THEORY OF INTERPRETING AND TRANSLATION

A. NHÓM CÂU HỎI 1

I. Session one
1. What is translation?
Translation is rendering a written text into another language in the way that the author
intended the text.
Dịch thuật là quá trình diễn giải một văn bản viết sang ngôn ngữ khác theo ngụ ý của
tác giả.
Eg: She said she would come.
 Cô ta bảo cô ta sẽ đến.
2. Dynamics of translation (Peter Newmark): Spider
Nêu được 10 nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến quá trình biên dịch Tác động như nào?  Ví dụ
+ 1: SL writer: the individual style or idiolect of the SL author. When should it be
(a) preserved, (b) normalized.
- Eg:
- Phong cách cá nhân hay cách sử dụng ngôn ngữ của tác giả bản gốc. Để từ
đó đưa ra quyết định khi nào nên giữ nguyên bản gốc và khi nào thì cần chuẩn
hóa
+ 5: TL readership: the expectation of the readership, bearing in mind their
estimated knowledge of the topic and the style of language they use, expressed in
terms of the largest common factor, since one should not translate down or up to
the readership.
- Kì vọng của độc giả về bản dịch, dựa vào dự tính về kiến thức của độc giả về
chủ đề và phong cách ngôn ngữ độc giả kì vọng sẽ có trong văn bản. Từ đó,
diễn đạt theo phong cách ngôn ngữ theo số đông độc giả. Vì vậy, người dịch
không nên dịch quá cao hay quá thấp so với kì vọng của độc giả.
- Eg:
+ 2,6 SL (TL) norms (quy chuẩn): The conventional grammatical and lexical
usage for this type of text, depending on the topic and the situation
- Cách sử dụng ngữ pháp và từ vựng thông thường cho loại văn bản này, tùy
thuộc vào chủ đề và tình huống.
- Eg: Trong tiếng Anh ưu tiên ngôi thứ 2, thứ 3 trc
Tôi và anh ta là 2 người xa lạ
He and I are strangers.
+3,7 SL (TL) culture:Content items referring specifically to the SL (TL), or the
third language culture.
- Các nội dung cụ thể được đề cập từ ngữ nguồn (hoặc ngữ đích) hoặc ngôn ngữ
thứ ba
- Eg: Vietnamese culture: “Wedding” in English can be understand in many
different meaning including: ăn hỏi, ăn cưới, dặm ngõ,.... different words has
also dissimilar meaning. Therefore, translator is required to have knowledge of
each phrases.
+ 4, 8 SL (TL) Setting and tradition: The typical format of a text in a book,
periodical, newspaper, etc,... as influenced by tradition at the time that related to
place and time
- Thể thức điển hình của văn bản trong sách, tạp chí, báo, v.v... chịu ảnh hưởng
của truyền thống đương thời liên quan đến địa điểm và thời gian
 Eg: Cuối thế kỉ XIX ở Việt Nam: parents= cậu, mợ. Nhưng ngày nay, parents=
bố, mẹ
Eg: địa điểm: Miền bắc: Quả dứa (pineapple): Miền nam: Quả thơm
- Thể thức điển hình của văn bản trong sách, tạp chí, báo, v.v... chịu ảnh hưởng
của truyền thống đương thời
+9 The truth (the fact, factor): what is being described or reported, ascertained or
verified (the referential truth), where possible independently of the SL text and the
expectation of the readership
- Những thứ được mô tả, xác định, xác minh dựa trên sự thật
+ 10: translator: Personal perspective or social and culture of translator, which
may be personal and subjective, or may be social and cultural , involving the
translator’s “group loyalty factor”, which may reflect the national, political, ethnic,
religious, social class, sex,... assumptions of the translator.
I.3. Translation theory
There are some major translation theories:
- Linguistic Theory of Translation: focuses on finding the equivalence (tương
đương)
- Functionalist Theories of Translation: do not pay attention to souce texts.
Their main aim is what we do with the translation
- Translation as Cutural Events Theory: sets up an integrated approach to
translation: tạo ra một cách tiếp cận đầy đủ nhát cho bản dịch
- Munipulation School of Translation: points out the power of translation
- Desconstructionist Theories: Forget source texts and regard translation as the
second original.
Translation theory (By Peter Newmark):
in a narrow sense, is concerned with the translation method appropriately used for a certain
type of text and it is therefore dependent on a functional theory of language.
However, in a wider sense, translation is the body of knowledge that we have about
translating, extending from general principles to guidelines, suggestions or hints.

What does theory does is? First, to identify and define a translation problem (No problem-
no transaltion theory); Second, to indicate all the factors that have to be taken into account
in solving the problem; Third, to list all the possible translatino procedures, plus the
approciate transaltion.

T: theo nghĩa hẹp, liên quan đến phương pháp dịch được sử dụng thích hợp cho một loại
văn bản nhất định và do đó nó phụ thuộc vào một lý thuyết chức năng của ngôn ngữ.
Tuy nhiên, theo nghĩa rộng hơn, dịch thuật là toàn bộ kiến thức mà chúng ta có về dịch
thuật, mở rộng từ các nguyên tắc chung đến hướng dẫn, gợi ý hoặc gợi ý.

I.4. Pre-translation considerations

- 1: Reading the text: 2 purposes: what it is about and analyse it from
translator’s point of view.  select a suitable translation method and
identifying particular and recurrent problems.
- 2: The intention of the text:
The intention of the text represents the SL writer’s attitude to a subject matter.
- 3: The intention off the translator
The translation’s intention is identical with that of the author of the SL text.
 - 4:Text styles
There are 4 types of text styles:
+ Narrative:
+ Discription:
+ Discussion:
+ Dialogue:
- 5: The readership
+ Translator need to characterize the readership of the original and then of the
translation to decide how much attention to pay to the TL reader.
+ It is important to asess the level of education, class, age and sex of the
readership decide on the degree of formality, generality and emotional tone
to express.
+ There are 3 types of readership according to education:
 Expert
 Educated layman
 The uninformed
 Depend on vocab and grammar
Eg:
- 6: Stylistic scales (Cấp độ trang trọng): Phân tích+ ví dụ Trong tài liệu+
vở
- 7: Setting
- Key word: time/ place
- 8: The quality of the writting
If: Well written text: the right words are in the right places with a minimum of
redundancy , you have to regard every nuance of the author’s meaning as having
precedence over the reader’s response.
Bạn phải coi mọi sắc thái ý nghĩa của tác giả được ưu tiên hơn phản hồi của người
đọc.
If: badly written text will be cluttered with stereotyped phrases, recently
fashionable general words and probably poor structured. You have to correct the
text before translating.
II. Session 2: Translation process
1. The approach
There are 2 approaches of translating:
(1) Start by translating part of the work (paragraph/chapter) to get the feeling tone of
the text, then review the position and read the rest of the SL text. (dịchđọc)
This approach is suitable for literary text
Eg: fiction, novel,...
Feature:
+ this approach leaves you too much revision to do on the early part
+ Time wasting
+ Suitable for easy text
(2) Start by reading the SL text 2 or 3 times and find the intention, register, tone and
mark the difficult words and phrases and translate (đọcdịch)
This approach is suitable for technical or institutional text
Eg: research, textbook, ect.
Feature:
+Translational text analysis-useful as point of reference
 + Suitable for hard text
+ Saving time
2. Levels of translation
2.1 The textual level: (dịch cấp cơ sở)
- Transpose (đổi chỗ) SL grammar into thẻir ‘ready’ TL equivalents, translate
the lexical units into sense that appears immediately appropriate in the context
of the sentence.
- Translation is based on the text: level of the literal translation of the source
language into the target language, the level of the translationese you have to
eliminate, but it also acts as corrective of paraphrase and the parer-down of
synonyms.
2.2 The referential level (cấp độ tham khảo)
Analyse the text: what is it about, what is it aid for, what is the writer’s slant on it, ect.
When there is an ambiguity, when the writing is abstract or figurative, when the text is
unclear, supplement the text level with the referential level, the factual level with the
necessary additional information from this level of reality, the facts of the matter.

Khi có sự mơ hồ, khi văn bản trừu tượng hoặc tượng hình, khi văn bản không rõ ràng,
hãy bổ sung cấp độ văn bản với cấp độ tham chiếu, cấp độ thực tế với thông tin bổ sung
cần thiết từ cấp độ thực tế này, sự thật của vấn đề.

Eg: Về việc hợp tác đào tạo, hiện chúng tôi đang triển khai chương trình 2+2 với một số
trường đại học của Trung Quốc, Đài Loan và Pháp
 As for coorperation in education and training, we are implementing programs 2+2
with some universities from China, Taiwan and France, which invloves students
learning 2 years in our university before moving to partner university for another 2
years
2.3 The conhesive level (liên kết)
- Follow the moods of the text to decide whether it is a positive or negarive
mood, emotive or neutral mood.
- Follow the structure: connective words (conjuctions, definite article, general
words, referential synonyms. Usually proceeding from known information to
new information.
- Eg: We have to spot the difference between positive and neutral in, say “
passed away” and “died”.
2.4. The level of Naturalness.
- Ensure: (a): that your translation makes sense; (b) that it reads naturally.
- Tips:
temporarily disengaging (buông bỏ) yourself from the SL text, by reading your
own translation as though no original existed. Ask yourseft: Would you ever
seen this in The Times, The Economist, in a textbook? Is it common usage in
that kind of writing? How frequent is it?
Check and crosscheck words and expressions in an up-to-date dictionary. Note
any words you are suspiciouus of.
- Eg: More efforts should be made to improve the education quality to meet the
increasingly high demand of the society.
 Để đáp ứng được nhu cầu ngày càng tăng cao của xã hội cần nhiều nỗ lực hỡn nữa để
cải thiện chất lượng giáo dục.
3. Translation methods (V-diagram)
SL emphasis TL emphasis
Word –for –word translation Adaption
Literal translation Free translation
Faithful translation Idiomatic translation
Sematic translation Communicative translation
a. Word-for-word translation (dịch đối từ).
Feature:
- Word order preserved
- Word translated out of context (không cần quan tâm đến ngữ cảnh)
- Non-grammatical (có lỗi sai ngữ pháp, gây khó hiểu)
- Culture words translated literally (dịch đúng nghĩa đen)
Use for:
- Give information about SL
- Language learning
- Pre-translation process of difficult text.
Example:
- He is a big liar
 Anh ấy là một lớn người nói dối
b. Literal translation (dịch nghĩa đen)
Features:
- Grammar converted to “nearest” TL equivalent
- Words translated singly out of context
Use for:
- Pre-translation process to identify problems
- Basis of peotry translation for poets who don’t understand SL
Example:
- Học, học nữa, học mãi
 Study, study more, study forever
 Study, study, study
c. Faithful translation (Dịch trung thành)
Feature:
- Words translated in context but uncompromising to target language
- Cultures words transferred
- Grammatical and lexical “abnornamlly” preserved
Use for:
- Literary translation
- Authoritative texts (văn bản hành chính)
Example:
- He is as fast as kangaroo
 Anh ấy nhanh như một con chuột túi
d. Sematic translation (dịch hoa mĩ)
Feature:
- Like faithful translation but take into account aesthetic value of SL text
(beautiful and natural)
- More emphasis on naturaless, culture words converted into neutral equivalence
in TL
 Flexible, focus on aesthetic of SL (at expense of meaning if necessary)
Use for:
- Texts that high status (religious texts, legal texts politicians’speeches)
- Expressive texts (literature)
Example:
- May what come, you will always be in my mind
 Dẫu có điều gì xảy ra, em vẫn mãi trong trái tim tôi.
e. Communicative translation (Dịch thông báo, thông tin)
Feature:
- Reproducing exact message of SL text content-wise and context-wise
- Emphasis on naturaless and acceptability (comprehensiveness) to TL
readership
 Give priority to effectiveness of the message to be communicated
Use for:
- Infomative texts
Example:
- Fly with kites, not with ice
 Nói không với ma túy
f. Idiomatic translation
Feature:
- Make use of idioms and colloquialisms that are not present in the source text.
- Translate the message of original text but tends to distort nuances of meaning
(bóp méo sắc thái ý nghĩa) by using idiom and colloquialsm
Use for:
- Literal texts
Example:
- Who dares wins
 Có gan làm giàu
- He leads a peasant’s hard life
 Anh ấy có một cuộc sống chân lấm tay bùn
g. Free translation (Dịch tự do)
Feature:
- Focus on the content of target text rather than the form: the same content is
expressed in the target text but with very different grammatical structures if
need be.
- Produces the translated text without the style and form of the original text.
Use for:
Example:
- Business is business
-  Công việc là công việc, tình cảm là tình cảm
- Không có gì quý hơn độc lập, tự do
-  Independence and freedom matter most.
h. Adaption (Phỏng dịch)
Feature:
- The freest form of translation and more of target language/ culture based
interpretation of the source text than a translation.
- Mainly used for plays and poems. The text is written while themes, characters,
plots are preserved, SL culture is converted to TL culture.
Use for:
 Example:
- He is said to be a green-eye monster
-  Anh ta được biết đến như một kẻ có máu Hoạn Thư
SEMANTIC TRANSLATION AND COMMUNICATIVE TRANSLATION
Semantic translation Communicative translation
The stress lies on:
Meaning Message
Author Reader
Thought process Utterance (cách diễn đạt)

Mostly inferior (kém) to its original Often better than its original
Wide and universal, responds to the author “Tailor made” for one category of
And addresses itself to all readers Readership does one job
Right to:
No such right here Correct or improve logic
Replace clumsy with elegant
Remove obsscurities (tối
nghĩa)
Eliminate repetitions and tautology
Modify and clarify jargon (biệt ngữ)
Normalise idiolect
Correct mistakes of fact

Secure truth Secure truth

Reduce unit of translation Extend unit of translation
Text will be
More idiosyncratic (đặc trưng) Smoother
More “sensitive” More idiomatic
Easier to read

III. Session 3: Translation strategies

I. About language
1. Words
Unchangable meaning of a word in a context.
Ex: In English, we know that the idea of 1 is expressed as “one”, in Vietnamses “một”
and in France is “un”
2. Syntax (Cú pháp)
It is rules for word order respect the rules of the target language
Ex: We can say: “ I have a red book” in English, however, in Vietnamese would say: “I
have a book red” (Tôi có một quyển sách đỏ)
3. Idiolect (Vốn từ)
Particular way of speaking, depending on age, sex, mood, education, ect.
4. Dialects. (Phương ngữ)
Dialects are regional variations of a language. For instance: New Zealand, Australian,
and US English can be considered as dialects of English.
Eg: Work placement (BE) Internship (AE)
5. Slang (Tiếng lóng)
 The use of colloquial language, frequently occuring in speech. The use of slang creates
new forms by combining exsiting words.
Ex: Beat it= go away immediately,
6. Jargon (Thuật ngữ)
Languages specifically used in profession
Example:
Element: nhân tố
Element: cấu kiện, linh kiện (computing)
Integrate: Hội nhập
Integrate: Tích hợp (Computing)
7. Idioms (Thành ngữ, tục ngữ)
Phrases with contextual meanings that cannot be inffered by individuals words that they
consist of.
Eg: As fresh as daisy
 Tươi như hoa
II. Translation Strategies (phân tích kĩ các ví dụ)
STRATEGY 1:How to deal with non-equivalence at word level (6 chiến lược)
1. Translation by a more specific word
In some circumstances, it is necessary to use a more specific words to translate. Many
Vietnamese different words correspond to the general category or meaning expressed in
English term.
Example: English: “rice”  cơm, gạo, lúa,... depending on whether one is planting it,
harvesting it, cooking it.  it is necessary to examine the English context in deciding
which Vietnamses word is to be used.
2. Translation by a more general word
In some cases, it may be appropriate to use a more general word to translate an English
word with no specific Vietnamese equivalence.
Example: English makes distinction among scooters and motorcyles. Whileas, in
Vietnnamese, there is only word to describe is “xe máy”
3. Translation by cultural substitution (Thay thế văn hóa)
This strategy involves replacing a culture-specific item or expression with one of
different meaning but similar impact in the translated text.
Example:
- Quiet as he may look, he is in fact a kind of Don Joan!
(Don Joan=lady-killer, womanizer)
Trông im im vậy thôi, anh ta là một gã Sở Khanh/ một tay sát gái đấy!
4. Translation using a loan word plus explaination
This strategy is useful when dealing with concepts or ideas that are new, culture specific
items and proper name of diseases or medicine that are widely known by their English
name.
Eg: HIV/AIDS slowly spread across Africa and later into other parts of the world/
 HIV/AIDS- Bệnh gây suy giảm hệ miễn dịch ở người đang từ từ lan truyền sang
Châu Phi và kế tiếp là các khu vực khác trên thế giới.
5. Translation by paraphrase
This strategy can be used when translating an English word or concept that does not
exist in TL, or when the Vietnamese term for it does not include all the meanings
conveyed by the Englishj term for the same concept.
Ex: Diana Holmund found the Beanie Babies on eBay
  Cô Diana Holmund đã tìm được những món đồ chơi Beanie Babies trên mạng đấu
giá eBay
6. Translation by omission
This strategy use when the text is too drastic and it is sometimes appropriate to omit
words or phrases that are not essential. Especially when appropriate words need lengthy
explainations, awkward paraphrases which could interrupt the flow of the text and could
distract the reader from the overall meaning.
Example: “Much can be done done even without being physically present in the meeting
 Nhiều việc có thể làm ngay cả khi không có mặt tại cuộc họp. (physically can be
skipped)
STRATEGY 2: How to deal with idioms and fixed expression
1. Using an idiom and fixed expression of similar meaning and form
Strategy is used when it is possible to find similar meaning of idioms in SL and TL.
 This is ideal if such a match can be found.
Eg: As white as snow  Trắng như tuyết

2. Using an idiom and fixed expression of similar meaning but dissimilar form
(Cùng nghĩa nhưng khác hình thức)
Sometimes, it is possible and easier to find a Vietnamese idiom with a similar meaning
to an English idiom, but which is expressed differently.
Eg: Beggars cannot be choosers
 Ăn mày còn đòi xôi gấc

3. Translation by paraphrase
When Vietnamese equivalents cannot be found, paraphrasing may be the best way to
deal with an idiom or fixed expression
Eg: He has a sweet tooth anh ấy rất mê đồ ngọt (hảo ngọt)

4. Translation by omission
Tương tự bên trên
Eg: “Being positive- Living with HIV/AIDS”
 Hãy sống một cách tích cực
STRATEGY 3: How to deal with voice, number and person
1. VOICE
Passive voice can be translated into Vietnamese in the following ways:
A. English: (A) to be done (by B)
Vietnamese:
 A được+ động từ+ (bởi B) (positive meaning)
 A được/do B+ động từ
Eg: This building was built by my father in 1999
 Tòa nhà này được xây dựng bởi bố tôi vào năm 1999
 Tòa nhà này do bố tôi xây dựng vào năm 1999
 Tòa nhà này được bố tôi xây dựng vào năm 1999
B. English: A to be done (don’t know exactly doers)
Vietnamese:
 A được+ động từ (positive meaning)
 A bị + động từ (negative meaning)
 Người ta/Ai đó + động từ+ A
 Eg: The CD has been broken
 Chiếc đĩa CD đã bị vỡ
 Ai đó/ Người ta đã làm vỡ chiếc đĩa CD
Eg: The children were given injections
 Các cháu được tiêm phòng
2. NUMBER:
In Vietnamese, number is often not expressed at all. In English, number is expressed as a
grammatical category.
Example: Phụ nữ= can mean either woman and women
In Vietnam, some plural markers such as: “các, những, tất cả, mọi, mỗi,...” can be used
in addition to the noun.
Note: some words can be countable in Vietnamese but are uncountable in English. Ex:
information, equipment, potential, advice,...
Eg: English: Each of us should ask ourselves if we are doing everything in order to
solve the problem.
Vietnamese: Mỗi chúng ta nên tự hỏi bản thân mình rằng liệu chúng ta có đang làm tất
cả để giải quyết vấn đề chưa.
3. PERSON (Nhân xưng)
Vietnamese pronouns convey many different distinction, depend on relationship within
the family, familarity, social status, and even one’s particular mood or attitude in a given
situation. Unlike English.
Example:
He= anh ấy, anh ta, gã ta, y, thằng đó, ông ấy, ngài,....
Ex: He is a business man
 Anh ấy là doanh nhân
He bullied his children
 Hắn đã bạo hành bọn trẻ
STRATEGY 4: How to deal with proper names
Geographical terms: Can be translated into another word in Vietnamese or remained
unchanged.
Eg: Beijing= Bắc Kinh
Kingdom=Vương quốc
Singapore= Singapore or Xin-ga-po
Republic= Cộng hòa
Names of organizations: may be unchanged or only translatable parts are translated or
add the words “Công ty”, “ Hãng”, “Tổ chức”, “Cơ quan”, ect.
“Bộ”,”Sở”= Ministry of,..., Department of,....
“Ngân hàng”= Bank for,..., adj + Bank
“Tổng công ty”= Corporation
Example: Fillip Fox= Công ty luật Fillip Fox
Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (SRV)= Nước cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam
Ministry of National Defence (MND): Bộ Quốc phòng
Ministry of Public security: Bộ công an
Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Bộ ngoại giao
Ministry of Justice: Bộ tư pháp
Ministry of Finance: Bộ tài chính
Ministry of Industry and Trade: Bộ Công thương
Ministry of Labour, War invalids and Social Affairs: Bộ lao động-thương binh và xã hội
 Ministry of Transport: Bộ giao thông vận tải
Ministry of Construction: Bộ xây dựng
Ministry of Education and training: Bộ giáo dục và đào tạo
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development: Bộ nông nghiệp và phát triển nông thôn
Ministry of Planing and Investment: Bộ kế hoạch và đầu tư
Ministry of Home Affairs: Bộ Nội vụ
Ministry of Health: Bộ y tế
STRATEGY 5: How to deal with non-subject sentences (Câu không có chủ ngữ)
In Vietnamese-written passages, some non-subject sentences are often come across. In this
case, the following techniques of translation can be used:
1. Passive voice
2. It+to be+ adj+ to do something
3. There is/ there are
4. V-ing (S)+V+O
5. Put in the real subject that is often found in the previous sentences. (Tự thêm chủ ngữ
chung chung)
Eg 1: Cần đẩy mạnh công nghiệp hóa, hiện đại hóa
 Passive voice: Industrialization and mordeniation should be promoted.
 It+tobe+adj: It is necessary to promote industrialization and mordenization
 Real subject: We need to promote industrialization and mordenization
 Ving: Promoting industrialization and mordenization is necessary
Eg 2: Vẫn chưa có cách cứu chữa bệnh AIDS
 There has been no cure for AIDS
STRATEGY 6: How to deal with newspaper headlines
Some main characteristics of newspaper headlines:
- Skip non-meaning particles (article/to be)
- Initial letter of main words in capital
- Shortened noun phrases preferred to full sentences
Eg: Higher Housing Price: More Worries for Low-Income
 Giá nhà cao gây thêm nhiều nỗi lo cho người có thu nhập thấp
1. Present tense past tense (present V)
Eg: Vietnam Finishes Second Phase of Micro-finance Program
 Việt Nam đã hoàn thành giai đoạn 2 của chương trình tín dụng vi mô
2. Present participle (V-ing) event in progesss
Eg: Finance Ministry Considering Proposal of Petrol Hike
 Bộ tài chính đang xem xét đề xuất tăng giá xăng
3. To+ V infinitive future events
Eg: BIDV to Open 2 more Transaction Offices in Laos
 BIDV sẽ mở thêm 2 phòng giao dịch tại Lào
4. Past Participle Passive voice
Eg: Slow Projects Withdrawn
 Các dự án chậm tiến độ bị thu hồi
5. Nouns
Eg: Investment Boom
 Bùng nổ đầu tư
6. V+Nouns
Eg: See You In Court
 Hẹn gặp tại tòa
III. Session 4: What is interpreting
1. Definition:
Interpreting render information and ideas from one language into another language by
means of speaking.
+ The SL text is presented only once and thus cannot be reviewed or replayed
+ The TL text is produced under time pressure, with little chance for correction and
revision
2. Modes of interpreting
A. Consecutive interperting (Dịch đuổi)
An interpreter gives a rendering of lengthy passengers of speech after a partly has
finished speaking
Unilateral:
- Sentence by sentence, paragraph by paragraph interpretation
- The whole speech, which may last 5-10 minutes, up to half an hour or one hour
Bilateral:
- Liaison interpreting
Consecutive interpreting is often used in the following situations:
- Ecorting a non-English speaking group within a large gathering of English
speakers at a trade fair or exposition
- Conference where smaller working parties meet in room which lack telephonic
interpreting facilities. In this case, interpreters often sit alongside speakers and
interpret at intervals.
B. Simultaneous interpreting (Dịch song song, dịch cabin)
Simultaneous interpreter do not wait for speaker to finish a segment and pause before
beginning to interpret but follow the speaker.
This type include:
- Sight translation: a written SL text is read aloud as if written in the TL text
- Whispered interpration: at a meeting without interpreting equipment or in
court.
- Electronic hook-up: at a conference with microphones and headsets and booths
for interpreters.
IV. SESSION 5: HELPFUL SKILLS
1. Hearing Ability
Have acute hearing
2. Public Speaking Skills
No mumble, stutter or speaking too quickly/slowly
3. Conversion Skills
Have a clear, well-modulated voice and a smooth style of delivery
4. Memory Skills
- Used for temporary storage of segments of speech decoding and re-encoding
- Practicing techiques
a. Newspaper translation
b. Translating from speech
c. Radio Translation
d. Interpreting Practice
 e. Observing High-level Interpreters
5. Note-taking Skills
Begin as soon as one party begins speaking
Develop your own note taking systems: abbreviation, signals, symbols
Only note key words, skip grammatical units.
V. SESSION VI: CODE OF ETHICS
Before interpreting:
- Briefing on the subject
- Preparation on terminology
During interpreting:
- Accurate
- Faithful
- No omissions
- No alternations
- No additions
- Interpret short passages
- Understand fell meaning
- Repetation and clarification as necessary
- Concentration
After interpreting:
- Self evaluation
- Re-read notes