ANATOMY &

PHYSIOLOGY:
Module 1

Prepared by:
Joan S. Adriano
Assistant Professor 3
Biological Sciences Department
CEU
THE HUMAN ORGANISM
 COMPLIMENTARITY OF
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• What a structure can
do depends on its form
• Function always reflects
structure
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Chemical Level

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Chemical Level

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Chemical Level

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Chemical Level

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Chemical Level

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Chemical Level

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Chemical Level

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism
 *Regulated through control systems which have

HOMEOSTASIS receptors, a set point, and effectors in common

Receptor
• Monitors changes

Set point
• Normal values or range of
values

Effector
• muscles or glands that
respond to the changes to
return to stability
maintenance of the overall
stability of physiological
processes of the body
HOMEOSTASIS:
Negative Feedback

• occurs when some function of the

output of a system, process,
or mechanism is fed back in a
manner that tends to reduce the
fluctuations in the output, whether
caused by changes in the input or
by other disturbances.
• Causes a decrease in function
HOMEOSTASIS:
Positive Feedback

• occurs to increase the change or

output: the result of a reaction is
amplified to make it occur more
quickly.
• Causes an increase in function
HOMEOSTASIS
 TISSUE DAMAGE
AND INFLAMMATION
• INFLAMMATION
✓ Mobilizes the body’s defenses
✓ Isolates and destroys harmful agents
1. Redness
2. Heat
3. Swelling
4. Pain
5. Disturbance of function
INFLAMMATION

3. FLUID LEAKS TO DAMAGED CAPILLARIES.

FIBRIN FORMS A NETWORK THAT COVERS
THE SITE OF THE INJURY
✓ Dilation of blood vessels
✓ Increases the speed with which blood
cells and other substances are brought to
the injury site

1. CHEMICAL MEDIATORS ARE 2. CHEMICAL MEDIATORS AND BLOOD

RELEASED OR ACTIVATED CELLS DEAL DIRECTLY WITH THE
INJURY 4. PHAGOCYTOSIS BY NEUTROPHILS
TISSUE REPAIR
THE SUBSTITUTION OF VIABLE CELLS FOR
DEAD CELLS

• New cells are the same type

Regeneration • Normal function is usually
restored

• Fibrosis
• New type of tissue develops
Replacement
• Scar production
• Loss of some tissue function
 Number of neurons and
muscle cells decreases
EFFECTS OF AGING
ON TISSUES
Reduced visual Decline in RS
acuity, smell, taste and CV systems
and touch capacities

Cells Collagen Arterial Rate of Injuries

divide fibers walls RBC don’t
more become become synthesis heal
slowly more less declines easily
irregular elastic