Liq Ret STR 1 Slides

Design of Water Retaining Structures - 4/19/2022
LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES
DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN
8th Semester, B.Sc. Civil Engg. UET Lahore Dr. Irfan-ul-Hassan
References
Concrete Liquid Retaining Structures
J. K. Green and P.H. Perkins
Design of Liquid Retaining Concrete Structures
R.D. Anchor
Design of Structur 8th sem B.Sc. Civil

Engg. UET Lahore Dr.
Irfan-ul-Hassan 1
Codes of Practice
ACI 350 R 05
BS 5337
SCOPE
 Storage tanks
 reservoirs
 swimming pools
 elevated tanks
 ponds
 basement walls ※
Design of Structures 8th sem B.Sc. Civil Engg. UET Lahore Dr. Irfan-ul-Hassan
4
4

Irfan-ul-Hassan 2
GENERAL DESIGN OBJECTIVE
 The structure designed to retain liquids must

fulfil the requirements for normal structures
like
• STRENGTH
• DURABILITY
• LIMITED DEFLECTION and CRACKING.
Design of Structures 8th sem B.Sc. Civil Engg. UET Lahore Dr. Irfan-ul-Hassan 5
GENERAL DESIGN OBJECTIVE
In addition, the liquid should not be

allowed to
• LEAK
or
• PERCOLATE through concrete

.structures ※
6
6

Irfan-ul-Hassan 3
FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
 The requirements for the structure without
• UNDUE MAINTENANCE and
• ADEQUATE COVER to reinforcement are
essential
 The concrete must be of good quality

 It may be necessary to use increased cement
contents
 Special cements may also be required※
7
7
FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN METHODS
 Historically the liquid retaining structures

have been designed by elastic theory for
working loads.
 More recently limit state methods have been

introduced, providing a more realistic basis
for determining factors of safety.
8
8

Irfan-ul-Hassan 4
FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN METHODS
 The liquid retaining structures designed by

elastic theory are subjected to so small
material stresses that no flexural cracks are
developed. But this is achieved at the cost of
too thick sections with excessive amounts of
reinforcement.
 The probability of shrinkage and thermal
cracking is not dealt with properly. ※
9
9
STRUCTURAL LAYOUT
 The lay out of the proposed structure and the

estimation of member sizes must be made
prior to detailed analysis.
 Structural schemes should be considered

from the viewpoints of STRENGTH,
SERVICEABILITY, ease of CONSTRUCTION
and COST. ※
10
10

Irfan-ul-Hassan 5
STRUCTURAL LAYOUT
 It is particularly necessary to avoid sudden

changes in section, because they cause
concentration of stress and hence increase
the possibility of cracking.※
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11
STRUCTURAL LAYOUT
 It is good practice to carry the structural

loads as directly as possible to the
foundation, using the fewest structural
members.
 It is preferable to design cantilever wall as

tapering slabs rather then as counter fort
walls with slabs and beams.※
12
12

Irfan-ul-Hassan 6
STRUCTURAL LAYOUT
 The floor of a water tower or the roof of a

reservoir can be designed as a flat slab.
 Underground tanks and swimming pools are

generally simple structures with constant-
thickness walls and floors.※
13
13
STRUCTURAL LAYOUT
 It is essential for the designer to

consider the method of construction
and to specify on the drawings the
location of all construction and
movement joints. ※
14
14

Irfan-ul-Hassan 7
STRUCTURAL LAYOUT
 Important considerations are the

provision of KICKERS against which
formwork may be tightened, and the
size of wall and floor panels to be cast
in one operation. ※
15
15
Influence of Construction Methods
 The soil at foundation level exerts a

restraining force on structure which
tends to cause cracking.※
Floor Slab
Restraint
16
16

Irfan-ul-Hassan 8
WALL
17
17

Solution is to lay a sheet of 1000g polythene
or other suitable material on a 75 mm layer
of blinding concrete
Blinding
Concrete Polythene
Sheet
18
18

Irfan-ul-Hassan 9
 The foundation and floor slabs are cast

in sections which are of convenient size
and volume to enable construction to
be finished in the time available.
 The sections terminate at a
construction or movement joint※
19
19
 The construction sequence should be

continuous to avoid restraints from
adjacent panels.※
1 2 3
1 3 2
20
20

Irfan-ul-Hassan 10
STRUCTURAL ACTION
 All liquid retaining structures are required to

resist horizontal forces due to liquid
pressures.
 There are two ways in which the pressures
can be contained:
* By forces of direct TENSION or
COMPRESSION
* By FLEXURAL resistance. ※
21
21
TENSION or COMPRESSION
Arch Dams
Compression
22
22

Irfan-ul-Hassan 11
TENSION or COMPRESSION
Compression
Circular Tanks
May be prestressed
Tension
23
23
BENDING
Rectangular Tanks
Bending
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Irfan-ul-Hassan 12
CRITICAL LOADING STATES

There are two critical loading states for a water compartment:
A: The TANK IS FULL
B: The TANK IS EMPTY
Liquid Pressure Active Earth Pressure
25
25
CRITICAL LOADING
 The designer must consider whether sections

of the complete reservoir may be empty when
other sections are full, and design each
structural element for the maximum bending
moments and forces that can occur. Several
loading cases may have to be considered.
 Internal partition walls should be designed for
liquid loading from both sides considering on
one side at a time ※
26
26

Irfan-ul-Hassan 13
CRITICAL LOADING
A B
27
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COMPARTMENT A EMPTY
28
28

Irfan-ul-Hassan 14
COMPARTMENT A FULL
29
29
INTERNAL COMPARTMENT (B) EMPTY
30
30

Irfan-ul-Hassan 15
INTERNAL COMPARTMENT (B) FULL
31
31
CRITICAL LOADING (Summary)

 External reservoir walls are often required to
support soil fill.
 When the reservoir is empty, full allowance
must be made for the active soil pressure and
any surcharge from vehicles.
 When reservoir pressure is considered with
the reservoir full, no RELIEF is allowed from
passive pressure of the soil. ※
32
32

Irfan-ul-Hassan 16
FOUNDATION
 It is desirable that a liquid retaining structure

is founded on good uniform soil, so that
differential settlements can be avoided.
 On sites with non-uniform soils, it may be,

necessary to consider DIVIDING the structure
into completely separate sections.※
33
33
FOUNDATION
 The use of cantilever walls depends on:
1. passive resistance to the applied
pressure
2. resistance to sliding being provided by the
foundation soil※
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34

Irfan-ul-Hassan 17
FOUNDATION
 If the soil under the foundation is inundated
by ground water, it may not be possible to
develop the necessary soil pressure under
the footing.
 In these circumstances, a cantilever design is
not appropriate, and the overturning forces
should be resisted by a system of beams
balanced by the opposite wall.
 Or the walls must be designed as spanning
horizontally if possible※
35
35
FOUNDATION
B
B/H > 2
36
36

Irfan-ul-Hassan 18
FOUNDATION
B
B/H > 2
Walls Span Vertically
37
37
FOUNDATION ※
B
B/H < 0.5
Walls Span Horizontally
38
38

Irfan-ul-Hassan 19

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Design of Water Retaining Structures - 4/19/2022

LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES

DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN

8th Semester, B.Sc. Civil Engg. UET Lahore Dr. Irfan-ul-Hassan

LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES

Concrete Liquid Retaining Structures

J. K. Green and P.H. Perkins

Design of Liquid Retaining Concrete Structures

8th Semester, B.Sc. Civil Engg. UET Lahore Dr. Irfan-ul-Hassan

Design of Structur 8th sem B.Sc. Civil

LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES

8th Semester, B.Sc. Civil Engg. UET Lahore Dr. Irfan-ul-Hassan

Design of Structur 8th sem B.Sc. Civil

GENERAL DESIGN OBJECTIVE

 The structure designed to retain liquids must

• LIMITED DEFLECTION and CRACKING.

GENERAL DESIGN OBJECTIVE

In addition, the liquid should not be

• PERCOLATE through concrete

Design of Structur 8th sem B.Sc. Civil

 The concrete must be of good quality

FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN METHODS

 Historically the liquid retaining structures

 More recently limit state methods have been

Design of Structur 8th sem B.Sc. Civil

FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN METHODS

 The liquid retaining structures designed by

 The lay out of the proposed structure and the

 Structural schemes should be considered

Design of Structur 8th sem B.Sc. Civil

 It is particularly necessary to avoid sudden

 It is good practice to carry the structural

 It is preferable to design cantilever wall as

Design of Structur 8th sem B.Sc. Civil

 The floor of a water tower or the roof of a

 Underground tanks and swimming pools are

 It is essential for the designer to

Design of Structur 8th sem B.Sc. Civil

 Important considerations are the

Influence of Construction Methods

 The soil at foundation level exerts a

Design of Structur 8th sem B.Sc. Civil

Influence of Construction Methods

Influence of Construction Methods

Design of Structur 8th sem B.Sc. Civil

Influence of Construction Methods

 The foundation and floor slabs are cast

Influence of Construction Methods

 The construction sequence should be

Design of Structur 8th sem B.Sc. Civil

 All liquid retaining structures are required to

Design of Structur 8th sem B.Sc. Civil

Design of Structur 8th sem B.Sc. Civil

CRITICAL LOADING STATES

Liquid Pressure Active Earth Pressure

 The designer must consider whether sections

Design of Structur 8th sem B.Sc. Civil

Design of Structur 8th sem B.Sc. Civil

INTERNAL COMPARTMENT (B) EMPTY

Design of Structur 8th sem B.Sc. Civil

INTERNAL COMPARTMENT (B) FULL

CRITICAL LOADING (Summary)