Introduction to AnaPhy

SARAH DE LUNA /8116 MLS 111 R2O6/HAPP

DRA.

○ E: covers body surfaces, lines hollow

organs, and forms glands
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY AND
PATHOLOGY ○ C: connects, supports, and protects
body organs while distributing blood
Anatomy
vessels to other tissues
★ Body structures and relationships among them
○ M: make body parts move and
★ ‘Ana-’ - up ; ‘-tomia’- the process of cutting
generate heat
★ First studied by dissection
○ N: carries information from one part
Andreas Vesalius
to another through nerve impulses
★ Flemish scientist
Organ Level
★ Modern anatomy started during the Renaissance
★ Different types of tissues are joined together
in Europe with him and his contemporaries
★ Organs - two or more different types of tissues;
Gross Anatomy
have specific functions and recognizable shapes
★ Large body structures - heart and bones
★ Liver, heart, stomach, etc
Microscopic Anatomy
★ Study of body structures that are too small to be
System Level (Organ System)
seen with naked eye
★ Related organs with common function
★ Cells and tissues
★ Digestive system, nervous system, etc
Physiology
★ ‘Physi-” - nature ; ‘-logia’ - “study of”
Organismal Level
★ Science of body functions and activities of life /
★ Organism - any living individual; all the parts of
living matter - how the body parts work
human body functioning together
Pathology
★ Science of the causes and effects of diseases
★ Disease: result of disruption to homeostasis ELEVEN SYSTEMS OF HUMAN BODY
Integumentary System (outermost part)
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION AND ★ Comp: Skin, hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat
BODY SYSTEMS (6) glands, and oil glands
★ Func: protects and helps regulate body temp.;
Chemical Level
eliminate wastes; detects pain, warmth, and
★ Atoms, smallest units of matter, molecules -
cold; makes vitamin D; stores fat; provides
two or more atoms joined together
insulation
★ Two familiar molecules found in body: DNA
Skeletal System
and glucose
★ Comp: bones, joints, ligaments and associated
○ DNA: genetic material passed from
cartilages
one generation to the next
★ Func: supports and protects the body; provides
○ Glucose: blood sugar
surface area for muscle attachments; aids body
Cellular Level
movements; houses cells that produce blood
★ Molecules form organelles - makes up cells
cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats).
★ Cells - basic structural and functional units of an
Muscular System
organism that are composed of chemicals
★ Comp: skeletal muscle tissue (attached to
★ Muscle cells, nerve cells, epithelial cells, etc
bones), smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue
Tissue Level
★ Func: body movements - walking, maintains
★ Tissues - group of similar cells and the materials
posture, produce heat
surrounding them that work together to perform
Nervous System
a particular function
★ Comp: eyes and ears(special sense organs),
★ Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous -
nerves, brain, spinal cord
four basic types of tissues

If it’s meant to be, it’ll be.

Introduction to AnaPhy
SARAH DE LUNA /8116 MLS 111 R2O6/HAPP
DRA.

★ Func: send nerve impulses to regulate body Reproductive System

activities; detects, interprets, and responds to ★ Comp: gonads(testes-male; ovaries-female)
body’s internal and external environments by ○ Associated organs (female) - uterine /
causing muscular contractions / gland secretions fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and
Endocrine System mammary glands
★ Comp: glands - pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, ○ Male - epididymis, ductus / (vas)
thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate,
ovaries, testes penis
★ Func: regulates activities by producing ★ Func: gonads produce gametes (sperm/oocytes)
hormones -unite to form new organisms ; gonads release
Cardiovascular System hormones that regulate reproduction & body
★ Comp: blood, heart, and blood vessels processes; assoc. organs transport and store
★ Func: Carries O2 and nutrients to cells; CO2 gametes; mammary glands produce milk
and wastes away from cells
Lymphatic System and Immunity
★ Comp: Lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen,
thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, B and T cells
(carry out immune responses)
★ Func: returns proteins and fluid, and carries
lipids from GI tract to blood
★ Sites of maturation & proliferation of B & T
cells that protect against disease-causing
microbes
Respiratory System
★ Comp: lungs, air passageways - pharynx
(throat), larynx (voicebox), trachea (windpipe),
bronchial tubes (into & out of lungs)
★ Func: O2 (inhaled air) to blood, CO2 (blood) to
exhaled air ; helps regulate acid-base balance of
body fluid; air flowing out of lungs through
vocal cords produces sounds
Digestive System
★ Comp: organs of GI tract - long tube includes
mouth, pharynx, esophagus (food tube),
stomach, small and large intestines, anus ;
accessory organs - salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas (behind stomach)
★ Func: physical and chem. Breakdown of food;
absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes
Urinary System
★ Comp: kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
★ Func: Produces, stores, and eliminates urine;
eliminates wastes and regulates volume and
chemical composition of blood; helps maintain
the acid–base balance of body fluids; maintains
body’s mineral balance; helps regulate
production of red blood cells

If it’s meant to be, it’ll be.