Distance Protection Relay

Setting Calculations
 Distance Protection

• A distance protection element measures the quotient impedance (V/I),

considering the phase angle between the voltage V and the current I.
• In the event of a fault, sudden changes occur in measured voltage and
current, causing a variation in the measured impedance.
• The measured impedance is then compared against the set value.
• Distance element will trip the relay (a trip command will be issued to the
CB associated with the relay) if the measured value of the impedance is less
then the value set.
• Distance protection is used to protect transmission lines .
• It is a non unit protection.

Why Distance Protection ? Why not Overcurrent relay?

• The reach of over current relay is function of Source Impedance which
varies considerably, making it difficult to get fast and Selective tripping.
So , distance protection is used as a primary protection.
 Distance Protection

Distance protection principle of operation

In Fig. the impedance measured at the relay point A is Zin , where x is the
distance to the fault (short circuit), and R and X are transmission line
parameters in per unit length. The line length is l in the fig.
Operating characteristics of distance protection elements are usually
represented using R-X diagrams.
Required information for Protective Setting

Line Parameters:
• Line length, voltage level, conductor size and conductor type used
for local as well as remote substations.
• This information is used to calculate the parameters (positive and
zero sequence resistance, reactance) for each section.
• Maximum load current or apparent power (MVA) corresponding to
the emergency line which can be obtained from the table of standard
conductor rating (available in each utility).
• The number of conductors in a bundle has to be taken into
consideration.
• Conductor Specifications if not available, refer to CEA manual
‘Annexure-V, Table 1(a), Line parameters’
…required information for Protective Setting

Transformer Parameters:
• The manufacturer's positive and zero sequence impedance test
values have to be obtained.
• The transformer nameplate normally provides the
manufacturer's positive sequence impedance values.
• Voltage ratio, MVA rating, %Impedance value
CT & PT Ratios :
• Obtain the CT & PT ratios as indicated on the protection
diagrams.
• For existing circuits, it is possible to verify the ratios indicated
on the diagrams by measuring the load currents on site and
comparing with a known ratio.
Arc & Tower footing resistance:
• Used in resistive reach calculation.
 Various operating Characteristics

• Protective relays respond and operate according to defined

operating characteristic and applied settings.
• Each type of protective relay has distinctive operating characteristic
to achieve implementation objective: sensitivity, selectivity,
reliability and adequate speed of operation.
 MHO characteristics

Region of
Line Q non-operation
120%
B outside the circle

80%
Zone 2
Line P
Z RS

Load
Region of region
operation
Zone 1

A R
1. Mostly used
2. Resistive and reactive reach can be set independently
Zone protection
* Generally zones Z1, Z2, Z3 are taken as forward direction and Z4 is
taken as reverse direction with time settings as T1, T2, T3 and T4
respectively.
* Settings adopted depends on their respective Regional Power Committees
and CBIP recommendation or guidelines.
Adopted Philosophy for Transmission Line Protection

* Stepped distance scheme is followed.

* 3 Forward Zones + 1 Reverse Zone is kept
Zone 1:
* Set to cover 80% of the protected line. There is no intentional time
delay for this zone.

Why 80% ?
The under-reach setting is set to avoid overreaching into the next
protected line & to avoid unwanted tripping.

Reasons for inaccuracy of distance relay reach

* Inaccuracy in CT & PT ratios.
* Line parameter errors.
* Variation of line parameters according to atmospheric conditions.
It should isolate the fault instantaneously.
Adopted Philosophy for Transmission Line Protection

Zone 2:
* Set to cover (120% of the protected line) Or (Protected line
impedance + 50% of adjacent shortest line impedance)
or (Protected line + 50% transformer impedance).
* 150% of the protected line (for Double circuit )
* Time delay- 300-500 milli seconds.
* Provides Backup protection for a part of the adjacent line.
* Should be set in such a way that Zone-2 setting should not encroach
into LV side of the transformer as this leads to unwanted tripping of
HV side for a fault in LV side.
* Trip the faulty line instantaneously using carrier aided tripping
(POTT).
Consideration for time delay:
• Downstream Co-ordination (100ms)
• Circuit Breaker Operation(100ms)
• Safety margin(100ms)
Adopted Philosophy for Transmission Line Protection

Zone 3:
* Set to cover (120% of the protected line + adjacent longest line) or
(Protected line impedance + 100% of adjacent longest line
impedance + 25% of second adjacent longest line) or (Protected line
+ 100% transformer impedance).
* Time delay- 800-1200milli seconds .
* Provides Backup protection for a the next adjacent line.
* Should be set in such a way that Zone-3 setting should not encroach
into LV side of the transformer as this leads to unwanted tripping of
HV side for a fault in LV side..
Zone-4:
* Reverse Zone
* Provides backup protection for station faults. (Acts as Busbar zone
backup)
* Time delay is normally 1-1.3sec if Bus bar protection available
else 450-500ms.
Conversion of primary values into secondary values
* Distance relays are fed from the secondary's of line CT’s & Bus
PT’s /Line CVT’s.
* The line parameters are to be converted into secondary values
Zsec = Zpri / (Impedance ratio)
Where Impedance ratio = PT ratio / CT ratio.
* The CT and PT ratios are inter related. Hence any changes in CT
ratio has to be effected along with revision of relay settings only.

RCA (Relay Characteristics Angle)

* Represents the characteristics of entire transmission line
* Angle range :
KV Line Angle
132kV 60-70 Deg
220kV 70-80 Deg
400kV 80-85 Deg

* Formula – Inverse of tan'(X/R).

Load Encroachment :
* While protecting long lines the necessary reach may be large so that
the minimum service impedance (load impedance) falls with the
region. This results in tripping without there being any fault.

* How to identify Load encroachment?

Conditions Phase angle
Heavy load +30 to -30 Deg
Short circuits 60 to 80 Deg
…Load Encroachment :

How to reduce Load encroachment problem?

* Use Lenticular or elliptical shape characteristics

(Limitation: Fault resistance coverage reduced)

* Shaping the characteristic of the relay to avoid load . Zone-3 reach

should be set less than maximum load coverage.
(Limitation: More complex shapes become hard to define)

What to do?

* Define the load regions in the impedance plane and block operation
of distance elements if the impedance in either of the load region.
Resistive reach:
* This setting is used for setting the resistive coverage.
* Separate resistive settings are kept for Phase-Phase faults &
Phase-Earth faults.
* Arc resistance & tower footing resistance are required to calculate
resistive reach settings.
…Resistive reach:
In general , reach is calculated ..

* Phase-Phase fault Resistance = Arc resistance .

Phase-Earth fault Resistance = Arc resistance + Tower footing
resistance.

* R ph-ph = R(Zone) + Phase-Phase fault Resistance

R ph-e = R(Zone) + Phase-Earth fault Resistance

* R ph-e >> Rph-ph.

Notation:
* R1PH-R1G ( MiCOM)
* R(Z)-RE(Z) (SIEMENS)
* RFPP-RFPE (ABB)
Power swing

* Power Swing which is basically caused by the large disturbances in the

power system which if not blocked could cause wrong operation of the
distance relay and can generates wrong or undesired tripping of the
transmission line circuit breaker.

* Power swing is a variation in three-phrase power flow which occurs when

the generator angles are advancing or retarding relative to each other in
response to changes in load magnitudes, line switching, loss of generation,
faults, and other system disturbance.

* It can cause major power outages, even power blackout or severe damage to
the machine.

* Thereby, a Power Swing Block (PSB) function is adopted in modern relays

to prevent unwanted distance relay element operation during power swing.

* The main purpose of the PSB function is to differentiate between power

faults and power swings, and block distance or other relay elements from
operations during a power swing.
Power swing effect on distance relay
* Power swings can cause the load impedance to enter into the relay’s
operating characteristic which under steady state conditions is not
within the relay’s operating characteristic as shown in figure.

* Distance or other relays should not trip during such as stable or

unstable power swings, and allow the power system to return to a
stable operating condition.
* Faults that occur during a power swing must be detected and cleared
with a high degree of selectivity and dependability.
Power Swing
* A fault on the system results in the measured impedance crossing
rapidly crossing the R Band, en route to a tripping zone.
* Power swing is detected when three phase-phase impedances
remained within the R band for a time delay.
* It is recommended to block all the zones in the distance relay for a
time delay of 2 seconds to avoid unwanted tripping. (For stable
power swing)
How to identify power swings?

* The rate of change of impedance phasor is slower during power

swings whereas faster for short circuit faults.

* Power swing impedances vectors will normally enter the protection

zones at an angle of 90 deg to the line angle.

* Direction of current flow will remain same during the power swing
event. Only voltages change with respect to one another.

* Causes severe oscillations in power flow.

Power swing detection methods

* Traditional Method
• We can distinguish a Power Swing condition or OSS condition by the difference in the
rate of change of the positive-sequence impedance vector.
• This detection method is based on the fact that it takes a certain time for the rotor
angle to advance because of system inertias.
• Practical implementation of measuring the rate of change of the impedance is
normally performed through the use of two impedance measurement elements
together with a timing device.
• If the measured impedance stays between the settings of the two impedance
measurement elements for a predetermined time, the relay declares a power swing
condition and issues a blocking signal to block the distance relay element operation.
*Advanced Method
• The advent of digital technology has given relay design engineers the
ability to develop and realize new methods for detecting power
swings.
• Some of these new methods determine a power swing condition
based on a continuous impedance calculation.
• For example, an impedance calculation is performed for each 5ms
step, and compared with the previous 5ms’ result. Thus two
continuous deviations can be predicted as traveling impedance
because of power swing.
• Synchro phasor-based Out-of-Step Relaying measurement has also
been used to detect and take action for power swings.
• Many utilities are currently evaluating the use and application of
synchronized phasor measurement systems.
Auto Reclose Element

Types of faults:
* 1.Transient faults 2. Semi permanent faults 3. Permanent faults

Transient faults:
* Disappear after Short dead time
Various Transient Faults
• Lightning strokes resulting in flashovers
• Conductor swinging due to high winds
• Bird fault
• Temporary contact with foreign objects like tree etc.
* 80%-90% of faults on any overhead line network are transient in
nature. The remaining 20%-10% of faults are either semi-
permanent or permanent.
…Auto reclose :

Advantages:
* Decreases outage time
* Improves reliability
* Improves system stability
* Reduces maintenance time.
Dead time:
The time between the auto reclosing scheme being energised and the operation of the
contacts which energise the circuit breaker closing circuit.

Range: 0.3- 1.2 sec ; 1 Sec (NRPC & CBIP-274 for both 220 kV and 400kV)

Reclaim time:
The time between 1st and 2nd Auto reclosure.
Range: 10-30 sec ; 25 Sec (NRPC)

•Single phase , Single pole Auto reclosing is recommended.(CBIP)

•Auto reclose function should be kept for Zone-1.(CBIP)
•The recommended operating cycle as per IEC publication 56.2 is O-0.3s-CO-3min-CO
… Auto reclose :

Protections which block AR :

* CB internal problems
* Local Breaker protection relay operates
* Bus bar protection operates
Auto-reclosing on EHV Transmission Networks
* The most important consideration in the application of auto-reclosing
to EHV transmission lines is the maintenance of system stability and
synchronism.
* The problems involved are dependent on whether the transmission
system is weak or strong.
• With a weak system, loss of a transmission link may lead quickly to an
excessive phase angle across the CB used for re-closure, thus preventing
a successful re-closure.
• In a relatively strong system, the rate of change of phase angle will be
slow, so that delayed auto-reclose can be successfully applied.
Single-phase Auto-reclosing
* Single phase to earth faults are the majority of faults in overhead lines.
* When three-phase auto-reclosing is applied to single circuit
interconnectors between two power systems, the tripping of all three
phases may cause the two systems to drift apart in phase resulting no
interchange of synchronising power during the dead time.
* If only the faulty phase is tripped, synchronising power can still be
interchanged through the healthy phases leading to the reduction in the
disturbance on the system when the circuit breaker recloses.
* On the occurrence of a phase-earth fault, single-phase auto-reclose
schemes trip and reclose only the corresponding pole of the circuit
breaker.
* Modern numerical relays often incorporate the logic for combined
single and three-phase auto-reclosing where single phase to earth faults
initiate single-phase tripping and reclosure, and phase-phase faults
initiate three-phase tripping and reclosure.
* Advantages of Single Phase Auto-reclosing
• The maintenance of system continuity.
• The particular faulty phase is restored by maintaining the stability and
synchronism.

* Disadvantages of Single Phase Auto-reclosing

• The main disadvantage is the longer de-ionisation time resulting from
capacitive coupling between the faulty and healthy lines. This leads to
a longer dead time being required.
SOTF (Switch Onto Fault)

* Line is switched on to a close by fault (say after line clear with earth
switch closed, accidental energization), the voltage at the relaying
point will be zero.
* Voltage applied to the relay will be low.
* SOTF relay will trip instantaneously.
* SOTF feature will be effective only for about 200 ms after the line is
charged and if fault is presents the relay will operate as a simple O/C
relay and its isolate the healthy section from faulty detection.
* This function is very useful in a case when maintenance of any
machinery is done in a switchyard and the line to be energised.
* Faults occurring after this time will be measured in normal way.

How is SOTF sensed?

If the voltage does not rise to 50-60% of rated voltage in one cycle &
if the current is more than the set current.
Broken Conductor

* Type of unbalanced fault which is a open circuit fault or series fault.

* Series faults will not cause an increase in phase current on the

system and are not readily detectable by standard overcurrent
relays.

* A resultant level of negative phase current can be detected.

* An element is incorporated which measures the ratio of negative

phase sequence to positive phase sequence (I2/I1).

* Setting:
I2/I1 ≥ 0.2 ; Time delay 3-5secs. (NRPC)

* This element is given for alarm only.

Fuse failure protection

* Distancerelays being voltage restrained overcurrent relay, loss of

voltage due to PT fuse failure will cause mal-operation of the relay
operation.

* This element will block the distance element not to operate.

* The relays senses the condition by the presence of residual voltage.

* Normally set to 15% unbalance.

* Given for alarm .

Settings Calculation
 Setting calculations for ABB REL-521

Data Required
*Positive Sequence Line Impedance = R1+jX1
*Zero Sequence Line Impedance = R0+jX0
*CT Ratio
*PT Ratio
*Protected line length (PLL)
*Adjacent shortest line length (ASLL)
*Adjacent longest line length (ALLL)
*Second adjacent long line length (SALLL)
*MVA, %Impedance of Transformer, No. of Transformers connected
*Maximum load on the Feeder (Refer from CEA Tr. Lines Guidelines)
*Phase-Phase fault resistance (Arc resistance)
*Phase-Earth fault resistance (Arc resistance + Tower footing
resistance)
 .....setting calculations for ABB REL-521
Calculations
1.Protected Line (P.L)
*Positive Sequence Resistance of P.L (Primary) = R1 (Ω/Km)
*Total Positive sequence resistance of P.L (Primary) = R1x PLL
*Total Positive Sequence resistance wrt secondary (R1 Sec) = R1 x PLL x (CT/PT ratio)

*Positive Sequence Reactance of P.L (Primary) = X1 (Ω/Km)

*Total Positive sequence reactance of P.L (Primary) = X1x PLL
*Total Positive Sequence reactance wrt secondary (X1 Sec) = X1 x PLL x (CT/PT ratio)

*Zero Sequence Resistance of P.L (Primary) = R0 (Ω/Km)

*Total Zero sequence resistance of P.L (Primary) = R0x PLL
*Total Zero Sequence resistance wrt secondary (R0 Sec) = R0 x PLL x (CT/PT ratio)

*Zero Sequence Reactance of P.L (Primary) = X0 (Ω/Km)

*Total Zero sequence reactance of P.L (Primary) = X0x PLL
*Total Zero Sequence reactance wrt secondary (X0 Sec) = X0 x PLL x (CT/PT ratio)
 .....setting calculations for ABB REL-521
Calculations
2.Adjacent Short Line (A.S.L)
*Positive Sequence Resistance of A.S.L (Primary) = R1 (Ω/Km)
*Total Positive sequence resistance of A.S.L (Primary) = R1x ASLL
*Total Positive Sequence resistance wrt secondary (R1 Sec) = R1 x ASLL x (CT/PT ratio)

*Positive Sequence Reactance of A.S.L (Primary) = X1 (Ω/Km)

*Total Positive sequence reactance of A.S.L (Primary) = X1x ASLL
*Total Positive Sequence reactance wrt secondary (X1 Sec) = X1 x ASLL x (CT/PT ratio)

*Zero Sequence Resistance of A.S.L (Primary) = R0 (Ω/Km)

*Total Zero sequence resistance of A.S.L (Primary) = R0x ASLL
*Total Zero Sequence resistance wrt secondary (R0 Sec) = R0 x ASLL x (CT/PT ratio)

*Zero Sequence Reactance of A.S.L (Primary) = X0 (Ω/Km)

*Total Zero sequence reactance of A.S.L (Primary) = X0x ASLL
*Total Zero Sequence reactance wrt secondary (X0 Sec) = X0 x ASLL x (CT/PT ratio)

3.Adjacent Long Line (A.L.L)

4.Second Adjacent Long Line (S.A.L.L)
 .....setting calculations for ABB REL-521
Calculations
Transformer Impedance
*Total transformer Impedance ZT (Pri) = Imp.of Tranf.1 + Imp. of Transf. 2
+...............
= > ZT =[ 1/ { %Imp.* (KV²/MVA)}] + [ 1/ { %Imp.* (KV²/MVA)}]
+...............
*Total transformer Impedance ZT (Sec) = ZT (Pri) x (CT/PT ratio)

Loadablity
*Max Load current
*Max apparent power Smax= 1.732 x 1.2 x V L-L x Max load current
*As per “Reliability Standard PRC-023” for 0.85per unit voltage and max current
is
Zloadmin (Pri.)=(0.8*V L-L* V L-L)/(Smax)
Zloadmin (Sec.) = Zload max (Pri.) * (CT/PT ratio)

*Angle of Positive sequence impedance ZPL = tan-1(X1/R1)

*Angle of Zero sequence impedance ZPL = tan-1(X0/R0)
 .....setting calculations for ABB REL-521
Zone Settings
Zone 1
Phase- Phase
*X1PP = 80% of PLL
*R1PP = 80% of PLL
*RFPP = Min[ (Ph-Ph fault resistance in Sec),(3 times of Zone 1 reach) &
(1.6*Zloadmin*(cos 30-(R1PP/X1PP)*Sin 30))]

Phase-Earth
*X1PE=X1PP
*R1PE=R1PP
*RFPE = Min[ (Ph-Ph fault resistance in Sec),(4.5 times of Zone 1 reach) &
(0.8*Zloadmin*(cos 30-(2*R1PP+R0PE/2*X1PP+X0PE)*Sin 30))]

Zero Sequence
*X0PE = 80% of PLL (X0)
*R0PE = 80% of PLL (R0)

*Time Setting = 0 Seconds

 .....setting calculations for ABB REL-521
Zone Settings
Zone 2
Phase- Phase
*X1PP = Min[Max { (PLL+0.5*ASLL),(1.2*PLL)} & (PLL+0.5 Trans. Impedance)]
*R1PP = Min[Max { (PLL+0.5*ASLL),(1.2*PLL)} & (PLL+0.5 Trans. Impedance)]
*RFPP = Min[ (Ph-Ph fault resistance in Sec),(3 times of Zone 2 reach) &
(1.6*Zloadmin*(cos 30-(R1PP/X1PP)*Sin 30))]

Phase-Earth
*X1PE=X1PP
*R1PE=R1PP
*RFPE = Min[ (Ph-Ph fault resistance in Sec),(4.5 times of Zone 2 reach) &
(0.8*Zloadmin*(cos 30-(2*R1PP+R0PE/2*X1PP+X0PE)*Sin 30))]

Zero Sequence
*X0PE = Min[Max { (PLL+0.5*ASLL),(1.2*PLL)} & (PLL+0.5 Trans. Impedance)]
*R0PE = Min[Max { (PLL+0.5*ASLL),(1.2*PLL)} & (PLL+0.5 Trans. Impedance)]

*Time Setting = 0.35- 0.5 Seconds

 .....setting calculations for ABB REL-521
Zone Settings
Zone 3
Phase- Phase
*X1PP = Min[ (1.2*PLL+ALLL),(PLL+ALL+0.25*SALL)} & (PLL+Trans. Impedance)]
*R1PP = Min[ (1.2*PLL+ALLL),(PLL+ALL+0.25*SALL)} & (PLL+Trans. Impedance)]
*RFPP = Min[ (Ph-Ph fault resistance in Sec),(3 times of Zone 3 reach) &
(1.6*Zloadmin*(cos 30-(R1PP/X1PP)*Sin 30))]

Phase-Earth
*X1PE=X1PP
*R1PE=R1PP
*RFPE = Min[ (Ph-Ph fault resistance in Sec),(4.5 times of Zone 3 reach) &
(0.8*Zloadmin*(cos 30-(2*R1PP+R0PE/2*X1PP+X0PE)*Sin 30))]

Zero Sequence
*X0PE = Min[ (1.2*PLL+ALLL),(PLL+ALL+0.25*SALL)} & (PLL+Trans. Impedance)]
*R0PE = Min[ (1.2*PLL+ALLL),(PLL+ALL+0.25*SALL)} & (PLL+Trans. Impedance)]

*Time Setting = 0.7 – 1.0 Seconds

 .....setting calculations for ABB REL-521
Zone Settings
Zone 4
Phase- Phase
*X1PP = 0.25 * Zone 1 Impedance
*R1PP = 0.25 * Zone 1 Impedance
*RFPP = Min[ (Ph-Ph fault resistance in Sec),(3 times of Zone 4 reach) &
(1.6*Zloadmin*(cos 30-(R1PP/X1PP)*Sin 30))]

Phase-Earth
*X1PE=X1PP
*R1PE=R1PP
*RFPE = Min[ (Ph-Ph fault resistance in Sec),(4.5 times of Zone 4 reach) &
(0.8*Zloadmin*(cos 30-(2*R1PP+R0PE/2*X1PP+X0PE)*Sin 30))]

Zero Sequence
*X0PE = 0.25 * Zone 1 Impedance
*R0PE = 0.25 * Zone 1 Impedance

*Time Setting = 1.0 – 1.2 Seconds

 .....setting calculations for ABB REL-521
Power Swing
*Inner Reactive Boundary Forward (X1InFw) = 1.1 x X1PP of Zone 3
*Inner Reactive Boundary Reverse (X1InRv) = 1.1 x X1PP of Zone 3
*Line resistance for inner characteristics angle (R1In) =1.1 x R1PP of Zone 3
*X1OUT = KX x (X1In/100) where KX= 0.125
*R1OUT = KX x (R1In/100) where KX= 0.125
*Time for detection of Initial Power Swing (tp1) = 0.045 sec
*Time for detection of subsequent Power Swing (tp2) = 0.015 sec
*Waiting time for activation of tp2 timer (tw) = 0.25 sec
*Time for giving Power Swing start output (tH) = 0.5 sec
*Timer giving delay to inhibit by the residual current (tR1) = 0.3 sec
*Timer giving delay to inhibit by very slow Swing (tR2) = 2 Sec
 Setting calculations for Siemens 7SAXXX

Data Required
*Positive Sequence Line Impedance = R1+jX1
*Zero Sequence Line Impedance = R0+jX0
*CT Ratio
*PT Ratio
*Protected line length (PLL)
*Adjacent shortest line length (ASLL)
*Adjacent longest line length (ALLL)
*Second adjacent long line length (SALLL)
*MVA, %Impedance of Transformer, No. of Transformers connected
*Maximum load on the Feeder (Refer from CEA Tr. Lines Guidelines)
*Phase-Phase fault resistance (Arc resistance)
*Phase-Earth fault resistance (Arc resistance + Tower footing
resistance)
 .....setting calculations for Siemens 7SAXXX

Calculations
1.Protected Line (P.L)
*Positive Sequence Impedance of P.L (Primary) Z = √ (R12+X12 ) (Ω/Km)
*Total Positive sequence Impedance of P.L ( Primary) = Z x PLL
*Total Positive Sequence Impedance wrt secondary (PL .Z Sec) = Z x PLL
x (CT/PT ratio)

2.Adjacent Shortest Line (A.S.L)

*Positive Sequence Impedance of A.S.L (Primary) Z = √ (R12+X12 )
(Ω/Km)
*Total Positive sequence Impedance of A.S.L ( Primary) = Z x ASLL
*Total Positive Sequence Impedance wrt secondary (ASL.Z Sec) = Z x
ASLL x (CT/PT ratio)
 .....setting calculations for Siemens 7SAXXX

Calculations
3.Adjacent Longest Line (A.L.L)
*Positive Sequence Impedance of A.L.L (Primary) Z = √ (R12+X12 )
(Ω/Km)
*Total Positive sequence Impedance of A.L.L ( Primary) = Z x ALLL
*Total Positive Sequence Impedance wrt secondary (ALL.Z Sec) = Z x
ALLL x (CT/PT ratio)

4.Second Adjacent Longest Line (S.A.L.L)

*Positive Sequence Impedance of S.A.L.L (Primary) Z = √ (R12+X12 )
(Ω/Km)
*Total Positive sequence Impedance of S.A.L.L ( Primary) = Z x SALLL
*Total Positive Sequence Impedance wrt secondary
(SALLL.Z Sec) = Z x SALLL x(CT/PT ratio)
 .....setting calculations for Siemens 7SAXXX
Calculations
Transformer Impedance
*Total transformer Impedance ZT (Pri) = Imp. of Tranf.1 + Imp. of Transf. 2
+...............
= > ZT =[ 1/ { %Imp.* (KV²/MVA)}] + [ 1/ { %Imp.* (KV²/MVA)}]
+...............
*Total transformer Impedance ZT (Sec) = ZT (Pri) x (CT/PT ratio)

Loadablity
*Max Load current
*Max apparent power Smax= 1.732 x 1.2 x V L-L x Max load current
*As per “Reliability Standard PRC-023” for 0.85per unit voltage and max current
is
Zmax (Pri.)=(0.8*V L-L* V L-L)/(Smax)
Zmax (Sec.) = Zload max (Pri.) * (CT/PT ratio)

*Angle of Positive sequence impedance ZPL = tan-1(X1/R1)

*Angle of Zero sequence impedance ZPL = tan-1(X0/R0)
 .....setting calculations for Siemens 7SAXXX

Calculations
Loadablity
* The Resistance reach & Reactance reach corresponding to
Zmax w.r.t Secondary is
R = Zmax *Cos (30) & X= Zmax *Sin (30)
*The New impedance for Parallel line drawn parallel to the
Line impedance passing through Zmax to the point at which
the parallel line cuts
*The Resistance axis is Znew= X(at Zmax) /Sin(Line angle)
*The New Resistance from known Reactance
Rnew = Znew* Cos (Line angle)
*Resistancereach of Relay Characteristics obtained
from maximum loadability condition
Resistive Reach R=(R correspond to Zmax – Rnew)
 .....setting calculations for Siemens 7SAXXX
Zone Settings
Zone 1
*Zone 1 Impedance Z1= 80% x P.L.Z Sec
*Zone 1 Resistance R1= Z1 x Cos(Line angle)
*Zone 1 Reactance X1= Z1 x Sin(Line angle)
*Phase to phase resistive reach R(Z1) = R1+Arc Resistance/2
*Phase to earth resistive reach RE(Z1)=R1+Arc Resistance +Tower footing
resistance

*Time settings T1= 0 Seconds

 .....setting calculations for Siemens 7SAXXX
Zone Settings
Zone 2
*Zone 2 Impedance Z2
= Min[Max {(PLL.Z Sec+0.5*ASLL.Z Sec),(1.2*PLL.Z Sec)} &
(PLL.Z Sec+0.5 Trans. Impedance)]
*Zone 2 Resistance R2= Z2 x Cos(Line angle)
*Zone 2 Reactance X2= Z2 x Sin(Line angle)
*Phase to phase resistive reach R(Z2) = R2+Arc Resistance/2
*Phase to earth resistive reach RE(Z2)=R2+Arc Resistance + Tower footing
resistance

*Time settings T2= 0.35- 0.5 Seconds

 .....setting calculations for Siemens 7SAXXX
Zone Settings
Zone 3
*Zone 3 Impedance Z3
= Min[(1.2*PLL.Z Sec +ALLL.Z Sec),(PLL.Z Sec+ ALL.Z Sec+0.25*SALL.Z Sec)}
& (PLL.Z Sec+ Trans. Impedance)]
*Zone 3 Resistance R3= Z3 x Cos(Line angle)
*Zone 3 Reactance X3= Z3 x Sin(Line angle)
*Phase to phase resistive reach R(Z3) = R3+Arc Resistance/2
*Phase to earth resistive reach RE(Z3)=R3+Arc Resistance + Tower footing
resistance

*Time settings T3= 0.7- 1.0 Seconds

 .....setting calculations for Siemens 7SAXXX
Zone Settings
Zone 4
*Zone 4 Impedance Z4= 0.25 * Zone 1 Impedance (Z1)
*Zone 4 Resistance R4= Z4 x Cos(Line angle)
*Zone 4 Reactance X4= Z4 x Sin(Line angle)
*Phase to phase resistive reach R(Z4) = R4+Arc Resistance/2
*Phase to earth resistive reach RE(Z4)=R4+Arc Resistance +Tower footing
resistance

*Time settings T4= 1.0 -1.2 Seconds

 .....setting calculations for Siemens 7SAXXX
Power Swing Blocking

*Power Swing Operating mode = All zones to be blocked

(As per CEA protection committee guidelines, all zones to be blocked
till study is carried out to selectively block or unblock logic)

*Power swing trip = No tripping

* Trip delay timing = 2 Sec