef orcr ew,crew baggageandot heroperati
ng
items.I tisent eredint heloadingmani fest.
c) f oundi nt hef li
ghtmanualandi sinclusi
veofunusabl ef uelplusf l
uids
cont ainedi nclosedsy stems.

37 Anaeroplanei
swei ghedandthefol
lowingrecordingsaremade:nosewheel
assemblyscal
e5330kgl ef
tmai
nwheelassembl yscal
e12370kgr i
ghtmain
wheelassemblyscale12480kgI
fthe'oper
ationalit
ems'amounttoamassof
1780kgwi t
hacrewmassof545kg, theempt ymass, asent
eredi
ntheweight
schedul
e,is
a) 30180kg b) 28400kg
c) 31960kg

38 Theempt ymassofanaer opl

anei srecordedin
a) t hewei ghingschedul eandi samendedt otakeaccountofchangesdue
to modi f
icat i
onsoftheaer oplane.
b) t he weighi ng schedule.Ifchanges occur ,due to modif
icati
ons,the
aeroplanemustber eweighedal ways.
c) t heloadi ngmani f
est .I
tdiffersfrom DryOperati
ngMassbyt hevalueof
the'useful l
oad'
39 Whenest ablishingthemassbr eakdownofanaer opl
ane,t
heempt ymassi s
def
inedast hesum oft he:
a) st andardempt ymasspl usspeci fi
cequipmentmassplustrappedflui
ds
plusunusabl efuel mass
b) empt ymassdr yplusv ari
ableequi pmentmass
c) basi cmasspl usv ari
ableequi pmentmass

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 7

40 TheBasicMassofahel i
copterist
hemassoft heheli
copterwi
thoutcrew,:
a) wi t
houtspecifi
cequipmentf orthemission,wit
houtpayload,withthe
unusabl
efuelandstandardequi
pment.
b) wi t
houtpayload,withspecif
icequipmentf ort
hemi ssi
on,withoutthe
unusabl
efuel.
c) wi t
houtspecifi
cequi pmentfort hemission,wit
houtpay l
oad,wthout
unusabl
efuel.

41 Inr
elati
ont oanaer oplanetheDr yOperati
ngMassi sthetot
almassoft
he
aer
oplanereadyforaspeci f
ictypeofoperat
ionbutexcl
udi
ng
a) usabl efuel
andt r
af f
icl
oad.
b) usabl efuel
andcr ew.
c) pot abl
ewat erandlavator
ychemicals.

42 TheTake-
offMassofanaeroplanei
s66700kgwhichincludesatr
aff
icload
of14200kgandausabl
efuelloadof10500kg.I
fthestandardmassforthe
cr
ewis545kgtheDryOper
atingMassis
a) 42000kg b) 56200kg
c) 41455kg

45 Fort
hepur poseofcompletingtheMassandBal ancedocumentat
ion,t
heDry
Oper
ati
ngMassi sdefinedas:
a) Thet otalmassoft heaer opl
anereadyforaspecifi
ctypeofoperat
ion
excludingal
lusablefuelandtr
aff
icload.
b) Thet otalmassoft heaer opl
anereadyforaspecifi
ctypeofoperat
ion
excludingal
lusablefuel.
c) Thet otalmassoft heaer opl
anereadyforaspecifi
ctypeofoperat
ion
excludingal
ltr
affi
cload.

46 Dr
yOperati
ngMassi sthemassoftheaeropl
anel
ess
a) usablefuel
andtraff
icl
oad.
b) usablefuel
.
c) tr
affi
cload,pot
ablewaterandl
avat
orychemi
cal
s.

47 Thetotalmassoft heaeropl
aneincludi
ngcrew,crewbaggage,pl
uscater
ing
and removable passengerequipment,plus potabl
e waterand lav
atory
chemical
sbutexcludi
ngusablefuelandtraf
fi
cload,i
sref
err
edtoas:
a) Dr yOperat
ingMass.
b) Zer oFuelMass.
c) Aer opl
anePreparedforSer
vice(APS)Mass.

48 Thebasicempt ymassofan ai rcraf

tis30 000 kg.Themassesoft he
fol
lowi
ngitemsar e:-cat
eri
ng:300kg-safet
yandr escuemater
ial
:ni
l
-fl
yaway
kit
:nil
-crew (incl
usivecrew baggage):365kg-fuelattake-
off:3000kg-
unusabl
efuel:120kgpassengers,baggage,
cargo:8000kgTheDr yOperat
ing
Massis:
a) 30785kg b) 30300kg
c) 38300kg

49 TheDr
yOper
ati
ngMassofahel
i
copt
eri
sthet
otal
massofahel
i
copt
er:

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 8

a) readyf oraspecifi
coper ationincludi
ngthecr ew andtraff
icload,not
i
ncludingtheusablefuel
b) excludi
ngthecrewbuti ncl udingspecif
icequi
pment sfort
hemi ssi
onand
notincludi
ngtheusablef uel
c) i
ncludingthecrew,thef uelandt hespecif
icequipmentsforthemission
butexcludi
ngpayload

50 Byaddingt othebasi
cempt ymassthef
oll
owingfi
xednecessar
yequi
pment
foraspeci
f i
cfli
ght(
cater
ing,
saf
etyandr
escueequi
pment,f
lyawayki
t,cr
ew)
,
weget:
a) Dr yoperati
ngmass
b) take-offmass
c) zer ofuelmass

51 Thezer
ofuelmassofanaeropl
aneisalways:
a) Thetake-
offmassminusthetake-
offf
uelmass.
b) Thetake-
offmassminusthewingfuelmass.
c) Thetake-
offmassminusthefusel
agefuelmass.

56 Thet
erm'Maximum ZeroFuel Mass'consi
stof
:
a) Themaxi mum per
missiblemassofanaeroplanewithnousablefuel.
b) Themaxi mum massaut hori
zedf oracert
ainaeroplanenotincludi
ng
traf
fi
cloadandfuell
oad.
c) Themaxi mum massaut hori
zedforacert
ainaeropl
anenotincl
udingt he
fuell
oadandoperati
onal i
tems

57 Theact
ual'
ZeroFuel
Mass' i
sequal t
ot he:
a) DryOperati
ngMassplusthetraffi
cload.
b) Operati
ngMassplusallt
hetraff
icload.
c) BasicEmptyMassplusthefuelloaded.

58 Themaxi mum zero-

fuelmass:1-isaregulat
oryli
mitati
on2-iscalculat
edf or
amaxi mum l oadfactorof+3.5g3-i sduet othemaxi mum per missible
bendingmomentatt hewingroot4-imposesf ueldumpi ngf r
om theout er
wingstankfir
st5-i
mposesf uel
dumpingf r
om theinnerwingstankfir
st6-can
beincreasedbysti
ff
eningt
hewi ngThecombi nat
ionofcorrectstat
ementsis:
a) 1, 3,
5 b) 2, 5,6
c) 4, 2,
6

59 Whi
choft
hefol
lowi
ngalter
nati
vescorr
espondstozer
ofuel
mass?
a) Themassofanaeropl
anewithnousablefuel
.
b) Oper
ati
ngmassplusloadofpassenger
sandcargo.
c) Oper
ati
ngmasspluspassenger
sandcar go.

60 Onanaer oplanewit
houtcentr
alfuelt
ank,themaxi
mum Zer
oFuelMassi
s
rel
atedto:
a) Thebendingmomentatthewi ngr
oot.
b) Maximum Str
uctural
Take-
OffMass.
c) Wingloadedtr
ipfuel
.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 9

61 TheMaxi mum Zer oFuelMassi sthemassoft heaeroplanewi t

hnousable
fuelonboar d.Iti
sal i
mitat
ionwhichi s:
a) l i
stedi ntheFli
ghtManual asaf ixedvalue.I
tisast
ructural
li
mi t
.
b) gov ernedbyt her equir
ement soft hecent r
eofgr avit
ylimitsandthe
structuralli
mit
soft heaeroplane.
c) t abulatedi nt heFlightManualagai nstar gumentsofairfi
eldelevati
onand
temper
ature.

62 TheZer
oFuelMassandt heDr
yOperati
ngMass
a) dif
ferbythevalueofthet
raf
fi
cloadmass.
b) arethesamev alue.
c) dif
ferbythesum ofthemassofusabl
efuelpl
ust
raf
fi
cloadmass.

63 TheMaximum Zer oFuelMassi sastruct

uralli
miti
ngmass.I
tismadeupof
theaer
oplaneDryOper at
ionalmassplus
a) t r
aff
icloadandunuseabl efuel
.
b) t r
aff
icload,unuseablefuelandcr
ewst andar
dmass.
c) unuseabl eandcrewst andardmass.

64 Thetake-
offmassofanaeroplaneis141000kg.Tot
alf
uelonboar
dis63000
kgincl
udi
ng14000kgr eserv
ef ueland1000kgofunusabl
efuel
.Thetr
affi
c
l
oadis12800kg.Thezerofuelmassis:
a) 79000kg b) 78000kg
c) 93000kg

65 Massfori ndiv
idualpassenger s( t
o becarr
ied on an aer
opl
ane)maybe
det
erminedfrom av erbalstat
ementbyoronbehal fofthepassenger
sift
he
numberof
a) passengerseatsav ail
ableislesst
han6.
b) passengerscarriedislessthan6.
c) passengerseatsav ail
ableislesst
han20.

66 '
StandardMass'asusedi nthecomput ati
onofpassengerloadest
abl
i
sht he
massofachi ldas
a) 35kgi rrespecti
veofagepr ovi
dedtheyoccupyaseat.
b) 35kgonl yift
heyareov er2yearsoldandoccupyaseat.
c) 35kgf orchildr
enov er2y earsoccupyi
ngaseatand10kgf ori
nfants
(l
essthan2y ears)notoccupyi
ngaseat .

67 Onanaer opl
anewithaseatingcapaci
tyofmorethan30,i
tisdeci
dedtouse
standardmassvaluesforcomput i
ngt hetot
almassofpassengers.I
fthe
fl
ightisnotahol
i
daycharter,t
hemassv al
uewhi
chmaybeusedf oranadul
t
i
s
a) 84kg b) 76kg
c)84kg( mal
e)76kg(female).

68 Thest
andar
dmassf orachil
dis
a) 35kgforal
lfl
ight
s.
b) 35kgforhol
idaychar
tersand38kgf
oral
lot
herf
li
ght
s.
c) 38kgforal
lfl
ight
s.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 10

69 Onanaer oplanewi
th20ormor
eseatsengagedonani nter-
cont
inent
alf
li
ght
,
the'
standardmass'whi
chmaybeusedforpassengerbaggageis
a) 15kgperpassenger .
b) 13kgperpassenger .
c) 14kgperpassenger .

70 Indetermini
ngtheDryOper ati
ngMassofanaer oplaneiti
scommonpr acti
ce
touse'standar
dmass' valuesforcr
ew.Thesevaluesare
a) f li
ghtcrew85kg.,cabi ncrew75kg.each.Theseareincl
usi
veofahand
baggageallowance.
b) f li
ghtcrew85kg. ,cabincrew75kg.each.Thesedonoti ncl
udeahand
baggageallowance.
c) f li
ghtcrew(male)88kg.( female)75kg.
,cabincrew75kg.each.These
i
ncludeanal l
owancef orhandbaggage.

71 Themaximum quanti
tyoff
uelt
hatcanbel oadedintoanaeropl
ane'st
anksis
givenas3800USGall
ons.I
fthefueldensi
ty(speci
fi
cgrav
ity
)isgivenas0.79
themassoffuel
whichmaybeloadedis
a) 11364kg. b) 14383kg.
c) 18206kg.

72 Conv
ersi
onoffuel
volumet omass
a) maybedonebyusi ngst andar
df ueldensityvaluesasspecif
iedi
nthe
Operat
ionsManual,
iftheactualfueldensit
yisnotknown.
b) maybedonebyusi ngstandardfueldensityvaluesasspeci
fi
edinJAR-
OPS1.
c) mustbedonebyusi ngactualmeasur edfueldensit
yval
ues.

73 Standar
d massesmaybeused f
ort
hecomput
ati
on ofmassv
aluesf
or
baggageift
heaer
opl
ane
a) has20ormor eseats.
b) has6ormor eseats.
c) has30ormor eseats.

74 Theoper atorofanai r
craftequippedwi th50seat susesst andardmassesfor
passengersandbaggage.Dur ingthepr eparat
ionofaschedul edfli
ghtagroup
ofpassenger spr esentt hemselvesatt hecheck-indesk,i tisapparentt
hat
eventhelightestoft heseexceedst hev alueofthedeclaredstandardmass.
a) t heoper atorshoul duset heindivi
dualmassesoft hepassengersoralt
er
thest andardmass
b) t heoper atormayuset hest andardmassesf ort heloadandbal ance
calculati
onwi thoutcorrecti
on
c) t heoper atormayuset hest andardmassesf ort hebalancebutmust
correctthesef ortheloadcal culat
ion

75 Theact
ual'
Take-of
fMass'
isequivalentto:
a) DryOperat
ingMassplustake-offfuelandthet
raf
fi
cload
b) Actual
ZeroFuelMassplusthet raff
icload
c) DryOperat
ingMassplusthetake- of
ffuel

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 11

76 Tr
aff
icl
oadisthe:
a) ZeroFuelMassminusDryOper
at i
ngMass.
b) DryOperat
ingMassminusthedisposablel
oad.
c) DryOperat
ingMassminusthevari
ableload.

77 Thet
erm'usefull
oad'asappl
iedtoanaeropl
aneincl
udes
a) traf
fi
cloadplususeabl
ef uel
.
b) traf
fi
cloadonly.
c) therevenue-
earni
ngport
ionoftr
aff
icloadonly.

78 Anaeroplanei
sperf
ormanceli
mitedt
oal andingmassof54230kg.TheDr y
Oper
atingMassis35000kgandt hezer
of uelmassis52080kg.I
fthetake-
of
fmassi s64280kgtheusef
ull
oadis
a) 29280kg. b) 17080kg
c) 12200kg.

79 Anaer opl
ane'swei ghingschedul
eindi
cat
esthatt
heempt
ymassi s57320kg.
Thenomi nalDryOper ati
ngMassis60120kgandt heMaximum ZeroFuel
Massi sgi venas72100kg.Whi chofthefol
lowi
ngisacor
rectst
atementin
rel
ati
ont othisaeroplane?
a) oper ationali
temshav eamassof2800kgandthemaximum tr
affi
cload
forthisaeroplanei s11980kg.
b) oper ationali
temshav eamassof2800kgandthemaximum tr
affi
cload
forthisaeroplanei s14780kg.
c) oper ationali
temshav eamassof2800kgandthemaximum usefull
oad
is11980kg.

80 Theempt ymassofanaer opl

ane,asgi
v eni
nthewei
ghingschedul
e,is61300
kg.Theoper at
ionali
tems(i
ncl
udingcrew)i
sgivenasamassof2300kg.I f
thetakeof
fmassi s132000kg(incl
udi
ngauseablef
uelquanti
tyof43800kg)
theusefull
oadis
a) 68400kg b) 70700kg
c) 29600kg

81 Thefoll
owingdataappli
est
oanaer opl
anewhichi
saboutt
otakeoff
:Cert
if
ied
maximum t ake-
offmass 141500 kg Perf
ormance l
i
mited t
ake-
offmass
137300kgDr yOperat
ingMass58400kgCr ewandcrewhandbaggagemass
640kgCr ew baggageinhold110kgFuelonboard60700kgFrom t
hisdata
cal
culat
ethemassoft heuseful
load.
a) 78900kg b) 78150kg
c) 18200kg

82 TheDryOperati
ngMassofanai r
craf
ti s2000kg. Themaximum take-off
mass,l
andingandzerofuelmassar eident
icalat3500kg.Theblockf uel
massis550kg,
andthetaxif
uelmassis50kg.Theav ai
labl
emassofpayload
i
s:
a) 1000kg b) 950kg
c) 1500kg

83 Al
l
owedt
raf
fi
cloadi
sthedi
ff
erencebet
ween:

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 12

a) al
l
owedt
akeof
fmassandoper
ati
ngmass
b) al
l
owedt
akeof
fmassandbasi
cmasspl
ustr
ipf
uel
c) al
l
owedt
akeof
fmassandbasi
cmass

84 Thecrewofat r
ansportaer
oplaneprepar
esafl
ightusi
ngthefol
l
owingdata:
-
Blockfuel:40000kg-Tr i
pfuel:29000kg-Taxifuel
:800kg-Maximum t
ake-
offmass:170000kg-Maxi mum l andi
ngmass:148500kg-Maxi mum zero
fuelmass:112500kg-Dr yoperati
ngmass:80400kgThemaxi mum tr
affi
c
l
oadf orthisf
li
ghtis:
a) 32100kg b) 32900kg
c) 18900kg

85 Thecrewofat ranspor
taeropl
anepr
epar
esaf l
i
ghtusingthefol
l
owingdata:
-
Dryoperat
ingmass:90000kg-Bl ockfuel
:30000kg-Taxif uel:800kg-
Maxi
mum t ake-
offmass:145000kgThet
raff
icl
oadavail
ablef
orthi
sfli
ghti
s:
a) 25800kg b) 25000kg
c) 55000kg

86 Anaircr
aftbasi
cempt ymassis3000kg.Themaximum t
ake-
off
,landing,and
zer
ofuelmassareidenti
cal
,at5200kg.Rampfueli
s650kg,t
hetaxifuelis50
kg.
Thepay l
oadavail
abl
eis:
a) 1600kg b) 1550kg
c) 2200kg

87 Thetake-
offmassofanaeropl
aneis117000kg,compri
singat
raf
fi
cloadof
18000kgandfuelof46000kg.Whati
sthedr
yoperati
ngmass?
a) 53000kg b) 64000kg
c) 71000kg

88 Whenprepari
ngtocar r
youttheweighi
ngpr
ocedur
eonanaer
opl
ane,
whi
chof
thef
oll
owingisnotrequir
ed?
a) drainal
lenginetankoil
.
b) drainal
luseablefuel
.
c) drainal
lchemicaltoi
letf
lui
dtanks.

89 Anaer
opl
anemaybewei ghed
a) inanenclosed, non-
aircondit
ioned,hangar
.
b) inaquietparkingareaclearoft henormalmanoeuvr
ingar
ea.
c) inanareaoft heairf
ieldsetasideformaint
enance.

90 Anaeroplanemustber e-weighedatcert
ainint
erv
als.Whereanoperat
oruses
'
fleetmasses'andpr ovidedthatchangeshav ebeencorrect
lydocumented,
thisi
ntervali
s
a) 9y earsforeachaeropl
ane.
b) 4y earsforeachaeropl
ane.
c) whenev ertheCert
if
icat
eofAirwort
hinessisrenewed.

91 Ifi
ndi
vi
dualmassesar eused,t
hemassofanaer oplanemustbedet
ermi
ned
pri
ort
oini
ti
alentr
yint
oser vi
ceandt
hereaft
er
a) atint
erval
sof4y ear
sifnomodifi
cati
onshav
et akenpl
ace.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 13

b) atr
egul
arannual
int
erval
s.
c) onl
yifmaj
ormodifi
cat
ionshav
etakenpl
ace.

92 Anaeropl
aneiswei ghedpr i
ortoent r
yintoservi
ce.Whoi
sresponsi
blef
or
deri
vi
ngtheDryOper at
ionalMassf r
om theweighedmassbyt
headditi
onof
the'
oper
ati
onali
tems'?
a) TheOperator.
b) Theappropri
ateAv iat
ionAuthor
it
y.
c) Theaeropl
anemanuf actur
erorsuppl
ier
.

93 Ther
esponsibil
it
yfordeter
mi nat
ionofthemassof'oper
ati
ngi
tems'
and'
crew
members'
includedwithi
ntheDr yOperati
ngMassl
ieswith
a) theoperator.
b) thecommander .
c) theauthori
tyofthestateofregi
strat
ion.

94 Theempt ymassofanaer opl

aneisgi
venas44800kg.Operati
onali
tems
(i
ncludi
ngcrewstandar
dmassof1060kg)ar
e2300kg.I
fthemaximum zer
o
fuelmassi sgi
venas65500kg,themaximum tr
aff
icl
oadwhichcoul
dbe
carr
iedis:
a) 18400kg b) 20700kg
c) 23000kg d) 19460kg.

95 Fort
hepurposeofcompl eti
ngtheMassandBal
ancedocument
ati
on,t
he
Oper
ati
ngMassisconsider
edtobeDr
yOper
ati
ngMasspl
us
a) Take-
offFuel
Mass.
b) RampFuel Mass.
c) Tri
pFuelMass.

96 Thefollowingdataappl iestoapl annedf l

ight.DryOperati
ngMass34900kg
Perf
ormancel i
mitedTake- OffMass66300kgPer formancelimitedLandi ng
Mass55200kgMaxi mum Zer oFuelMass53070kgFuelr equiredatr amp: -
Taxyfuel400kgt ri
pf uel8600kgcont i
ngencyf uel430kgalternatefuel970
kghol dingfuel900kgTr af
ficload16600kgFuelcost satt hedepar ture
ai
rfi
eldar esuchthatitisdecidedtol oadthemaxi mum fuelquantitypossi
bl e.
Thetotal f
uelwhichmaybesaf el
yl oadedpr i
ortodepartur
eis:
a) 12700kg b) 13230kg
c) 15200kg

97 Pri
ort o departuret he medium range twinjetaeropl
ane isl oaded wi
th
maximum f uelof20100l i
tresatafueldensit
y(speci
fi
cgravi
ty)of0.78.Usi
ng
thefol
lowingdat a-Performanceli
mitedtake-of
fmass67200kgPer f
ormance
l
imit
edl andingmass54200kgDr yOperati
ngMass34930kgTaxif uel250
kgTri
pf uel9250kgCont i
ngencyandholdingfuel850kgAlt
ernatefuel700kg
Themaxi mum per missi
blet r
aff
icl
oadis
a) 13090kg.
b) 16470kg
c) 18040kg

98 Anaer
opl
anei
stodepar
tfr
om anai
rf
iel
datat
ake-
offmassof302550kg.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 14

Fuelonboardatt
ake-
off(i
ncl
udi
ngcont
ingencyandal
ternat
eof19450kg)i
s
121450kg.TheDryOper
ati
ngMassis161450kg.Theusefull
oadwi
llbe
a) 141100kg
b) 19650kg
c) 121450kg

99 Giv
en:Maximum st
ruct
uralt
ake-
offmass=146900kgMaxi mum st
ruct
ural
l
andingmass=93800kgMaxi mum zer
ofuelmass=86400kgTri
pfuel=27
500kgBlockfuel
=35500kgEngi nestar
ti
ngandt axif
uel=1000kgThe
maximum t
ake-
offmassisequal
to:
a) 120900kg b) 121300kg
c) 113900kg

100 Given:DryOperat
ingMass=29800kgMaximum Take-OffMass=52400kg
Maximum Zero-FuelMass=43100kgMaximum LandingMass=46700kg
Tri
pf uel
=4000kgFuelquantit
yatbrakesr
elease=8000kgThemaximum
tr
affi
cloadis:
a) 12900kg b) 13300kg
c) 9300kg

101 Givent hefoll

owing:-Maxi
mum str
uctur
alt
ake-offmass48000kg-Maxi mum
structurall
andingmass:44000kg-Maximum zer ofuelmass:36000kg-
Taxi
fuel:600kg-Cont i
ngencyf
uel
:900kg-Al
ter
natefuel:800kg-Fi
nalr
eser
vefuel
:
1100133kg- Tr i
pfuel
:9000kgDeter
minetheactual t
ake-
offmass:
a) 47800kg b) 48000kg
c) 48400kg

102 Given that

:-Maximum st r
uctur
altake-
offmass:146 000 kg-Maxi mum
structur
all
andi
ngmass:93900kg-Maxi mum zer ofuelmass:86300kg-Trip
fuel:27000kg-Taxifuel
:1000kg-Contingencyfuel:1350kg-Alter
nat
efuel
:
2650kg-Finalr
eservefuel
:3000kgDeter
mi netheactualtake-
offmass:
a) 120300kg. b) 146000kg.
c) 120900kg.

103 Given are:-Maximum st ruct

uraltake-offmass:72 000 kg-Maxi mum
structur
allandi
ngmass:56000kg-Maxi mum zerofuelmass:48000kg-Taxi
fuel:800kg-Tripf
uel:18000kg-Contingencyfuel
:900kg-Alter
nat
efuel
:700
kg-Finalreserv
efuel
:2000kgDet ermi
net heactualt
ake-of
fmass:
a) 69600kg b) 74000kg
c) 72000kg

104 Withrespectto aeropl

ane l
oading i
nt he pl
anni
ng phase,whi
ch oft
he
fol
l
owingstat
ement sisal
wayscor r
ect?LM =Landi
ngMassTOM =Take-off
MassMTOM =Maxi mum Take-offMassZFM =Zer oFuelMassMZFM =
Maximum ZeroFuelMassDOM =Dr yOperat
ingMass
a) LM =TOM -Tr i
pFuel
b) MTOM =ZFM +maxi mum possiblef
uelmass
c) MZFM =Tr affi
cload+DOM

105 Gi
ven an aer
opl
ane wi
th:Maxi
mum St
ruct
uralLandi
ng Mass:68000 kg

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 15

Maximum Zer oFuelMass:70200kgMaxi mum Str

uctur
alTake-offMass:
78200kgDr yOperati
ngMass:48000kgSchedul edtr
ipfuelis7000kgand
the reservef ueli
s 2800 kg,Assuming per
for
mance li
mitati
ons are not
rest
rict
ing,themaximum permit
tedtake-
offmassandmaxi mum traf
fi
cload
arerespecti
v el
y:
a) 75000kgand17200kg
b) 75000kgand20000kg
c) 77200kgand19400kg
d) 77200kgand22200kg

106 Given an aer oplanewi th:Maxi

mum St r
uctur
alLanding Mass:125000 kg
Maximum Zer oFuelMass:108500kgMaxi mum Struct
uralTake-
offMass:
155000kgDr yOperatingMass:82000kgScheduledt
ripfueli
s17000kgand
the reserv
ef ueli s 5000 kg.Assuming per
for
mance limit
ati
ons ar
e not
restr
ict
ing,themaxi mum permit
tedtake-
offmassandmaxi mum tr
affi
cload
arerespecti
v ely
:
a) 130500kgand26500kg
b) 130500kgand31500kg
c) 125500kgand21500kg

107 Forthepurposeofcompleti
ngtheMassandBal ancedocument
ati
on,t
he
Traf
fi
cLoadisconsi
deredt
obeequal
totheTake-
offMass
a) l esst
heOperat
ingMass.
b) pl ust
heOperat
ingMass.
c) pl ust
heTri
pFuelMass.

108 Ajett r
ansporthast hef ol
lowingst r
ucturalli
mits:
-Maximum RampMass:63
060kg- Maxi
mum TakeOf fMass:62800kg- Maximum Landi ngMass:54900
kg-Maxi mum Zer o FuelMass:51 300 kgTheaer oplane'sf uelisloaded
accordancewitht hef ol
l
owi ngrequir
ement s:-
Taxifuel:400kg- Tripfuel
:8400
kg-Conti
ngency&f i
nalreservefuel:1800kg- Alt
ernatefuel:1100kgI ft
heDry
Operati
ngMassi s34930kg,det erminethemaxi mum t raf
ficloadt hatcanbe
carri
edont hef l
ighti fdepartur
eandl andingai r
fi
eldsar enotper f
ormance
l
imited.
a) 16370kg b) 16430kg
c) 17070kg

119 Anaer opl

anei
stodepar tf
rom anairf
ieldwheret heperformancel i
mitedtake-
offmassi s89200kg.Cer ti
fi
catedmaxi mum massesar easf ol
lows:Ramp
(taxi)mass89930kgMaxi mum Take- offmass89430kgMaxi mum Landing
mass71520kgAct ualZer
of uelmass62050kgFuelonboar datramp:Taxi
fuel600kgTr ipfuel17830kgCont i
ngency ,f
inalreser
veandal t
ernate9030
kgI ftheDryOperat
ingMassi s40970kgt hetr
affi
cloadt hatcanbecar r
iedon
thisfli
ghtis
a) 21080kg b) 21500kg
c)21220kg

112 A r
evenuefl
i
ghtist obemadebyajettranspor
t.Thefol
l
owi ngarethe
aer
opl
ane'
sstruct
urall
i
mit
s:-
Maxi
mum Ramp Mass:69 900 kg-Maxi
mum

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 16

TakeOffMass:69300kg-Maxi
mum Landi ngMass:58900kg- Maxi
mum Zero
FuelMass:52740kgTakeOffandLandingmassar enotperfor
manceli
mit
ed.
DryOperati
ng Mass:34 900 kg Tr
ip Fuel:11 800 kg TaxiFuel
:500 kg
Conti
ngency& finalr
eser
vefuel:1600kgAl ternat
eFuel :1900kgThe
maximum traf
fi
cloadt
hatcanbecarr
iedis:
a) 17840kg b) 19100kg
c) 19200kg

113 Thef li
ghtpreparati
onofat urbojetaeropl
anepr ovi
dest hefoll
owingdat a:
Take-offr
unwayl i
mitat
ion:185000kgLandi ngrunwaylimitat
ion:180000kg
Plannedfuelconsumption:11500kgFuel al
readyloadedonboar dtheair
craft
:
20 000 kg Knowi ng t
hat:Maxi mum t ake-of
fmass( MTOM) :212 000 kg
Maximum l anding mass ( MLM) :174 000 kg Maxi mum zer of uelmass
(MZFM) :164000kgDr yoperati
ngmass( DOM) :110000kgThemaxi mum
cargoloadthatthecaptainmaydeci detoloadonboar dis:
a) 54000kg
b) 55000kg
c) 55500kg

114 Tocalcul
ateausabletake-
offmass,t
hefactorstobet akenintoaccount
i
ncl
ude:
a) Maxi
mum l
andingmassaugmentedbythefuelbur
n.
b) Maxi
mum l
andingmassaugmentedbyfuelonboardattake-
off
.
c) Maxi
mum zer
of uel
massaugmentedbythefuelbur
n.

115 Given:Dr
yoperat
ingmass=38000kgmaxi mum str
uct
uraltake-
offmass=
72000kgmaxi mum l
andi
ngmass=65000kgmaxi mum zerofuelmass=61
000kgFuelburn=8000kgTake-offFuel=10300kgThemaxi mum al
l
owed
take-
offmassandpayl
oadar
erespecti
vel
y:
a) 71300kgand23000kg
b) 71300kgand25300kg
c) 73000kgand24700kg

116 Priort
odepar tureanaer opl
aneisl oadedwi th16500l i
tr
esoff uelataf uel
densit
yof780kg/ m³ .Thisisenteredi nt
ot hel oadsheetas16500kgand
calcul
ati
onsar ecarriedoutaccordingly.Asar esultofthi
serror,
theaeroplane
i
s
a) l i
ghterthananticipatedandthecal cul
atedsaf etyspeedswillbet
oohi gh
b) l i
ghterthananticipatedandthecal cul
atedsaf etyspeedswillbet
ool ow
c)heavi
erthananticipatedandthecal culat
edsaf etyspeedswi l
lbetoohigh

117 Anadditi
onalbaggagecont ai
nerisloadedint
otheaftcar
gocompartmentbut
i
snotent er
edintotheloadandt ri
m sheet.Theaer
oplanewi
llbeheavi
erthan
expect
edandcal cul
atedtake-
offsafetyspeeds
a) wi l
lgiver
educedsaf etymargins.
b) wi l
lnotbeachieved.
c) wi l
lbegreaterthanrequi
red.

118 Fuell
oadedont
oanaer
opl
anei
s15400kgbuti
ser
roneousl
yent
eredi
ntot
he

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ONS 17

l
oadandtri
m sheetas14500kg.Thi serrori
snotdet
ect
edbyt
hef
li
ghtcr
ew
butt
heywil
lnot
icethat
a) speedatun-sti
ckwil
lbehigherthanexpect
ed
b) V1willbereachedsoonerthanexpected
c) V1willbei
ncreased.

119 Whenconsideri
ngtheeff
ectsofincr
easedmassonanaeropl
ane,whi
chof
thef
oll
owingistr
ue?
a) Stall
i
ngspeedswil
lbehigher
.
b) Stall
i
ngspeedswil
lbelower.
c) Gradientofcl
imbf
oragivenpowersett
ingwi
l
lbehi
gher
.

120 Afli
ghtbenefit
sf r
om astrongt ai
lwindwhi chwasnotfor
ecast.Onarr
ivalat
dest
inati
onast rai
ghtinapproachandi mmedi atel
andi
ngclear
anceisgiven.
Thelandi
ngmasswi ll
behigherthanplannedand
a) t helandi
ngdistancer
equi r
edwillbelonger.
b) t helandi
ngdistancewill
beunaf f
ected.
c) t heapproachpathwil
l besteeper.

121 Ifanaer
oplaneisatahi ghermassthananti
cipated,foragivenairspeedt
he
angl
eofattackwill
a) begr eater
,dragwil
lincr
easeandendur
ancewi l
ldecr
ease.
b) bedecr eased,dr
agwi l
ldecr
easeandendurancewi l
li
ncrease.
c) remai nconstant
,dr
agwi l
ldecr
easeandendur ancewil
ldecrease.

122 Inordertopr ovi

deanadequate""
buffetboundar y"
"att
hecommencementof
thecruiseaspeedof1. 3Vsisused.Atamassof120000kgt hi
sisaCASof
180knot s.Ifthemassoftheaeroplaneisincreasedto135000kgt hev
alueof
1.3Vswi l
l be
a) i ncreasedt o191knots,dr
agwi l
lincr
easeandai rdist
anceperkgoffuel
willdecr ease.
b) unaf fectedasVsalwaysoccursatthesameangl eofattack.
c) i ncreasedt o191knots,
dragwi l
ldecreaseandairdist
anceperkgoffuel
willincrease.

123 The f oll

owing datai s ext r
acted f r
om an aer oplane'
sl oading mani fest
:
Performance limited take-offmass 93500 kg Expect ed landing mass at
destinati
on81700kgMaxi mum cer t
if
icatedl andingmass86300kgFuelon
board16500kgDur ingthef l
ightadi versi
oni smadet oanen- r
outealternate
whichi snot'per f
or mancel i
mi ted'f
orl anding.Fuelr emai
ningatl andingi s
10300kg.Thel andingmass
a) i s87300kgandexcessst ructur
al str
esscoul dr esul
t
b) i s83200kgwhi chisinexcessoft heregul atedlandi
ngmassandcoul d
resul
tinov er
runningther unway
c) mustber educedt o81700kgi nor dertoav oidahi ghspeedappr oach.

124 Atmaximum cer

ti
fi
catedt
ake-offmassanaeroplanedepar
tsf
rom anairf
iel
d
whichi
snotli
miti
ngforei
thertake-
offorl
andi
ngmasses.Duri
nginit
ialcl
i
mb
thenumberoneenginesuff
ersacont ai
neddi
sintegr
ati
on.Anemergencyis

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ONS 18

decl
aredandt heaer opl
anereturnstodepar tureairfi
eldf
oranimmediat
e
l
anding.Themostl ikel
yresul
tofthisactionwil
lbe
a) ahi ght hresholdspeedandpossi bleundercarr
iageorot
herst
ruct
ural
f
ail
ure.
b) ahi ghthresholdspeedandashor terstopdistance.
c) al andi
ngf urt
heralongtherunwayt hannormal .

125 Thecentr
eofgr avi
tyl
ocat
ionoft
heaer
opl
anei
snor
mal
l
ycomput
edal
ongt
he:
a) longit
udinalaxi
s.
b) later
alaxis.
c) v er
ti
calaxis.

126 Inmassandbal ancecalcul

ati
onswhi chofthefoll
owingdescr i
besthedat
um?
a) Itist hepointont heaeroplanedesignat
edbyt hemanuf act
urersf
rom
whichall
centreofgravit
ymeasur ementsandcal cul
ationsar
emade.
b) Itisthemostf orwardposit
ionofthecentr
eofgr av i
ty.
c) Itisthemostaf tposit
ionofthecentr
eofgr avi
ty.

127 Alocationintheaer
opl
anewhichisi
dent
if
iedbyanumberdesi
gnat
ingi
ts
di
stancefrom t
hedat
um i
sknownas:
a) St ati
on. b) Moment.
c) MAC.

128 Incal
culati
onswi thr espectt otheposi
ti
onoft hecent
reofgrav
ityareference
i
smadet oadat um.Thedat um is
a) ar eferencepl anewhi chischosenbyt heaeroplanemanufacturer.I
ts
posit
ionisgiv eni ntheaer opl
aneFli
ghtorLoadingManual.
b) calculatedf r
om t hel oadingmanif
est.
c) anar bitr
aryref erencechosenbyt hepilotwhichcanbelocatedany where
ontheaer oplane.

129 The datum isar efer

ence from whi
ch al
lmoment( balance)arms are
measured.I
tspreci
seposit
ionisgi
venint
hecontr
olandloadi ngmanualand
i
tisl
ocated
a) ataconv eni
entpoi
ntwhichmaynotphysi
cal
l
ybeont heaeropl
ane.
b) atorneartheforwardl
imitoft
hecent
reofgr
avit
y.
c) atornearthefocalpoi
ntoftheaer
opl
aneaxi
ssystem.

130 Moment(bal
ance)ar
msaremeasur edfrom aspeci f
icpoi
ntt
othebody
st
ati
onatwhicht
hemassi
slocat
ed.Thatpointi
sknownas
a) thedat
um. b) t hefocalpoi
nt.
c) theaxi
s.

131 Thedatum usedforbalancecal culat

ionsis:
a) chosenont hel ongitudinalaxisoft heaeroplane,butnotnecessar
il
y
betweenthenoseandt het ai
loftheaircr
aft
b) chosen on t he longitudinalaxis oft he aeropl
ane,and necessar
il
y
si
tuatedbet
weent henoseandt hetail
oftheaircr
aft
c) chosenont helongitudinalaxisoft heaircr
aftandnecessar
il
ysituat
ed
betweentheleadingedgeandt rai
li
ngedgeoft hewing

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ONS 19

132 Wit
hr ef
er encetomassandbal ancecalcul
ations( onanaer
oplane)adatum
poi
ntisused.Thi sdat um pointi s:
a) af ixedpoi ntf r
om whi chal lbalancear msar emeasured.Itmaybe
l
ocat ed any where on t he aeroplane'
sl ongit
udi
nalaxis oron t he
extensionst othataxis.
b) t hepoi ntthroughwhi cht hesum oft hemassv al
ues(
oftheaeropl
ane
andi tscontents)isassumedt oactvert
icall
y.
c) apoi ntneart hecent r
eoft heaeroplane.Itmov eslongi
tudi
nal
lyas
massesar eaddedf orwar dandaf tofit
sl ocati
on.

133 Thecentr
eofgr avi
tyl
ocat
ionoft
heaer
opl
anei
snor
mal
l
ycomput
edal
ongt
he:
a) longit
udinalaxi
s.
b) later
alaxis.
c) v er
ti
calaxis.

134 Inmassandbal ancecalcul

ati
onswhi chofthefoll
owingdescr i
besthedat
um?
a) Itist hepointont heaeroplanedesignat
edbyt hemanuf act
urersf
rom
whichall
centreofgravit
ymeasur ementsandcal cul
ationsar
emade.
b) Itisthemostf orwardposit
ionofthecentr
eofgr av i
ty.
c) Itisthemostaf tposit
ionofthecentr
eofgr avi
ty.

135 Thedatum usedforbalancecal culat

ionsis:
a) chosenont hel ongitudinalaxisoft heaeroplane,butnotnecessar
il
y
betweenthenoseandt het ai
loftheaircr
aft
b) chosen on t he longitudinalaxis oft he aeropl
ane,and necessar
il
y
si
tuatedbet
weent henoseandt hetail
oftheaircr
aft
c) chosenont helongitudinalaxisoft heaircr
aftandnecessar
il
ysituat
ed
betweentheleadingedgeandt rai
li
ngedgeoft hewing

136 Wit
hr ef
er encetomassandbal ancecalcul
ations( onanaer
oplane)adatum
poi
ntisused.Thi sdat um pointi s:
a) af ixedpoi ntf r
om whi chal lbalancear msar emeasured.Itmaybe
l
ocat ed any where on t he aeroplane'
sl ongit
udi
nalaxis oron t he
extensionst othataxis.
b) t hepoi ntthroughwhi cht hesum oft hemassv al
ues(
oftheaeropl
ane
andi tscontents)isassumedt oactvert
icall
y.
c) apoi ntneart hecent r
eoft heaeroplane.Itmov eslongi
tudi
nal
lyas
massesar eaddedf orwar dandaf tofit
sl ocati
on.

137 Assumi
ngt hattherequi
redli
ftexi
sts,whi
chf
orcesdet
ermi
neanaer
opl
ane'
s
angl
eofcli
mb?
a) Weight,dragandthrust
.
b) Weightanddr agonly.
c) Thrustanddr agonl
y.

138 Howdoest hebestangl

eofcli
mbandbestrat
eofclimbvarywit
hincr
easi
ng
al
ti
tude?
a) Bothdecr
ease. b) Bot
hincrease.
c) Bestangl
eofcli
mbincr
easeswhi
l
ebestrateofcl
imbdecr
eases.

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ONS 20

139 The' cli

mbgr adient'
isdefi
nedast herat
ioof
a) t he incr ease ofal t
it
ude t o hori
zontalai
rdistance expr
essed as a
per
centage.
b) t he incr ease ofal t
itude to dist
ance overground expressed as a
per
centage.
c) t rueairspeedt orateofclimb.
140 Ahi gherout sideairtemperature
a) r educest heangleandt herateofcli
mb.
b) i ncreasest heangleofcl i
mbbutdecr easest
herateofcli
mb.
c) doesnothav eanynoticeableeff
ectonclimbperf
ormance.

141 Aheadwindcomponenti ncreasi

ngwi t
halti
tude,ascomparedtozer
owi
nd
condi
ti
on,(
assumingIASisconstant)
a) hasnoef f
ectonrateofclimb.
b) doesnothaveanyef fectontheangleoffl
ightpat
hdur
ingcl
i
mb.
c) improvesangleandrateofcli
mb.

142 Aconstantheadwind
a) increasestheangleofthedescentf
li
ghtpat
h.
b) increasestheangleofdescent.
c) increasestherat
eofdescent.

143 Aconstantheadwindcomponent
a) increasestheangleoffl
i
ghtpat
hdur
ingcl
i
mb.
b) increasesthebestrat
eofcli
mb.
c) decr easestheangl
eofcli
mb.

144 Whataf
fecthasatai
lwindonthemaximum endur
ancespeed?
a) Noaf f
ect
b) Tail
windonlyef
fectshol
dingspeed.
c) TheIASwi l
lbei
ncreased.

145 Atagiv
enmass,thestal
li
ngspeedofatwinengi
neair
craftis100ktint
he
l
andi
ngconf
igur
ati
on.Themini
mum speedapi
lotmustmaintai
ninshor
tfi
nal
i
s:
a) 130kt b) 115kt
c) 125kt

146 Thecri
tical engi neinoperat
ive
a) incr easest hepowerr equiredbecauseoft hegr eaterdragcausedbythe
windmi l
l
ingengi neandt hecompensat i
onf orthey awef f
ect.
b) doesnotaf f
ecttheaeroplaneper f
ormancesi ncei tisindependentoft
he
powerpl ant .
c) decr easest hepowerr equiredbecauseoft helowerdr agcausedbythe
windmi l
l
ingengi ne.
147 A multiengi neaer oplaneisflyingatt hemi ni
mum cont rolspeed( VMCA).
Whichpar amet er(s)mustbemai ntai
nabl
eaf terenginefailure?
a) St raightf l
ight b) St r
aightfli
ghtandal t
itude
c) Headi ng, alti
tudeandaposi ti
verat
eofcl imbof100f t/mi n

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 21

148 ThespeedV1isdefinedas
a) take-
offdeci
sionspeed. b) t
ake-
offcl
i
mbspeed.
c) speedforbestangleofcl
i
mb.

145 ThespeedVLOi sdefinedas

a) landinggearoperati
ngspeed.
b) designlowoper ati
ngspeed.
c) longdistanceoperati
ngspeed.
146 VXis
a) thespeedf orbestangleofcl
imb.
b) thespeedf orbestrat
eofclimb.
c) thespeedf orbestspecif
icr
ange.

147 Thespeedf
orbestr
ateofcl
i
mbi
scal
led
a) VY. b) VX.
c) V2.

148 Whi
chofthefol
lowi
ngspeedscanbel
i
mit
edbyt
he'
maxi
mum t
yrespeed'
?
a) Li
ft
-offgr
oundspeed.
b) Li
ft
-offI
AS.
c) Li
ft
-offTAS.

149 Changi
ngthetake-offflapset t
ingfr
om flap15°tofl
ap5°wi
l
lnor
mal
l
yresul
t
i
n:
a) alongertake-offdistanceandabet t
ercli
mb.
b) ashortertake-offdistanceandanequal cl
i
mb.
c) abettercl
imbandanequal t
ake-
offdist
ance.

150 Ifot
herfactorsareunchanged,thef
uel mil
eage(naut
ical
mil
esperkg)i
s
a) l owerwithaf orwardcentr
eofgravit
yposit
ion.
b) i ndependentfrom thecent
reofgravi
typosi
tion.
c) l owerwithanaf tcentr
eofgravi
typosit
ion.

151 Ther
esultofahigherfl
apsetti
ngupt
otheopt
imum att
ake-
offi
s
a) ashor t
ergroundroll
.
b) anincreasedacceler
ati
on.
c) ahigherV1.

152 Whichofthefollowingcombinat i
onsadverselyaf
fect
stake-
offandi
nit
ial
cl
i
mbperformance?
a) Hightemperatureandhi
ghr elat
ivehumidi
ty
b) Lowtemperat ur
eandhighrelati
vehumidit
y
c) Hightemperatureandl
owr elati
vehumidit
y

153 Whateff
ecthasadownhi l
lslopeonthet
ake-
offspeeds?Thesl
ope
a) decreasesthetake-offspeedV1.
b) decreasestheTASf ortake-off
.
c) incr
easestheIASf ortake-off
.

154 Theef
fectofahi
ghert
ake-
offf
lapset
ti
ngupt
otheopt
imum i
s:

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ONS 22

a) anincreaseoft hefiel
dlengthlimit
edtake-offmassbutadecreaseof
thecli
mbl i
mitedtake-of
fmass.
b) adecr easeofthef i
eldlengthli
mitedtake-
offmassbutanincreaseof
thecli
mbl i
mitedtake-of
fmass.
c) adecreaseofbot ht hefiel
dlengthli
mitedtake-
offmassandthecli
mb
l
imitedtake-
offmass.

156 Whentheout sideairt

emperaturei
ncreases,
then
a) thef iel
dlengthli
mitedtake-
offmassandt hecl
imbli
mit
edt
ake-of
fmass
decr eases.
b) thef iel
dlengthli
mitedtake-
offmassandt hecl
imbli
mit
edt
ake-of
fmass
increases.
c) thef iel
dl engt
hl i
mitedtake-of
fmassdecr easesbutt
hecli
mbl i
mit
ed
take-offmassi ncr
eases.

157 Duet
ost andi
ngwat
eront
her
unwayt
hef
iel
dlengt
hli
mit
edt
ake-
offmasswi
l
l
be
a) l
ower .
b) higher.
c) unaffect
ed.

158 Onadryrunwaytheaccel
erat
estopdist
ancei
sincr
eased
a) byuphil
lsl
ope.
b) byheadwind.
c) bylowoutsideai
rtemperat
ure.

159 Whi chofthefoll

owingaretobet akenintoaccountfort herunwayi nusef or
takeof
f?
a) Air
portel
evat
ion,r
unwayslope,outsideai
rtemperature,pressurealt
itude
andwindcomponent s.
b) Air
portel
evat
ion,r
unwayslope,standardtemperature,standardpressure
andwindcomponent s.
c) Air
portel
evati
on,runwayslope,standar
dt emperature,pressurealt
itude
andwindcomponent s.

160 Whatisthe eff

ectofi ncr
eased mass on the per
for
mance ofa gl
i
ding
aer
opl
ane?
a) Thespeedforbestangl
eofdescenti
ncreases.
b) Ther
eisnoef f
ect.
c) Thegli
dingangl
edecreases.

161 Ahi
gherpressur
ealt
itudeatI
SAt emperat
ure
a) decreasesthef
ieldl
engt
hlimitedt
ake-of
fmass.
b) decreasesthet
ake-of
fdist
ance.
c) incr
easesthecl
imbl i
mit
edtake-of
fmass.

162 Thet
ake-
offdist
ancer equi
redincreases
a) duetoslushont herunway .
b) duetodownhillslopebecauseoft hesmall
erangl
eofat
tack.
c) duetoheadwi ndbecauseoft hedragaugment
ati
on.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 23

163 A r
unwayi scontaminat
edbya0,5cm layerofwetsnow.Thetake-offis
nev
er t
helessauthori
zedbyali
ght
-t
win'
sfl
ightmanual
.Thet
ake-
offdistance
i
nrelati
ont oadryrunwaywi
ll
be:
a) i ncr
eased b) unchanged
c) decr eased

164 Ar unwayiscont aminatedwith0.5cm ofwetsnow.Thefli

ghtmanualofa
l
ighttwinnev er
thel
essaut hor
isesalandi
nginthesecondi
ti
ons.Thel
andi
ng
dist
ancewi l
lbe,i
nrelati
ont ot
hatforadryr
unway:
a) i ncr
eased b) unchanged
c) r educed

165 Whichofthefollowingcombinat i
onsadverselyaf
fect
stake-
offandi
nit
ial
cl
i
mbperformance?
a) Hightemperatureandhi
ghr elat
ivehumidi
ty
b) Lowtemperat ur
eandhighrelati
vehumidit
y
c) Hightemperatureandl
owr elati
vehumidit
y

166 Whateff
ecthasadownhi l
lslopeonthet
ake-
offspeeds?Thesl
ope
a) decreasesthetake-offspeedV1.
b) decreasestheTASf ortake-off
.
c) incr
easestheIASf ortake-off
.

167 Theeff
ectofahi ghertake-offflapset
tingupt otheopti
mum is:
a) ani ncreaseoft hefieldlengthlimitedtake-offmassbutadecreaseof
t
heclimbl i
mitedtake-offmass.
b) adecr easeoft hef i
eldl engthli
mi t
edt ake-
offmassbutanincreaseof
t
heclimbl i
mitedtake-offmass.
c) adecr easeofbot ht hef ieldl
engthl i
mitedtake-
offmassandthecli
mb
l
i
mi t
edt ake-
offmass.

168 Whentheout sideairt

emperaturei
ncreases,
then
a) thef iel
dlengthli
mitedtake-
offmassandt hecl
imbli
mit
edt
ake-of
fmass
decr eases.
b) thef iel
dlengthli
mitedtake-
offmassandt hecl
imbli
mit
edt
ake-of
fmass
increases.
c) thef iel
dl engt
hl i
mitedtake-of
fmassdecr easesbutt
hecli
mbl i
mit
ed
take-offmassi ncr
eases.

169 Duet
ostandi
ngwat
eront
her
unwayt
hefiel
dlengt
hli
mit
edt
ake-
offmasswi
l
l
be
a) l
ower. b) hi
gher.
c) unaf
fect
ed.

170 Onadryrunwaytheaccel
erat
estopdist
ancei
sincr
eased
a) byuphil
lsl
ope.
b) byheadwind.
c) bylowoutsideai
rtemperat
ure.

171 Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngar
etobet
akeni
ntoaccountf
ort
her
unwayi
nusef
or

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 24

t
akeof
f?
a) Air
por
televat
ion,r
unwayslope,outsideai
rtemperature,pressurealt
itude
andwindcomponent s.
b) Air
por
televat
ion,r
unwayslope,standardtemperature,standardpressure
andwindcomponent s.
c) Air
por
televat
ion,runwayslope,standar
dt emperature,pressurealt
itude
andwindcomponent s.

172 Whatisthe eff

ectofi ncr
eased mass on the per
for
mance ofa gl
i
ding
aer
opl
ane?
a) Thespeedforbestangl
eofdescenti
ncreases.
b) Ther
eisnoef f
ect.
c) Thegli
dingangl
edecreases.

173 Ahi
gherpressur
ealt
itudeatI
SAt emperat
ure
a) decreasesthef
ieldl
engt
hlimitedt
ake-of
fmass.
b) decreasesthet
ake-of
fdist
ance.
c) incr
easesthecl
imbl i
mit
edtake-of
fmass.

174 Thet
ake-
offdist
ancer equi
redincreases
a) duetoslushont herunway .
b) duetodownhillslopebecauseoft hesmall
erangl
eofat
tack.
c) duetoheadwi ndbecauseoft hedragaugment
ati
on.

175 A runwayi scontami nat

edbya0, 5cm l
ayerofwetsnow.Thetake-offis
nevert
helessaut horizedbyali
ght-
twi
n'
sfl
ightmanual
.Thet
ake-
offdistance
i
nrelati
ont oadryr unwaywil
lbe:
a) i ncreased b) unchanged
c) decr eased

176 Take-
of frunisdefi
nedast he
a) hor i
zontaldi
stancealongt hetake-
offpathf r
om thestartofthet ake-
off
toapoi ntequidi
stantbetweent hepointatwhi chVLOFi sreachedand
thepoi ntatwhichtheaeroplaneis35ftabov ethetake-
offsurface.
b) di stancetoV1andst op,assuminganengi nefai
lur
eatV1.
c) di stancet o35f eetwithanengi nef ai
lureatV1or115% al lengi
ne
distanceto35f eet.

177 Themi
nimum v
alueofV2mustexceed"
"ai
rmi
nimum cont
rol
speed"
"by
:
a) 10% b) 15%
c) 20%

178 Whi
chofthef oll
owingst
at ementsiscor r
ect?
a) Astopwaymeansanar eabey ondt hetake-of
fr unway,abl
etosupport
theaeroplaneduri
nganabor t
edt ake-of
f.
b) Anunder runisanareabey ondt herunwayendwhi chcanbeusedf oran
abort
edt ake-of
f.
c) A cl
earwayi sanar eabey ondt her unwaywhi chcanbeusedf oran
abort
edt ake-of
f.
d) Ifaclearwayorast opwayi sused,t heli
ft
offpointmustbeat t
ainabl
eat

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 25

l
eastatt
heendof

179 Thedecisi
onspeedatt ake-off(
V1)i
st hecal i
brat
edai
rspeed:
a) belowwhi chtake-offmustber ejectedifanengi
nef ai
lur
eisr
ecogni
zed,
abovewhicht
ake-of fmustbecont inued.
b) atwhi cht
hetake-offmustber ejected.
c) belowwhichthet ake-offmustbecont i
nued.

180 Whichoft
hef oll
owingsetoff
actor
scouldleadtoaV2v al
uewhichi
sli
mit
ed
byVMCA?
a) Lowtake-offmass,highf
lapset
tingandlowfiel
delevat
ion.
b) Lowtake-offmass,lowfl
apsett
ingandlowfieldel
evati
on.
c) Hightake-offmass,hi
ghfl
apsetti
ngandlowf i
eldel
evati
on.

181 Duri
ngt hef li
ghtpr eparati
onapi lotmakesami st
akebyselecti
ngaV1gr eater
thanthatr equir
ed.Whi chproblem wi l
loccurwhent heenginefail
sataspeed
i
mmedi atelyabov ethecor r
ectv alueofV1?
a) Thest opdistancer equiredwi l
lexceedthestopdist
anceav ai
labl
e.
b) Theoneengi neoutt ake-offdistancerequi
redmayexceedt hetake-off
distanceav ailable.
c) V2maybet oohi ghsot hatclimbper f
ormancedecreases.

182 Whi choft

hefoll
owingstatement siscorrect?
a) Theclimbli
mitedtake-offmassi sindependantofthewindcomponent
.
b) The perf
ormance limited take-
offmass i si ndependantofthe wi
nd
component.
c) Theaccelerat
est opdi stancer equiredisindependantoftherunway
condi
ti
on.

183 Whi
chofthefol
l
owingstat
ement si
scorrect
?
a) VRisthespeedatwhichthepi
lotshoul
dst
artt
orot
atet
heaer
opl
ane.
b) VRshouldnotbehi
gherthanV1.
c) VRshouldnotbehi
gherthan1.05VMCG.

184 Wit
hr egardtoat ake-offfrom a wetr unway,whi
ch oft he fol
lowi
ng
st
atement si
scorr
ect?
a) Thescr eenhei
ghtcanbel ower edtoreducethemasspenal
ties.
b) Whent herunwayiswet ,theV1r educti
onissuf
fi
cientt
omai ntaint
he
samemar gi
nsont herunwayl ength.
c) I n case of a reverser inoperati
vet he wet runway perf
ormance
i
nf or
mati
oncanstill
beused.

185 Cant helengthofast opwaybeaddedt

ot herunwaylengt
htodeter
minethe
takeoffdi
stanceav ai
lable?
a) No.
b) No, unlessit
scent erl
i
nei
sontheextendedcent
erl
ineoft
herunway.
c) Yes, butthestopwaymustbeabletocarryt
heweightoft
heaeropl
ane.

186 Whi
chst
atementr
egar
dingV1iscor
rect?
a) V1i
snotall
owedtobegreat
erthanVR.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 26

b) V1isnotall
owedtobegreatert
hanVMCG.
c) Whendet er
mini
ngtheV1,rever
sethr
usti
sonlyal
l
owedt
obet
akeni
nto
accountonther
emaini
ngsy mmetr
icengi
nes.

187 Whenanaircrafttakesof fwiththemasslimit

edbytheTODA:
a) theactual t
ake- offmassequal st
hefiel
dlengt
hli
mitedtake-offmass.
b) thedistancef rom br akerel
easetoV1wi l
lbeequaltothedi stancef r
om
V1tot he35f eetpoint.
c) the""
bal ancedt ake-offdi
stance"
"equal
s115%oft he""
allenginet ake-of
f
dist
ance" "
.

188 V1hastobe
a) equaltoorhi
ghert
hanVMCG.
b) equaltoorhi
ghert
hanVMCA.
c) highert
hanthanVR.

189 ThespeedVR
a) isthespeedatwhichr
otat
iont
othel
i
ft-
offangl
eofat
tacki
sini
ti
ated.
b) mustbehi ghert
hanV2.
c) mustbehi ghert
hanVLOF.

190 ThespeedV2is
a) thetake-
offsafet
yspeed.
b) thatspeedatwhichthePICshoulddeci
det ocont
inueornott
het
ake-
off
i
nthecaseofanenginefail
ure.
c) thelowestair
speedrequi
redtoret
ractf
lapswit
houtstal
lpr
obl
ems.

191 Whicht ake-

offspeedi
saf
fect
edbyt hepr
esenceorabsenceofst
opway
and/orclear
way?
a) V1 b) V2
c) VMCG

192 ThespeedV2i sdef

inedforj
etaer
oplaneas
a) take-
offclimbspeedorspeedat35ft.
b) li
ftoffspeed.
c) take-
offdecisi
onspeed.

193 Thet
ake-
offmasscoul dbeli
mitedby
a) thetake-
offdist
anceavail
able(TODA),t
hemaximum br
akeener
gyand
thecli
mbgr adi
entwit
honeengineinoper
ati
ve.
b) themaximum brakeenergyonly
.
c) thecli
mbgr adi
entwit
honeengineinoper
ati
veonl
y.

194 Whichoft hefoll

owi ngist r
uewi t
hr egardtoVMCA ( ai
rmini
mum control
speed)
?
a) Str
aightfl
i
ghtcannotbemai nt
ainedbelow VMCA,whent hecri
ti
cal
engi
nehasf ai
led.
b) Theaeropl
anei suncontroll
abl
ebelowVMCA
c) Theaeropl
anewi l
lnotgathert
hemi nimum requi
redcl
imbgradi
ent

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 27

195 Whi
choft hefoll
owingwi l
ldecr
easeV1?
a) Inoperati
veanti-ski
d.
b) Increasedtake-offmass.
c) Inoperati
vefli
ghtmanagementsystem.

196 Incaseofanengi
nefai
lur
erecognizedbelowV1
a) t het
ake-
offmustbereject
ed.
b) t het
ake-
offmaybecont i
nuedifacl
earwayisavail
abl
e.
c) t het
ake-
offshoul
donlybereject
edifastopwayisavai
labl
e.

197 Incaseofanenginefai
lur
ewhichisrecogni
zedatorabov eV1
a) t het
ake-offmustbeconti
nued.
b) t het
ake-offmustberej
ectedi
fthespeedissti
llbel
owVLOF.
c) ahei ghtof50ftmustbereachedwithi
nthetake-of
fdist
ance.

198 Thet ake-

offdi
stanceavail
ablei
s
a) t hel
engthoft hetake-of
fr unavai
l
abl
epl
ust
hel
engt
hoft
hecl
ear
way
avai
l
able.
b) t her
unwayl engt
hmi nusstopway.
c) t her
unwayl engt
hplushalfofthecl
ear
way
.

199 Thetake-
offsafet
yspeedV2minfortur
bo-propel
l
erpower
edaer
opl
aneswi
th
morethanthreeengi
nesmaynotbelessthan:
a) 1.15Vs b) 1. 3Vs
c) 1.2Vs

200 Thetake-of
fsaf
etyspeedV2fortwo-
engi
nedort
hree-
engi
nedt
urbopr
opel
l
er
poweredaeropl
anesmaynotbelesst
han:
a) 1. 2Vs
b) 1. 3Vs
c) 1. 15Vs

201 Whi
chstat
ementregardi
ngV1i scor
rect
?
a) VRmaynotbel owerthanV1
b) V1maynotbehi gherthanVmcg
c) Whendeter
mi ni
ngV1,r ever
set
hrustmayonl
ybeusedont
her
emai
ning
sy
mmet r
icengines

202 How doesr unwaysl ope affectal l

owabl et ake-of
fmass,assumi
ng ot
her
fact
orsremai
nconst antandnotl i
mi t
ing?
a) Adownhi ll
slopeincreasesallowabl etake-offmass.
b) Anuphi l
lsl
opei ncreasestake-offmass.
c) Al l
owabletake-
offmassi snotaf fectedbyr unwaysl
ope.

203 Uphi
l
lslope
a) increasesthetake-offdi
stancemor ethant
heaccel
erat
est
opdi
stance.
b) decr easestheaccelerat
est opdi
stanceonl
y.
c) decr easesthetake-of
fdistanceonly.

204 I
fthet
ake-
offmassofanaer
opl
anei
sbr
akeener
gyl
i
mit
edahi
gheruphi
l
l

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 28

sl
opewoul
d
a) incr
easethemaxi mum massf
ortake-off
.
b) decreasethemaximum massfortake-of
f.
c) havenoeff ectonthemaxi
mum massf ortake-
off
.

205 Whi chstatementrelat

edt oatake-of
ffrom awetrunwayi scor
rect?
a) A r educt
ion ofscr een heightis al
lowed in or
dert or educe weight
penal
ti
es
b) Theuseofar educedVrissuf f
ici
entt
omai t
ainthesamesaf et
ymar gins
asforadryrunway
c) I n case of a r everser i
noperati
vet he wet r unway per f
ormance
i
nformati
oncanst i
l
lbeused

206 Whichst at
ementregardi
ngt hei nf
luenceofar unwaydown- sl
opeiscor
rect
forabalancedt
ake-of
f?Down- slope..
.
a) r educesV1andreducest ake-offdi
stancer
equir
ed( TODR).
b) increasesV1andr educestheaccel er
atest
opdistancerequi
red(
ASDR).
c) r educesV1andincreasestheaccel er
atest
opdistancerequi
red(
ASDR).

207 Ther equiredTake-

offDi stance(TOD)andt hef iel
dlengthl i
mit
edTake-
off
Mass( TOM)ar edif
ferentf orthezer oflapcaseandt ake-of
fposi
ti
onflap
case.Whati stheresultoff lapset
tingint ake-offposit
ioncomparedtozero
fl
apposition?
a) Decr easedTODr equiredandincreasedf iel
dlengthlimi
tedTOM.
b) I ncreasedTODr equiredanddecr easedf iel
dlengthli
mitedTOM.
c) I ncreasedTODr equiredandincreasedf ieldl
engthlimit
edTOM.

208 Thedet ermi nati

onoft hemaxi mum massonbr akerel
ease,ofacer t
ifi
ed
tur
boj etaer oplanewit
h5° ,15°and25°f l
apsanglesont ake-of
f,l
eadst othe
fol
lowi ngv alues,wi
thwi nd:Flapangle:5°15°25°Runwayl i
mitat
ion(kg):66
00069500715002ndsegmentsl opel i
mitat
ion:722006900061800Wi nd
correction:Head160wi nd:+120kg/ktTai lwind:-360kg/ktGi venthatthe
tai
lwi ndcomponenti sequal to5kt,
themaxi mum massonbr akerel
easeand
correspondi ngf l
apangl
ewi llbe:
a) 67700kg/15deg
b) 69000kg/15deg
c) 72200kg/5deg

209 Reducedtake-of
fthr
ustshouldnor
mall
ynotbeusedwhen:
a) wi ndsheari
sreportedonthet
ake-
offpat
h.
b) itisdark.
c) t herunwayisdry.

210 Reducedtake-
offthr
ustshoul
dnor
mal
l
ynotbeusedwhen:
a) ant i
skidisnotusabl
e.
b) itisdark.
c) t herunwayiswet.

211 Reducedtake-
offthr
ustshoul
dnormal
l
ynotbeusedwhen:
a) t her
unwayi scont
aminated.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 29

b) i
tisdar
k.
c) t
herunwayi
swet
.

212 Theuseofr educedt ake- of

fthr
ustisper
mitted,
onlyif
:
a) Theact ualtake- offmass( TOM)i sl
owert hant hefi
eldlengthlimit
ed
TOM.
b) The t ake-of
fdi stance avail
abl
ei slowert han the t
ake-of
fdi st
ance
requir
edoneengi neoutatV1.
c) Theact ualtake-of fmass( TOM)incl
udingamar ginisgreaterthanthe
perfor
mancel imi tedTOM.

213 Whi
chstat
ementaboutreducedthrustiscor
rect?
a) Reducedthr
ustcanbeusedwhent heactualt
ake-
offmassi
slesst
han
thefi
eldl
engthl
i
mitedtake-offmass.
b) Reducedthr
usti
sprimaril
yanoi seabat
ementprocedur
e.
c) Reducedthr
usti
susedi nordertosavefuel.

214 I ft
het ake-of
fmassofanaer opl
anei sty r
espeedl i
mit
ed,downhi
l
lsl
ope
woul
d
a) hav enoef fectonthemaxi
mum massf ortake-
off
.
b) decr easethemaximum massfortake-of
f.
c) increasethemaxi mum massf
ortake-off.

215 Reducedtake-of
fthrust
a) hast hebenefitofimpr
ovingengi
neli
fe.
b) canbeusedi ft heact
ualtake-
offmassishighert
hant
heper
for
mance
l
imit
edt akeoffmass.
c) isnotr ecommendedatv erylowtemper
atur
es(OAT).

216 Whatwi l
lbetheef f
ectonanaer oplane'sperformancei
faer
odr
omepr
essur
e
al
ti
tudeisdecreased?
a) I twi
lldecreasethetake-of
fdi stancerequired.
b) I twi
lli
ncreasethetake-offdistancerequired.
c) I twi
lli
ncreasethetake-offgroundr un.

217 Whatwillbe t he i
nfl
uence on the aeropl
ane per
for
mance i
faer
odr
ome
pr
essur
ealti
tudeisincr
eased?
a) Itwil
li
ncreasethetake-offdi
stance.
b) Itwil
ldecreasethetake-of
fdistance.
c) Itwil
li
ncreasethetake-offdi
stanceavai
labl
e.

218 Howi
sVMCAinfluencedbyincreasingpressurealt
it
ude?
a) VMCAi
ncreaseswi t
hincreasingpressurealt
it
ude.
b) VMCAi
snotaf fect
edbypr essurealti
tude.
c) VMCAdecreaseswithincreasingpressureal
ti
tude.

219 Whi
choneoft hefoll
owi ngisnotaffect
edbyat
ail
wind?
a) thecl
imbl i
mitedt ake-offmass.
b) thefi
eldli
mitedtake- offmass.
c) theobstacl
elimitedt ake-of
fmass.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 30

220 Otherf
actorsremai ni
ng constantand notlimit
ing,how does i
ncr
easi
ng
pr
essur
ealti
tudeaffectal
l
owablet ake-of
fmass?
a) All
owabletake-offmassdecr eases.
b) All
owabletake-offmassincreases.
c) Thereisnoeffectonallowabletake-of
fmass.

221 Foratake-
offfrom acontami natedr unway , whi
choft hefoll
owingst at
ements
i
scorrect
?
a) Theper formancedat af ortake-of fmustbedet erminedi ngeneralby
meansofcalculat
ion,onlyaf ewv aluesar everif
iedbyfli
ghttests.
b) Thegr eaterthedepthofcont ami nationatconst anttake-offmass,the
moreV1hast obedecr easedtocompensat ef ordecreasi
ngf r
icti
on.
c) Dr ysnowisnotconsi deredt oaf f
ectt hetake-offperf
ormance.

222 How i
swi ndconsider
edinthetake-of
fperf
ormancedataoftheAeroplane
Oper
ati
onsManuals?
a) Notmor ethan50%ofaheadwindandnotlessthan150%oft
hetail
wind.
b) Unfactor
edheadwindandtai
lwindcomponent
sareused.

223 Thel
owestt ake-
offsaf et
yspeed( V2min)i
s:
a) 1.15Vsf orf our-
engineturbopropaer
opl
anesand1.
20Vsf
ort
woor
threeengineturbopropaeroplanes.
b) 1.20Vsf orallturboj
etaeroplanes.
c) 1.15Vsf orallturboj
etaeroplanes.

224 Whi
choft
hefol
l
owi
nganswer
sistr
ue?
a) V1<=VR b) V1>Vl
of
c) V1>VR

225 Whi
chstatementiscorr
ect?
a) VRist hespeedatwhichrot
ati
onshouldbeinit
iat
ed.
b) VRist hel
owestcli
mbspeedaf terengi
nefai
lur
e.
c) Incaseofenginefai
lurebel
owVRt hetake-
offshoul
dbeabor
ted.

226 Whi
chst
atementi
scor
rect
?
a) VRmustnotbel
essthan1.
05VMCAandnotlessthanV1.
b) VRmustnotbel
essthanVMCAandnotl
essthan1.05V1.
c) VRmustnotbel
essthan1.
1VMCAandnotlessthanV1.

227 Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngr
epr
esent
sthemi
nimum f
orV1?
a) VMCG b) VLOF
c) VMU

228 Whichofthefol
l
owi
ngr epr
esentsthemaximum v
alueforV1assumi
ngmax
ty
respeedandmaxbrakeenergyspeedar
enotl
imit
ing?
a) VR b) VMCA
c) V2

229 Howi
sV2affect
edi
fT/Oflaps20°ischoseni
nst
eadofT/
Ofl
aps10°
?
a) V2decr
easesi
fnotr
estri
ctedbyVMCA.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 31

b) V2hasthesameval
ueinbothcases.
c) V2i
ncreasesi
npr
oport
iontotheangl
eatwhi
cht
hef
lapsar
eset
.

230 ThespeedV2ofaj
etaer
opl
anemustbegreat
ert
han:
a) 1.2Vs. b) 1.2VMCG.
c) 1.05VLOF.

231 Ift
heval
ueofthebal ancedV1i sfoundt obelowert
hanVMCG,whichoft
he
fol
l
owi
ngiscorrect?
a) Thetake-
offisnotpermi tt
ed.
b) Theoneengi neouttake-offdi
stancewil
lbecomegr
eat
ert
hantheASDR.
c) TheVMCGwi l
lbeloweredt oV1.

232 Duringcerti
fi
cationt estfl
ightsf
orat urboj
etaeropl
ane,t heactualmeasured
takeoffrunsfrom br aker el
easet oapointequidi
stantbet weent hepointat
whichVLOFi sr eachedandt hepointatwhichtheaer oplanei s35feetabove
thet ake-
offsurfacear e:-1747m,al lenginesoper ating-1950m,wi t
ht he
cri
ticalengine f ai
lurer ecognized at V1,the ot her factorsr emai
ning
unchanged.Consi deringbothpossibi
li
ti
estodeterminet het ake-
offr
un(TOR).
Whati sthecorrectdistance?
a) 2009m. b) 2243m.
c) 2096m.

234 During certi

fi
cationf l
ighttesti
ng onaf ourengineturboj
etaer opl
anet he
actualtake-offdistancesmeasur edare:-3050m wi thfail
ureoft hecri
ti
cal
enginer ecognisedatV1-2555m wi t
hal lengi
nesoper at
ingandal lother
thi
ngsbei ngequal Thet ake-
offdistanceadoptedforthecert
ifi
cat
ionfil
eis:
a) 3050m b) 3513m
c) 2555m

235 Duri
ngthef li
ghtprepar
ati
ont hecli
mbli
mit
edt
ake-of
fmass( TOM)i sfoundto
bemuchgr eatert
hant hefi
eldlengthl
i
mit
edTOM using5°flap.Inwhatway
can the performance li
mited TOM be i
ncr
eased? Ther
e ar e no li
mit
ing
obst
acles.
a) Bysel ectingahigherfl
apsetti
ng.
b) Bysel ectingahigherV2.
c) Bysel ectingalowerV2.

236 Int
heeventofengi nefail
urebel
owV1,thef
ir
stact
iont
obet
akenbyt
hepi
l
ot
i
nordertodeceleratetheaeropl
anei
sto:
a) reducetheengi nethrust
.
b) reverseenginet hr
ust.
c) applywheel brakes.

237 Ift
heanti
ski
dsystem i
sinoperat
ive,whichofthefoll
owi
ngst
atement
sist
rue?
a) Theacceler
atestopdist
ancei ncr
eases.
b) Theacceler
atestopdist
ancedecr eases.
c) Ithasnoeffectontheaccel
er at
est opdi
stance.

238 I
nwhi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngdi
stancescant
hel
engt
hofast
opwaybei
ncl
uded?

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ONS 32

a) I
ntheacceler
atestopdist
anceavai
labl
e.
b) I
ntheone-engi
nefail
urecase,t
ake-
offdi
stance.
c) I
ntheal
l-
enginetake-of
fdist
ance.

239 Whi
chstatementconcerningtheinclusi
onofacl
earwayint
ake-
offcal
cul
ati
on
i
scorr
ect?
a) Thefiel
dlengthli
mitedtake-offmasswil
li
ncrease.
b) Theusablelengthoftheclearwayisnotl
imi
ted.
c) V1isincreased.

240 Bal ancedV1issel

ect ed
a) iftheaccel
eratestopdi
stanceisequalt
otheoneengi
neoutt
ake-
off
di
stance.
b) forarunwayl engthl
imi
tedtake-
offwi
thastopwayt
ogivet
hehi
ghest
mass.
c) forarunwayl engthl
i
mitedtake-
offwi
thacl
earwayt
ogivet
hehi
ghest
mass.

241 A'Bal
ancedFi
eldLength'
issai
dtoexi
stwhere:
a) Theaccelerat
estopdist
ancei
sequaltothetake-of
fdi
stanceavai
labl
e.
b) Theclear
waydoesnotequal t
hestopway.
c) Theaccelerat
estopdist
ancei
sequaltotheallengi
netake-
offdi
stance.

242 Ifthefiel
dlengthl i
mi t
edt akeoffmasshasbeencal culat
edusingaBalanced
Field Lengt
ht echnique,t he use ofany addit
ionalclearway i
ntake off
performancecal cul
ationsmayal l
ow
a) agr eat
erf i
eldlengthl i
mitedtakeoffmassbutwithalowerV1
b) agr eat
erf i
eldlengthl i
mitedtakeoffmassbutwithahigherV1
c) t heobst acleclearancelimittobeincr
easedwithnoeffectonV1

243 Bef
oret ake-
offthet emperatureofthewheelbrakesshoul
dbechecked.For
whatreason?
a) Becauseov erheatedbrakeswillnotper
for
m adequat
elyi
ntheev
entofa
r
ejectedtake-off.
b) Toensur et hatthebrakewearisnotexcessiv
e.
c) Toensur et hatthewheel shav
ewar medupev enl
y.

244 Concerni
ngthelandinggear,whi
choft hef ol
l
owi ngf
actor
swoul
dli
mitt
he
takeof
fmass?
a) Rat eofrot
ati
onofthewheelatl
iftoffandbrakeener
gy.
b) Ty repr
essureandbraketemper
ature.
c) Rat eofrot
ati
onofthewheelandtyrepressure.

245 Whichcombinati
onofcircumstancesorcondi
ti
onswoul
dmostl
i
kel
yleadt
oa
ty
respeedli
mi t
edtake-
off?
a) Ahi ghrunwayelevati
onandt ai
lwi
nd.
b) Al owrunwayelevati
onandacr osswind.
c) Ahi ghrunwayelevati
onandaheadwi nd.

246 The'
maxi
mum t
yrespeed'
li
mit
s:

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 33

a) VLOFinter
msofgroundspeed.
b) V1inktTAS.
c) VR,orVMUifthi
sisl
owerthanVR.

247 Mayant
i-
skidbeconsi
der
edt
odet
ermi
net
het
ake-
offandl
andi
ngdat
a?
a) Yes. b) No.
c) Onlyfort
ake-
off.

248 Ahi
gheroutsideairtemperature(OAT)
a) decreasest hebrakeenergyli
mitedtake-
offmass.
b) incr
easest hefiel
dlengthli
mitedtake-
offmass.
c) incr
easest heclimbli
mitedtake-offmass.

249 Ift
her
eisat ai
lwi
nd,
thecl
i
mbl
i
mit
edTOM wi
l
l:
a) notbeaf f
ect
ed.
b) incr
ease.
c) decrease.

250 Whi
chofthefol
lowingsetsoffact
orswi
l
lincr
easet
hecl
i
mb-
li
mit
edTOM?
a) Lowflapsett
ing,l
owPA, l
owOAT.
b) Highfl
apsetti
ng,lowPA,lowOAT.
c) Lowflapsett
ing,highPA,
highOAT.

251 Inrelati
ontot henett ake-offfli
ghtpath,t
herequir
ed35f tver
ticaldi
stancet o
clearallobstaclesis
a) t hemi nimum v er
ticaldistancebetweenthelowestpartoftheaer oplane
andall obstacl
eswi thi
nt heobstacl
ecorri
dor.
b) basedonpr essurealti
tudes.
c) t heheightbywhi chaccel erati
onandflapret
ract
ionshouldbecompl eted.

252 Therequirementswithregardtotake-
offf
li
ghtpathandt hecli
mbsegment
s
areonlyspecifi
edfor
:
a) t hefailur
eofthecri
ti
calengi
neonamul ti
-engi
nesaeropl
ane.
b) t hefailur
eofanyengineonamul t
i-
engi
nedaeroplane.
c) 2engi nedaer
oplane.

253 Atwhi
chminimum heightwil
lthesecondcl
i
mbsegmentend?
a) 400ftabovef
ieldelevat
ion.
b) 35ftabovegr
ound.
c) Whengearret
ract i
oniscompleted.

254 Aheadwindwi
ll
:
a) incr
easet
hecli
mbf l
i
ghtpathangl
e.
b) incr
easet
heangleofcl
imb.
c) incr
easet
herat
eofclimb.

255 Thesecondsegmentbegi ns
a) whenl andinggearisful
l
yretr
act
ed.
b) whenf lapretr
acti
onbegins.
c) whenf lapsareselect
edup.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 34

256 Fort
ake-offobstacleclearancecalcul
ati
ons,obst
acl
esinthef i
rstsegment
maybeav oi
ded
a) bybanki ngnotmor ethan15°bet ween50ftand400ftabovetherunway
elevati
on.
b) bybanki ngasmuchasneededi faer
opl
aneismoret han50f tabove
runwayel evat
ion.
c) onlybyusi ngstandardturns.

257 Whi ch stat

ement ,inrelati
on tothecli
mb li
mited t
ake-of
fmassofa j et
aer
oplane,i
scor r
ect?
a) Thecl imblimitedt
ake-offmassdecr
easeswithi
ncreasi
ngOAT.
b) Thecl imbl i
mitedtake-of
fmassisdeter
minedatthespeedforbestr
ate
ofcl
i
mb.
c) 50% ofaheadwi ndi stakenint
oaccountwhendet er
mini
ngthecli
mb
l
imitedtake-of
fmass.

258 Thef
ir
stsegmentofthetake-
offf
lightpat
hends
a) atcompleti
onofgearret
ract
ion.
b) atcompleti
onoffl
apretr
acti
on.
c) atreachi
ngV2.

259 Thecl
i
mbl imit
edtake-of
fmasscanbei ncr
easedby
a) alowerflapsett
ingfort
ake-
offandselect
ingahi
gherV2.
b) select
ingalowerV1.
c) select
ingalowerV2.

260 Dur
ingt
ake-
offt
hethir
dsegmentbegi ns:
a) whenaccel
erat
iontoflapretr
act
ionspeedi
sst
art
ed.
b) whenlandi
nggearisfull
yretr
act
ed.
c) whenaccel
erat
ionstartsfr
om VLOFtoV2.

261 Thetake-
of fmassofanaer oplaneisrest
ri
ctedbythecli
mblimit
.Whatwoul
d
betheeffectont hi
sli
mitofani ncr
easeintheheadwindcomponent?
a) None.
b) Theef fectwouldvarydependingupont hehei
ghtofanyobstacl
ewi
thi
n
thenett ake-
offf
li
ghtpath.
c) Thecl imbl imi
tedtake-
offmasswoul dincr
ease.

262 Whichoft hefollowingst at

ement swi t
hr egardt otheact ualacceler
ati
on
hei
ghtatthebeginningofthe3r dcli
mbsegmenti scorrect
?
a) Themi nimum v alueaccordingtoregul
ationsis400f t
.
b) Al owerheightthan400f tisallowedinspeci alci
rcumstancese.g.noi
se
abat
ement.
c) Themi nimum v alueaccordingtoregul
ationsis1000f t
.

263 Whichoft hef ol

l
owingstatement si
sappl i
cabl
etotheacceler
ati
onhei
ghtat
thebeginni
ngoft he3rdclimbsegment ?
a) Themaxi mum accelerati
onhei
ghtdependsont hemaximum ti
met ake-
offthrustmaybeappl ied.
b) Themi ni
mum legal
lyallowedaccel
erati
onhei
ghtisat1500ft
.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 35

c) Thereisnorequir
ementformi
nimum cl
i
mbper
for
mancewhenf
lyi
ngat
theaccel
erat
ionheight
.

264 Thenetfl
ightpat
hcl
i
mbgr
adi
entaf
tertake-
offcompar
edt
othegr
osscl
i
mb
gradi
enti
s:
a) smal l
er. b) l ar
ger.
c) equal.

265 WhenV1hast ober educedbecauseofawetr

unwayt
heoneengi
neout
obst
acl
eclearance/cl i
mbperformance:
a) decreases/r emainsconstant
.
b) incr
eases/i ncreases.
c) remainsconst ant/remai
nsconstant
.

266 Whichofthef oll

owingst at
ements,concerningtheobstaclelimitedtake-
off
massforperf
or manceclassAaer oplane,
iscorrect
?
a) Itshouldbedet erminedont hebasisofa35f tobstacl
ecl earancewit
h
t
herespecttothe""nettake-
offfli
ghtpath""
.
b) Itshoul
dnotbecor r
ectedfor30°bankt urnsinthet
ake-offpath.
c) Itshouldbecal cul
atedinsuchawayt hatthereisamar ginof50f twith
r
especttothe""nettakeofff
lightpath"
".

267 Regar di
ng the obst
aclel i
mit
ed take-of
f mass,whi ch of the f
oll
owing
stat
ement si
scorr
ect
?
a) At ake-
offi
nthedirect
ionofanobst acl
eisalsoper mit
tedintai
lwind
condi
ti
on.
b) Wi ndspeedplaysnorolewhencalcul
ati
ngthi
sparticul
armass.
c) Theobst acl
eli
mitedmasscannev erbelowerthanthecli
mblimi
tedtake
-of
fmass.

268 Int
heeventthatt
hetake-offmassisobstacl
eli
mitedandt
het
ake-
offf
li
ght
pat
hincl
udesatur
n,t
hebankangl eshoul
dnotexceed
a) 15degreesuptoheightof400ft.
b) 10degreesuptoahei ghtof400f
t.
c) 20degreesuptoahei ghtof400f
t.

269 Whi
chspeedprovi
desmaximum obst
aclecl
earancedur
ingcl
i
mb?
a) Thespeedforwhi
chtherat
iobetweenrat
eofclimbandfor
war
dspeedi
s
maximum.
b) V2+10kt .
c) Thespeedformaxi
mum rateofcli
mb.

270 Whati
stheef
fectoft
ailwi
ndont het
imetocl
i
mbt
oagi
venal
ti
tude?
a) Theti
met ocl
imbdoesnotchange.
b) Theti
met ocl
imbincr
eases.
c) Theti
met ocl
imbdecreases.

271 Youcli
mbwi thaclimbspeedschedul
e300/.
78.Whatdoy ouexpectinthe
cr
ossoveral
ti
tude29200ft(OAT=ISA)
?
a) Ther at
eofclimbincr
easessi
ncetheconst
antI
AS-cl
i
mbi sreplacedby

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ONS 36

theconstantMach-cli
mb.
b) Ther at
eofcl i
mbdecr easessinceclimbperfor
manceataconstant
Machnumberi sgrossl
yreducedascomparedtoconst
antI
AS.
c) Dur i
ngtheaccelerati
ont otheMachnumber. 78therat
eofclimbis
approxi
mat el
yzero.
272 Ifthecl imbspeedschedul ei schangedfrom 280/
.74to290/.74t
henew
crossov eral
ti
tudeis
a) l ower . b) higher.
c) unchanged.

273 VxandVywi thtake-offfl

apswi l
lbe:
a) lowerthant hatforcleanconfigurati
on.
b) higherthant hatforcleanconfigurat
ion.
c) sameast hatforcleanconfigurati
on.

274 Otherf
actor
sr emaini
ngconst
ant,howdoesi
ncr
easi
ngal
ti
tudeaf
fectVxand
Vy:
a) Bot hwi
lli
ncrease.
b) Bot hwi
llremainthesame.
c) Bot hwi
lldecrease.

275 HowdoesTASv aryi

naconst
antMachcl
i
mbi
nthet
ropospher
e?
a) TASdecreases.
b) TASincr
eases.
c) TASisconstant
.

276 Ajetaeropl
aneiscli
mbi ngataconstantIASandmaxi
mum cl
i
mbt
hrust
,how
wi
llthecli
mbangle/t hepit
changlechange?
a) Reduce/decr ease.
b) Reduce/r emainconstant.
c) Remai nconstant/decrease.

277 Wit
hajetaeropl
anet
hemaximum cl
i
mbangl
ecanbef
lownatappr
oxi
mat
ely
:
a) ThehighestCL/
CDrati
o.
b) ThehighestCL/
CD²rat
io.
c) 1.
2Vs

278 Whathappenst othedr agofajetaer

oplanei
f,dur
ingtheini
ti
alcl
i
mbaf
ter
takeof
f,const
antIASismaintai
ned?
(Assumeaconstantmass.
)
a) Thedr agremainsalmostconst
ant.
b) Thedr agincr
easesconsider
abl
y.
c) Thedr agdecreases.

279 Whichoft hef ol

l
owingsequencesofspeedforaj etaer
opl
aneiscor r
ect
?
(f
rom l
owt ohighspeeds)
a) Vs, maximum anglecl
imbspeed,maxi
mum r angespeed.
b) Vs, maximum rangespeed,maxi
mum anglecli
mbspeed.
c) Maxi mum endurancespeed,maximum r
angespeed,maxi mum angl
eof
cl
imbspeed.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 37

280 Ajetaer
oplanei scli
mbi
ngatconst antMachnumberbel
ow t
het
ropopause.
Whichoft
hef oll
owingst
atementsi scorr
ect?
a) IASdecr easesandTASdecr eases.
b) IASincreasesandTASincreases.
c) IASdecr easesandTASincreases.

281 Whichofthefol
lowingthreespeedsofajetaeropl
anearebasical
l
yi dent
ical
?
Thespeedsfor:
a) holding,
maxi mum cli
mbangleandmi ni
mum glideangl
e.
b) maxi mum drag,maximum endur
anceandmaxi mum cli
mbangl e.
c) maxi mum range,minimum dr
agandmi ni
mum gl i
deangl
e.

282 Whathappenswhenanaer oplaneclimbsataconst

antMachnumber?
a) Thelif
tcoeff
icienti
ncr
eases.
b) TheTAScont inuestoi
ncr ease,whi
chmayleadtost
ruct
ural
probl
ems.
c) IASstaysconstantsotherewi l
lbenoprobl
ems.

283 Ajetaer
opl
aneiscli
mbingwi thconst
antI
AS.Whi
choper
ati
onalspeedl
i
miti
s
mostli
kel
ytobereached?
a) TheMaxi mum operat
ingMachnumber .
b) TheSt al
l
ingspeed.
c) TheMi ni
mum controlspeedair
.

284 Hi
ghergr
ossmassatt hesameal ti
tudedecr
easesthegr
adi
entandt
her
ateof
cl
i
mbwher eas
a) VYandVXar eincreased.
b) VXisincr
easedandVYi sdecr
eased.
c) VYandVXar enotaf f
ectedbyahighergrossmass.

285 Asl
ongasanaer
oplanei
sinaposi
ti
vecl
imb
a) VXisal
waysbelowVY.
b) VXissomet
imesbelowandsomet
imesabov
eVYdependi
ngonal
ti
tude.
c) VXisal
waysaboveVY.

286 Thebestrateofclimbataconst antgrossmass

a) decr easeswi t
hi ncr easingalti
tudesi
ncethethrustavai
labledecreases
duet othelowerairdensi t
y.
b) increaseswi thincr easingaltit
udesincethedragdecreasesduet ot he
l
owerai rdensi
ty.
c) increaseswi t
hincr easingal t
it
udeduet ot
hehighert
rueairspeed.

287 Gi
venaj etai
rcraf
t.Whichorderofi ncr
easi
ngspeedsint
heperfor
mance
di
agr
am i
scorrect?
a) Vs,Vx,Maximum rangespeed
b) Maximum endurancespeed,Longrangespeed,
Maxi
mum r
angespeed
c) Vs,Maximum rangespeed,Vx

288 Theopti
mum l ong-
rangecruisealti
tudef
oraturboj
etaer
opl
ane:
a) increaseswhent heaeroplanemassdecreases.
b) isalway sequaltothepower pl
antcei
li
ng.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 38

c) i
sindependentoft
heaer
opl
anemass.

289 Whi
chstatementwit
hr especttothestepcl
i
mbiscorrect?
a) Executi
ngadesiredst epclimbathighal
ti
tudecanbel imit
edbybuff
et
onsetatg-l
oadslargerthan1.
b) A stepclimbmustbeexecut edimmedi
atelyaftertheaeropl
anehas
exceededtheopti
mum al ti
tude.
c) AstepclimbisexecutedbecauseATCdesiresahigheral
tit
ude.

290 Whichofthefol
lowi
ngfactor
sdeter
minest
hemaximum f
li
ghtal
ti
tudei
nthe
""
Buff
etOnsetBoundar
y""gr
aph?
a) Aerodynamics. b) Theor
eti
cal
ceil
i
ng.
c) Servi
ceceil
ing.

291 Whi
chdatacanbeext r
actedfr
om theBuff
etOnsetBoundar
yChart
?
a) Thev al
uesoft heMachnumberatwhi chlow speedandMachbuf fet
occuratvari
ousmassesandal t
it
udes.
b) The value ofmaximum oper at
ing Mach number(MMO)atv ari
ous
massesandpowerset ti
ngs.
c) Thevalueofthecri
ti
calMachnumberatv ar
iousmassesandal
ti
tudes.

292 Theaerodynamicceil
ing
a) ist healt
itudeatwhi chthespeedsf orl
ow speedbuf fetandforhi
gh
speedbuffetar
et hesame.
b) dependsupont hr ustsett
ingandincr
easewit
hincreasingthr
ust.
c) isthealti
tudeatwhi chthebestrateofcl
imbtheor
eticall
yiszer
o.

293 Themaximum operati

ngaltit
udeforacer tai
naeropl
anewi t
hapr essur
ised
cabi
n
a) i
sthehi
ghestpressur
ealtit
udecer
tif
iedfornor
mal oper
ati
on.
b) i
sdependentonaerodynamiccei
li
ng.
c) i
sdependentontheOAT.

294 Whyar e'stepcli

mbs' usedonl ongdist
ancefli
ghts?
a) Tof l
yascl oseaspossi bletotheoptimum alti
tudeasaeropl
anemass
reduces.
b) Stepclimbsar eonlyjustif
iedifatthehigheralt
itudel
essheadwindor
moret ai
lwi
ndcanbeexpect ed.
c) Stepclimbsdonothav eanyspecialpurposeforjetaer
opl
anes,t
heyare
usedforpistonengineaeroplanesonly
.

295 Whi chstatementwi t

hrespectt
othestepcl
i
mbiscorrect?
a) Per formingast epcl
imbbasedoneconomycanbel i
mi t
edbyt he1.3-g
al
ti
tude.
b) I nprinci
pleastepclimbisperf
ormedimmediatel
yaftertheai
rcraf
thas
exceededt heopti
mum alt
it
ude.
c) Ast epclimbmaynotbeper f
ormedunl
essi
tisindi
catedinthefi
ledfl
ight
pl
an.

296 Wi
thal
lot
hert
hingsr
emai
ningunchangedandwi
thTt
heout
sidest
ati
cai
r

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 39

temperatur
eexpressedindegreesK,t
hehourlyfuelconsumpt
ionofat
urboj
et
poweredaer opl
aneinacruisefli
ghtwit
haconst antMachNumberandzer o
headwind,i
sasf ol
lows:
a) pr oport
ionalt
oT b) pr opor
ti
onalto1/ T²
c) pr oport
ionalt
o1/ T

297 Atagi venalt

it
ude,whenat urbojetaeroplanemassisincreasedby5% -
assumingtheengi
nesspeci
ficconsumpt ionremai
nsunchanged- ,i
tshour
ly
consumpti
onisapproxi
mat
elyincreasedby :
a) 5% b) 7. 5%
c) 10%

298 Forjet-
enginedaeroplanes,whatistheeff
ectofi ncr
easedal
ti
tudeonspeci
fi
c
range?
a) Increases. b) Decr eases.
c) Doesnotchange.
299
300
a) aspeci ficrangewhi chisabout99% ofmaxi mum specifi
crangeand
hi
ghercruisespeed.
b) a1%hi gherTASf ormaximum specif
icrange.
c) anI ASwhi chis1%higherthantheIASf ormaximum speci
fi
crange.

301 Withzerowind,theangleofatt
ackf ormaximum r
angef
oranaer
opl
anewi
th
tur
bojetengi
nesis:
a) equal tothatofmaximum li
fttodragrat
io.
b) equal tothatmaximum endurance.
c) equal tothatcor
respondi
ngtozer oi
nduceddr
ag.

302 Two ident

icalt urboj
etaeropl
ane (whose specif
icfuelconsumpt i
ons ar e
consi
deredtobeequal )ar
eatholdi
ngspeedatt hesamealti
tude.Themassof
thefi
rstai
rcraftis130000kgandi tshourl
yf uelconsumpti
onis4300kg/ h.
Themassoft hesecondair
craf
tis115000kgandi t
shourl
yfuelconsumption
i
s:
a) 3804kg/ h.
b) 4044kg/ h.
c) 3365kg/ h.

303 Ajetaer
opl anei
sf l
yinglongr
angecr
uise.Howdoest
hespeci
fi
crange/f
uel
fl
owchange?
a) Increase/decr ease.
b) Increase/increase.
c) Decr ease/increase.

304 Dur
ingacr uisefli
ghtofaj etaeropl
aneatconst
antf
li
ghtl
evelandatt
he
maximum rangespeed, t
heIAS/thedragwi
l
l:
a) decrease/decr ease.
b) incr
ease/decr ease.
c) incr
ease/i ncrease.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 40

305 Thel owestpointoft hedragort

hrustr
equi
redcur
veofaj
etaer
opl
ane,
respect
ivel
y,i
sthepointfor
a) mi nimum drag.
b) maxi mum speci
fi
crange.
c) maxi mum endur
ance.

306 Foraj
ettr
ansportaer
oplane,whichoft
hefol
l
owi
ngi
sther
easonf
ort
heuse
of'
maxi
mum rangespeed'?
a) Mini
mum specifi
cfuelconsumpti
on.
b) Mini
mum fuelfl
ow.
c) Longestf
li
ghtdurat
ion.

307 Consi
derthegr aphi
cr epresent
ati
onoft hepowerrequir
edv er
sustrueair
speed(TAS)
, f
orajetaeroplanewithagivenmass.Whendrawi
ngt het
angent
outoft
heorigin,
thepointofcontactdet
erminest
hespeedof:
a) maxi mum endurance.
b) mi ni
mum power .
c) maxi mum speci
ficrange.

308 Aj etaeropl
aneisperformingamaximum rangef
li
ght
.Thespeedcorr
esponds
to:
a) t hepointofcont actofthetangentf
rom t
heori
gintotheDragv er
sus
TAScurv
e.
b) t heminimum drag.
c) t heminimum requiredpower
.
b) 14kg/ NM.
c) 11. 7kg/NM.

309 Atagi venalt

it
ude,whenat urbojetaeroplanemassisincreasedby5% -
assumingtheengi
nesspeci
ficconsumpt ionremai
nsunchanged- ,i
tshour
ly
consumpti
onisapproxi
mat
elyincreasedby :
a) 5% b) 7. 5%
c) 10%

310 Forjet-
enginedaer
opl
anes,
whati
stheef
fectofincr
easedal
ti
tudeonspeci
fi
c
range?
a) I ncreases. b) Decreases.
c) Doesnotchange.

311 Longrangecr
uiseisafl
ightpr
ocedur
ewhi chgives:
a) aspeci f
icrangewhi chi
sabout99% ofmaxi mum specif
icrangeand
hi
ghercrui
sespeed.
b) a1%hi gherTASformaximum specif
icrange.
c) anI ASwhichis1%higherthant
heIASf ormaximum speci
fi
crange.

312 Withzerowind,theangleofatt
ackf ormaximum r
angef
oranaer
opl
anewi
th
tur
bojetengi
nesis:
a) equal tothatofmaximum li
fttodragrat
io.
b) equal tothatmaximum endurance.
c) equal tothatcor
respondi
ngtozer oi
nduceddr
ag.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 41

313 Two identi

calt urbojetaer oplane (whose specifi
cf uelconsumpt i
ons ar e
consi
deredt obeequal )ar
eathol di
ngspeedatt hesameal t
it
ude.Themass
ofthefir
staircr
aftis130000kgandi tshourl
yfuelconsumpti
oni s4300kg/ h.
Themassoft hesecondai rcraftis115000kgandi tshourl
yfuelconsumption
i
s:
a) 3804kg/ h. b) 4044kg/ h.
c) 3365kg/ h.
314 Ajetaeroplaneisf l
yinglongr angecr uise.Howdoest hespeci
fi
cr ange/fuel
fl
owchange?
a) I ncr
ease/decr ease.
b) I ncr
ease/i ncrease.
c) Decr ease/i ncrease.

315 Dur
ingacr uisefli
ghtofaj etaeropl
aneatconst
antfl
ightl
evelandatt
he
maximum rangespeed, t
heIAS/thedragwil
l
:
a) decrease/decr ease. b) incr
ease/decr
ease.
c) incr
ease/i ncrease.

316 Thel owestpointoft hedragort

hrustr
equi
redcurveofaj etaer
opl
ane,
respect
ivel
y,i
sthepointfor
a) mi nimum drag. b) maximum speci
fi
crange.
c) maxi mum endur
ance.

317 Foraj
ettr
ansportaer
oplane,whichoft
hefol
l
owi
ngi
sther
easonf
ort
heuse
of'
maxi
mum rangespeed'?
a) Mini
mum specifi
cfuelconsumpti
on.
b) Mini
mum fuelfl
ow.
c) Longestf
li
ghtdurat
ion.

318 Consi
derthegr aphi
cr epresent
ati
onoft hepowerrequir
edv er
sustrueair
speed(TAS)
, f
orajetaeroplanewithagivenmass.Whendrawi
ngt het
angent
outoft
heorigin,
thepointofcontactdet
erminest
hespeedof:
a) maxi mum endurance.
b) mi ni
mum power .
c) maxi mum speci
ficrange.

313 Aj etaeropl
aneisperfor
mingamaxi mum r
angefl
ight
.Thespeedcorr
esponds
to:
a) t hepointofcontactofthetangentf
rom t
heor i
gintotheDragv er
sus
TAScurve.
b) t heminimum drag.
c) t heminimum requi
redpower
.
169b)14kg/NM.
c) 11. 7kg/NM.

314 Atagi venalt

it
ude,whenat urbojetaeroplanemassisincreasedby5% -
assumingtheengi
nesspeci
ficconsumpt ionremai
nsunchanged- ,i
tshour
ly
consumpti
onisapproxi
mat
elyincreasedby :
a) 5% b) 7. 5%

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 42

c) 10%

315 Forjet-
enginedaer
opl
anes,
whati
stheef
fectofincr
easedal
ti
tudeonspeci
fi
c
range?
a) Increases. b) Decreases.
c) Doesnotchange.

316 Longrangecr
uiseisafl
ightpr
ocedur
ewhi chgives:
a) aspeci f
icrangewhi chi
sabout99% ofmaxi mum specif
icrangeand
hi
ghercrui
sespeed.
b) a1%hi gherTASformaximum specif
icrange.
c) anI ASwhichis1%higherthant
heIASf ormaximum speci
fi
crange.

317 Withzerowind,theangleofatt
ackf ormaximum r
angef
oranaer
opl
anewi
th
tur
bojetengi
nesis:
a) equal tothatofmaximum li
fttodragrat
io.
b) equal tothatmaximum endurance.
c) equal tothatcor
respondi
ngtozer oi
nduceddr
ag.

318 Two identi

calturboj
etaer opl
ane (whose speci
fi
cf uelconsumpt i
ons ar e
consi
deredtobeequal )ar
eathol di
ngspeedatt hesameal t
it
ude.Themass
ofthefi
rstai
rcr
aftis130000kgandi t
shourl
yfuelconsumpti
oni s4300kg/ h.
Themassoft hesecondaircraf
tis115000kgandi tshourl
yfuelconsumption
i
s:
a) 3804kg/ h.
b) 4044kg/ h.
c) 3365kg/ h.

319 Ajetaer
opl anei
sf l
yinglongr
angecr
uise.Howdoest
hespeci
fi
crange/f
uel
fl
owchange?
a) Increase/decr ease.
b) Increase/increase.
c) Decr ease/increase.

320 Dur
ingacr uisefli
ghtofaj etaeropl
aneatconst
antf
li
ghtl
evelandatt
he
maximum rangespeed, t
heIAS/thedragwi
l
l:
a) decrease/decr ease.
b) incr
ease/decr ease.
c) incr
ease/i ncrease.

321 Thel owestpointoft hedragort

hrustr
equi
redcur
veofaj
etaer
opl
ane,
respect
ivel
y,i
sthepointfor
a) mi nimum drag.
b) maxi mum speci
fi
crange.
c) maxi mum endur
ance.

322 Foraj
ettr
ansportaer
oplane,whichoft
hefol
l
owi
ngi
sther
easonf
ort
heuse
of'
maxi
mum rangespeed'?
a) Mini
mum specifi
cfuelconsumpti
on.
b) Mini
mum fuelfl
ow.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 43

c) Longestf
li
ghtdur
ati
on.

323 Consi
derthegr aphi
cr epresent
ati
onoft hepowerrequir
edv er
sustrueair
speed(TAS)
, f
orajetaeroplanewithagivenmass.Whendrawi
ngt het
angent
outoft
heorigin,
thepointofcontactdet
erminest
hespeedof:
a) maxi mum endurance.
b) mi ni
mum power .
c) maxi mum speci
ficrange.

324 Aj etaeropl
aneisperfor
mingamaxi mum r
angefl
ight
.Thespeedcorr
esponds
to:
a) t hepointofcontactofthetangentf
rom t
heor i
gintotheDragv er
sus
TAScurv
e.
b) t heminimum drag.
c) t heminimum requi
redpower
.

325 I nthedragv ersusTAScur veforaj etaeropl

ane,thespeedformaxi mum
rangecorr
espondswi th:
a) t hepointofcontactofthetangentfr
om theori
gintot
hedragcur v
e.
b) t hepointofint
ersecti
onoft heparasi
tedragcurveandtheinduceddrag
cur
ve.
c) t hepointofcont actofthetangentfrom theori
gint
ot heparasi
tedrag
cur
ve.

326 Thepi
lotofaj etaer
oplanewantstouseamini
mum amountoff
uelbet
ween
twoai
rfi
elds.Whichfl
ightpr
ocedur
eshoul
dthepi
lotf
ly?
a) Maxi mum range.
b) Maxi mum endurance.
c) Holding.

327 Whichofthef ol
lowingisar easont ooperat
eanaer opl
aneat'longrange
speed'
?
a) I
tisef
fici
enttoflysl
i
ghtlyfastert
hanwit
hmaximum rangespeed.
b) I
nordertoachievespeedst abi
li
ty.
c) Theai
rcraf
tcanbeoper atedclosetot
hebuff
etonsetspeed.

328 ""
Maxi
mum endurance"
"
a) isachi
evedi
nunacceler
atedlev
elfl
ightwi
thmi
nimum fuelconsumpt
ion.
b) isthesameasmaxi mum speci
fi
crangewit
hwi
ndcorrecti
on.
c) canbef l
owninasteadycli
mbonly.

329 Thespeedformaximum endurance

a) isalwayslowerthanthespeedformaxi
mum specif
icrange.
b) isthelowerspeedtoachieve99%ofmaximum specif
icrange.
c) caneitherbehigherorl
owerthanthespeedf
ormaximum specifi
crange.

330 Whi
choft
heequati
onsbelowdef inesspeci
fi
crange(
SR)
?
a) SR=TrueAi
rspeed/TotalFuelFlow
b) SR=Indi
cat
edAirspeed/TotalFuelFl
ow
c) SR=MachNumber /TotalFuelFlow

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 44

331 Longr
angecruiseisselect
edas
a) thehi
gherspeedt oachieve99%ofmaxi
mum speci
fi
crangei
nzer
owi
nd.
b) thespeedf orbesteconomy.
c) thecl
imbingcr ui
sewithoneortwoengi
nesi
noper
ati
ve.

332 Theair
speedforjetaeroplanesatwhi chpowerrequi
redi
samini
mum
a) isalwayslowerthant hemi nimum dragspeed.
b) isalwayshigherthant hemi ni
mum dr agspeed.
c) islowerthant hemi nimum dr agspeedint hecl
imbandhi
ghert
hant
he
mini
mum dragspeedi nthedescent.

333 Movingt hecent erofgr av

ityfr
om thef orwardtotheaftl
imit(
grossmass,
al
ti
tudeandai r
speedr emainunchanged)
a) decr easestheinduceddragandr educesthepowerr
equir
ed.
b) i ncreasesthepowerr equir
ed.
c) af fectsneitherdragnorpowerrequired.

334 Thecent
reofgr
avi
tynear,butsti
llwi
thi
n,t
heaf
tli
mit
a) improvest
hemaximum r ange.
b) incr
easest
hestal
li
ngspeed.
c) improvest
hel
ongitudinalst
abii
ty.

335 Thespeedrangebetweenl owspeedbuffetandhighspeedbuffet

a) narrowswithincreasingmassandincreasi
ngalti
tude.
b) decreaseswithincreasingmassandisindependentofal
ti
tude.
c) isonlyli
miti
ngatl owaltit
udes.

336 Thedangerassoci
atedwithlowspeedand/orhighspeedbuf
fet
a) li
mi t
sthemaneuv er
ingloadfact
orathi
ghal t
it
udes.
b) canber educedbyincreasi
ngtheloadf
actor.
c) existsonl
yabov eMMO.

337 Whi
chofthej
etenginerat
ingsbel
owi
snotacer
ti
fi
edr
ati
ng?
a) Maxi
mum CruiseThrust
b) Maxi
mum Cont i
nuousThrust
c) Go-
AroundThrust

338 Atconst
antt hr
ustandconstantal t
it
udethefuelfl
owofaj
etengi
ne
a) increasessli
ghtl
ywithincreasingair
speed.
b) isindependentoftheairspeed.
c) decr easessl
ight
lywit
hi ncreasingai
rspeed.

339 AtaconstantMachnumbert hethrustandt hef uel

flowofaj
etengine
a) decreaseinproporti
ontotheambi entpr essur
eatconst
anttemperat
ure.
b) incr
easewi t
hincreasi
ngalti
tude.
c) areindependentofoutsi
deairtemper ature(OAT).

340 Thet
hrustofaj
etengi
neatconst
antRPM
a) incr
easesi
nproport
iont
otheai
rspeed.
b) doesnotchangewit
hchangi
ngalt
itude.

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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 45

c) i
sindependentoft
heai
rspeed.

341 Theint
ersect
ionsoft het hrustavai
l
abl
eandt
hedr
agcur
vear
etheoper
ati
ng
poi
ntsoftheaeroplane
a) inunaccelerat
edl evel f
li
ght.
b) indescentwi t
hconst antI
AS.
c) inaccelerat
edl evel
f l
ight.

342 Atspeedsbelowmi nimum drag

a) al owerspeedr equir
esahigherthrust.
b) ahi gherspeedr equi
resahigherthrust
.
c) t heaeropl
anecannotbecont r
oll
edmanual
l
y.

343 Ahi
gheralt
it
udeatconstantmassandMachnumberr
equi
res
a) ahigherangl
eofattack.
b) alowercoeff
ici
entofli
ft
.
c) alowercoeff
ici
entofdrag.

344 Thelongr angecr

uisespeedi
sinrel
ati
ontot
hespeedf
ormaxi
mum r
ange
crui
se.
a) Higher b) Lower
c) DependingontheOATandnetmass.

345 Theopt imum crui

sealt
it
udei
s
a) t hepressur
ealt
it
udeatwhi
cht
hebestspeci
fi
crangecanbeachi
eved.
b) t hepressur
ealt
it
udeatwhi
cht
hefuelf
lowisamaximum.
c) t hepressureal
tit
udeuptowhichacabinalti
tudeof8000f tcanbe
maint
ained.

346 Theopt
imum cruisealt
it
udeincr
eases
a) ift
heaeroplanemassi sdecreased.
b) ift
hetemper atur
e(OAT)isincreased.
c) ift
hetai
lwindcomponenti sdecreased.

347 Bel owtheopt

imum crui
sealt
itude
a) t heMachnumberf orlongrangecrui
sedecreasescont
inuousl
ywith
decr
easi
ngal
tit
ude.
b) t heIASforl
ongr angecr ui
seincr
easescont
inuousl
ywit
hdecr easi
ng
al
ti
tude.
c) t heTASforlongr angecrui
seincr
easescont
inuousl
ywithdecreasi
ng
al
ti
tude.

348 Underwhichcondit
ionshouldy ouf l
yconsiderablyl
ower( 4000ft.ormore)
thant
heoptimum al
tit
ude?
a) Ifattheloweralt
it
udeeitherconsi der
abl
yl essheadwindorconsi
der
ably
moretai
lwi
ndcanbeexpect ed.
b) Ifthemaximum alti
tudei
sbel owt heopti
mum al t
itude.
c) Ifthetemperat
ureisloweratt helowalti
tude(hi
ghal t
it
udei
nversi
on)
.

349 On a l
ong di
stance f
li
ghtt
he gr
oss mass decr
eases cont
inuousl
yas a

NAVRANGSI NGH E-
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l
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l
ot@gmai
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MASS&BALANCEQUESTI
ONS 46

consequenceofthefuel
consumpt i
on.Theresul
tis:
a) Thespeci f
icrangeandtheoptimum al
tit
udeincr
eases.
b) Thespeedmustbei ncreasedt
ocompensat ethelowermass.
c) Thespeci f
icrangei
ncreasesandtheoptimum alt
itudedecr
eases.

350 Ift
hethr
ustavai
l
abl
eexceedst hethrustrequiredforlev elfl
i
ght
a) theaeropl
aneaccel
erat
esi ft
heal ti
tudeismai ntained.
b) theaeropl
anedescendsiftheairspeedismai ntained.
c) theaeropl
anedecel
erat
esi fi
tisinther egionofr eversedcommand.

351 I nagivenconfi
gurati
ontheenduranceofapi
stonengi
nedaer
opl
aneonl
y
dependson:
a) alti
tude,
speed,massandfuelonboar
d.
b) alti
tude,
speedandmass.
c) speedandmass.
--
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--
--
--
--

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mai
l
:nav
rangpi
l
ot@gmai
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.com
M:9818282209