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Selection of AC Motors

This document is issued by Engineering Standards Section, SABIC R&D Complex, PO Box 42503, Riyadh 11551, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
The information contained in this document is the confidential property of SABIC. It can not be disclosed, copied or used for any purpose
without prior approval from SABIC. If you are not authorized to posses this document, please destroy it immediately.
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CONTENTS

1. SCOPE................................................................................................ 3
2. REFERENCES 3
3. GENERAL 3
4. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ...................................................... 3
4.1 Non-hazardous Locations 3
4.2 Hazardous (Classified) Locations 4
5. ENCLOSURE TYPES AND COOLING METHODS ............................ 4
5.1 Open Machine 4
5.2 Totally Enclosed Machine 5
5.3 Encapsulated or Sealed Windings ................................................. 6
6. SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS 6
6.1 NEMA Frame Motors 6
6.2 Small Motors (56 Frame) ............................................................... 6
6.3 Large Motors (Above NEMA Frame) 6
6.4 Motors for Class I Hazardous Locations 7

FIGURE
1 Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor - Class F Insulation.............................. 8

TABLE
I Motor Enclosure Selection for Non-hazardous Locations 9
II Motor Enclosure Selection for Hazardous Locations 10
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1. Scope
This standard provides criteria for selecting ac motors.

2. References
Reference is made in this standard to the following documents. The latest issues, amendments, and
supplements to these documents shall apply unless otherwise indicated.
SABIC Engineering Standards (SES)
E06-S01 Induction Motors 150 kW (200 HP) and Below
E06-S02 Induction Motors 185 kW (250 HP) and Above
Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
841 Standard for Petroleum and Chemical Industry - Severe Duty Totally Enclosed Fan-Cooled (TEFC)
Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors - Up to and Including 500 hp
National Electrical Manufacturer’s Association (NEMA)
MG 1 Motors and Generators
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
70 National Electrical Code (NEC)

3. General
3.1 Motor enclosures can be classified as either open, totally enclosed, Weather-protected Type I (WP-I)
or weather-protected Type II (WP-II) enclosures. Totally enclosed enclosures commonly used are totally
enclosed non-ventilated (TENV) enclosures, used for some small fractional horsepower motors; totally
enclosed fan-cooled (TEFC) enclosures, used for most NEMA frame motors and some large motors; and
explosion-proof enclosures, used for all motors in Class I, Division 1 locations.
3.2 Tables I and II show types of motor enclosures recommended in various environmental conditions.

4. Environmental Conditions
4.1 Non-hazardous Locations
4.1.1 Environments that are considered by NFPA 70 to be non-hazardous may have conditions that
damage motors and other electrical equipment. Non-hazardous locations may be classified as
general-purpose (clean or dirty), dusty (non-hazardous), damp and wet, and corrosive.
4.1.2 Moisture can enter a motor as a result of area activity or as rain, or it can enter as condensation
when the motor is shut down. Even with a totally enclosed motor, the combination of humid conditions and
rapid temperature changes can cause a breathing action that results in condensation of moisture inside
the motor enclosure. Oil can enter a motor from bearing leakage. Moisture, dirt, oil, and corrosive
chemicals can be drawn into a motor with ventilating air from the surrounding atmosphere.
4.1.3 Contamination can cause both electrical and mechanical failures. Moisture, if allowed to
accumulate, can lower insulation resistance and corrode interior surfaces. Ordinary dirt can absorb
moisture and keep it in contact with winding insulation. Oil softens and damages protective finishes and
enables dirt to cling to surfaces. Abrasive dirt, for example pigments, cement, coal, and coke can wear
through winding insulation. Conducting dirt collects on winding insulation surfaces and works into minute
cracks, reducing insulation resistance. Chemical deposits can attack winding varnish films and motor
structural parts. Chemicals penetrate winding insulation and, in the presence of moisture, form a
conducting electrolyte, which can cause winding failure. Dirt and foreign objects can become entangled in
rotating parts or block ventilating passages and cause overheating. Moisture, dirt, and chemicals can
contaminate bearing lubricant.
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4.2 Hazardous (Classified) Locations

Electrical installations are potential ignition sources.
4.2.1 Class I (Flammable and Combustible Gases, Vapors and Liquids) locations have flammable and
combustible gases, vapors and liquids. Class I is divided into Group A (acetylene), Group B (materials, for
example hydrogen and manufactured gas), Group C (materials, for example ethyl ether vapor, ethylene,
and cyclopropane), and Group D (materials, for example gasoline, hexane, naphtha, benzene, butane,
propane, alcohol, acetone, lacquer solvent, and natural gas). See NFPA 70, 500-5(a) and 500-7.
a. Division 1 locations can have ignitable concentrations of gases or vapors present under normal
conditions.
b. Division 2 locations can have ignitable concentrations of gases or vapors present only under
abnormal conditions.
4.2.2 Class II (Combustible Dusts) locations have combustible dusts. Class II is divided into Group E
(combustible metal dusts, for example aluminum, magnesium, and their alloys, and combustible dusts with
similar properties), Group F (combustible carbonaceous dusts, for example coal, carbon black, charcoal,
and coke), and Group G (combustible dusts, for example flour, grain, wood, plastic, and chemicals). See
NFPA 70, 500-5(b) and 500-8.
a. Division 1 locations have combustible dusts that present a hazard under normal conditions.
Locations where Group E dusts are present in hazardous quantities are always Division 1.
b. Division 2 locations have combustible dusts that present a hazard only under abnormal
conditions.
4.2.3 Class III (Easily Ignitable Fibers or Flyings) locations have easily ignitable fibers or flyings. See
NFPA 70, 500-9.
a. Division 1 locations are those where easily ignitable fibers or materials producing combustible
flyings are handled, manufactured, or used.
b. Division 2 locations are those where easily ignitable fibers are stored or handled.
4.2.4 See NFPA 70, 505 for alternate classification system.

5. Enclosure Types and Cooling Methods

5.1 Open Machine
See NEMA MG 1. An open machine has ventilating openings that permit passage of external cooling air
over and around the windings of the machine. When this term is used for large apparatus without
qualification, it designates a machine having no restriction to ventilation other than that necessitated by
mechanical construction. A ‘machine’ can be either a motor or a generator. An open motor does not
perform well in described environmental conditions.
5.1.1 Dripproof (ODP). ODP MG1-1.25.1 is an open machine in which the ventilating openings are so
constructed that successful operation is not affected when drops of liquid or solid particles strike or enter
the enclosure at any angle from 0 to 15° downward from the vertical.
5.1.2 Splash-proof. A splash-proof machine MG1-1.25.2 is an open machine in which the ventilating
openings are so constructed that successful operation is not affected when drops of liquid or solid particles
strike or enter the enclosure at any angle not greater than 100° downward from the vertical.
5.1.3 Semi-guarded. A semi-guarded machine MG1-1.25.3 is an open machine in which part of the
ventilating openings in the machine, usually in the top half, are guarded as in a guarded machine, but the
others are left open.
5.1.4 Guarded. A guarded machine MG1-1.25.4 is an open machine in which all openings giving direct
access to live metal or rotating parts (except smooth rotating surfaces) are limited in size by the structural
parts or by screens, baffles, grills, expanded metal, or other means to prevent accidental contact with
hazardous parts.
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5.1.5 Dripproof Guarded. A dripproof guarded machine MG1-1.25.5 is a dripproof machine whose
ventilating openings are guarded in accordance with 5.1.4.
5.1.6 Open Externally Ventilated. An open externally ventilated machine MG1-1.25.6 is one that is
ventilated by means of a separate machine-driven blower mounted on the machine enclosure. Mechanical
protection is as defined in 5.1.1 to 5.1.5, inclusive. This machine is sometimes known as a
blower-ventilated or a force-ventilated machine.
5.1.7 Open Pipe-Ventilated. An open pipe-ventilated machine MG1-1.25.7 is an open machine except that
openings for the admission of the ventilating air are so arranged that inlet ducts or pipes can be connected
to them. Open pipe-ventilated machines can be self-ventilated (air circulated by means integral with the
machine) or force-ventilated (air circulated by means external to and not a part of the machine).
5.2 Totally Enclosed Machine
NEMA MG 1 defines a totally enclosed machine as one so enclosed as to prevent the free exchange of air
between the inside and the outside of the case but not sufficiently enclosed to be termed airtight.
5.2.1 Totally Enclosed Nonventilated (TENV). TENV machine MG1-1.26.1 is a totally enclosed machine
that is not equipped for cooling by means external to the enclosing parts. TENV enclosures are generally
suitable only for small motors.
5.2.2 Totally Enclosed Fan-Cooled (TEFC). TEFC machine MG1-1.26.2 is a totally enclosed machine that
is equipped for external cooling by means of a fan or fans integral with the machine but external to the
enclosing parts.
5.2.3 Explosion-Proof. MG1-1.26.3 is a totally enclosed machine whose enclosure is designed and
constructed to withstand an explosion of a specified gas or vapor which may occur within it and to prevent
the ignition of the specified gas or vapor surrounding the machine by sparks, flashes, or explosions of the
specified gas or vapor which may occur within the machine casing.
5.2.4 Dust-Ignition-Proof. A dust-ignition-proof machine MG1-1.26.4 is a totally enclosed machine whose
enclosure is designed and constructed to exclude ignitable amounts of dust or amounts which might affect
performance or rating, and which will not permit arcs, sparks, or heat otherwise generated or liberated
inside the enclosure to cause ignition of exterior accumulations or atmospheric suspensions of a specific
dust on or in the vicinity of the enclosure.
5.2.5 Waterproof. A waterproof machine MG1-1.26.5 is a totally enclosed machine so constructed that it
will exclude water applied in the form of a stream from a hose, except that leakage may occur around the
shaft provided it is prevented from entering the oil reservoir and provision is made for automatically
draining the machine. The principal applications of waterproof motors are dairies, food cleaning and
processing plants (particularly canneries), exposed docks and piers, and on-deck marine installations.
5.2.6 Totally Enclosed Pipe-Ventilated. A totally enclosed pipe-ventilated machine MG1-1.26.6 has
openings arranged so that when inlet and outlet ducts or pipes are connected to them there is no free
exchange of internal air and air outside the case. Totally enclosed pipe-ventilated machines can be
self-ventilated (air circulated by means integral with the machine) or force-ventilated (air circulated by
means external to and not a part of the machine).
5.2.7 Totally Enclosed Water-Cooled. A MG1-1.26.7 machine is a totally enclosed machine cooled by
circulating water, the water or water conductors coming in direct contact with the machine parts.
5.2.8 Totally Enclosed Water-Air-Cooled (TEWAC). A MG1-1.26.8 machine is a totally enclosed machine
cooled by circulating air which, in turn, is cooled by circulating water. It is provided with a water-cooled
heat exchanger for cooling internal air and a fan or fans, integral with the machine shaft or separate, for
circulating internal air. This type of enclosure is sometimes called closed-air cooling water (CACW).
5.2.9 Totally Enclosed Air-to-Air-Cooled (TEAAC). A MG1-1.26.9 machine is a totally enclosed machine
cooled by circulating internal air through a heat exchanger which, in turn, is cooled by circulating external
air. It is provided with an air-to-air heat exchanger for cooling internal air, a fan or fans for circulating
internal air, and a fan or fans external to the enclosure for circulating external air. Fans can be integral with
the rotor shaft or separate. This type of enclosure is also called totally enclosed, tube-cooled (TETC).
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5.2.10 Totally Enclosed Fan-Cooled Guarded. A MG1-1.26.10 machine is a totally enclosed fan-cooled
machine in which all openings giving direct access to the fan are limited in size by the design of the
structural parts, screens, grills or expanded metal to prevent accidental contact with the fan.
5.2.11 Totally Enclosed Air-Over (TEAO). A MG1-1.26.11 machine is a totally enclosed machine intended
for exterior cooling by a ventilating means external to the machine. TEAO motors are sometimes used for
fan and blower applications where the air being moved passes directly over the motor frame to cool the
motor.
5.3 Encapsulated or Sealed Windings
Both open and totally enclosed machines can be built with encapsulated or sealed windings.
5.3.1 Machine with Moisture Resistant Windings. A machine with moisture resistant windings MG1-1.27.1
is treated such that exposure to a moist atmosphere will not readily cause malfunction.
5.3.2 Machine with Sealed Windings. A MG1-1.27.2 machine has an insulation system which, through the
use of materials, processes, or a combination of materials and processes, results in windings and
connections that are sealed against contaminants.

6. Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors

6.1 NEMA Frame Motors
NEMA frame squirrel-cage induction motors, 150 kW and below shall conform to SES E06-S01 and as
follows:
6.1.1 TEFC Enclosures. Most motors in accordance with SES E06-S01, E06-S02 and IEEE 841 have
totally enclosed fan-cooled (TEFC) enclosures, which are suitable for most applications, including most
Class I, Division 2 applications. See Table II.
6.1.2 Explosion-Proof enclosures shall be required for Class I, Division 1 locations. See Table II.
6.2 Small Motors (56 Frame)
Explosion-proof enclosures are required for single-phase motors in Class I, Division 2 locations and for all
motors in Class I, Division 1 locations. Single-phase motors are not recommended for process
applications. See Table II.
6.3 Large Motors (Above NEMA Frame)
Large squirrel-cage induction motors (above NEMA frame, form wound), 185 kW and larger, are specified
in SES E06-S02.
6.3.1 WP-I and WP-II Enclosures. These shall conform to SES E06-S02. Motors with WP-I enclosures are
recommended primarily for clean, dry environments, while motors with WP-II enclosures are suitable for
normal outdoor ambient conditions, including driving rainstorms. WP-I and WP-II enclosures are also
suitable for most Class I, Division 2 applications. See Tables I and II. Weather-protected motors use
external air for cooling, thus exposing windings and interior surfaces to high humidity and corrosive gases
and vapors. Nevertheless, weather-protected motors are adapted to extremely adverse weather and
corrosive conditions by using vacuum pressure impregnated (VPI) insulation on motor windings. VPI
insulation systems are impervious to moisture penetration and provide excellent heat transfer capabilities.
6.3.2 TEFC Enclosures. Because of their high cost, large motors with totally enclosed fan-cooled (TEFC)
enclosures are specified only for extremely dirty or corrosive locations. Large motors with TEFC enclosures
are suitable for most Class I, Division 2 applications. See Tables I and II.
6.3.3 TEAAC and TEWAC Enclosures. Large motors can also be supplied with totally enclosed
air-to-air-cooled (TEAAC) enclosures, sometimes called totally enclosed, tube-cooled (TETC), and totally
enclosed water-air-cooled (TEWAC) enclosures, sometimes called closed-air cooling water (CACW).
Manufacturers sometimes provide TEAAC (TETC) enclosures in place of TEFC enclosures in larger motor
sizes.
6.3.4 Explosion-Proof Enclosures. These shall be required for Class I, Division 1 locations. See Table II.
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6.4 Motors for Class I Hazardous Locations

The following applies to 3-phase squirrel-cage induction motors for use in Class I, Division 1 and Class I,
Division 2 locations. For other types of motors for Class I locations and for all types of motors for Class II
and Class III locations. See Table II.
6.4.1 Motors Operating on Sine Wave Power. Class I, Division 1. For Class I, Division 1 locations, listed
explosion-proof motors are required. See NFPA 70, 501-8(a). Class I, Division 2. For Class I, Division 2
locations, motors with sliding contacts, centrifugal or other types of switching mechanisms, or integral
resistance devices shall be approved for Class I, Division 1 locations, unless such devices have
enclosures approved for Class I, Division 2 locations. For squirrel-cage induction motors without brushes,
switching mechanisms, or similar arc-producing devices (that is, non-sparking), standard TENV, TEFC,
WP-I, and WP-II enclosures are permitted in Class I, Division 2 locations. Motor space heater
temperatures shall not exceed 80 percent of the auto-ignition temperature (AIT) of the flammable gas or
vapor, and temperatures of internal and external surfaces that may be exposed to the flammable
atmosphere shall be considered. See NFPA 70, 501-8(b). Tests have shown that the rotor surface
temperature may be well above the stator temperature. The following are recommended.
a. AIT Greater Than or Equal to 335 °C. For flammable gas AIT greater than or equal to 335 °C,
use a standard non-sparking motor. No special markings are required.
b. AIT Between 225 and 335 °C. For flammable gas AIT between 225 and 335 °C, use a standard
non-sparking motor, and provide a nameplate specifying maximum temperature less than or equal to
200 °C.
c. AIT Less Than or Equal to 225 °C. For flammable gas AIT less than or equal to 225 °C, use a
standard non-sparking motor, oversized, if necessary to obtain maximum temperature less
than 90 percent of AIT, and provide a nameplate specifying maximum temperature.
6.4.2 Motors Operating on Adjustable Frequency Drives. Motors operate hotter on adjustable frequency
drives (AFDs) than on sine wave power, so additional precautions are required. AFDs include variable
voltage input (VVI) drives, current source inverter (CSI) drives, and pulse width modulated (PWM) drives
with and without insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) technology. PWM drives have dominated the low
voltage AFD market in recent years.
6.4.2.1 Class I, Division 1. A motor to be operated on an AFD in a Class I, Division 1 area shall be a listed
explosion-proof motor, and it shall be tested with the specific type of AFD with which it will be used. In
addition, it shall be marked for use with the specific AFD, and it shall be marked with the frequency range
and load type (constant or variable torque).
6.4.2.2 Class I, Division 2. A motor to be operated on an AFD in a Class I, Division 2 area shall be
explosion-proof motor.
6.4.3 Internal Surface Temperatures. Conventional open and totally enclosed induction motors used in
Class I, Division 2 locations with Class F insulation shall conform to Figure 1. Maximum rotor surface
temperature is expected to be 300 °C under all operating conditions except failure.
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FIGURE 1
Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor - Class F Insulation

T
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TABLE I
Motor Enclosure Selection for Non-hazardous Locations

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION WP-I WP-II TENV / TEFC

Abrasive dust (non-hazardous) X

Acid X X X
Alkali X X X
Cement dust X
Clinkers X
Dirt (non-hazardous) X
Dry arid conditions X X X
Dust (non-hazardous) X X
Fumes - mildly corrosive X X X
Fumes - severely corrosive X
Grit (non-hazardous) X
Hail X X X
Hosing down X
Liquids (non-hazardous) X X X
Metal dust (non-hazardous) X
Metal chips X
Outdoors - mild X X X
Outdoors - severe X X
Paper X
Plastic chips X
Rodents X X X
Sand X
Solvents - corrosive (non-hazardous) X
Textile fibers X
Stone X
Taconite X
Wet humid conditions X X X
Wood chips X X X
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TABLE II
Motor Enclosure Selection for Hazardous Locations

CLASS I CLASS II
CLASS III
Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G
MOTOR TYPES
Division Division Division Division Division Division Division Division

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2

3-Phase induction motors

without arc-producing
devices
WP-I or WP-II X(1) X(1) X(1) X(1)
TENV or TEFC X(1) X(1) X(1) X(1) X(2) X(2) X(3) X(3)
Explosion-proof X(4) X X X X X X X

Dust ignition-proof X X X X X
Totally enclosed X(5) X X(5) X X(5) X X(5) X X X X X X X X
pipe-ventilated

Motors with arc-producing

devices (6)
WP-I or WP-II
TENV or TEFC X(2) X(2) X(3) X(3)
Explosion-proof X(4) X X(4) X X(4) X X X

Dust ignition-proof X X X X X
Totally enclosed X(5) X X(5) X X(5) X X(5) X X X X X X X X
pipe-ventilated

(1) WP-I, WP-II, TENV or TEFC induction motors without arc-producing devices may be used in Class I,
Division 2 locations. Motor space heater temperatures shall not exceed 80 percent of the AIT of the
flammable gas or vapor, and temperatures of internal and external surfaces that may be exposed to the
flammable atmosphere shall be considered. See NFPA 70, 501-8(b).
(2) TENV or TEFC motors may be used in Class II, Division 2 locations. Maximum full load external
temperatures shall be in accordance with NFPA 70, 500-5(f). See NFPA 70, 502-8(b).
(3) TENV or TEFC motors may be used in Class III, Division 1 and 2 locations. See NFPA 70, 503-6.
(4) Explosion-proof motors may not be available for all Class I, Division 1 applications.
(5) Where explosion-proof motors are not available for specific Class I, Division 1 applications, totally
enclosed pipe-ventilated motors can be used, either force-ventilated with clean air or self-ventilated with
inert gas. See NFPA 70, 501-8(a).
(6) Motors with arc-producing devices (for example brushes, switching mechanisms) include 3-phase
synchronous motors, 3-phase wound rotor induction motors, direct current motors, and single-phase
motors with starting switches.
(7) Some locations present a combination of environmental conditions, so to select suitable equipment, it may
be necessary to combine minimum selections from Tables I and II.