BIOLOGY

Structures and Functions of Animal Cells

D- Domain
K- Kingdom
P- Phylum
C- Class
O- Order
F- Family
G- Germs
S- Species

Domain Archae Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya

- Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Bacteria 4 Kingdoms (Fungi, Animal, Plant,
Protist)

Cell- All organisms are made up of at least one _____.

HIERARCHY OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

Atoms Ecosystem
Molecules Biomes
Organelles Biosphere
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ System
Organisms
Population
Community
LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
*Chemical- atoms and molecules that make up the basic unit of life.
FOUR TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES ASSOCIATED WITH LIFE:
1.) Carbohydrates
2.) Proteins
3.) Lipids or fats
4.) Nucleic acids
*Organelle- Distinct & specialized subcellular structures that contribute to the cell’s
maintenance and reproduction; membrane-bound structures in eukaryotic cells.
EXAMPLES: Mitochondria, Nucleus, Golgi apparatus, Endoplasmic reticulum.
*Cell- The smallest, basic, functional unit of life formed when different atoms and molecules
combine and function together.
EXAMPLES: Skin cells, Blood cells, Muscle cell or fibers, Neurons.
*Tissue- Group of cells that work together to perform a specialized function.
EXAMPLES: Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue.
*Organ- Group of tissues that work together to perform a specialized function.
EXAMPLES: Skin, Lungs, Heart, Muscle, Brain
*Organ System- Group of organs that work together to perform a certain process in the body.
EXAMPLES: Integumentary system, Respiratory system, Circulatory system.
*Organism- Formed by different organ system that create complex interactions with one
another to maintain balance or homeostasis, and sustain life.
EXAMPLES: Humans, Grass, Dogs, Cats, Mushroom.
*Population- Organisms that belong to the same species and live in the same area.
EXAMPLES: Humans living in the same house, koalas living in an area of the forest.
*Community- Different populations living in the same area.
EXAMPLES: Humans, cats, dogs, living in the same house.
Tissues- These refer to groups of cells that are similar in structure and function.
FOUR TYPES OF TISSUES IN ANIMAL (Vary significantly in structure and function)
1.) Connective tissue
2.) Epithelia tissue
3.) Muscle tissue
4.) Nervous tissue

Epithelial tissue or Epithelium- A type of animal tissue that forms the inner and outer lining if
organs, the covering in surfaces, and the primary glandular tissue of the body.
Connective tissue- The basic components of it vary according to their type (Left, extracellular
matrix; right, fibers and fibroblast).
*Bone or osseous tissue- Consist of bone called lacunae. Layers of a very hard matrix with
calcium salts and collagen fibers.
*Cartilage- More flexible matrix than bone. Cartilage cells called chondrocytes.
Blood- Plasma, Cellular components consist of blood cells.

MUSCULAR TISSUE
*Skeletal muscle- attached to the skeleton or bones.
*Cardiac muscle- Found in the heart.

NERVOUS TISSUE
Neuron- The basic unit of the nervous system, consists of structures that can conduct
electrochemical signals as a form of information.
*Astrocytes- Star-shaped cells that support and control the chemical environment around
neurons. Most abundant glial cell in the CNS.
*Microglial cells- Ovoid cells in the CNS that can transform into a phagocytic macrophage to
clean neuronal debris and wastes.
*Ependymal cells- Ciliated cells that line the central cavities of the brain and the spinal cord and
form a fairly permeable membrane between the cavities with cerebrospinal fluid and tissues of
CNS.
*Schwann cells- They surround all the nerve fibers and produce myelin sheath similar to the
oligodendrocytes.