ANATOMY AND

1st Year, 1st Semester

PHYSIOLOGY PRELIMS

TISSUES

OUTLINE
I. Tissues
II. Epithelial Tissue
A. Features
B. Cell junctions
C. Functions
D. Types
E. Classifications
III. Connective Tissues
A. Features
B. Elements
C. Functions - Extracellular material is scarce
D. Classifications - Has different surfaces
IV. Muscle Tissue o Apical – free ; upper or the surface itself
A. Features ; does not come into contact with other
B. Functions cells
C. Types o Lateral – on both sides ; we find here the
V. Nervous Tissue structures that bind cells together (cell
A. Function junctions)
o Basal – part of the cell that covers the
TISSUE basement membrane
• A group of similar cells - Embedded on the basement membrane
• Functions together to carry out specialized activities
• Has similar extracellular substances NOTE :
o They need that because molecules / particles Basement membrane is a specialized extracellular
needed for homeostasis are suspended in the material that serves as a foundation to which your
extracellular substance epithelium is resting. It is porous which allows
- Contains nutrients for nourishment and even gets rid movement of nutrients (and waste) in/out of the cell.
of waste products Other types of tissues are located here as well
- The whole body is made up of tissue
- (+) renewal –– it renews over time ; it gives way
HISTOLOGY : microscopic study of tissues for new skin cells
BIOPSY : removing tissue samples from pt surgically or - No longer capable of dividing once they reach the
with a needle for diagnostic purposes upper area of the skin but the part where the base
of the tissue and basement membrane meet, it
TYPES OF TISSUES gets more nutrients + they are capable of dividing.
- Within an organ, tissues are organized in specific o As they divide, they go up, pushing the
ways cells up causing the cells to die (dead
o Epithelial Tissue – Lining, transport, secretion skin cells)
and absorption
o Connective Tissue – Support, strength and –– FEATURES
elasticity • Some have goblet cells (they secret mucus) which
o Muscle Tissue – Movement gives the epithelial cells the function of secretion
o Nervous Tissue – Information processing, • Lines the lumen (canal) of a specific body part. The
communication and control tissue acts as a covering [of the lumen] which allows
smooth, frictionless moving of substances in the
EPITHELIAL TISSUES lumen
• Covers internal and external surfaces • Can be ciliated (ex. @ air passages) so it cleans
• Forms glands passages
o Ex. We tend to cough out mucus in our air
passages because it irritates our cilia

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CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE : –– CLASSIFICATIONS

Chronic smokers are basically killing their cilia. If the LAYER SHAPE
cilia is killed or is undergoing changes from it being Simple one Squamous Flat
removed, it will be hard for the person to cough out Hexagony
phlegm that’s why the frequently have infections, Stratified multiple Cuboidal Cube
develop respiratory diseases Same H and
W
Pseudo one but it Columnar Tall but not
CELL JUNTIONS / CELL CONECTIONS stratified appears as wide
- Fuse cells together tightly so that passing of multiple
substances between cells are prevented layers
o Skin
- Hold cells together so that they don’t separate
while performing their functions
- Forming channels that allow ions and molecules
to pass between cells
a. Intercellular communication – they need
this to continue for to cells to transfer info
to one another
keeps the cells tightly bound tp
Tight Junctions prevent permeability / passage

holds the cells together bc the

cells need to be compact ;
Desmosome
mechanical links that bind cells
together
holding the cell to the basement
membrane (porous area that
Hemidesmosomes allows transfer of nutrients;
adhesive where epi tissue rests)

allow intercellular
Gap Junctions
communication

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

–– FUNCTIONS
- Protecting underlying structures
- Acting as barriers
- Permitting the passage of substances • Single layer of flat, hexagonal cells
- Secreting substances • Nuclei (Like bumps)
- Absorbing substances

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Ø FUNCTIONS § Particles embedded in mucous out of

- Diffusion the terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells
o Line alveoli and capillaries
o Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to Ø LOCATIONS
deoxygenated blood in exchange of co2 - Kidney tubules
(refer to diffusion in cells and physiology - glands and their ducts
lecture) - choroid plexuses of the brain
è Endothelium – lines the epithelium ; - lining of terminal bronchioles of the lungs
does not allow friction and allows blood to - surfaces of the ovaries
flow ; easy to diffuse in and out because it is
very thin SIMPLE COLUMNAR
- Filtration • Taller than cuboidal
o Kidney glomeruli • Single layer of tall, thin cells
§ Filtration mechanism in the kidney ;
• Contains organelles that enable them to perform
Filters blood and waste products ; it
complex functions
saves proteins that we need
- Some have cilia or microvilli
- Protection against friction
- With goblet cells – produce mucus
o Lining of blood vessels and heart
- The nuclei are aligned with each other
o Lining of serous membranes
- mostly found in the digestive tract
- Secretion
Ø FUNCTIONS
o Lining of serous membranes
- Movement of particles along ducts /tubes if with
o Mucus membranes
cilia
o Particles out of the bronchioles of the
Ø LOCATIONS
lungs by ciliated cells
- Lining of blood vessels and the heart
o Oocytes thru uterine tubes
- Lymphatic vessels (endothelium) and small ducts
- Absorption (@ intestine)
- Alveoli of the lungs, portions of the kidney tubules
- Secretion by cells of the glands / stomach /
- Lining of serous membranes (mesothelium) of the
intestines / brain / auditory tubes / ventricles of
body cavities (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal)
the brain
- Inner surface of the tympanic membranes

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

The first choice in terms of lining of the digestive system because they
are capable of secreting substances that absorb nutrients

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR

• Single layer of cube like cells

• Thicker = more organelles = more functions
• With more organelles compared to squamous
because it has more space • One layer only
• Others are lined with cilia or microvilli • Most likely ciliated and are associated with goblet
cells that secrete mucus onto the free surface
Ø FUCNTIONS
- Secretion
o Kidney, cells of glands and choroid plexus
- Absorption
o Kidney tubules
o Movement

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Ø FUNCTIONS
- Protection against abrasion
- Barrier against infection
Ø FUNCTION - Reduction of water loss from the body
- Synthesize and secrete mucus onto the free - Lines specific structures that are moist in nature
surface (NON-KERATINIZED)
- Movement of mucus (or fluid) that contains
foreign particles over the surface of the free Ø LOCATIONS
surface and from passages - Skin (keratinized)
- Digestive tract
Ø LOCATION - Anus
- Glandular ducts - Vagina
- Epididymis - Interior urethra
- Parts of the male urethra - Cornea
- Respiratory Track (Trachea, Bronchi, Lining of
the nasal cavity, Nasal sinuses, Pharynx) KERATINIZATION – starts with mitosis and prod of two
- Auditory tubes daughter cells, pushed up the cells, flattened, loses the
cytoplasm and replaced with keratin
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL

• Mainly multiple layers of hexagonal-like cells but

the lower portion looks cuboidal since the cells are
still alive and undergo mitosis which pushes the
daughter cells up which makes the upper portion
more flat and dead (since they loose cytoplasm) • One of the rarest
è Keratinized
o Keratin is a type of protein and is a hard Ø FUNCTIONS
substance - Secretion
o Gives the rigid structure - Absorption
o cytoplasm of cells at the surface is - Protection against invasion
replaced by a protein called keratin, and
the cells are dead Ø LOCATION
è Non-Keratinized - Sweat glands
o the surface cells retain a nucleus and - Ovarian follicular cells
cytoplasm o we have follicles that need oto be
ushered in wavelike motions
- Salivary gland ducts
o secretes saliva and is being done by
stratified cuboidal

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR

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• more than one layer of epithelial cells, but only the

surface cells are columnar
- deeper layer cells are irregular or cuboidal in
shape
- another rare one
- surface cells = cells that touch the external
environment

Ø FUNCTIONS
- Secretion
- Protection
- Absorption

Ø LOCATIONS
- Mammary gland ducts
- Larynx,
- Portion of the male urethra FEATURES
- With two basic elements : extracellular matric and
cells
- Do not usually occur in body surfaces (they form the
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL TISSUE organs)
- Highy vascular – because blood is a connective
tissue
o exemption: cartilage (avascular), tendon
(scanty blood supply)
- With nerve supply (except cartilage)

BASIC ELEMENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES

1. Extracellular matrix
a. Protein fibers
b. Ground substance
• stretch c. Fluid
• made of cuboidal cells 2. Cells
• relax = cuboidal ; stretched = squamous
• urinary bladder stretches PROTEIN FIBERS
• if it is stretched, there is pressure sa bladder Ø COLLAGENOUS FIBERS
- White
Ø FUNCTION - Collagen : most abundant protein in our body
- accommodation of fluid - Rope
- protection against the caustic effects of urine - Strong and flexible but not elastic
- Loose or dense
Ø LOCATION - synthesized within fibroblasts and secreted into
- Lining of urinary bladder the extracellular space. After collagen molecules
- Ureters are secreted, they are linked together to make
- Superior urethra long collagen fibrils. The collagen fibrils are then
joined together in bundles to form collagen fibers
CONNECTIVE TISSUES - TYPE 1 - flexible, ropelike strength of type I
• most abundant and widely distributed collagen fibers makes them well suited for
• not only linings and covering but they form the tendons, ligaments, skin, and bone.
organs, encapsulate, provide support - TYPE 2 - found in cartilage
- TYPE 3 - found in reticular fibers

Ø RETICULAR FIBERS
- Short and very fine
- Composed of type 3 collagen
- Form supporting network (reticulum)

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- Role is filling spaces bet. Tissues and organs -Clast Breaking down
- Lymphatic vessels, spleen Mast secrete histamine (responsible for
inflammation)
Ø ELASTIC FIBERS
- Yellow >> Antihistamine competes with
- Consists of the protein elastin histamine to fight it
- S&R (stretch and recoil)
- “Coiled metal bed springs Macrophages specialized WBC (they do
- Not very strong BUT elastic phagocytosis)
o You apply force, they stretch but if the
force is gone, they go back to their
original shape Why are they present? Blood is aconnective tissue
- Elastic fibers provide the elasticity of skin, lungs,
and arteries. NOTE : -blast, -cyte, -clast are involved in the ECM

FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES

1. Enclosing and separating
o Prevents damage when there is movement
2. Connecting tissues to one another
o Tendons and ligaments are connective
tissues ; tendons connect muscle to bone ;
ligaments holds the bones together
3. Supporting and moving
o bones
GROUND SUBSTANCE 4. Storing
- Shapeless background which holds the cells and o Adipose stores lipids for energy
protein fibers o Bone cells store calcium and phosphate
- Bg of the connective tissue 5. Cushioning and insulating
- Rich in water and proteoglycans o Adipose tissue
o Protein core with a lot of polysaccharides 6. Transporting
o Traps water o Blood transports wastes (away) and
o Hold protein fibers together nutrients (to the body)
- If rich in proteoglycans madali bumalik sa og 7. Protecting
shape o Blood (phagocytosis when there are foreign
invaders)
FLUID
- Blood CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES

CELLS LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

-Blast Forming cells
-Cyte Maintaining cells LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE

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• Matrix with mostly collagen & few elastic fibers

• Fibers are widely separated from one another;
loosely intertwined
• Widely distributed throughout the body
• Areola forms lamina propria – layer of connective
tissue that forms the connective membrane (?)
• Epithelial = may areolar sa may babang basement
membrane

Ø FUNCTION
Ø FUNCTION o Packing material
o Loose packing o Thermal insulation
o Support o Energy storage
o Nourishment for the structures with which it is o Protection of organs against injury from being
associated bumped or jarred

Ø LOCATION Ø LOCATION
o Widely distributed throughout the body o Predominantly in subcutaneous areas
o Substance on which epithelial basement o Mesenteries
membranes rest o Renal pelvis
o Packing between glands, muscles, and nerves o Around kidneys,
o Attaches the skin to underlying tissues o Attached to the surface of the colon
o Mammary glands
o Loose connective tissue that penetrates spaces
ADIPOSE and crevices
• With very little ECM
RETICULAR
• Matrix with collagen and elastic fibers
• Nucleus and cytoplasm peripherally located • Network of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular
• They are paddings that modulate our body temp cells that are loosely arranges
• Supporting framework (liver, spleen, lymph nodes)
• Binds together smooth muscle tissues
- Hematopoietic and lymphatic tissue is supported
by the reticular layer

Ø FUNCTION
o Provides a superstructure for lymphatic and
hemopoietic tissues

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Ø LOCATION Ø LOCATION
o Within the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow o Vocal folds
o elastic ligaments between the vertebrae
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE o along the dorsal aspect of the neck

DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS

DENSE IRREGULAR ELASTIC
• Matrix composed of bundles and sheets of
collagenous and elastic fibers oriented in multiple
directions
• Arteries are elastic (irregular) because they are
subject to stress
- w/o these, there may be arterial rupture

Ø FUNCTION
• Matrix consisting mostly of collagen fibers with may o Capable of strength, with stretching and recoil in
be arranged in the same direction (dense regular) several directions
• Provide pulling strength along the axis fibers Ø LOCATION
o Elastic arteries -– Subject to stress
Ø FUNCTION
o Able to withstand great pulling forces exerted in CARTILAGE
the direction of fiber orientation; great tensile - With chondrocytes located in spaces called
strength and stretch resistance lacunae with an extensive matrix
Ø LOCATION o Semi-rigid kaya it can’t embed
o Tendons (attach muscle to bone) o Every time you move it it goes back to its
o ligaments (attach bones to each other) original position
- With collagen in matrix that provides strength in
DENSE IRREGULAR COLLAGENOUS flexibility
-

• Matrix composed of collagen fiber that run in all

directions or in alternating planes of fibers oriented in
a somewhat single direction
• in many different directions

Ø FUNCTION
o Tensile strength capable of withstanding
stretching in all directions
Ø LOCATION
o Sheaths; most of the dermis of the skin; organ
capsules and septa; outer covering of body tubes
DENSE REGULAR ELASTIC
• With abundant elastic fibers that are arranged either
in the same direction
• With strength in the direction of fiber orientation
Ø FUNCTION
o Able to stretch and recoil like a rubber band, with
strength in the direction of fiber orientation
HYALINE CARTILAGE
• Most abundant type
• Collagen fibers are small and dispersed
• Forms smooth articulating surfaces
• Forms embryonic skeleton
Ø FUNCTION
o Allows the growth of long bones; provides
rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea,
bronchi, ribs, and nose; forms strong, smooth,
yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces;
forms the embryonic skeleton

Ø LOCATION

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o Growing long bones, cartilage rings of the
respiratory system, costal cartilage of ribs, nasal
cartilages, articulating surface of bones,
embryonic skeleton
FIBROCARTILAGE
• With more collagen fibers than hyaline
• Fibers arranged in thick bundle to support our body
• Flexible and can withstand considerable pressure
• Connects structures subjected to great pressure
Ø FUNCTION
o Somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding
considerable pressure; connects structures
subjected to great pressure
Ø LOCATION
o Intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis, articular
disks (e.g., knee and temporomandibular [ jaw]
joints)
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
• With elastic fibers appearing as coiled fibers among
bundles of collagen fibers
Ø FUNCTION
o Provides rigidity with even more flexibility than
hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers return to
their original shape after being stretched
Ø LOCATION
o External ears, epiglottis, auditory tubes
BONE
- Hard; with living cells and mineralized matrix
- With osteocytes located in lacunae
NOTE : chondrocytes: cartilage ; osteocytes: bone
- Provides strength, support and protection
SPONGY BONE
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• Latticelike network of scaffolding characterized by
trabeculae with large spaces between them filled
with hemopoietic tissue; the osteocytes, or bone
cells, are located within lacunae in the trabeculae
Ø FUNCTION
o Acts as scaffolding to provide strength and
support without the greater weight of compact
bone
Ø LOCATION
o In the interior of the bones of the skull, vertebrae,
sternum, and pelvis; in the ends of the long bones
COMPACT BONE
• Hard, bony matrix predominates; many osteocytes
(not seen in this bone preparation) are located within
lacunae that are distributed in a circular fashion
around the central canals; small passageways
connect adjacent lacunae
Ø FUNCTION
o Provides great strength and support; forms a solid
outer shell on bones that keeps them from being
easily broken or punctured
o Transports O2, CO2, hormones, nutrients, waste
products, and other substances; protects the
body from infections and is involved in
temperature regulation
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Ø LOCATION
o Outer portions of all bones, the shafts of long CARDIAC MUSCLE
bones • It has branches
• Intercalated disks; quite darker than striations
BLOOD
• Fast movement because of intercalated discs
• Liquid matrix and blood cells
• Muscle of the heart
• Regulates temp
• Striated and uni-nucleated
• Under involuntary control
• Pumps blood
• Gaps that make the movements faster – ic discs

Ø FUNCTION
o Transports O2, CO2, hormones, nutrients, SMOOTH MUSCLE
waste products, and other substances; protects
the body from infections and is involved in • Found in hollow organs like organs, intestines, eyes
temperature regulation • Non-striated, uni-nucleated, spindle-shaped
Ø LOCATION • Under involuntary control
o Within the blood vessels; white blood cells • Propels food, empties urinary bladder, causes goose
frequently leave the blood vessels and enter the flesh, controls light entering the eye
interstitial spaces • Forms the walls of hollow organs
• Found in the skin and eyes
MUSCLE TISSUES • To maintain environment; to avoid wounding the
• Consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers that organ
are highly specialized to generate force
• Longer length than diameter of the muscle fibers
• Produces motion by shortening or contracting
• Muscle tissues/ fibers initiates movement
• Every time muscle tissue contracts, it shortens
• Muscle tissues = muscles cells

TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUES NERVOUS TISSUES

• Forms the brain, spinal cord and nerves
SKELETAL MUSCLE • Composed of: neurons, supporting cells (neuroglia)
• with striations • Specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses
• multi nucleated – action potential
• long cylindrical and multi-nucleated • Body functions because of these nerve cells
• Striated – Striations are the lines that you can see; • Important in control of body functions
they are the protein; the proteins cause the lines; • Located in the nervous systems; brain spinal cord,
protein causes contractions nerves
• Enables body movement • Iba daw yung itsura ng neurons compared sa
• Attached to skeleton ordinary cells
• Under voluntary control • Axon that transmits the signal and would make action
potential
• Neuroglia – supporting cells

GLIAL CELLS

- Ependymal cells
- Oligodendrocyte
- Astrocyte
- Microglia

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- Hindi masyado mahirap na irelease yung waste

or yung mga kinain since may mucuous siyang
dadaanan sa G.I. tract

SEROUS MEMBRANE
• Consists of simple squamous epithelium resting on a
delicate layer of loose connective tissue
• Secretes serous fluid which covers the surface of the
membranes
• Konti lang serous fluid kasi walang glands compared
to mucous na may glands
• Line cavities that do not open directly to the exterior
and cover organs that lie within the cavities

TISSUE MEMBRANES Pericardial cavity – heart; may membrane para di

- Thin sheets or layers of tissues that cover magcause ng friction with other organs
structure or line activities

- WITH TWO LAYERS: parietal and visceral

CATEGORIES OF TISSUE MEMBRANES
MUCOUS MEMBRANE
• consists of various kinds of epithelium resting on a
thick layer of loose connective tissue
• Thicker than serous
• many have mucous glands that secrete mucus
• lines cavities that open to the outside of the body;
• In respiratory system, if i-inhale ka, yung mucous
membrane nilalaline yung nasal cavity; mucuous
reacts if may nadetect na foreign materials sa pag
inhale
• it has goblet cells on the mucous glands
- Between these layers ay serous fluid
- Parietal – outermost wall
- Visceral – innermost/ pinakamalapit sa heart/ any
organ
- If you dissect a heart you can see that it has layers,
the parietal and visceral
Pleural cavity – respiratory organs
- Since our lungs expand, serous has a big
responsibility na di magtouch yung lungs sa ibang
organs near it
- Parietal and visceral protects the organs

FUNCTIONS:
1. Protection
2. Absorption
3. Secretion
- Can be found in RESPIRATORY, GI, URINARY,
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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PERITONEUM - abdomen • When viruses infect epithelial cells of the upper

respiratory tract, inflammation and symptoms of the
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE common cold are produced
• Line the cavities of the freely movable joints such as • Inflammatory process occurs in stages
the shoulder, elbow and the knee • Inflammation is not only bruises; if you have a cut it
• The elderly finds it hard to move because the synovial is also an inflammation
fluid is not that much anymore
Chemical mediators – the ones released when you have
OTHER MEMBRANES: injury
- Dilation of the blood vessels; lumalaki sa lumen
CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE - If nagrelease ng prostaglandins or histamine ang
• Beneath the dermis is body matic na lalaki yung blood vessel and
loose connective and lalabanan yung infection
adipose tissue that
binds the skin to TISSUE REPAIR
underlying organs. • Tissue repair involves substitution of dead cells for
• This is hypodermis/ viable cells
subcutaneous layer. • Tissue repair can occur by regeneration or by fibrosis
• CUTANEOUS - Regeneration – new cells are the same type of
MEMBRANE (skin) those that were destroyed, restoring, normal
function is restored
PERIOSTEUM - Fibrosis – replacement, a new types of tissue
• Covers the bones develops eventually causes scar and loss of
some tissue function

REGENERATION
• Can completely repair some tissues, such as the skin
and the mucuous membrane of the intestine. In these
cases, regeneration is accomplished primarily by
stem cells
• Stem cells are self-renewing, undifferentiated cells
that continue to divide throughout the life
• Tissue repair occurs in sequential steps

TISSUE INFLAMATION

• Inflammation is usually a beneficial process

occurring When tissues are damages

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