Oral Communication

The 4 macro skills

1. Listening
2. Speaking
3. Reading
4. Writing

Communication – the act of giving, receiving, and sharing information using the 4 macro skills

Elements of Communication

 Sender
 Encoding
 Message
 Channel
 Receiver
 Decoding
 Feedback

Nature of Communication

1. is a process
2. is inevitable
3. has a sender and a receiver
4. is verbal and non-verbal
5. irreversible
6. unrepeatable

Model – a pattern or framework that we follow in order to create a construct

Three Communication Models

 Linear Communication
 Interactional Communication
 Transactional Communication

Communication Models – are diagrams that make you understand the process at a glance

Unique Features of Communication

1. Two-way process
2. Pervasive Activity
3. Circular Flow
4. Verbal and non-verbal
5. Continuous process
6. Goal oriented
7. Information sharing and understanding
Linear Communication Model – one-way process, focusing on the transmission of message to a receiver
who never responds or no way of responding to the information conveyed.

Interactive Communication Model – two-way communication process where a response is given after a
message is sent.

Transactional Model of Communication – shows a circular process of interaction between the persons
involved in the communication, with each one actively participating and sharing ideas with one another.

Communication Breakdown – is defined as a failure to exchange information, resulting in a lack of

communication.

Communication breakdown may occur when problems in any of the elements involved arise. They
become barriers to communication.

Types of Communication Barriers

1. Physical Barrier – are the natural or environmental condition that act as a barrier
communication in sending the message from sender to a receiver.
Examples: People talking too loud
Noise from a construction site
2. Psychological Barrier – is also called as mental barrier. These refer to a social issue of a speaker
towards communicating with others.
Examples: Trauma
Shyness or lack of confidence
3. Cultural Barrier – it pertains to communication problems encountered by people regarding their
intrinsic values, beliefs, and traditions in conflict with others.
Examples: Different beliefs
Traditions, and customs
4. Language Barrier – pertains conflicts with regard to language and word meanings.
Examples: Difference in language
Accent or dialect
5. Noise Barrier:
External – are the “sight, sound, and other stimuli that draw people’s attention
away from intended meaning”
Examples: Noise from vehicles
Singing at the neighborhood
Internal – are the “thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaning”
Examples: Confrontation with a friend
Fear of speaking in front of the class
Semantics – are the alternative meanings aroused by a speaker’s symbols.
Examples: Incorrect grammar
Using idiomatic expressions