EXPLORE Reminder: Provide extra sheet/s

of paper for your solution and

answer to all activities and don’t
forget to label your answer.
ACTIVITY 1

Direction: Find the next two term of the sequence.

1. 5, 10,15,20,…
2. 15, 7,-1,-9,..
3. 3, 7, 11,15,..

FIRM UP

SEQUENCES AND SERIES

It is a common experience to be confronted with a set of numbers arranged in some order. The order and
arrangement may be given to you or you have to discover a rule for it from data.
For example, the businessman comes every other day. He came on August 17, and he come on
September 12?
Consider that you are given the set of dates. 17, 19, 21,…
arranged from left to right in the order of increasing time. Continuing the set we have 17, 19, 21, ..,29, 31,2,4,
…,28,30..
So, the answer to our question is yes.
Any such ordered arrangement of a set of numbers is called a SEQUENCE.

FINITE SEQUENCE
A sequence having finite number of terms is called a finite sequence.
Examples: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ….8

INFINITE SEQUENCE
A sequence that has an infinite number of terms is called an infinite sequence.
Note that each
Examples: 1, 3, 5, 7, ….
term of the
In general:
1, 1 2 , 1 4 , 1 8A, ….
sequence is a set of numbers written in a specific
order. sequence is
paired with
a1, a1, a1, a1, a1, a1, …an natural number

The number a1 is called the 1st term, a2, is the 2nd term, and an is the nth term.

Given at least the first 3 terms of a sequence, you can easily find the next term in that sequence by
simply discovering a pattern as how the 3rd term is derived from the 2nd term, and 2nd from the 1st term. You
will find that either a constant number is added or subtracted or multiplied or divided to get the next term or a
certain series of operations is performed to get the next term.
Examples: Find the next term in each sequence.
1. 17, 22, 27, 32, …
1 1 1 1
2. , , , , …
2 5 8 11
3. 5,10,20,40, …

Solutions:
1. Notice that 5 is added 17 to get 22, the same is added to 22 to get 27, and the same (5) is added to
27 to get 32. So to get the next term add 5 to the preceding term that is 32 + 5 = 37. The next term
is 37.
2. Notice that 1 is the numerator of all the fractions in the sequence while the denominators 2, 5, 8,
11 form a sequence. 3 is added to 2 to get 5, 3 is also added to 5 to get 8. So that 3 is added to 11
to get 14. The next term is .
3. For this example,2 is multiplied to get 5 to get 10, 2 is multiplied to 10 to get 20 and 2 is also
multiplied to 20 to get 40. So the next is 80, the result of multiplying 40 by 2.

ACTIVITY 2
Write F if the sequence is finite or I if the sequence is infinite. Write your answer before the number.
1. 2, 3, 4, 5, …,10 4. -2,4,-8,16,…

2. 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25

3. 4,9,14,19,…

Finding the Terms of a Sequence

Frequently, a sequence has a definite pattern that can be expressed by a rule or formula. In the simple
sequence 2,4,6,8,10,…each term is paired with a natural number by the rule an = 2n . Hence the sequence can
be written as 2 = 1st term (a1)
4 = 2nd term (a2)
6 = 3rd term (a3)
8 = 4th term (a4)
2n… = nth term (an)
Notice how the formula an = 2n gives all the terms of the sequence. For instance, substituting 1,2,3 and 4 for n
gives the 1st four terms: a1 = 2 (1) = 2 a3 = 2(3) = 6
a2 = 2(2) = 4 a4 = 2 (4) = 8
ACTIVITY 3
To find the 103rd term of this sequence, use n = 103 to get a103 = 2(103) = 206
1. Write the 1st 4 terms of the sequence defined by an = 1𝑛+1 .
2. Find the 1st 5 terms of the sequence defined by an = (−1) 2𝑛+1 .

Finding the nth Term of a Sequence

 In previous lessons, some terms of a sequence were found after being given the general term. In this
lesson, the reverse is done. That is given some terms of the sequence, try to find the formula for the general
term.
Example 1: Find the formula for the nth term of the sequence 2,8,18,32…
Solution: Solving a problem like this involve some guessing. Looking over the first 4 terms see that each is
twice a perfect square. 2 = 2(1)
8 = 2(4)
18 = 2(9)
32 = 2(16)
By writing each sequence with an exponent of 2, the formula for the nth term becomes obvious.
a1 = 2 = 2(1)2
a2 = 8 = 2(2)2
a3 = 18 = 2(3)2
a4 = 32= 2(4)2
.
.
. The general term of the sequence 2, 8, 18, 32,
an = 2(n) = 2n
2 2 …is an = 2n2.

Example 2: Find the general term for the sequence 2, ,…

Solution: The first term can be written as . The denominators are all perfect cubes while the numerators are
all 1 more than the base of the denominators:

Note: Finding the nth term of a sequence from the 1st few terms is not always automatic. Sometimes, it takes a while to recognize
the pattern. Don’t be afraid to guess the formula for the general term. Many times an incorrect guess leads to correct formula.

SUM OF FINITE SERIES

The sum of the terms of a finite sequence: a1, a2, a3,…, an is called finite series, and is denoted by Sn =
a1 + a2 + a3 …+ an.
Example 1: Find; S5 where an = 23 – 4n
Solution:
To describe the sum S5 = a1 + awe
of the terms of a sequence, 2 + use
a3 + the
a4 +a
summation
5 notation. The Greek letter ∑
= [23 − 4(1)] +[23 − 4(2)]
(sigma) is used to indicate a sum. To illustrate the use of the summation notation,+[23 − 4(3)] +[23 the
consider − 4(4)] + [23 − 4(5)]
following
example: = 19 + 15+ 11+7+3
+ an = 55
In the above example, I is called the index of summation, n is the upper limit of the summation, and 1 is
the lower limit of the summation. It is read as “ the sum from i = 1 to n of a1” .
For example, the sum of the first five terms of the sequence an = n2 + 1 can be written as . It is read
as “ the sum from n = 1 to 5 of n2 +1.”
Thus, + 1) = (12 + 1) + (22 + 1) + (32 + 1) + (42 + 1) + (52 + 1)
= 2 + 5 + 10 + 17 + 26
= 60
ACTIVITY 4
 Evaluate the following:
6
1. ∑ (2 n+1) 2.
n =2

Arithmetic Sequences and Arithmetic Series

Arithmetic Sequence
It is a sequence whose consecutive terms have a common difference. The sequence a1, a2, a3, an, is
arithmetic if there is a number d which is the common difference in the arithmetic sequence.

Formula for the nth Term of an Arithmetic Sequence

The nth term, an, of an arithmetic sequence with first term, a 1, and common
difference, d, is given by an= a1 + ( n-1) d

Example: Write a formula for the nth term of the given arithmetic sequence. 12, 19, 26, 33, 40,..
Solution: Each term is 7 more than the previous term, so d = 7. Since a = 12, the nth term is

ACTIVITY 5

Find the an for each arithmetic sequence.

1. a1 = 7 , d = 3, n = 11
2. a1 = 25 , d = -4, n = 5
3. a1 = 4 , d = 5, n = 7
Sum of Arithmetic Sequence

Formula for the sum nth Term of an Arithmetic Sequence

The sum of the First n Terms of an Arithmetic Sequence Given an arithmetic

sequence where a1 is the first term and an is the nth term, the sum of the first n terms is
given by:
n
Sn= ( a1 +an ) .
Example: Find the sum of the first 25 terms 2 of the arithmetic sequence 17, 22, 27, 32,37,…
Solution: First, find a25 with a1 = 17, d = 5 , and n = 25
an = a1 + (n -1)d
a25 = 17 + (25 – 1)5 Substitute all the known values; then simplify
= 17 + (24)5
= 17 + 120
 = 137
Solve for S25:
n
Sn= ¿ +a 2 ¿ formula for solving the sum of the nth term of arithmetic sequence
2
25
S25 = ¿ +137 ¿ Substitute all the known values
2
= 1925 simplify
Therefore, the sum of the first 25 terms of the arithmetic sequence is 1 925.

ACTIVITY 6
1. Find the sum of the first 65 terms of the arithmetic sequence if the first term is 31 and the twenty first
terms is 171.

Arithmetic Mean

The arithmetic mean (or average) of the numbers x1 and x2 is given by

x +x
x= 1 2
2
The arithmetic mean (or average) of a set of numbers x1,x2,x3,…xn is given by
x 1+ x 2 + x 3 … x n ∑ x
x= =
n n

Given the definition above, arithmetic mean means getting an average. So, we just simply add
all the given numbers then, divided by the numbers added together. For example, if six number are added
Example:
together their
Findsum
the is divided by
arithmetic six of
mean to 8find
andthe
12.average or arithmetic mean.
Solution: To find the arithmetic mean of 8 and 12, we simply add 8 and 12 then divided by 2. Since we have
two numbers that being added.
8+12 20
x= = =10
2 2

x+ y
We call the arithmetic mean of number x and y.
2
x+ y
x+ y x+
The coordinates of the midpoint between the numbers x and is : 2 3 x+ y
2 =
2 4
x+ y
x+ y +y
To find the coordinates of the midpoint between and y ,we have 2 x +3 y
2 =
2 4
 3 x+ y x + y x +3 y
Hence, we now have the arithmetic sequence x , , , With the common difference 𝑦−𝑥 4
4 2 4
.
In the process that we have done, we have inserted three arithmetic means between x and y. We can
generalize the concept presented by finding k other numbers m1 , m2 , m3, …, mk
x, m1 , m2 , m3, …, mk, y.
In the said process, we say that we have “ inserted k arithmetic means between x and y.”

Example: Insert four arithmetic means between 15 and 45.

Solution: Look for numbers m1, m2, m3 and m4 such that 15, m1, m2 , m3, m4, 45 is an arithmetic sequence.

ACTIVITY 7

TRY THIS!
1. If Mary’s scores in 5 math tests are 94, 90, 96, 93 and 95 what is her average score?

2. Insert 4 arithmetic means between 7 and 37.

DEEPEN

NAME___________________________________ PARENT’S SIGNATURE____________ SCORE______

Part 1

Communicating:

1. Differentiate sequence from series.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain the meaning of the symbol ∑. Use your own example to illustrate its meaning.
 _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Part 2
I. Describe each pattern formed and find the next three terms?

1. 1, 5, 9, 13, 17,…
2. 2,-4, 8, -16,32,..

II. Write the first four terms of each sequence given the general term.

1
3. 𝑎𝑛 = 2n + 3 4. a n=
n+1

4. 𝑎𝑛 = 4n – 1

III. Find the indicated term.

2
n −1 3 n2 th
6. a n= ; 10th term 7. a n= n ; 8 term
n−1 2
IV. Find each indicated sum.
8. ∑6𝑘=1 3𝑘 + 1 9. ∑5𝑘=1 𝑘 + 4

Part 3
I. Find the common difference and the nth term of each arithmetic sequence.
1. 1, 8, 15, 22,.. 4. 6, 2, -2, -6, …

2. 2,7, 12,17,… 5. 7,19,31, 43, …

3. 45, 40, 35, 30, …

III. Give the nth term for each arithmetic sequence, find the indicated term.
6. 𝑎𝑛 = 6n + 3; a20 8. 𝑎𝑛 = 3n – 5; a20
1
7. an=n+ ; a5 9. 𝑎𝑛 = 2n + 7; a15
2
IV. Given the nth term for each sequence, find the sum of the first 12 terms.
10. 𝑎𝑛 = 4n + 1 11. 𝑎𝑛 = 7 – 5n 12. 𝑎𝑛 = 3 – 8n

V. Find the arithmetic mean.

13. Insert two arithmetic means between 8 and 44.

14. Insert three means between -30 and -10.

 TRANSFER

DONATION FOR A CAUSE

You are running a foundation for street children. Mr. Felipe Smith, a rich benefactor, offers
two option for his donations.
OPTION A: To give Php 1,000 on day 1, Php 999 on day 2, Php 998 on day 3, with the process to
end after 1 000 days.
OPTION B: To give Php 1 on day 1, Php 2 on day 2, Php 4 on day 3, for 1,000 days.

You have to tell him today which option you want to take.
a. Which of the two options results in more money for the foundation? Show your computations.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
b. Which option are you going to take? Explain your choice.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Rubrics

REFLECT!

Our ability to study patterns and relationships has led to many discoveries and inventions.
It helps us to recognize options, develop decision-making skills, and come up with unusual means
of tackling a problem. Have you ever devised a tool or found an ingenuous way of doing things
that helped simplify your work? Share it in class. It could be an unusual or creative way of
reviewing for an exam or a device that helped you organized your personal things neatly. How did
you come up with the idea?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________

References:
Gladys C. Nireva, Ph.D. et. Al.2018 Grade 10 Mathematics Patterns and Practicalities revised
edition, Antonio Rnaiz cor. Chino Roces Avenues, Makati, City, Salesiana Books by Don Bosco Press
Inc.
https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-calculate-the-mean-or-average-609546#:~:text=The
%20average%20is%20simply%20the,the%20average%20or%20arithmetic%20mean .