Unit 1

Mastering
Chemistry
Book 1A
Topic 1 Planet Earth
Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

Unit 1 Introducing Chemistry
Content
1.1 Chemistry is all around

1.2 Laboratory safety
1.3 Hazard warning labels
1.4 Common laboratory apparatus and
equipment
Key terms
Summary
Unit Exercise

1.1 Chemistry is around (p. 2)

w Chemistry (化學) is the branch of science that studies the
compositions, structures, properties and interactions of
substances.
Things that happen when you

get up at the start of the day


w A basic understanding of chemistry helps you read and
understand product labels.
The label on a box of breakfast

cereals


w A basic understanding of chemistry helps you understand
how drugs may cure you. However, inappropriate use of
drugs is harmful to your health.
Drugs are chemicals that may

cure you. However,
inappropriate use of drugs is
harmful to your health

1.2 Laboratory safety (p. 4)

w Do not enter the laboratory unless the teacher is present.
w Never run or play in the laboratory.
w Do not perform unauthorised experiments.
Do NOT eat or drink in the

laboratory


w Always perform experiments precisely as directed by the
teacher.
w Never leave experiments unattended while in progress.
Wear safety glasses and protective gloves

Wash the area affected by a whenever necessary
chemical with plenty of water


w Check the label on a reagent bottle to verify it is the
correct chemical before using it.
w Return containers of chemicals to the appropriate places
immediately after use and with their labels facing the front.
Use spatula or forceps to

transfer solid chemicals


w Add concentrated acid to water slowly. Never add water to
concentrated acid.
w Never return unused chemicals to their original containers.
Never point the open end of

a test tube containing a
chemical at yourself or
others


w Place chemical waste in appropriate waste bottles.
w Inspect all equipment for damage (cracks, defects, etc.)
prior to use. Do not use damaged equipment.
Inform your teacher if

anything spills or breaks


w Notify your teacher of any sensitivities that you may have
to particular chemicals, if known.
w Do not remove anything from the laboratory without the
teacher’s permission.
Wave the gas towards your

nose


Practice 1.1
1 For each of the following scenario, write down which
rule(s) is / are being broken.
Scenario #1
• Wear safety glasses when
heating chemicals.
• Never point the open end of a
test tube containing a chemical
at others.
Scenario #2
• Place chemical waste in
appropriate waste bottles.
Scenario #3
• Wave the gas towards the nose.
1.3 Hazard warning labels (p. 7)

w Some common warning labels (危險警告標籤) have
been used to warn the dangers posed by chemicals.
Some common hazard warning labels


w The new labels used worldwide appear in the shape of a
diamond.
New hazard warning labels used worldwide


w Some products are flammable or corrosive.
Hazard warning labels on some household products


Practice 1.2
Read the simplified Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
shown below and answer the questions that follow.


Practice 1.2 (continued)
a) What is the chemical name of the hazardous substance in
the bottle? Aqueous ammonia
b) What does the hazard identification label indicate about this
substance? Corrosive • Store in a tightly closed container.
• Store in a cool, dry, well ventilated
c) How should this substance be stored? area.
• Keep away from incompatible
substances.
d) What are the recommended first aid measures if this
substance is in contact with skin?
Eyes: In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least
15 minutes. Get medical aid immediately.
Skin: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical aid
immediately. Wash clothing before reusing.
Ingestion: If swallowed, do NOT induce vomiting. Get medical aid immediately.
Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. Get medical aid.

equipment (p. 11)
w Some common laboratory apparatus and equipment that
you will use to carry out experiments.
(a) Test tube

(b) Test tube rack
(c) Test tube holder


equipment (p.11)
(a) Reagent bottle (c) Beaker

(b) Wash bottle (d) Glass rod


equipment (p. 11)
(a) Stand and clamp

(b) Filter funnel
(c) Watch glass
(d) Dropper


equipment (p. 11)
(a) Gas jar

(b) Measuring cylinder


equipment (p. 11)
(a) Fireproof mat

(b) Bunsen burner
(c) Tripod
(d) Wire gauze
(e) Evaporating dish


equipment (p. 12)
(a) Crucible with lid

(b) Pipe-clay triangle
(c) Tongs


equipment (p. 12)
(a) Electronic balance

(b) Weighing bottle
(c) Spatula


equipment (p. 12)
(a) Petri dish with cover

(b) Mortar and pestle


equipment (p. 12)
(a) Protective gloves

(b) Safety glasses


equipment (p. 12)
(a) Round-bottomed flask

(b) Flat-bottomed flask


equipment (p. 13)
w Microscale experiments are experiments carried out on a
reduced scale often using less than one milligram (mg) in
mass or one cubic centimetre (cm3) in volume.
8 well-reaction strip (left) and spot Micro-tip plastic pipette (left) and micro-
plate (right) spatula and forceps (right)


equipment (p. 13)
Practice 1.3
1 The diagram below shows an experimental set-up for
heating a substance strongly. Name the five labelled
apparatus. a) Fireproof mat
b) Bunsen burner
c) Tripod
d) Pipe-clay triangle
e) Crucible with lid


equipment (p. 13)
Practice 1.3 (continued)
2 Match each piece of apparatus with its use. Fill in the
letters from column B in the spaces provided in column A.

Key terms (p. 14)

chemistry 化學 tripod 三腳架
safety glasses 安全眼鏡 wire gauze 鐵絲網
hazard warning label 危險警告標籤 evaporating dish 蒸發皿
reagent bottle 試劑瓶 crucible with lid 坩堝和蓋
filter funnel 過濾漏斗 pipe-clay 管土三角
triangle
measuring cylinder 量筒 tongs 鉗
fireproof mat 防火墊 mortar and 研缽和研棒
pestle

Summary (p. 15)

1 Chemistry is the branch of science that studies the
compositions, structures, properties and interactions of
substances.
2 It is essential to obey the laboratory safety rules when
working in the laboratory.

Summary (p. 15)

3 Hazard warning labels are used to label hazardous
chemicals.
a) European hazard warning labels:

Summary (p. 15)

3 Hazard warning labels are used to label hazardous
chemicals.
b) New hazard warning labels used worldwide:

Unit Exercise (p. 16)

Note: Questions are rated according to ascending level of difficulty
(from 1 to 5):
question targeted at level 3 and above;

question targeted at level 4 and above;
question targeted at level 5.
‘ * ’ indicates 1 mark is given for effective communication.


Part I KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
1 Complete the following concept map.
a) corrosive
b) flammable
c) harmful
d) irritant
e) oxidising
f) toxic
g) explosive


Part II MUTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
2 Which of the following apparatus is used for supporting
glassware during heating?
A Flat-bottomed flask
B Iron stand
C Tongs
D Wire gauze Answer：D


3 Any unused / leftover chemical should be
A returned back immediately to its original container.
B returned back to its original container right before
you leave the laboratory.
C disposed of in the sink.
D disposed of in the appropriate waste bottle.
Answer：D


4 Which of the following is an INCORRECT drawing of
laboratory apparatus?
A B
C D
Answer：B


5 Consider the experimental set-up shown below.
Which of the following apparatus is NOT included in

the set-up?
A Evaporating dish
B Stand and clamp
C Tripod Answer：B
D Wire gauze


6
The content in the above bottle is irritant. Which of

the hazard warning labels should be displayed
on the bottle?
A B C D
Answer：B


7 The following hazard warning label is attached to
cylinders of oxygen gas.
This symbol shows that oxygen is
A corrosive.
B flammable.
C harmful.
D oxidising. Answer：D


8 Which of the following symbols suggests that the chemical
should be kept away from sources of heat?
A B C D
Answer：A


9 A student touches a corrosive acid accidentally.
What should he do?
A Leave it alone.
B Pour an alkali over the affected area.
C Rinse the affected area with plenty of water.
D Wipe off the acid with tissue paper.
Answer：C


10 Which of the following apparatus is / are
commonly made of glass?
(1) Crucible
(2) Test tube
(3) Tongs
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only
Answer：B


11 Which of the following combinations about apparatus
and use are correct?
Apparatus Use
(1) crucible storing chemicals
(2) glass rod stirring liquid chemicals
(3) mortar and pestle grinding solid chemicals
A (1) and (2) only

B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) Answer：C


12 Which of the following actions is / are correct when
working in the laboratory?
(1) Wear safety glasses when using a Bunsen burner.

(2) Always add water to concentrated acid.
(3) Use a dropper to transfer solid chemicals.
A (1) only Explanation:
B (2) only (2) Add concentrated acid to
C (1) and (3) only water when diluting the acid.
D (2) and (3) only (3) Use a spatula to transfer
solid chemicals.
Answer：A

13 Which of the following hazard warning labels should
be displayed on both the reagent bottle storing
concentrated sulphuric acid and the reagent bottle
storing concentrated hydrochloric acid?
(1) (2) (3)
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only Answer：B
(HKDSE, Paper 1A, 2014, 15)


Part III STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
14 There are many different apparatus. For each piece
of apparatus below,
• give its name;
• describe its use(s).
Apparatus Name Use(s)
(a) Filter funnel • To separate
(1) a solid from
a liquid, using
filter paper (1)


14 (continued)
(b) Evaporating • To evaporate
dish (1) a liquid from
a solution (1)


14 (continued)

(c) Measuring • To measure
cylinder (1) the volume of
a liquid (1)


14 (continued)

(d) Pipe-clay • To support a
triangle (1) crucible above
a Bunsen
burner (1)


14 (continued)

(e) Mortar and • To grind a
pestle (1) solid chemical
into fine
powder (1)


15 The table shows the names of some common pieces
of laboratory apparatus used to make measurements.
Complete the table to show the name of the quantity
that can be measured by each piece of apparatus,
and a common unit used for that quantity. One
example of each has been done for you.
Apparatus Quantity Unit
Balance mass g (1)
Stop clock time (1) s
Gas syringe volume (1) cm3 (1)
Ruler length (1) cm (1)


16 The diagram below shows the set-up of an
experiment. Name the apparatus labelled.
a) test tube (1)

b) beaker (1)
c) wire gauze (1)
d) tripod (1)
e) Bunsen burner (1)
f) fireproof mat (1)


17 The pictures below show three safety facilities in a
laboratory. Name each facility and suggest its use.
① Fire extinguisher (either
carbon dioxide or dry powder type)
(1)
For fire fighting purpose (1)
② Fire blanket (1)
• For smothering small fires by
not allowing any oxygen in to fuel
the flames (1)
• For wrapping someone whose
clothes are burning (1)
③ Fume cupboard (1)
For carring out laboratory work
which may generate unpleasant,
toxic or flammable fumes and
gases (1)

18 Study the diagrams below. List the UNSAFE practices
labelled.
a)
① Not paying attention in class
(1)
② No eye protection when
using Bunsen burner (1)
③ Pointing the open end of a
test tube containing a chemical
at others (1)
④ No fireproof mat under the
Bunsen burner (1)


18 (continued) ① Smelling a gas / vapour
b) directly (1)
② Not stoppering the reagent
bottle after
use (1)
③ Placing test tubes too near
to the edge
of the bench (1)
④ Eating in the laboratory (1)


19 Draw one line from each label to its correct description.
These chemicals can give you blisters. (1)
These chemicals give away oxygen so that other (1)

substances can burn.
These chemicals can damage living tissue upon (1)

contact.
These chemicals burn easily. (1)
These chemicals can kill you. (1)


20 The photograph shows bottles of some concentrated acids.
a)
To warn of danger /
internationally recognised /
so the correct precautions
can be taken. (1)
a) There are hazard warning labels on the bottles.
State why hazard warning labels are used.
b) This hazard warning label is on all the bottles of
concentrated acid.
State the meaning of this label. Corrosive (1)

(Edexcel GCSE (Foundation Tier), Unit C1, Nov. 2012, 3(a))

21 These two hazard warning labels are attached to a
container of methanol.
Toxic (1)
a) State the meaning of these two labels. Flammable (1)
b) A chemist uses methanol in an experiment.
Use the hazard warning labels to suggest safety
precautions the chemist should take when using
methanol.
Use fume cupboard — do not inhale the
vapour. (1)
Keep away from naked flames. (1)


22 The label below shows some information on a bottle of
household bleach.
b)
Fizzy drinks may be acidic /
may contain carbon dioxide. (1)
Toxic chlorine may be formed. (1)
a) Suggest the dangerous nature of the bleach. Corrosive (1)

b) Suggest why it could be dangerous to pour fizzy
drinks into a sink containing this bleach.
c) Why should the container be rinsed with water
before throwing out? To protect the health and safety
of others. / The chemical may
affect the environment. (1)

23 In an experiment, a student heats a substance in a
crucible strongly for five minutes to obtain an oxide of
the substance.
Suggest and explain ONE safety precaution the
student should take to reduce the risk of harm in this
experiment.
Allow the crucible to cool before moving it / use tongs

to move the crucible. (1)
The crucible will become very hot during heating and
could cause burns. (1)

Unit 1

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Unit 1

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Mastering

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.1 Chemistry is all around

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.1 Chemistry is around (p. 2)

Things that happen when you

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.1 Chemistry is around (p. 3)

The label on a box of breakfast

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.1 Chemistry is around (p. 3)

Drugs are chemicals that may

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.2 Laboratory safety (p. 4)

Do NOT eat or drink in the

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.2 Laboratory safety (p. 4)

Wear safety glasses and protective gloves

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.2 Laboratory safety (p. 5)

Use spatula or forceps to

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.2 Laboratory safety (p. 5)

Never point the open end of

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.2 Laboratory safety (p. 6)

Inform your teacher if

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.2 Laboratory safety (p. 6)

Wave the gas towards your

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.2 Laboratory safety (p. 6)

1.3 Hazard warning labels (p. 7)

Some common hazard warning labels

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.3 Hazard warning labels (p. 8)

New hazard warning labels used worldwide

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.3 Hazard warning labels (p. 8)

Hazard warning labels on some household products

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.3 Hazard warning labels (p. 8)

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.3 Hazard warning labels (p. 8)

1.4 Common laboratory apparatus and

(a) Test tube

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.4 Common laboratory apparatus and

(a) Reagent bottle (c) Beaker

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.4 Common laboratory apparatus and

(a) Stand and clamp

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.4 Common laboratory apparatus and

(a) Gas jar

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.4 Common laboratory apparatus and

(a) Fireproof mat

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.4 Common laboratory apparatus and

(a) Crucible with lid

Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

1.4 Common laboratory apparatus and