Opamp

ME 3109: Measurement & Instrumentation
Badhan Saha
badhan.mpe@aust.edu
Assistant Professor
Dept. of MPE
Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology (AUST)
Lecture
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
The OP-Amp is a low-cost and versatile IC (Integrated Circuit)

consisting of many internal transistors, resistors, and capacitors.
These are basic building blocks for:
• Amplifiers
• Integrators and Differentiators Summers
• Comparators
• A/D and D/A converters
• Active filters
• Sample and Hold circuits
• ...etc.
Badhan Saha Op-Amp 2

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) OP-Amp ME 361 1 / 24
OP-Amp: Components
Operational Amplifier
OP-Amp: Components
The OP-Amp has Single Output and Two Inputs:
The OP-Amp has Single Output and Two Inputs:
1. Noninverting
1 Noninverting input [+]:output
input [+]: outputis inisphase
in phase
with with
input.input.
2. Inverting o o out of phase with input.
2 Invertinginput [-]:output
input [-]: outputis is
180180 out of phase with input.
Positive Power Supply
Inverting Input
− −
+ Output +
Noninverting Input
Offset−null adjustment
Negative Power Supply
x004.eps

LM 741: Pin Configuration

LM 741: Pin Configuration
1 8
1 Offset Null
2 Inverting Input
2 − 7 3 Noninverting Input
4 -ve Power Supply
3 + 6 5 Offset Null
6 Output
4 5 7 +ve Power Supply
8 Not connected (N/C)
x005.eps
• LM 741
LM is the
741 most
is the widely
most used
widely usedop-amp.
op-amp.
• A dotA dot or notch at the end of the package identify the end to begin
or notch at the end of the package identify the end to
counting the pin numbers anti-clockwise.
beginOffset
counting the pin numbers
null terminals anti-clockwise.
enable corrections required for non-ideal
• Offsetbehaviour of op-amps.
null terminals enable corrections required for non-ideal
behavior of op-amps.
Internal Design of LM741

Internal Design of LM741

e039.eps
OP-Amp: Equivalent Circuit
OP-Amp: Equivalent Circuit

Rule 1. Infinite
Rule input
1. Infinite impedance,
input ZinZin= =∞¥⇒=⇒I+I=
impedance, I−I−= =0;0;
+ =
Rule
Rule 2. 2. Infinite
Infinite gain,gain,
⇒ E=⇒ =EE
+ =
; E− ;
+ −
Rule 3. Zero output impedance, Zout = 0 =⇒ Eo ̸= f (Io ).
Rule 3. Zero output impedance, Zout = 0 ⇒ Eo ≠ f (Io).
e427.eps
OP-Amp: Characteristics
OP-Amp: Characteristics
Characteristics Ideal Value Typical real-world value

Open-loop gain ¥ 105 V / V
Offset voltage 0 ± 1mV
Bias currents 0 10− 6 − 10− 14A
Input impedance ¥ 105 − 1011Ω
Output impedance 0 1 − 10Ω
Ideal op-amps rejects inputs common to both inputs (common
mode rejection).
Eo / Ei
Actual Common Mode Rejection Ratio, CMRR = Eo / Ecm ≥ 106
the larger the CMRR, the better the amplifier.

OP-Amp: Examples
Noninverting input
• The output is in phase with the noninverting input
- When the noninverting input goes positive, Vout goes positive;
- When the noninverting input goes negative, Vout goes negative;
• The noninverting input is identified by the + sign in the symbol of Op-amp.
Inverting input
• The output will be out of phase with the signal at the inverting input
- When the inverting input goes more positive, the output will go more
negative, and vice versa.
• The inverting input is identified by the – sign in the symbol.

Rule 3. Zero output impedance, Zout = 0 =⇒ Eo ̸= f (Io ).
OP-Amp: Examples
e427.eps
5 / 24 • In Figure (a), both inputs are positive, yet the output is negative. Why?
- The (–ve) input has the larger magnitude, so the quantity (V2 – V1) is
negative;
OP-Amp: (2 μVExamples
– 3 μV = –1 μV).
- From the op-amp equation, Vout = A(V2 – V1), we see that if (V2 – V1) is
negative, Vout will be negative.
• In Figure (b), The inputs are both negative, yet the output is positive.
- In this case, [–2 μV – (–3 μV)] = +1 μV, which is positive.
• In Figure (c), (V2-V1)=(–2 μV –3 μV)=–5 μV, which is clearly negative.
e176.eps
+15 V
0.00012 V +12 V
V1 -
Vout
V2 + -12 V
-15 V
e177.eps
i OP-Amp:
OP-Amp: Voltage
Voltage Comparator + Comparator
E
ref E −+ o
i
E
E ref − o
ps
mparator circuit, there is no negative feedback, hence the circui

x007.eps
In comparator
In comparator circuit, there
circuit, there is noisnegative
no negative
feedback,feedback, hence the
hence the circuit
bits infinite gain
exhibits
and
infinite
the
gain and
op-amps
the op-amps
will
will
saturate,
saturate, i.e.
i.e.
the
the
output
output
circuit exhibits infinite gain and the op-amps will saturate, i.e. the
ains at the
output most
remains
remains positive
at the
atmost or most
thepositive
most or mostnegative
positivenegative
or most output
output value.
value. Hence,
negative Hence,
output value.
Hence, Eo =
+ Esat Ei > Eref
+ E−sat
Esat Ei i<>ErefEref
E
Eo =
Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)
− Esat OP-Amp
Ei < Eref ME 361 9 / 24
Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)
Badhan Saha OP-Amp
Op-Amp ME10361
Window Comparator Circuit
Comparator Circuit: Application

Comparator Circuit: Application
e040.eps
Chatter
Chatterisisa apractical
practicalproblem,
problem,output
outputvoltage
voltageoscillates
oscillatesback-and-forth
back-and-forth
when
wheninput
inputvoltage
voltageisisnear
neartotothe threshold.
the threshold.

Window Circuit
Window Comparator Comparator Circuit
e041.eps
Window Comparator
Window Comparator is with
is with inbuilt
inbuilt hysteresis;
hysteresis; hysteresis
hysteresis means that
means that
switch-on switch-on
voltage voltage
is greater than is greatervoltage.
switch-off than switch-off voltage.

Cont’d…..

Cont’d…..

RF
OP-Amp: Inverting Amplifier
IF
R
X
Ei −
Eo
Ii
+
x008.eps
• At X,Ii +Ii I+I

At X, F =F =0
0 (KCL
(KCL & Rule& Rule
1), & EX
1),
= &
0 EX
(Rule =0
2);
(Rule
Ii ≡ Ei −2);
EX
= − IF ≡ Eo − EX =⇒ gain, G = Eo = − RF
R RF Ei R
Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) OP-Amp ME 361

RF
OP-Amp: Noninverting Amplifier
IF
Ii
X
−
R E
Ei +
x009.eps
• At
At X,
X, Ii + IFF =0
= 0(KCL
(KCL&
& Rule
Rule1),
1),&
&EEXX=E (Rule
=iE 2);2);
i (Rule
− EX Eo − EX RF
Ii ≡ R = − IF ≡ RF =⇒ G = 1 + R

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) OP-Amp
OP-Amp: Follower/Buffer
OP-Amp: Follower/Buffer
• In a noninverting amplifier with R = ∞ & RF = 0, gain, G is
In a noninverting amplifier with R = ¥ & RF = 0, gain, G is unity
unity
andand therethere
is noisvoltage
no voltage amplification.
amplification. Thisis circuit
This circuit known asis a
known
bufferasorafollower.
buffer or follower.
• It has a high
It has a highinput
inputimpedance and low
impedance and lowoutput
output impedance.
impedance. TheThe
highhigh
inputinputimpedance
impedanceeffectively
effectively isolates
isolatesthe
thesource
sourcefrom the the
from rest
restofofthethecircuit.
circuit.
−
Ei Eo
+
Badhan Saha
x010.eps Op-Amp 17
OP-Amp: Voltage Follower Application

OP-Amp: Summing Amplifier

Summing Amplifier: Application
Summing Amplifier: Application

Example: Interfacecircuit
Example: Interface circuitforfor
an an air conditioning
air conditioning systemsystem
• when
when the
thesum
sumofofthe
the voltages
voltages of oftemperature
temperatureand and humidity
humidity
sensors
sensors goes
goes above1.0
above 1.0V,V, &
&
a thresholdcircuit
• a threshold circuit in
in air
airconditioner
conditioner require 5.05.0
require V. V.
Inverter
5 kW
1 kW
Vt 1 kW
Temperature -
1 kW
-
Vh 1 k W +
Humidity
-(Vt + Vh ) ´ 5
+
Vout = (Vt + Vh ) ´ 5
e042.eps
OP-Amp:
OP-Amp: Differential
Differential Amplifier
Amplifier
R2
I1
R1
e−
E1 −
Eo
E2 e+
+
R3
I2 R4
x012.eps
e− = e+ =⇒ E1 R2
R1 + R2 + E o
R1
R1 + R2 = E2
R4
R3 + R4
Eo = E2 R3R+4R4 · R1R+1R2 − E1 R R1
2
Eo = (E2 − E1 ) RR1
2
= c(E 2 − E 1 ) if R2
R1 = R4
R3 = c
Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) OP-Amp ME 36
E1 R2 cR2
+ A
OP-Amp: Instrument Amplifier
−
aR1
C
−
I R1 Eo
+
D
bR1
−
E2 + B R2 cR2
13.eps
Ec − ED E1 − E2 EA − EB
I= R1 = R1 = aR1 + R1 + bR1 ; & Eo = c(EA − EB )
Eo
G= E2 − E1 = c(1 + a + b)
Prof. Dr.Badhan
M. Zahurul
Saha Haq (BUET) OP-Amp
Op-Amp ME 361 22 19 / 24
OP-Amp: Integrator
C
OP-Amp: Integrator
IF
R
X
Ei −
Eo
Ii
+
x014.eps
Ei
Ii = R, IF = C dE
dt & Ii + IF = 0(KCL)
o
Eo = − 1
RC Ei ( t )d t

Integrators
Output of an Integrator Circuit (RC = 1) 14
• The integrator concept can be explained by the

sample waveforms shown in the Figure
7.14 (which assumes RC = 1).
• Notice that the integrator input voltage (Vin)
rises from 0 to 1 V in the first 10 s.
• The triangular area under that portion of the
curve (a-b) is 5 V·s, so the output (Vout) of the
integrator goes from 0 to –5 V during the same
time.
• In other words, the output voltage ends up
being the same magnitude as the area under
the curve, in this case 5 ( the minus sign
appears because it is an inverting amp).
• From time b to c, Vin remains at 1 V, so the
new area added is 10 V · s.
• Consequently, the magnitude of Vout increases
by 10 to become –15 V at time c. Then, Vin
returns to 0 V.
Figure 7.14 The voltage waveform of an
• Because no new area is added between c and integrator circuit. (Vout = –V·s in this case
d, Vout remains at –15 V. because RC = 1.)
R
OP-Amp: Differentiator
C IF
X
Ei −
Eo
Ii +
15.eps
Ii = C dE
dt , IF =
i Eo
R & Ii + IF = 0(KCL)
dEi
Eo = − RC dt

rof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) OP-Amp ME 361 2
Output of an Differentiator Circuit (RC = 1)
Differentiators 17
• The differentiator concept is illustrated in the

Figure 7.16 (which assumes RC = 1).
• From time a to b, the input voltage (Vin) is 0
V, and because it is not changing, the output
voltage (Vout) is 0 V.
• During the time period b-c, Vin increases at
a constant rate of 1 V/s, so the Vout curve
reflects this by staying at a constant –1 V (it
is negative because the inverting input is
used).
• From time c to d, the slope of Vin increases
to 2 V/s, so Vout jumps to –2 V.
• After time d, Vin stays at 3 V, and because it
is not changing, Vout is 0.
Badhan Saha Figure

Op-Amp 7.16 Voltage waveforms of a differentiator.
26
(V = -V this case because RC = 1.)
OP-Amp: Sample and Hold Circuit

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YOU

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ME 3109: Measurement & Instrumentation

The OP-Amp is a low-cost and versatile IC (Integrated Circuit)

Badhan Saha Op-Amp 2

Positive Power Supply

Negative Power Supply

Badhan Saha Op-Amp 3

LM 741: Pin Configuration

Internal Design of LM741

Badhan Saha Op-Amp 5

OP-Amp: Equivalent Circuit

Characteristics Ideal Value Typical real-world value

Badhan Saha Op-Amp 7

Badhan Saha Op-Amp 8

mparator circuit, there is no negative feedback, hence the circui

Comparator Circuit: Application

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) OP-Amp ME 361 10 / 24

Badhan Saha Op-Amp 12

Badhan Saha Op-Amp 13

Badhan Saha Op-Amp 14

• At X,Ii +Ii I+I

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) OP-Amp ME 361

Badhan Saha Op-Amp 16

Badhan Saha Op-Amp 18

Badhan Saha Op-Amp 19

Summing Ampliﬁer: Application

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) OP-Amp ME 361 20 / 24

• The integrator concept can be explained by the

Badhan Saha Op-Amp 25

• The differentiator concept is illustrated in the

Badhan Saha Figure

Badhan Saha Op-Amp 27

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