กรณฑ์ที่สอง

คณิตศาสตร์ มธั ยมศึกษาตอนต้ น หน้ า |1
คณิตศาสตร์ มัธยมศึกษาตอนต้ น (ม.3)

เรือง กรณฑ์ ทสอง
ี
ความรู้พืนฐานสําหรับการเรียนรู้
ค่ าสัมบูรณ์
บทนิยาม : กําหนดให้ a เป็ นจํานวนจริง
ค่าสัมบูรณ์ของ a คือระยะห่างระหว่าง a กับศูนย์ แทนด้ วยสัญลักษณ์ | a |
สมบัติเลขยกกําลัง
(1) a 1
0
(2) a n  1
an
m
(3) a
mn
a a
m n
(4) amn  a
an
n
(5) a n bn  (ab)n (6) an   a 
 
bn  b 
(7) (a m )n  a mn
พหุนาม (A  B)(A  B)  A2  B2
2 2 2
(A  B)  A  2AB  B
2 2 2
(A  B)  A  2AB  B
รากทีสอง
บทนิยาม กําหนดให้ a เป็ นจํานวนจริงบวกหรือศูนย์
:
รากทีสองของ a หมายถึงจํานวนจริงทียกกําลังสองแล้ วมีคา่ เท่ากับ a
กําหนดสัญลักษณ์ a แทนรากทีสองของ a ทีเป็ นจํานวนบวก
และ  a แทนรากทีสองของ a ทีเป็ นจํานวนลบ
ตัวอย่ าง จงหารากทีสองของจํานวนในแต่ละข้ อต่อไปนี

(1) 144 = ......................................................................................
(2) 3,481 = ......................................................................................
(3) 7.29 = ......................................................................................
(4) 360 = ......................................................................................
(5) 100 = ......................................................................................
กรณฑ์ ทสอง
ี
1. สมบัตขิ อง a เมือ a0
กําหนดให้ a  0 , b  0 และ c  0 จะได้

(1) a b  b a และ a b  b a
(2) ( a  b)  c  a  ( b  c) และ ( a  b)  c  a  ( b  c)
(3) a  ( b  c)  a  b  a  c
2
(4) ( a)  a
(5) ab  a  b
(6) a  a
b b
1
2
(7) a a
Note ถ้ า a เป็ นจํานวนจริง a2  | a |
ตัวอย่ าง
1. จงหาค่าแต่ละข้ อต่อไปนี
(1) 108 (2) 252
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(3) 864 (4) 1800

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(5) 75 (6) 98
4 121
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6 5 y9
(7) a b (8)
x2
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(9) 32a 4 (10) 27x7

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(11) 12x12 y15 (12) 45a

117 250
b
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2. จงหาค่าแต่ละข้ อต่อไปนี
(1) 2( 2  32) (2) ( 3  27) 3
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(3) ( 2  8  32) 2 (4) xy( x3 y  xy3 )

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(5) 6  12  24 (6) 20x  5xy
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6 3 5 3 5 6
(7) 10a b  2a b (8) 6a  5a  10a
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(9)
6
(10 ab )  (4 8 ) (10) 2 28  3 12  4 125
2 75 45 63
ab
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2. การดําเนินการของจํานวนจริงเกียวกับกรณฑ์ ทสอง
ี
กําหนดให้ กําหนดจํานวนจริง a, b, x และ y โดยที a  0, b  0 และ จะได้
การบวก x a  y a  (x  y) a
การคูณ (x a )(y b)  xy ab
การหาร 1  1  a  a
a a a a
1  1  a  b  a b
a b a b a  b ab
1  1  a  b  a b
a b a b a  b ab
การหารากทีสองของจํานวนในรูป (x  y)  2 xy
(x  y)  2 xy  x  y ; xy
1. จงหาคําตอบแต่ละข้ อต่อไปนีในรูปอย่างง่าย
(1) 18  50  72
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(2) 112  343  448
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(3) 2 18  7 12  3 75
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(4) 4 128  2 147  3 18  2 98  5 75
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(1) (2 3  5)(3 3  2 5)
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(2) ( 2  2 3)(2 3  2)
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(3) (2 5  5 2)2 (5 2  2 5)2

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(4) ( 7  5)2  ( 8  20)( 7  5)  ( 2  5)2

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(1) 2 5 3
5
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(2) 5 6  3 21
3
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(3) 4 15  6 25  8 75
20
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(4) 27  50  4  6
9 3 2 12
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(5) 3 2
3 2
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(6) 1  1
5 2 5 2
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(1) 11  2 30
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(2) 93 8
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(3) 3 8  3 8  8
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(4) 19  4 21  7  12  29  112
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(1) (5 2  20)( 50  2 5)  (3 2  3)( 18  3)
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(2) 5( 5  1)( 5  2)( 5  3)  1

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(3) (3  2)2  ( 2  3)2

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(4) 1 1 9 5 2
2 2 2 4
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(5) 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3
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(6) 3 3  4 2
3 2 3 2
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2
2  3 2  3 
(7)   
2  3 2  3 
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(8) 5 2  5 2
5 2 5 2
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(9) 1  1  1  ...  1
1 2 2 3 3 4 8 9
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(10) ( 2  8  18  ...  200)2

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6. กําหนดให้ a b  c จงหาค่าของ 2
5a  8b  7c
2 2
1 2 3
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x 2  y2 x 4  x2 y2  x 3 y  xy3  y 4
7. กําหนดให้ 6 จงหาค่าของ
xy x 4  7x2 y2  y4
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3. การประยุกต์ เกียวกับกรณฑ์ ทสอง
ี
1. กล่องทรงสีเหลียมจัตรุ ัสใบหนึงมีปริมาตร 13,824 ลูกบาศก์เซนติเมตร
จงหาพืนทีผิวทุกด้ านของกล่องใบนี
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C
2.
E
จากรูปกําหนดให้ BAC
ˆ  45o , AC = 6 หน่วย , BD = 3 หน่วย
6 และ DE = 17 หน่วย จงหา CE

17
o
45
A B 3 D
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3. C
จากรูปกําหนดให้ ˆ  CBE
DAE ˆ  90o , AD = BE = a และ
AE = BC = b = 2a ถ้ า ABCD มีพืนที 10 ตารางหน่วย
D
b
a
จงหา DE
A b E a B
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4. ตัดกระดาษเป็ นรูปสีเหลียมจัตรุ ัสยาวด้ านละ 12 เซนติเมตร 1 รูป และตัดเป็ นรูปสามเหลียมหน้ าจัว

ทีมีด้านประกอบมุมยอดยาวด้ านละ 10 เซนติเมตรอีก 4 รูป
เมือนํามาประกอบกันเป็ นรูปทรงกรวยเหลียมจะมีปริมาตรเท่าใด
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5. จากรูป กรวยกลมวางบนพีระมิดยอดตัด
โดยฐานวางแนบในฐานยอดของพพีระมิด
จงหาปริมาตรและพืนทีผิวข้ างของกรวย
8
6
12
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4. การแก้ สมการทีอยู่ในรูปกรณฑ์
ในการแก้ สมการทีมีเครืองหมายกรณฑ์ จะอาศัยการยกกําลังให้ รากหมดไป แล้ วดําเนินการแก้ สมการ
หาค่าตัวแปร โดยคําตอบทีได้จากกรณฑ์อนั ดับคูจ่ ะต้ องนําไปตรวจคําตอบเสมอ ส่วนกรณฑ์อนั ดับคีไม่
จําเป็ นต้ องตรวจคําตอบ
ตัวอย่ าง จงแก้ สมการต่อไปนี

1. 2x  1  5
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2. x 7  x5
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3. 2x  3  x  7  0
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แบบฝึ กหัดกรณฑ์ ทสอง
ี
ชุดที 1
1. จงทําให้ เป็ นผลสําเร็จ
(1) 8  (12)3  66
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(2) 2  65  910  47
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(3) 81x2 y3 z5
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(4) x 8 y5
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(5) x2  2xy  y2
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(6) 9x 3  25x 5  x
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1
(7) 45  20 
5
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(8) 5 20  45  2 80
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1 1
(9) 48  2 
27 3
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(10) (3 7  4)(3 7  4)
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3 x
(11) 4x  5 3x  7
x 3
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x 1 x2  1 x 1
(12)  2 
x 1 x 1 x 1
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(13) 2( 5  3)( 6  2)( 5  3)
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(14) ( 7  5  3)( 7  5  3)
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2. จงทําตัวส่วนไม่ให้ ติดกรณฑ์
4
(1)
2
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2
(2) 3
4
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2
(3)
3 2
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7 5
(4)
7 5
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2 3 3 2
(5)
3 5 2 7
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.................................................................................................................................
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2
(6)
2 3 5
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
10  5  3
(7)
3  10  5
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3. จงหาค่าในแต่ละข้ อต่อไปนี
1
(1) 7a2 + 11a + 7b2 เมือ a= และ b = 1
2 3 2 3
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3 2
(2) 3x2 – 5xy ++ 3y2 เมือ x= และ y = 3  2
3 2 3 2
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ี
ชุดที 2
1. จงหารากทีสองของจํานวนในแต่ละข้ อต่อไปนี
(1) 13 + 2 40
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
(2) 2m + 2 m2  9n2
.................................................................................................................................
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(3) 33 + 12 7
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(4) 77 + 5400
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(5) 4– 15
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(6) 27 + 7 5
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.................................................................................................................................
2. จงหารากทีสีของจํานวนต่อไปนี
(1) 49 + 20 6
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(2) 17 – 12 2
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3. จงหารากทีสองของจํานวนต่อไปนี
(1) 4+ 5  17  4 15
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(2) – 3  38 74 3

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4. จงหาผลสําเร็จในแต่ละข้ อต่อไปนี
(1) 27  8  17  12 2  28  6 3
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1 3 4
(2)  
11  2 30 7  2 10 84 3
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10 2 10  18
(3) 
18  3  5 18  3  5
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3
(4) 2(1  21  12 3 )2
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(5) 3  2 2  5  2 6  7  2 16    2n  1  2 n2  n
เมือ n เป็ นจํานวนนับ
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1 1 1 1
(6)   
32 2 52 6 7  2 12 2n  1  2 n2  n
เมือ n เป็ นจํานวนนั
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.................................................................................................................................
ี
ชุดที 3
1. จงแก้ สมการต่อนี
(1) 3x  2  7  10
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.................................................................................................................................
(2) x  9  11  x
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(3) x 7  x  7
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(4) 3x  4  3x  5  9
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คณิตศาสตร์ มธั ยมศึกษาตอนต้ น หน้ า |1

คณิตศาสตร์ มัธยมศึกษาตอนต้ น (ม.3)

ตัวอย่ าง จงหารากทีสองของจํานวนในแต่ละข้ อต่อไปนี

1. สมบัตขิ อง a เมือ a0

กําหนดให้ a  0 , b  0 และ c  0 จะได้

(3) 864 (4) 1800

(9) 32a 4 (10) 27x7

(11) 12x12 y15 (12) 45a

(3) ( 2  8  32) 2 (4) xy( x3 y  xy3 )

(3) (2 5  5 2)2 (5 2  2 5)2

(4) ( 7  5)2  ( 8  20)( 7  5)  ( 2  5)2

(2) 5( 5  1)( 5  2)( 5  3)  1

(3) (3  2)2  ( 2  3)2

(10) ( 2  8  18  ...  200)2

6 และ DE = 17 หน่วย จงหา CE

4. ตัดกระดาษเป็ นรูปสีเหลียมจัตรุ ัสยาวด้ านละ 12 เซนติเมตร 1 รูป และตัดเป็ นรูปสามเหลียมหน้ าจัว

ตัวอย่ าง จงแก้ สมการต่อไปนี

(2) – 3  38 74 3

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