PÆMÖv‡g cZz©wMR `my¨e„wË IJagannath

`vm e¨emvUniversity Journal of Arts, Vol. 9, No. 1, January-June 2019

85
ISSN 2519-5816

PÆMÖv‡g cZz©wMR `my¨e„wË I `vm e¨emv

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Abstract: Chittagong is an ancient sea port of Bengal. It has been a
most important gateway of Bengal during Sultanate period. Firstly,
Arab merchants carried on an extensive trade in this hurbour from 9th
century. Then Persian, Abysinian, Indian set up their trade in
Chittagong. Portuguese were the first among the European to come to
Bengal. During early 16th century they were settled in Chittagong as a
treder. After that they controled the Chittagong port, as it had become
the bone of contention between Arakan, Tripura and Bengal since mid
16th century. In that time many Portuguese entered in piracy. And they
were also involved in the slave trade and raids which were the good
source of income. They sold their slaves in various ports. But the raids
were inflicting great damage of costal area of Bengal. This article will
explore the facts of piracy of Portuguese and their extended slave trade.

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d‡j wePvi-AvPv‡ii †Kvb evjvB wQj bv| Ab¨w`‡K, AvivKvwb kvmbvg‡j kw³kvjx GmKj
cZ©ywMR‡`i kvmK †kÖwY wewfbœfv‡e c„ô‡cvlKZv Ki‡Zv| d‡j Zviv n‡q D‡V †ec‡ivqv| GQvov
`my¨e„wËi gva¨‡g Lye `ªæZ m¤ú`kvjx nIqv †hZ| Giƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡Z PvwiwÎK †`v‡l `yó
cZz©wMRiv G‡`‡k `my¨Zv Ges `vm e¨emv‡K Zv‡`i cÖavb †ckv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q †bq| †mB mv‡_
†lvj I m‡Zi kZK Ry‡o PÆMÖv‡gi Pig Aw¯’wZkxj ivR‣bwZK cwiw¯’wZ cZ©wy MR‡`i G ai‡bi
Kv‡R AskMÖn‡Yi †ÿÎ •Zwi K‡i †`q| GmKj my‡hvM‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q GLv‡b Zviv `my¨Zvi
g‡Zv D”Q…•Lj Kg©KvÐ ïiæ K‡i| Gmgq Zviv †QvU †QvU `ªæZMvgx RvnvR wb‡q mgy`ªc‡_ evsjvi
DcK~jxq AÂj¸wj‡Z nvgjv KiZ| nvgjvi mgq Zviv MÖvg¸wji wfZ‡i K‡qKkZ gvBj ch©šÍ
90 Jagannath University Journal of Arts

cÖ‡ek KiZ| kni, evRvi, we‡q ev †h‡Kvb ai‡bi †jvK mgvMg †`L‡jB `my¨`j †mLv‡b
AZwK©Z AvµgY KiZ| ab-m¤ú` hv †cZ ZvB jyU KiZ| `my¨‡`i GB AZwK©Z nvgjv †_‡K
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†jLvq Gm¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv nqwb| Ôb~i‡bœnv I Ke‡ii K_vÕ cvjvq Avgiv
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e¨envi Kivi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|25
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Dci bRi ivLZ| GB `my¨iv †lvj kZ‡Ki ga¨fvM †_‡KB eZ©gvb PÆMÖvg kn‡ii Lyjkx,
UvBMvicvm, wn½yjx, KzBcviv, †M․wiksKiXvjv cÖf…wZ RvqMvq nvgjv PvjvZ|27 GQvov evsjvi
DcK~jxq AÂj PÆMÖvg, m›Øxc, †bvqvLvjx, weµgcyi, †mvbviMvuI, XvKvq `my¨e„wË PvjvZ|
GB AÂj¸‡jv QvovI `my¨‡`i Avµg‡Yi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AÂj wQj my›`ie‡bi DcK~jxq
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ivRv cÖZvcvw`Z¨ (1587-1609) †ek K‡qKevi cZzw© MR Rj`my¨‡`i weiæ‡× Awfhvb †cÖiY
K‡ib| GB Rj`my¨‡`i `gb Kievi Rb¨ ivRv cÖZvcvw`Z¨‡K AweiZ weeªZ _vK‡Z nZ|
Zv‡`i Drcv‡Z h‡kv‡ii ewYKMY Ges mvaviY cÖRvK~j me©`v wbM„nxZ I ÿwZMÖ¯Í nZ|28
GQvov GmKj Rj`my¨iv `ªæZMvgx †QvU †QvU RvnvR wb‡q mvM‡i PjvPj Ki‡Zv| Avi my‡hvM
ey‡S RvnvR jyÉb Ki‡Zv| G m¤ú‡K© ÔbQi gvjygÕ cvjvq Av‡Q29-
nv¤§v`¨viv byKvbviv jywWqv jBZ||
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PÆMÖv‡g cZz©wMR `my¨e„wË I `vm e¨emv 91

GQvov byiæ‡bœnv I Ke‡ii K_v cvjv‡ZI Gi D‡jøL Av‡Q30-

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mnKvix wQj| cZzw© MRiv PÆMÖv‡g Zv‡`i Gai‡Yi ee©‡ivwPZ Kg©KvÐ ïiæ Kivi cÖvq Aa©
kZ‡Ki g‡a¨B GB DcK~jwU‡K Rj`my¨‡`i GK wbivc` AfqvkÖ‡g cwiYZ Ki‡Z mÿg
nq| GwU m¤¢e nq AvivKvbx kvmK‡`i cÖZ¨ÿ ZË¡eav‡b| GB mgq Zviv DcK~jxq MÖvg¸‡jv
†_‡K wn›`y-gymwjg bvix-cyiæl, wkï‡`i ew›` K‡i wb‡q Avm‡Zv| jywÉZ ab-m¤ú` I
ew›`‡`i wb‡q `my¨iv exi`‡c© weRqxi †e‡k e›`‡i Avm‡Zv| G Dcj‡ÿ Zviv e›`i I
RvnvR¸‡jv mw¾Z K‡i GKwU DrmegyLi cwi‡e‡ki m„wó Ki‡Zv| GgbwK Zviv cZvKv
D‡Ëvjb, Kvgvb I A‡¯¿i gva¨‡g Drme Ki‡Zv|31 cZzw© MR `my¨‡`i GB ee©iZvi weeiY
cvIqv hvq ch©UK gvbywPi eY©bvq-
These inhabitants (The Portuguese) inflicted great damage on the land of
Bengal and Penetrating with their boats into all parts of that province,
carried off men and women, and children, gold and silver, and when they
could get them, they did not hesitate to carry off babies at the breast along
with their mothers when these cried at night, they would with unheard of
crueltly snatch them from their mothers arms and threw them into the sea.32
GQvovI eû •mq` I m¤£všÍ eskxq gymjgvb‡K Zv‡`i nv‡Z AcüZ I ew›` n‡q `vmZ¡ eiY
Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| A‡bK •mq` es‡ki gwnjviv Zv‡`i `vmx I DccZœx wn‡m‡e Rxeb
AwZevwnZ K‡i‡Q|33 cZz©wMR I gM `my¨iv Zv‡`i ew›`‡`i Dci AK_¨ wbh©vZb Pvjv‡Zv|
ew›`‡`i mv‡_ Zv‡`i AvPiY wQj cïi b¨vq| G m¤ú‡K© wknveywÏb Zvwjk ÔdvwZqv-B-BweªqvÕ
MÖ‡š’ wj‡Lb-
AvivKvb †_‡K wdwi½xiv (cZz©wMR) cÖwZ ermi Rjc‡_ ev½vjvq WvKvwZ Kwi‡Z
AvwmZ; wn›`y, gymjgvb, ¯¿x, cyiæl, abx, `wi`ª hvnv‡KB cvBZ e›`x KwiZ Ges
Zvnv‡`i nv‡Zi cvZv dzUv Kwiqv Zvi g‡a¨ cvZjv †eZ PvjvBqv w`Z Ges
GBfv‡e Zvnvw`M‡K †b․Kvq †W‡Ki wb‡P euvwaqv GKwUi Dci GKwU ivwLqv
¯‘cxK…Z Kwiqv jBqv hvBZ| †hgb LuvPvi g‡a¨ gyM©x‡K `vbv †dwjqv †`Iqv nq,
†Zgwb Zv‡`i Rb¨ cÖv‡Z I mܨvq Awm× PvDj †`Iqv nBZ| GZ Kó I
AZ¨vPv‡i A‡b‡K gwiqv hvBZ| k³cÖvY †jvK euvwPqv _vwKZ| Zvnvw`M‡K
Pvlevm I Ab¨vb¨ cwikÖ‡gi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ `vmfv‡e ivLv nBZ| A_ev Bs‡iR,
divmx I Ij›`vR ewYK‡`i wbKU `vwÿYv‡Z¨i e›`‡i weµq Kiv nBZ|34 ïay
`my¨iv bq, wewµZ `vm‡`i gvwjKivI Zv‡`i Abvnv‡i Aa©vnv‡i †i‡L wewfbœfv‡e
wbh©vZb KiZ| B÷ BwÛqv µwbKj G m¤úwK©Z AviI eY©bv i‡q‡Q- Ò†deªæqvwi
92 Jagannath University Journal of Arts

1717- evsjvi `wÿY AÂj †_‡K gMiv AvVvikZ bMievmx I evjK- evwjKv‡K
a‡i wb‡q Av‡m| `k w`‡bi g‡a¨ Zviv AvivKvb †cu․Qj| AvivKvb iv‡Ri Kv‡Q
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ZviZg¨ Abymv‡i 20 †_‡K 70 gy`ªv `‡i weµq Kiv nj| †µZviv Zv‡`i
`vm‡`i K…wlKv‡R wbhy³ Kij Ges gvwmK 15 †mi Pvj †Lviv‡Ki Rb¨ w`j35
PÆMÖvg †_‡K evsjvi DcK~jxq A‡j Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ `my¨‡`i e¨eüZ c_ m¤ú‡K©
h`ybv_ miKvi D‡jøL K‡ib| c_wU wQj PÆMÖvg †_‡K msMÖvgMo| msMÖvgMo †_‡K M½v b`x w`‡q
h‡kvi, ûMjx I fzlbv‡Z Awfhvb PvjvZ| Avi eªþcyÎ w`‡q weµgcyi, †mvbviMvuI I XvKvq nvbv
w`Z|36 D‡jøL¨, msMÖvgMo MÖvgwU wQj XvKv †_‡K 30 gvBj `wÿ‡Y eªþcyÎ I M½vi m½g¯’‡j|
Z‡e h`ybv‡_i †jLvq ¯úó Kiv nqwb †Kvb `my¨iv (cZz©wMR bv gM) GB c_wU e¨envi Ki‡Zv|
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`my¨ivB e¨envi Ki‡Zv| Ab¨w`‡K gM `my¨iv PÆMÖv‡g nvbv †`qvi Rb¨ Ab¨ Av‡iKwU c_ e¨envi
Ki‡Zb| †mUv wQj Zgjy‡Ki c~‡e© M½v b`xi evuK †_‡K †ei n‡q GKUv Lvwo c~e© w`‡K XvKv I
PÆMÖvg ch©šÍ wM‡qwQj| hvi bvg wQj Ô†ivMm wifviÕ37| gMiv GB b`x w`‡q †ei n‡q M½v a‡i
nvbv w`Z| Giv mvaviYZ eQ‡i wZb †_‡K Pvievi MÖvg¸wj‡Z nvbv w`Z|

gvbwP‡Î `vm e¨emvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cZ©ywMR e›`img~n

`vm e¨emv
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g~jZ cZ©ywMR‡`i ØvivB m¤úvw`Z nZ| GB `vm e¨emvi Rb¨ m‡Zi kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K
PÆMÖvg-AvivKvb A‡j K‡qKwU evRvi M‡o D‡V| evRvi¸‡jv nj: c~‡e© PÆMÖv‡gi †`qv½,
PÆMÖv‡g cZz©wMR `my¨e„wË I `vm e¨emv 93

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cZz©wMR `my¨iv ïaygvÎ Zv‡`i ew›`‡`i wewµ Ki‡Zv| Z‡e GB Rj`my¨iv Zv‡`i ew›`‡`i
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wbZ| G‡ÿ‡Î ZgjyK38 I ev‡jk¦i e›`i wQj DrK…ó| GB e›`i¸‡jv‡Z Zviv D”P`v‡g ew›`
`vm‡`i wewµ KiZ| GmKj `vm‡`i cÖavb †µZv wQj Ij›`vR, Bs‡iR I divwm ewYK|39
`vm weµ‡q cZ©ywMR `my¨‡`i GKwU we‡kl c×wZ wQj| `my¨iv ew›` †evSvBK…Z RvnvR wb‡q
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ewYKiv|41 †mBmgq cZz©wMR‡`i GB `vm e¨emv evsjv I AvivKvbmn AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡ii
Pvwn`vI †gUvZ| Zv‡`i G e¨emvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AvšÍ©RvwZK evRvi wQj gmywjcËg,42
bvMvcËg43, †cv‡U©v‡bv‡fv, evUvwfqv, Av‡Pn, wmjb Ges cwðg Avwd«Kvq44 cÖwZwôZ

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wewfbœ cZz©wMR e›`i| 1626 mv‡j wf.I.wm45 PviwU RvnvR AvivKv‡b cvVvq Pvj I `vm
µ‡qi Rb¨| †cÖwiZ HmKj RvnvR gvidZ 250 Rb `vm µq K‡i wb‡q hvIqv nq|
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AvivKv‡b GKwU KviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡i| hvi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ wQj wbqwgZfv‡e GB AÂj †_‡K
94 Jagannath University Journal of Arts

`vmmn Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbm wbR †`‡k mieivn Kiv| AvivKvb ivRv wbqwgZ cZ©ywMR
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Ae¯’v Zzjbvg~jK fv‡jv wQj| Zv‡`i‡K ¯¿x wn‡m‡e MÖnY KiZ| GQvov PÆMÖv‡g ¯’vbxqfv‡eI
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Kv‡Q wewµ Kiv n‡Zv| mvaviYZ Kg©V I `ÿ `vm‡`i‡KB Zviv µq Ki‡Zv| GB mKj
`vm‡`i Zv‡`i gvwjKiv M„nf…Z¨ QvovI K…wlKv‡R wb‡qvwRZ KiZ| GQvov ¯’vbxq Rwg`viiv
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cÖavbZ kÖwgK wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Zv| m‡Zi kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© Av‡Pn mvjZvbv‡Z Zv‡`i we¯Í…Z
KvM‡Ri Drcv`b, avb Pvl Ges wUb KviLvbvq cÖPyi kÖwg‡Ki Pvwn`v wQj| Zv‡`i GB
µgea©gvb kÖwg‡Ki Pvwn`v wgUZ c~e© M½v AeevwnKvi `vm evRvi †_‡K|51
cZ©ywMR `my¨e„wË I `vm e¨emvi cÖfve
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gvivZ¥K A_©‣bwZK ÿwZMÖ¯’Zvi ¯^xKvi nw”Qj| DcK~jxq A‡j nvgjv, jyÉb (PÆMÖvg †_‡K
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cÖf…wZi gva¨‡g cZ©ywMR `my¨iv Lye `ªæZ wb‡R‡`i A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb NUvq| GQvov PÆMÖvg
kn‡i cZ©ywMRiv wb‡R‡`i emwZ ¯’vcbmn DcK~jxq A‡j †b․kw³ e„w× Ki‡Z _v‡K| GB
`my¨‡`i Øviv evsjvi DcK~jxq AÂj we‡klZ PÆMÖvg, h‡kvi, my›`ieb ïay A_©‣bwZKfv‡e
ÿwZMÖ¯’B nw”Qjbv †mB mv‡_ GB GjvKv¸‡jv Rbk~b¨ n‡q c‡o| `my¨‡`i Drcv‡Z Zv‡`i
PjvPj c‡_i b`xi Dfq Zxi emwZk~b¨ n‡q c‡owQj| mg„× evKjv (evLiMÄ) ivR¨ Ggb
Ae¯’vq cwZZ nq †h, †mLv‡b evwZ R¡vjv‡bvi Rb¨ GKwU †jvK I Aewkó wQjbv| GK
PÆMÖv‡g cZz©wMR `my¨e„wË I `vm e¨emv 95

cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv hvq †h, 1621 †_‡K 1624 mv‡ji g‡a¨ cZzw© MRiv 42,000 nvRvi bvix
cyiæl‡K PÆMÖvg †_‡K `vm wn‡m‡e wewµ K‡i|52 ch©UK gvbwi‡Ki GK weeiY †_‡K Rvbv
hvq †h, 1629-1634 mv‡ji g‡a¨ cÖvq 18 nvRvi `vm‡K PÆMÖv‡gi †`qv½ I A½viLvwj
e›`i w`‡q AvivKvb iv‡R¨ cvVv‡bv n‡q‡Q|53 Z‡e e¨vcK nv‡i `vm wewµ Kivi d‡j
PÆMÖv‡gi gymwjg ew›` `vm‡`i Øviv AvivKv‡b GKwU gymwjg mgvR M‡o D‡V| GB AvivKvwb
gymjgvb‡`i ¯’vbxqfv‡e ejv nq Ô†KvjvmÕ ev ÔKvjvmÕ|54
Ab¨w`‡K, PÆMÖv‡g emwZ ¯’vcbKvix cZzw© MRiv wewfbœ mgq ew›` my›`ix bvix‡`i cZœx A_ev
DccZœx wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| d‡j Zv‡`i esk e„w× N‡U Ges PÆMÖv‡g cZyw© MR‡`i msL¨v e„w×
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D”Q…•Lj I DÏvg Rxeb hvc‡bi d‡j Zviv PÆMÖv‡g GKwU mg„× mgvR MVb Ki‡Z e¨_© nq|
we‡`kx cwieªvRK‡`i †jLbx †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, cZz©wMR mgvR M‡oB D‡QwVj `vm‡`i
Øviv| R‣bK cwieªvRK wj‡Lb- ÔÔThere are some married Portugals that get their livings
by their slaves both men and women, where of some have 12, some 20 and some 30,
for it costeth them but little to keep them. These slaves for money do labour for such
55
as have need of their helps.Ó
GB cZzw© MR `my¨‡`i gva¨‡g wLª÷vb a‡g©iI cÖmvi N‡U| `my¨iv PÆMÖvg e›`i, †`qvs I
A½viLvwj‡Z †Rvic~e©K ew›`‡`i wLª÷vb a‡g© agv©šÍwiZ Ki‡Zv| evwb©qv‡ii g‡Z, wgkbvixMY
kZ †Póv K‡i `k eQ‡iI hv Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv bv `my¨iv GK eQ‡i Zvi †P‡q AwaK †jvK‡K
wLª÷vb K‡i Me© Abyfe Ki‡Zv|56 D‡jøL¨, cZzw© MR cvw`ª‡`i gva¨‡gB PÆMÖv‡g me©cÖ_g
wLª÷vb ag© cÖPvi I cÖmvi jvf K‡i| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, PÆMÖv‡g wLª÷vb a‡g©i weKv‡k
cvw`ª‡`i cvkvcvwk cZz©wMR `my¨ivI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

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cÖ_g BD‡ivcxq wn‡m‡e cZz©wMRiv evwYwR¨K D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖvK…wZK †m․›`‡h©i jxjvf~wg PÆMÖv‡g
Av‡m| wKš‘ †b․we`¨vq cvi`k©x cZz©wMRiv ZrKvjxb PÆMÖv‡gi ivR‣bwZK Aw¯’iZvi my‡hv‡M
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mvgwiK mnvqZv †`Iqvq kvmK †kÖwYi mv‡_ Zv‡`i m¤úK© wQj fv‡jv| GB my‡hvMUv Kv‡R
jvwM‡q AvivKvb kvwmZ PÆMÖv‡g Zviv mš¿v‡mi ivRZ¡ Kv‡qg K‡i Ges `my¨ e„wˇZ AcÖwZ‡iva¨
n‡q D‡V| mn‡R Ges Lye `ªæZ m¤ú`kvjx nIqv hvq e‡j evwY‡R¨i cwie‡Z© `my¨Zv‡KB Zviv
Zv‡`i cÖavb †ckv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q †bq| GRb¨ Zviv Zv‡`i Rvnv‡Ri msL¨v e„w×mn †`wkq I
AvaywbK A¯¿, cÖ‡qvRbxq miÄv‡gi mgš^‡q NwU‡q wb‡R‡`i kw³ e„w× K‡i| hvi d‡j †lvj
kZ‡Ki wØZxqva© †_‡K m‡Zi kZ‡Ki wØZxqva© ch©šÍ gM Rj`my¨‡`i mnvqZv wb‡q cZ©ywMR
`my¨iv e‡½vcmvM‡ii DcK~jxq AÂj¸wj‡Z nvgjv K‡i GK Îv‡mi ivRZ¡ Kv‡qg Ki‡Z mÿg
nq| `my¨Zvi gva¨‡g Zviv evsjvi `wÿYv‡ji DcK~jxq A‡ji wbixn gvbyl‡`i AcniY I
ew›` KiZ| ew›`‡`i `vm wn‡m‡e wewµ Ki‡Zv| GB `vm‡`i Zviv PÆMÖvg e›`i w`‡q AvivKvb,
fviZ, `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqv GgbwK cwðg Avwd«Kvi wewfbœ †`‡k ißvwb Ki‡Zv| cZz©wMR `my¨‡`i
msM„nxZ `vm mnRjf¨ nIqvq divwm, Ij›`vR I Bs‡iR ewYKiv AvK…ó nq| GB ewYK‡`i
96 Jagannath University Journal of Arts

gva¨‡gB cZ©ywMR‡`i `vm e¨emv ZrKvjxb mg‡q AvšÍ©RvwZKfv‡e we¯Í…wZ jvf K‡i| Avi we¯Í…Z
I jvfRbK GB `vm e¨emvi ga¨ w`‡q cZz©wMRiv Lye `ªæZ wb‡R‡`i A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb NUvq|
Z‡e cZz©wMRiv Zv‡`i `my¨e„wË wb‡q GZ †ewk e¨¯Í n‡q c‡o †h, Zviv PÆMÖv‡g GKwU ¯’vqx
Dcwb‡ek MV‡bi †Kvbiƒc †PóvB K‡iwb| d‡j †b․kw³‡Z kw³kvjx nIqvi ciI PÆMÖv‡g emwZ
¯’vc‡bi 130 eQ‡ii g‡a¨B gyNjiv cZz©wMR‡`i GLvb †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡i|

UxKv I Z_¨wb‡`©k
1. Avng` kixd, PÆMÖv‡gi BwZnvm, (XvKv: AvMvgx cÖKvkbx, 2001), c„. 16
2. †lvj kZ‡Ki cÖ_gva© Ry‡o mgy`ª e›`i PÆMÖv‡g wbR wbR cÖfzZ¡ ¯’vc‡bi j‡ÿ¨ evsjv, AvivKvb I
wÎcyivi g‡a¨ bvbiKg ivR‣bwZK Aw¯’iZv Pj‡Z _v‡K
3. AÿqKzgvi •g‡Îq, Ôwdwiw½ ewbKÕ, (XvKv: w`e¨cÖKvk, †deªæqvwi 2016), c„. 62
4. gyn¤§` Avãyj Rwjj, e‡½ gM- wdwiw½ I eMx©i AZ¨vPvi, (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wwg, Ryb 1988), c„. 34
5. Jadunath Sarker, History of Bengal, Vol.II, (Dhaka: University of Dhaka, August, 1948), p. 354
6. J. J. Campos, History of Portuguese in Bengal, (Calcutta: R. N. Bhattachariya, 1960), p. 31
7. Ave`yj Kwig, evsjvi BwZnvm (†gvMj Avgj), 2q LÐ, (XvKv: RvZxq mvwnZ¨ cÖKvk, AvMó
2017), c„. 61
8. Sayed Ahmadul Haq, A short History of Chittagong, (Chittagong: Allamah Rumi Society,
second Edition 2006), p. 9; Ave`yj Kwig, cÖv¸³, c„. 61
9. †`qv½ KY©dzjx b`xi †gvnbvi Aci cv‡i A_v©r PÆMÖv‡gi `wÿ‡Y Aew¯’Z wQj
10. J. J. Campos, op. cit, p. 66
11. evukLvjx _vbvi mgy`ª DcK~jeZ©x GjvKvq A½vviLvwj bvgK GKwU cZz©wMR kni wQj| †mUv m¤¢eZ
kZvwaK eQi c~‡e© mgy`ª M‡f© wejxb n‡q †M‡Q
12. Avãyj nK †P․ayix, e›`i kni PÆMÖvg, (XvKv: MwZaviv, 2009), c„. 48
13. 1580- 1666 mvj ch©šÍ PÆMÖvg AvivKvwb kvm‡b wQj| G mgq AvURb kvmK PÆMÖvg kvmb K‡ib|
14. Dr. Suniti Bhushan Qunungo, A History of Chittagong, vol-I, (Chittagong: Signet Library), p. 311
15. Ibid, p. 312
16. Ibid, p. 313
17. J.J campos, op. cit, p.79
18. kÖx ivRKzgvi PµeZ©x, m›Øx‡ci BwZnvm, (KwjKvZv: Kgjv †cÖm, 1330 evs), c„. 41
19. PÆMÖv‡g cZz©wMR emwZ m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ †`Lyb: Zvmwjgv Bmjvg, ÔPÆMÖv‡g cZz©wMR emwZ Ges
¯’vbxq mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ‡Z cÖfveÕ, Journal of the Itihas Academy, Vol. 4, No. 4, February, 2019,
P. 121-130
20. Francois Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire, vol. 1, (London: Oxfod University Press p.196
21. kÖx `x‡bkP›`ª †mb, ivq evnv`yi KZ©„K m¼wjZ, c~eŸ©e½ MxwZKv: PÆMÖvg-‡bvqvLvjx, PZz_© LÐ, (XvKv:
Avb›`aviv, †deªæqvwi 2012), c„. 142
22. cZzw© MR ÔAvg©vWvÕ k‡ãi Acåsk nvg©v`
PÆMÖv‡g cZz©wMR `my¨e„wË I `vm e¨emv 97

23. ÔÔmvBM‡ii Z‡j gv-evc Kwiwj Kqei| nv¤§©v`¨vi gyjøy‡K Avgvi †K •je Lei \ÕÕ kÖx `x‡bkP›`ª
†mb, ivq evnv`yi KZ©„K m¼wjZ, cÖv¸³, c„. 349
24. ÔÔ`keviRb AvB‡jv Zviv Kvjv Rvw½ cwi| Kv‡iv Mv‡q jvj‡KvË©v gv_v‡Z cvMwo\ ÕÕ Z‡`e, c„. 213|
25. Z‡`e, c„. 212
26. ÔÔ`~‡i _vwK WvKzi `j `yiwg awi hvq| †`wLqv bQi gvjyg K‡i nvq‡i nvq|ÕÕ kÖx `x‡bkP›`ª †mb, ivq
evnv`yi KZ©„K m¼wjZ, cÖv¸³, c„. 212
27. Syed Murtaja Ali, History of Chittagong, (Dhaka: standard Publishers Ltd, July, 1964), p. 95
28. mZxkP›`ª wgÎ, h‡kvi- Lyjbvi BwZnvm (cª_g LÛ), (KjKvZv: †`ÕR cvewjwks, Rvbyqvwi, 2001),
c„. 632
29. kÖx `x‡bkP›`ª †mb, ivq evnv`yi KZ©„K m¼wjZ, cÖv¸³, c„. 211
30. Z‡`e, c„. 142
31. C. E. Lauard; H. Hosten, Travels of Fray Manrique 1629- 1643, (London: Hakluyt Society),
pp. 339- 342
32. Suniti Bhushan Qunungo, op.cit, p. 323
33. Jadunath Sarkar, ``The Firingi Pirates of Chittagong’’, Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal,
Vol.III, Calcutta, 1907, p. 422
34. mZxkP›`ª wgÎ, cÖv¸³, c„. 631
35. KvjxcÖmbœ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ga¨hy‡M ev½jv, (KjKvZv: †`ÕR cvewjwks, Rvbyqvwi, 2002), c„. 108|
36. Jadunath Sarkar, op. cit, p. 423
37. GB GjvKvq Rj`my¨‡`i Dc`ªe wQj e‡j Bs‡iR ewYKiv Gi bvg †`q †ivMm wifvi ev ¸Ûvi b`x|
38. GwU †gw`bxcy‡i Aew¯’Z wQj| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB ZgjyK GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e›`i wQj| cieZ©©x mg‡q
e›`iwU `vm †Kbv-†ePvi eo evRv‡i cwiYZ nq
39. Jadunath Sarkar, ``The Firingi Pirets of Chatgaon, 1665 A.D.’’, Journal of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal, Vol. III, Calcutta, 1907), p. 422
40. mZxkP›`ª wgÎ, cÖv¸³, c„. 631
41. Suniti Bhushan Qunungo, op. cit, p. 327
42. gmywjcZœg fvi‡Zi AÜ«cÖ‡`‡k Aew¯’Z| GwU e‡½vcmvM‡ii GKwU e›`i
43. bvMvcËg, †cv‡U©v †bv‡fv e›`i `ywU `wÿY fvi‡Zi Zvwgjbvo– iv‡R¨ Aew¯’Z| G¸‡jv ZrKvjxb
mg‡qi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e›`i wQj
44. m‡Zi kZ‡K cZz©wMRiv fvi‡Z hvZvqv‡Zi c‡_ cwðg Avwd«Kvi A‡bK¸‡jv e›`i Avwe®‥vi K‡i|
hvi g‡a¨ †cv‡U©v †bv‡fv bv‡gB Zv‡`i Av‡iKwU e›`i wQj| †cv‡Uv© †bv‡fv cZz©wMR kã hvi A_©
ÔbZzb e›`iÕ| cZz©wMR Dcwb‡ek _vKvi mg‡q `vm e¨emvi Rb¨ e›`iwUi ¸iæZ¡ e„w× cvq| eZ©gv‡b
GwU cwðg Avwd«Kvi †`k †ewbb Gi ivRavbx
45. Ij›`vR ewYKiv 1602 mv‡j c~e©fviZxq Øxccy‡Ä B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi AbyKi‡Y WvP mshy³ B÷
BwÛR †Kv¤úvwb (wf.I.wm) MVb K‡i| 76wU †Kv¤úvwb mshy³ K‡i GwU MwVZ n‡qwQj| evUvwfqv
wQj GB †Kv¤úvwbi cÖavb Kvh©vjq
46. S. Arastanam, op. cit, p. 196.
47. Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Portuguese Empire in Asia 1500- 1700: A Political and
Economic History, (New Delhi: Longman, 1992), pp. 13-17
98 Jagannath University Journal of Arts

48. S. Arasratnam, `Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the 17th century’, (Delhi: K.S Mathew
(ed), 1995), pp. 195-205
49. BgwZqvR Avn‡g`, ÔÔevsjvq cZz©wMR ewYK‡`i AvMgb I evwYR¨ we¯ÍviÕÕ, evsjv‡`k BwZnvm
cwil` cwÎKv, m¤úv. IqvwKj Avng` I †gv. AvLZviæ¾vgvb, KvwZ©K- •PÎ, Pzqvwjøk el©, XvKv,
wW‡m¤^i, 2010, c„. 40
50. C. E. Lauard; H. Hosten, op, cit, pp. 339- 342
51. S. Arasratnam, op. cit, pp. 197-198
52. J.J Campos, op. cit, p. 105
53. C. E. Lauard; H. Hosten, Travels of Fray Manrique 1629- 1643, (Hakluyt Society, London),
pp. 339- 342
54. SunitiBhusan Qanungo, op. cit, p. 330
55. C. E. Lauard; H. Hosten, op. cit, pp. 339- 342
56. Francois Bernier, op. cit, p