1

A/L
2021

f.ngh.j. cau; juk;

(Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk;)

23 murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;

muR

Prepared by
MS. Ijas Ahamed
BA (Hons) Sp in Pol Sci
University of Peradeniya

MEGA Akkaraipattu Haani Tutorial College - Addalaichenai

Rainbow College Akkaraipattu

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE
 2

muR

o muR vd;gJ cynfq;fpYk; fhzg;gLtjhFk;. rKf epWtdq;fspNyNa mjpf

typik kpf;f mikg;G muNr MFk;. muR ,aw;ifahf Njhd;wpa xd;whFk;.
Mq;fpyj;jpy; state vdg;gLk; nrhy; status vdg;gLk; nrhy;ypUe;J ngwg;gl;ljhFk;.
o kf;fpaty;yp (1469-1527) jdJ “,sturd;” vDk; E}ypy; Kjd; Kiwahf muR
vd;w nrhy;iy gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;.
o muR vd;gJ kdpj rq;fj;jpd; cau; kpF tbtkhFk;. muR mbg;gil Njitfisg;
g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf cUthdjhFk;. vdNt muR mtrpakhd xd;whFk;.
mbg;gilj;Njitfs; epiwtile;j gpd;dUk; kdpjDf;F ey;y tho;f;ifia
mikj;J tuNt muR njhlue;J ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.
o murpay; tpQ;QhdkhdJ jhd; Ma;T nra;Ak; ve;jf; fUg;nghUshf ,Ue;jhYk;
mJ muR vd;gjid ikakhff; nfhz;Nl ,lk; ngWk; ,jdhy; muR vd;gJ
murwptpaypd; Kf;fpakhd fUj;jpayhFk;. nghJthf kdpju;fSf;F murpd;
nry;thf;Fl;glhky; tho;tJ fbdkhdjhFk;
o kdpjd; Kjd; Kjypy; munrhd;Wld; njhlu;G gLk; re;ju;g;gk; gpwg;nghd;iw gjpT
nra;jyhFk;. ,J mtdJ kuzk; tiu fhzg;gLk; njhlu;ghFk;. murpd;
mq;fj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;w gpd;du;. mJ gpui[ vd;w me;j];jhf khWfpd;wJ. mjd;
gpd;du; munrhd;wpd; cupikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cupj;Jilatdhfpd;whd;.
o r%f jhgdq;fSs; mj;jpatrpakhdJk; Kf;fpakhdJkhd muR njhlu;gpy;
fhzg;gLk; tpNrlkhd tplak; mJ fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;glhj iffspdhy; jPz;l
Kbahj Mdhy; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; tpahgpj;J fhzg;gLk; Njhw;wg;ghlhFk;.
o gpui[fspd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuq;fisg; ghJfhg;gJk; xw;WikahdJk;
gykhdJkhd tho;f;ifapid tho;tjw;F Njitahd rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;fpid
NgZtJk;> nghUshjhu Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; r%f eyd;Gupfis cWjpg;gLj;JtJk;
murpd; flikahFk;. vd nghJthf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
o muir tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd gpujhd %yf; nfhs;ifahf miktJ muR
vd;gJ tuyhw;W kw;Wk; r%fNjhw;wg;ghL vd;gjhFk;. mjd; %yk; fUjg;gLtJ
“muR epr;rapf;fgl;l tuyhw;W epiyfspy; tsu;rr ; paile;J gy;NtW murpay;
jsq;fspy; gutyile;J gy;NtW ,ay;Gfis ngw;w r%f epWtdk; vd;gjhFk;.
o RUf;fkhf Fwpg;gpLtjhapd; muR vd;gJ tuyhw;W uPjpahf tpNrlj;Jt gilg;ghFk;.
mJ rKfj;jpd; gilg;nghd;whFk;. mjd; nghUs; murpd; ,ay;G rKf tuyhw;W
tsu;rr ; pf;F ,izahf khw;wkile;Js;s;J. vd;gjhFk;. Nfhj;jpu muR Kjy; etPd
[dehaf muRfs; tiu murpNyw;gl;l tuyhw;W mgptpUj;jp ,jidNa
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

“murpy; xUtd; tho;tjd; %yNk

ey;ytdhfpd;whd; ey;y kdpjd; xU
ey;y murpy; md;wp NtW vq;Fk;
thoKbahJ. muR jUk; r%f
tho;f;ifapy; xu; kdpjd; gq;F
nfhs;shj tiu mtd; G+uzj;Jtk;
mila KbahJ.” (gpNsl;Nlh)

“muR kdpjdpd; ,aw;ifahd

NruplkhFk;. Vnddpy;>mtd; xU
murpay; gpuhzpahf
,Ug;gjdhyhFk;.muRf;F ntspNa
xUtd; tho;thdhapd; xd;wpy; mtd;
kpUfkhfNth>flTshfNth
,Uf;fNtz;Lk;” (mup];Nlhl;by;)

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE

 3

muR kw;Wk; mjd; tfpghfk;

rKfj;ij epUtfpf;f cUthf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuf; fl;likg;gpidAk; epWtdq;fisAk;
nfhz;l $l;lhfNt murpid milahsg;gLj;jyhk;. murpdJk; mjd; fUtpahd
murhq;fj;jpdJk; gzpfshf rk;gpujhag+u;tkhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sg;gLtJ mjd;
gpujhdkhd %d;W JiwfspdJ nraw;ghLfshFk;.

01. rk;gpujhag+u;tkhd gzpfs;

I. rl;lj;Jiw – rl;lq;fis cUthf;fy;

II. epUthfj;Jiw – rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
III. ePjpj;Jiw – ePjpia epUtfpj;jy;

,e;j tifg;gLj;jy; muR vd;gij tpsq;fp;f;nfhs;s vkf;F gad;gl;lhYk; mjd; gzp

,tw;iwf; fhl;bYk; gue;jJk; MokhdJkhFk;. ,jid tpl NkYk; gy gzpfisAk; muR
Mw;Wfpd;wJ.

02.rl;lk; kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fspd; ghJfhtyd;.

 fz;fhzpg;G %yk; r%f mikjpiaf; nfhz;L elhj;Jjy;. (Njitahapd;

Kg;gilfisAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.)
 ePjpia epiyehl;Ljy;> ePjpkd;w epUthfk; kw;Wk; jz;lid toq;fy;
 rl;l cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; rl;lq;fis tiuaWj;jy;.
 nfhs;if cUthf;fk;.

03.nghUshjhu epUthfk; kw;Wk; top elhj;jy;.

 tupfis t#ypj;jy;.
 ehl;bd; nghUshjhu ghijapid epu;zapj;jy; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
nfhs;iffis tFj;jy;.

04.rKf epUthfk; top elj;jy; kw;Wk; rKf fz;fhzpg;G

 tUkhdk; gfpu;e;jsp;f;fg;gLk; Kiwikfisj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.

 nghUshjhu tzpfj;Jiwfspd; juq;fis jPu;khdpj;jy;
 r%fg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; eyd;Gup nraw;ghLfs;
 tWik xopg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs;
 tPL Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwfspd; nfhs;iffis jPu;khdpj;jy;.
vd;gtw;iw muR Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

05 rKfj;jpy; rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;fpidg; Ngzy;.

 murpd; Ms;Gy vy;iyf;Fs; rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;fpidg; ghJfhj;jy;.
 gpui[fs; murpd; ,iwik mjpfhuj;jpw;F mbgzptij cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
mjw;fhf nghyp];> ePjpkd;wk>; kdpj gyk; vd;gtw;iwf; fz;fhzpj;Jf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; Vida mur epWtdq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

06 Aj;jg;gpufldk; kw;Wk; Aj;jk; nra;jy;.

r%f fl;Lkhdq;fspy; nghJthf Vida vtUf;Fk; ,y;yhj nghJg;gzpahf
,J fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. munrhd;W muRf;Fs;NsAk; ntspNaAk;
Aj;jj;jpyPLgLfpd;wJ. cs;sf NkhjyhdJ murpd; ghJfhg;gpw;F murpd;
vy;iyapy; Vw;gLk; mr;RWj;jiy jLj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
muR ntspaf Nkhjy;fspy; <LgLtJ mur ghJfhg;gpw;F NtW muRfspdhy;
nfhLf;fg;gLk; Aj;j mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F Kfk; nfhLf;Fk; NghNjahFk;.

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE

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07 ru;tNjr cwTfs;:
may; ehLfs; kw;Wk; Vida ehLfSld; Nghiuj; jLf;Fk; tifapy; el;Gld;
$ba ey;Ywit tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

rKfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; murpayjpfhuj;jpd; ikakhf muR

 muR vd;gJ khdpl r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;; kpfg;goikahd epWtdkhFk;. mJ

murpay; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; jj;Jtq;fspy; gpujhd NgR nghUshf fhzg;gLfp;d;wJ.
MapDk; mJ Vida epWtdq;fSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ muR tpNrl jd;ik nfhz;l
epWtdkhFk;.
 mJ murpay; mjpfhuj;Jld; kpf neUf;fkhf njhlu;G nfhz;l epWtdkhFk;.ve;j
xU etPd r%fKk; muR xd;W ,y;yhky; fhzg;glKbahJ. mJ murpay;
mjpfhuj;jpd; Kf;fpa rpd;dkhfTk;; mjid gpuNahfpf;fpd;w Kf;fpa r%f
epWtdkhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 kdpju;fs; xd;whf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU Clfkhf murpay; uPjpapy; Vw;gLk;
xw;Wikiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. me;j murpay; xd;wpiztpd; gpujhd ntspg;ghNl
murhFk;.
 kdpju;fs; xd;whf ,izAk; NtW mikg;Gf;fshf RahjPd Mizf;FOf;fs;>
murpay; fl;rpfs;> njhopw;rq;fq;fs;> rKf ,af;fq;fs; kj epWtdq;fs; Nghd;wd
nraw;gLfpd;wd.
 vdpDk; muR ,it vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhd mjpfhuKila kw;Wk; cau; r%f
epWtdkhFk;. “muR kdpjf; $l;likg;ghFk;” vdpDk; ,J kdpj epWtdq;fspd;
cau;thd epWtdkhFk;.

 muR kdpj mikg;G epWtdq;fspy; Nkyhd xOq;fikg;G vd;gij gpd;tUk;;

thjq;fspy; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

mup];Nlhl;bypd; thjk;

“murwptpaypd; je;ijAk; fpNuf;f murpay; jj;JttpayhsUkhd mup];Nlhl;by; muR rKf

epWtdkhtNjhL kdpju;fspd; cau;thd nghJeyDf;fhf nraw;gLtjhy; ,J Vida
rKf epWtdq;fis tpl cau;thdjhFk;”. vd;fpd;whu;

Vida rKf epWtdq;fs; jkJ mq;fj;jtu;fspd; eyd;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhfNt

ciof;fpd;wd. vdpDk; muR rKfj;jpd; midtupdJk; nghJ kw;Wk; cau;thd
tho;f;ifia mile;J nfhs;tjid jkJ Nehf;fkhf nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; ,J cau; rKf
epWtdkhFk;.

nfsby;aupd; thjk;:

rl;lj;jpid kPWNthUf;F kw;Wk; Fw;wk; GupNthUf;F jz;lid toq;Ftjw;F

Ml;rpahsUf;F cs;s my;yJ muRf;Fs;;s mjpfhuNk vd mtupd; Gfo; ngw;w E}yhd
mu;j;jrh];jpuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJld; muRf;Fs;s kpfr;rpwg;ghd mjpfhuj;ij> jz;lid
vd tpgupf;fpd;whu;.

n`hg;]pd; thjk;

kdpju;fs; murpid cUthf;fpaJk;> mur mjpfhuj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJk;> mjw;F

mbgzpe;jJk; jkf;F Njitahd ghJfhg;gpidAk; mutizg;igAk;; murpd; %yk; kl;LNk
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gjdhyhFk;.

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE

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nyhf;fpd; thjk;

muR kf;fspd; ,iwik mjpfhuj;ijg; gpuNahfpf;fpd;wJ. mJ xU cld;gbf;ifapd; Clhf

kf;fspd; gpujpepjpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. me;j tifapy; muR kf;fspd; rk;kjj;jpidf;
nfhz;L nraw;gLfpd;wJ. fhuzk; muR gpui[fspd; capu; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuj;ij
ghJfhg;gjw;fhd mu;g;gzpg;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

fhu;y;khf;]pd; thjk;

murpd; tprpj;jpukhd gz;G ahnjdpy; mJ r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; nghUshjhu gyj;ijf;

nfhz;l MSk; tu;f;fj;jpd; fUtpahFk;. mJ r%fj;jpy; jho;e;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;;
cWg;gpdiu jdJ mjpfhuj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;s nra;a epu;g;ge;j mjpfhuj;ij gpuNahfpf;Fk;

nkf;];ntgupd; thjk;.

20k; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; N[u;kdpapy; tho;e;j r%ftpayhsuhd nkf;];ntgu;

“njhopyhf murpay;” 1919 (politics as a vocation) vd;w fl;Liuapy; muR vd;gJ
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Ms;Gy gpuNjrj;jpy; gyhj;fhu mjpfhuj;ij ntspg;gilahf gad;gLj;Jk;
jdpAupik jkf;Nf cs;sJ vdf;$Wk; kdpjf; FOthFk; vd;whu;.

muR vd;gjd; %yk; fUjg;gLtJ td;Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jk; cupikiag; ngw;w xNu

%yhjhuk; muR. muR jdJ vy;iyf;Fs;spUf;Fk; kdpju;fis r%f FOf;fis top
elj;Jk; epUtfpf;Fk;> vr;rupf;Fk;> jz;lid toq;Ftjw;fhd ,Wjp epWtdkhf muR
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhd mjpfhuk; rl;ljpl;lq;fs; epWtdq;fs; egu;fs; vd;gd
muRf;Fz;L.

ghuhSkd;wk;>rl;ljpl;lq;fs;>ePjpkd;wq;fs;> gzpaftikg;G> nghyp];gil> MAjg;gil>

rpiwr;rhiy Nghd;wd murplNk fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,t;thwhd mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;wpUg;gNj murpd; ,iwik mjpfhuk;

vd;gjhFk;. mjd; mjpfhuk; fhzg;gLk; Ms;Gy gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s rKfj;ij
topelj;jtjw;F Njitahd rl;l cUthf;fk;>eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> ePjpia epUtfpj;jy;>
rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;F vd;gtw;iw Ngzpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf muRf;F kl;LNk cupj;jhd
mjpfhukhFk;. Vida r%f epWtdq;fSf;F ,t;tjpfhukhdJ rpwpjstpy; fpilg;gJ
muRf;Fl;;gl;l tifapNyahFk;.

etPd Ms;Gy ngsjPf muR

etPd Ms;Gy ngsjPf muR gpujhd mq;fq;fs; ehd;fpd; fPo; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Ms;Gyg; gpuNjrk;

 rdj;njhif
 murhq;fk;
 ,iwik

,tw;Ws; Kjy; ,U mk;rq;fSk; muR xd;wpd; ngsjPf mk;rq;fshfTk; kw;wait mf

mk;rq;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; mftk;rq;fs; mstpYk; gz;gpYk;; jd;ikapYk;
NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gl;lhYk; xU murpd; nraw;ghl;bw;F mbg;gilahdjhFk;.

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Ms;Gyg; gpuNjrk;

 xU Fwpg;gpl;l epyg;gFjp ,y;yhky; muR ,Uf;fhJ.kf;fs; trpf;f ,Ug;gplk;

mjhtJ epyg;gFjp mtrpakhfpwJ.

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE

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 etPd Njrpa muRfs; mjd; mjpfhu gyj;jpid gad;gLj;Jk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

Ms;Gyk; xd;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J njspthd Ms;Gy vy;iyfiis
cs;slf;fpajhf xOq;fikf;fg;glbUf;Fk;.
 ru;tNjr rl;lKk; xU muir mq;fPfupg;gjw;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epyg;gug;G mtrpak;
vdf;$Wfpd;wJ. mNjNtis ru;tNjr muq;fpy; xU muR jd;id
epiyepWj;Jtjw;Fk; ,e;j epyg;gug;G mtrpakhfpd;wJ. ,q;F epyg;gug;G vd;gJ
epyk;>ePu;>Mfhak;>fly;>kiyfs;>fdpatsq;fs; cs;spl;l rfyijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
 ehL njhlu;ghd czu;T my;yJ Njrhgpkhdk; Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
rhjdq;fspy; gpujhd xd;whfTk; Ms;Gyk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfp;d;wJ.
 epyg;gug;G rpwpajhfNth ngupajhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;
 ngupa epyg;gug;G ehLfs;: u\;ah>fdlh>rPdh>mT];Nuypah
 rpwpa epyg;gug;G ehLfs;: tj;jpfhd;>Nkhy;lh

Njrpa mbg;gil/ kf;fs; njhif

 murpd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfspy; epyg;gug;igg; Nghy kf;fs; njhif vd;gJk; kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. kf;fs; ,y;yhj epyg;gFjpfis muR vd;W $wKbahJ.
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrk; kl;Lk; murhfptpl KbahJ. mg;gpuNjrj;jpy; epiyj;J
tho;fpd;w kf;fs; mtrpakhdjhFk;
 rdj;njhif vz;zpf;if tiuaiw Njitapy;iy cjhuzkhf
 rPdh>,e;jpah $ba rdj;njhif
 \d;kwpNah kwhf;fh Fiwe;j rdj;njhif
 etPd muR Njhw;wk; ngWtjpy; fw;Gy rhjdkhf mike;jJ “NjrpathjkhFk;.”
Njrpa thjk; vd;gJ “murpd; Ms;Gyj;jpy; thOk; midj;J kf;fSk; XNu
milahsk; nfhz;l xU ,dkhf fUJk; murwptpay; Kd;itf;Fk; xU
fUj;jpayhFk;.
 ,jd; %yk; Njrpa xw;Wik kw;Wk; Njrpa Gupe;Jzu;T vd;gd Vw;gLk; vd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhNyNa etPd muRfs; Njrpa muRfs; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

murhq;fk;.

 murhq;fk; vd;gJ Fwpf;fg;gl;l epyg;gug;gpy; thOk; kf;fspd; eyd;fisg; NgzTk;

ghJfhf;fTk; murpd; ngauhy; njhopw;gLk; xU KftuhFk;. murpd; nraw;ghl;il
murhq;fk; thapyhfNt fhzyhk;. Xu; murpd; epiyNgw;wpw;F murhq;fk;
mtrpakhdjhFk; muR epiyahdJ. murhq;fk; khwf;$baJ njsptpy;yhky;
,Uf;fpd;w Xu; muRf;F cUtk; nfhLg;gjhf murhq;fk; mikfpd;wJ.
 xt;thU murhq;fKk; %d;W tpjkhd gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.
rl;lkpaw;Wjy;>epUtfpj;jy;> ePjpgupghydk; nra;jy; vd;gdNt mk; %d;W
gzpfSkhFk;. rl;lj;Jiw>epUthfj;Jiw> ePjpJ;Jiw Mfpa gpupTfNs ,g;gzpfis
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.
 murhq;f tifg;gLj;jy; gy;Ntwhf fhzg;gLtNjhL [dehaf murhq;fk;
vNjr;rjpfhu murhq;fk;> mjpfhu thj murhq;fk;>rkTlikthj murhq;fk; Nghd;w
gy;NtW murhq;f khjpupfis fz;L nfhs;sKbAk;.mj;NjhL ghuhSkd;w murhq;f
Kiw>[dhjpgjp murhq;f Kiw>fyg;G murhq;f Kiw Nghd;w tifapy; gy
murhq;fq;fs;; fhhzg;gLfp;d;wd.

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE

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,iwik

 muR ngw;wpUf;Fk; mjpfhu gyj;ijNa ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ. muRf;F cupj;jhd

,iwik> r%fj;jpy; NtW ve;j epWtdj;jpw;Fk; ,y;yhj cau; mjpfhukhFk;.
 rl;lq;fis cUthf;fTk; KO mjpfhuj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp rl;lq;fis
eilKiwg;gLj;jTk; rl;lq;fis kPWNthiu jz;bf;fTk; muRf;F ,Uf;fpd;w
Vida epWtdq;fSf;F ,y;yhj mjpfhuk; vd;gJ ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.
 ,e;j mjpfhukhdJ Vidatu;fSf;F fl;lisfis gpwg;gpg;gjw;Fk; Vidatu;fspd;
fl;lisfSf;F mbgzpahjJkhd mjpfhukhFk;.
 Ms;Gy vy;iyf;Fs;Sk; mjw;F mg;ghYk; muR cau;thd epiyapid
ngw;wpUf;fTk; murpd; Ms;Gyj;jpd; midj;J egu;fSk; midj;J epWtdq;fSk;
muRf;F jkJ mbgzpit fhl;Ltjw;Fk; mJ nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,iwik mjpfhuNk
mbg;ilahf mikfpd;wJ.
 ,iwik gpujhdkhf cs;>ntsp vd ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.

etPd Njrpa muR

 Njrpa muR vd;gJ (Nation State) etPd muRfis milahsg;gLj;j r%ftpaypy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU vz;zf;fUthFk;. “Njrpa muR” vd;w fUj;J 18Mk;
E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; tsu;rr; paile;jJ.
 1789 gpuhd;rpa Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; Njhw;wk; ngw;w gpuhd;rpa muR INuhg;ghtpy;
KjyhtJ Njrpa murhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; mbg;gil cs;slf;fk; “Xu;
,dj;jpw;F Xu; muR Xu; murpw;F Xu; ,dNk cs;sJ” vd;gjhFk;.
 Muk;g fhy etPd; muRfSf;F Njrpa muRj; jd;ik ,Uf;ftpy;iy Ms;Gy
vy;iy kw;Wk; mur mjpfhuk; kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. etPd muR xU
,dj;jpw;F xNu Njrpak; kw;Wk; fyhrhu milahsq;fNs ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd
Muk;gj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;lJ. ,jdhy; fyhrhu>nkhop kw;Wk; kjuPjpahd gy;tifik
fhzg;gLk; r%fj;jpy; etPd Njrpa muRfs; gyTk; muR kw;Wk; Njrj;jpid
fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; ghupa gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfk; nfhLj;jd.
 ,g;gpur;rpidia jw;fhyj;jpy; Njrpa muRfs; gd;ikthjk; vd;w vz;zf;fUtpdhy;
jPu;f;f Kw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; gd;ikthjpfspd; muR gw;wpa fUj;J
Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

cyfkakhjYk; muRk;

cyfkakhjy; vd;gJ jw;fhyj;jpy; r%f nghUshjhu murpay; jsq;fspy;

gpugy;akhdnjhU nrhy;yhlyhf mike;Js;sJ. cyf kakhjy; vd;w gjk; Kjd;
Kjypy; Harvard Business Review vd;w rQ;rpifapy; “jpNahlh nytpw;’ vd;gtNu
gad;gLj;jpapUe;jhu;. vdpDk; ,jw;F rupahd nghJthdnjhU tiutpyf;fdk; mikg;gJ
rpukkhdjhFk;.

cyfkakhjyhdJ

 #oypaypy; cyfkakhf;fk;
 murpay; cyfkakhf;fy;
 nghUshjhu cyfkakhf;fk;
 r%f fyhrhu cyfkakhf;fk;
vd ehd;F tifg;gLj;jyhk;

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE

 8

 mJ nghUshjhuk;> ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk;> cwTfs;>Njrpa ghJfhg;G Mfpa ehd;F

Jiwfspy; cyfyhtpauPJpahd xj;Jiog;ig ngWtjhFk;. Mjw;F gy;Njrpa
fk;gdpfs; jkJ Mjpf;fj;jpid muRfs; kPj gpuNahfpf;fpd;wd.
 etPd ypguy;thj nghUshjhu murpay; kWrPuikg;Gf;fspd; xU ru;tNjruPjpahd
ntspg;ghNl cyfkakhjyhFk;. %yjdk;>tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gk;> jfty;
njhlu;ghly; Gul;rp fyhrhukakhf;fy; njhopyhsu;fspd; ru;tNjr ,lg;ngau;T
Nghd;wd murpd; Njrpa vy;iyfis fUj;jpy; nfhs;shJ ,e;j vy;iyfis
jfu;j;Jf; nfhz;L gutyile;jJ.
 ,it Njrpa muRfSf;F vt;thW jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd? vd;gJ njhlu;ghd
fye;Jiuahly;fs; Kd;dpiyaile;jNjhL ,J njhlu;ghd ,U Nfhl;ghl;L mZF
Kiwfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
A. cyfkakhf;fj;jpDs; Njrpa muRfs; ,Wjpia milAk; vd;gJk;
B. Njrpa muRfs; epiwtilahky; mJ kPsfl;likf;fg;gLjYf;F cl;gLjYk;
vd;gJkhFk;.

 [Pd; Nkup NfN`d;Ndh (JEAN MARIE GEHENNO) vd;gtu; 1995y; ntspapl;l

“Njrpa muRfspd; KbT” (The End of the Nation State) vd;w fl;Liuapy;
 “cyfkakhf;fypdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s epiyikapdhy; tpNrlkhf
cyfkakhf;fk; r%fk; njhu;gpyhd gpd;Gyj;jpDs; mike;j Njrpa muRfSf;F
jw;NghJ ,Ug;G ,y;iy Njr vy;iyfspy; jw;NghJ mu;j;jkpy;iy
 NkYk; %yjdj;jpw;F jfty;fSf;F njhopDl;gk; kw;Wk; kdpju;fspd; epWtdq;fspd;
tiyaikg;GfSf;F Njrpa mur vy;iyfs; njhlu;eJk; mtrpag;glhjNjhL mit
Njrpa muRfspd; vy;iyfis fUj;jpy; nfhs;shky; nraw;gLfpd;wd.
 ,d;W Njr vy;iy vd;gJ vt;tpj mu;j;jKk; ,y;yhj xd;whFk;. cyf jfty;
r%fj;jpy; Ms;Gyk; vd;gJ njhlu;e;J Kf;fpaj;Jtkw;wjhFk;” vdf;$wpaik
cyfkakhf;fj;jpd; Muk;gj;ijAk; tsur;rpiaAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;baJ>
 rkfhyj;jpy; “,dk;” vd;gjw;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gytPdg;gl;Ls;sJ. kdpju;fis
xd;whfg; gpizj;J itj;jpUg;gJ rhj;;jpakw;wJ ,jdhy; Njrpa muR vd;w thjk;
tYtpoe;Jtpl;lJ. Njrpa muRfs; gytPdkile;jik cyfkakhf;fypd;
tpisthFk;.
 Njrpa muRfs; gytPdkiljy; vd;gJ cyf %yjdk; murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J
mjd; epu;thfj;jpypUe;J RahjPdkile;Js;sd.
 Nltpl; n`y;l; 1991 Mk; Mz;L “[dehafk;>Njrpa muR kw;Wk; cyfkakhf;fk;”
vd;w fl;Liuapy;
 “cyfkakhf;fypdhy; xU jdp murpd; jiytu; murpYk; epUthfj;jpYk; cl;glhj
Gjpa cyfg;nghUshjhu Kiwik fl;bnaOg;g gl;Ls;sJ. ,JNt jw;fhy
ru;tNjr murpay; jsk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
 mjhtJ gy;Njrpa fk;gdpfspd; njhu;G> tiyaikg;G Njhw;wk; ngw;wikAk;
mtw;wpid murpdhy; epUtfpf; KbahJs;sikAk; muRf;F ntspapYs;s ru;tNjr
mikg;GfSf;F kpfTk; gyk;tha;e;j muRfspd; nraw;ghLfisAk;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjw;fhd jpwd;fs; fpilj;Js;sd;. ,J
cyfkakhf;fjpd; xU ntspg;ghlhFk;.

cyfkakhf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;

 fyhrhu ghjpg;G

 #oy; ghjpg;G

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE

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 Efu;Tf;fyhrhuk;

 Fw;wr;nray;fspd; mjpfupg;G

 mwpTrhu; nrhj;Jupik mgfupg;G

1.murpd; mbg;gilf; $Wfs; ,uz;L jUf?

2.cyfkakhjy; vd;w gjk; Kjd; Kjypy;

gad;gLj;jgl;l gj;jpupifiaAk; mwpQiuAk;
Fwpg;gpLf?

mur khjpupfSk; tifg;gLj;jy;fSk;.

Nfhj;jpu muR Kiwik (The Tribal State System)

Muk;g fhy murpay; epWtdq;fshd “Nfhj;jpu muR” Kiwikapy; jw;Nghija

rpf;fy;kpf;f rKfq;fisg; Nghy murpaypy; epWtdf; fl;likg;G my;yJ epWtdq;fis
fhzKbtjpy;iy. murpay; vd;w Ml;rp mjpfhuq;fs; r%fj;jpDs; gue;J fhzg;gl;;lJ.
,jpy; gykpf;f egu;fspdhy; Ml;rpj;jPu;khdq;fs; vLf;Fk; FO Njhw;wk; ngWtNjhL
ngUk;ghYk; FykhdJ xU FLk;gj;jpy; xUtu; vd;w tifapy; mjd; cWg;Gupikapidg;
ngw;wdu;.

 ,e;jf; FO Fyj;jpd; xw;Wikapidg; Ngzpf;nfhz;lJ.

 Fyj;jpd; Ml;rpapy; jiyikj;Jtg; gq;fpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; jiytu; xUtu;
,Ug;gNjhL mtUf;F tiuaWf;fgl;l mjpfhuk; fpilj;jJ.
 mtupd; murpayjpfhuk; cw;gj;jpahtJ mtUf;fpUf;Fk; rpNu];lj; jd;ikapdhNyNa
mikfpd;wJ.
 ,e;j jiytu;fs; Vida Fyq;fSld; %yjdq;fs; kw;Wk; kj tplaq;fSf;fhf
Nghuhb jkJ FOTf;F ngWNgWfisg; gfpu;eJ nfhs;tu;.
 ,jpy; fhzf;$ba xw;Wik ahnjdpy; jiytupd; FLk;gk; cl;gl Vidatu;fspd;
FLk;gq;fSk; juj;jpy; xNu khjpupahditahf ,Ue;jikahFk;.
 czT kw;Wk; Vida Njitisg; G+u;j;jp nra;J nfhs;tJ njhu;gpy; ,r;r%fk;
jd;dpiwT ngw;wpUe;jJ.
 Nfhj;jpu muRfspy; murpay; gad;ghLfspd; mbg;gil gof;ftof;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
rk;gpujhaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUe;jJ.

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE

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Nfhj;jpu muR Kiwf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;

1. rpk;ghg;Ng

 “Nrhdh” vDk; Nfhj;jpuk; rdj;njhifapy; 70% id jdjhf;fpaJ

 kd;dpaf;fh Manyika
 rpRU Zeru
 Nfhu;Nfhu; Korekore
 fuq;fh Karanga
 eL Nadu

2.kjek;gpf;iffNs muRfisj; jPuk ; hdpf;Fk;.KO mjpfhuKk; me;jf; FOtpd;

jiytupd; xg;ge;jj;Jld; murpay; nraw;ghLfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

3.Mz;fNs jiyikj;Jtk; 4.guk;giuahf jiytu; njupT ,lk;

ngWk;

2.njd;dhgpupf;fh 3. cfz;lh

fpNuf;f efu (Guhjhd) muR

 Nfhj;jpu muR Kiwapd; gpd;du; mgptpUj;jpaile;j murpay; Kiwikapy;

xOq;fike;j KjyhtJ mur KiwahFk;
 etPd muRfspd; Nfhl;ghl;bw;F jskhf mike;j mur Kiwik
 fpNuf;f efu mur Kiwik epr;rapf;fg;gl;l rpwpa epyg; gpuNjrj;jpy; xOq;fike;j
kf;fSld; $ba Ml;rp Kiwapidf; nfhz;L mgptpUj;jpaile;jJ.(cjhuzk;
vnjd;];>];ghl;lh)
 fpNuf;fu;fs; mq;F FbapUe;j guk;giu kw;Wk; goq;FbapdiuAk; (Clan and Tripe)
rKfkhf nfhz;l epyj;jpy; xOq;fike;jjhy; murpay; tho;tpd; ikakhf
mike;jd.
 fpNuf;f efu muirr; #o mr;rKfj;jpd; murpay; nghUshjhuk; mwpT rhu;e;ej
kw;Wk; xOf;fuPjpahd tho;f;if mk;rq;fs; #o;e;jpUe;jd.
 fpNuf;f efu muRf;F cupj;jhd ,U fUj;jpay;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
I. efu muR murpay;uPjpahf xOq;fike;j gpupTfshf ,Ue;jik
II. mit xt;thd;Wk; RahjPdkhd gpupTfshf ,Ue;jik
 NtW rfy muRfSld; me;epakhjy; fpNuf;fu;fSf;F gof;fkpy;yhjjhf ,Ue;j
mNjNtis kf;fs; njhif kw;Wk; Ms;Gy uPjpahf tiuaWf;fgl;l rpwpa murpay;
myFfshf ,Ue;jik
 ,q;F kf;fspilNa jkJ muR njhlu;gpy; kpf cau;thd czu;T fhzg;gl;lJ
 efuj;jpd; kjNk midj;Jg; gpui[fspdJk; kjkhf ,Ue;jJ
 ngz;fs;> mbikfs;> FbNaw;wthrpfSf;F gpu[hTupik fpilf;ftpy;iy
MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE
 11

 gpui[ vd;gJ nrhj;Jila Mz;fSf;fhd tug;gpurhjkhfpaJ.

 Neub [dehafk; epytpa vnjd;]py; gpui[fs; vd;gtu;fs; kf;fspd;
nraw;ghLfSf;fhf capNuhl;lkhd gq;fspg;G vjpu;ghu;f;g;gl;lJ.
 jdpeguhl;rp Kiw> rpy;Nyhuhl;rp Kiw> Neub [dehaf Kiw >Vfhjpgj;jpa Ml;rp
Kiw Kjyhd murpay; khjupfs; ,q;F mgptpUj;jpaile;jd.
 fpuf;f efu muRfs; [dehafk; kw;Wk; gpui[fSf;fhd nraw;ghLfis
ikag;gLj;jp Njhw;wk; ngw;wikapdhNyNa murpay; uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngWfpd;wJ.

murhl;rp Kiw (Kbahl;rp Kiw)

 murhl;rp vd;gJ ngUk;ghYk; guk;giuahf murhl;rpf;F cupikNfhUk;> jdpegupdhy;

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; Ml;rp KiwahFk;.
 ,J cyfk; KOtJk; fz;L nfhs;sg;gl;l mur khjpupahFk;.
 murd; my;yJ murp Ml;rpf;F tUtJ rk;gpujhag;gbahFk;.
 nja;tPf topAupikf; Nfhl;ghLfspy; murDf;F murhl;rp nra;tjw;F ,iwtdhy;
mjpfhuk; fpilj;Js;sJ. vd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sikapdhy; ru;tjpfhu murhl;rp
Kiwfspy; nja;tPf; topAupik murhl;rp gz;Gfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
 murhl;rpapy; Ml;rpahsUf;F vy;iyaw;w mjpfhuk; fpilj;jNjhL mtupd; my;yJ
mtspd; jdpg;gl;l fl;lisfshy; cUthdJ.
 ru;tjpfhu murpay; epWtdq;fs; Fiwthd mgptpUj;jpapNyNa fhzg;gl;ld.
rl;lj;Jiw> epUthfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw epUthfk; kw;Wk; Aj;j mjpfhuk; kd;dd;
/,sturpaplk; Ftpe;J fhzg;gl;likNa ,jw;F fhuzkhFk;.
 murhl;rpapy; “gpui[fs; vd;w vz;zf; fU fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,jw;Fg; gjpyhf
“fPog; l;ltu;fs;” (mbikg;gl;ltu;fs;) vd;Nw fhzg;gl;lJ.
 fPog
; l;ltu;fSf;F etPd gpui[fis Nghy cupikfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mjw;F
gjpyhf mtu;fSf;F flikfNs fhzg;gl;ld.

jhuhs (ypguy;) [dehaf muR

 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l muR njhlu;ghd vz;zf; fUNt ypguy; thj;jpd; mbg;gil

murpay; vz;zf;fUthFk;. vNjr;rjpfhu muRf;F vjpuhf kdpj Rje;jpuj;ij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 17Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kd;diug; gFjpapypUe;J gpupj;jhdpah
cs;spl;l Nkw;F INuhg;gh kw;Wk; If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauR vd;gtw;wpy;
gutyile;j murpay; fUj;jpaNy ypguy; jhuhsthj [dehaf thjkhFk;.
 ypguy;thjk; kw;Wk; etPd [dehafthjk; vd;gd xd;Wf;nfhd;W rkkhd tifapy;
mgptpUj;jpaile;j murpay; vz;zf;fUthFk;.
 ypguy;thjk; epiyahd Ml;rp KiwNahL njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fU vd;gjhy; mJ
kf;fshy; nra;ag;gLk; Ml;rpahFk;.
 ypguy;thjk; xUtif epiyahd nghUshjhu KiwAld; ,ize;j fUj;jpayhFk;.
mjhtJ mJ Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu KiwAld; (ifj;njhopy;
Kjyhspj;Jtk;) ,ize;j fUj;jpayhFk;.
 ypguy;thjk; [dhehaf Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; nghUshjhu KiwapidAk;> [dehaf
Ml;rp KiwapidAk xd;wpizf;fpd;wJ.
 kf;fshl;rp njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fU ,jd; fPo; Kf;fpak; ngWtNjhL kf;fs;
gpujpepjpfshy; nra;ag;gLk; Ml;rp gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehaf murhq;fk; ,Uj;jy;
ypguy; [dehaf murpay; Kiwapd; mbg;gilg; gz;ghFk;.
 gpujpepjpj;Jt murhq;fk; nraw;gLtjw;F Njitahd mbg;gil r%f murpay;
tplaq;fs; gpd;tUkhW

 jilfsw;w Rje;jpuk; / cld;ghlhd Rje;jpuk;

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE
 12

 rkj;Jtk;

 ngUk;ghd;ik Ml;rp

 kf;fshl;rp

 ahg;GWthjk;

 rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp

 ePjpj;Jiwr; Rje;jpuk;

 nghWg;Gila murhq;fk;

 Rje;jpukhdJk; ePjpahdJkhd Nju;jy;fs;

 Nghl;bfukhd fl;rp Kiw

 Clf Rje;jpuk;

 khw;Wf;fUj;J

 mKf;ff;FO

 nghJ[d mgp;g;gpuhak;

 rptpy; r%f nraw;ghL.

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE

 13

rkTlikthj muR

 Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; fUj;jpaybg;gilapy; 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; Njhw;wk;

ngw;w rkTlikthj muR khjup fhu;s; khu;f;]; vd;gtuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;L 20 Mk;;
E}w;whz;by; mgptpUj;jpaile;jjhFk;.
 Kjyhspj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ypguy;thj mur khjpupfSf;F khw;wPlhf mike;eJ.
 ,J Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpdhy; Ruz;lg;gl;l njhopyhsu;fSf;fhf Kd;itf;fg;l;l mur
khjpupahFk;
 ciog;G Ruz;lyw;w> tFg;G thjk; ,y;yhj r%fj;ij fl;bnaOg;GtJ ,jd;
gpujhd Nehf;fk; MFk;.
 ngsjPf tho;;f;ifj; juj;jpid mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf kdpjdpd; mbg;gil
Njitfis rkkhd tifapy; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;. (fy;tp >njhopy;> tPL> Rfhjhuk;)

 jdpahu; Kaw;rpf;Fg; gjpyhf mur Mjpgj;jpak; epiy epWj;jg;gLk;

 tu;f;fq;fsw;w r%fj;jpy; mlf;F Kiwf; fUtpahd muR Njitaw;wJ. mJ
cjpu;e;J tpLk; vd khu;f;];thj Nfhl;ghL Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
 ypguy; [dehaf murpypUe;J NtWgl;lJ. ,jd; cupik njhopyhsu; tu;f;fKk;
jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; fl;lisAkhFk;
 gy fl;rp Kiwf;Fg gjpyhf ,q;F xU fl;rp KiwNa fhzg;gLk;
 u\;ah>rPdh tl nfhupah tpal;ehk; fk;Nghbah kw;Wk; fpof;F INuhg;ghtpd; rpy
ehLfs; rkTlik murpid guprPypj;Jg; ghuj;Js;sd.
 ,Wjpahf Nrhtpaj; a+dpad; (xd;wpak;) kw;Wk; fpof;F INuhg;ghtpy; rkTlikthjk;
tPo;r;rpaile;j gpd;du;. rkTlik muR ypguy; [dehafthjj;jpw;F khw;wl
P hf
fUjg;gLtjpy;iy

ghrprthj muR
 ghrpr thjk; vd;gJ murpd; caupa jd;ik> rpNu\;l jd;ik kw;Wk;
vNjr;rjpfhuk;>,dthjk;>,uhZtthjk; vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahf; nfhz;l murpay;
fUj;jpayhFk;.
 ,J Kjypy; 1920>1930 jrhg;jq;fspy; ,j;jhyp kw;Wk; N[u;kdp Nghd;wtw;wpy;
Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. KNrhypdpAk; `pl;yUk; INuhg;gpa ghrprthj;jpd gpujhd
jiytu;fshtu;
 ghrprthj;jpd; gpujhd fUj;jpayhf ,Ug;gJ ,dthj ghu;itapy; muR njhlu;ghf
tpgupg;gjhFk;. `pl;yu; Fwpg;gpLtjhtJ “ ,dj;jpd; rpU];bNa murhFk;” vd;whu;
 ghrprj;jpy; muR kw;Wk; ,dk; vd;gJ rkkhdjhf fUjg;gl;Ls;sikia ,jd;
%yk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.
 “muR epfuw;w jhgdk;” “ muR ru;t ty;yik nghUe;jpa jhgdk;” ,it
ghrprj;jpd; gpugy;akhd tiutpyf;fzq;fshFk;.
 ePl;Nr Kd;itj;j #g;gu;Nkd; (Super Man) “khkdpju;” vd;w vz;zf;fU ghrpj;jpd;
mbg;gil fUj;jpay; njhlu;gpy; mjpfsT jhf;fk; nrYj;jpAss;J. ,jd; %yk;
murpd; caupa jd;ik caue;jJ epfuw;wJ Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; muRf;F
epfuhff;$ba epWtdq;fSk; ,y;iy vd;gJ tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
 muR r%fj;jpw;F NkyhYs;s epWtdkhFk;.
 muRf;F Muk;gNkh KbNth ,y;yhjjpdhy; Kf;fhyk; gw;wpa tpgupg;G fpilahJ
vd;gJld; mJ epiyahdJ vd mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 jdpegu; tpLjiy vd;gJ murpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;F jdpegu; fl;Lg;gLtjpNyNa
jq;fpAs;sJ.
 muNr Ml;;rpashdhFk; Ml;rpahsd; ru;tjpfhukhdtd; mwpTila gz;Gila
tPuKila kdpj khz;Gila ,uh[ je;jpuKilatdhf Ml;rpahsd;
fhzgg;Ltjpdhy; jiyikj;Jt topghL Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ.

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE

 14

 murpay; jhgdq;fs; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; Gfo; gug;Gtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

 kf;fspd; murpay; gq;F gw;Wjy; epuhfupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ MAjgyk;; ghrprj;jpd;
mbg;il. muR muRf;fhNt mjhtJ jq;fis jtpu;ej NtW ve;j r%f Nehf;fKk;
fpilahJ.

ghrprj;jpd; gz;Gfs;

1) nfhs;if vjpu;g;G
2) ju;f;fuPjpaw;w jd;ik
3) %lek;gpf;if
4) murpd; jd;dpfuw;w jd;ik
5) Mf;fpukpg;G jd;ik nghUe;jpa Njrpathjk;
6) Nghu;g;gpupaj;jd;ik
7) td;KiwAk; gaq;futhjKk;
8) jiyikj;Jt topghL
9) murpdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUshjhuk;
10) ru;tNjr rl;lj;ijAk; rkhjhdj;ijAk; vjpu;j;jy;

fhyzpj;Jt muR

 fhyzpj;Jt muR vd;gjd; %yk; mwpag;gLtJ gpupj;jhdpah gpuhd;]; xy;yhe;J

Nghuj;Jf;fy; Nghd;w INuhg;gpa fhydpj;Jt mjpfhuq;fSf;F Neubahf fPog ; l;bUe;j
INuhg;gh my;yhj r%fq;fspy; mgptpUj;jpaile;j khjpupahFk;. ,e;j mur khjpup
tuyhw;WuPjpahf 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;dNu mgptpUj;jpaile;jJ.
 (cjhuzk;) ,yq;ifapYk; 16 Mk; E}w;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapNyNa Nghu;j;Jf;Nau;
xy;yhe;ju; gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;L 1815 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J KO ehLk;
fhydpj;Jtjpw;Fl;gl;lJ.
 fhyzpj;Jt Ml;rpf;F Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l fhydpj;Jt muRfs; xd;wpy; ,yq;if
GUid ,e;NjhNdrpah my;yJ ,e;jpah Nghd;wd epykhdpa muRfshf ,Ue;jd.
,y;iyNay; ngUk;ghyhd Mgpupf;f ehLfisg; Nghy Nfhj;jpu muRfshf ,Ue;jd.
fhydpj;Jt munrhd;wpd; cUthf;fj;jhy; ,e;j fhydpj;Jt r%f murpay;
Kiwikapy; fPo; tUk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
 ghupa gpuNjrq;fis xU murpd; MSifapd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jikapdhy;
fhyzpj;Jt muRfs; Muk;g fhy fhydpj;Jt muRfis tplTk; ghupa
epyg;gug;Gf;fis nfhz;l muRfshf khw;wk; ngw;wd.
 fhydpj;jt murpd; Aj;jr; nraw;ghLfspdhy; ,it ,uhZt muRfshfNt
mgptpUj;jpaile;jpUe;jd. Njrpa r%fj;jpNyw;gl;l Gul;rp kw;Wk; vjpu;g;Gf;fis
jLg;gjw;Fk; fhydpj;Jt muRfs; Aj;j rf;jpfisAk; MAjg;gilfisAk;
njhu;e;Jk; Ngzpr; nrd;wd.
 fhydzpj;Jt muRfs; kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwap;y; xOq;fike;jpUe;jd.
fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahsu;fspdhy; kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l fl;likg;nghd;wpid
fl;bnaOg;gpaik ,r;r%fj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kf;fpa khw;wkhFk;. gpd;du; gpd;
fhydpj;Jt muRfs; ,e;jf; fl;ikg;gpid ikag;gLj;jpNa fl;bnaOg;gl;ld.
 fhyzpj;jt r%fj;jpy; fhydpj;Jt muR ,uhZt mjpfhuthj murhfNt
fl;bnaOg;g gl;bUe;jjJ. mJ [dehaf muRk; my;y Njrpa r%fj;jpd;
gpujpepjpfs; fhydpj;Jt mur fl;likg;gpy; Njrpa r%fj;jpd; gpujpepjpfshftd;wp
fhyzpj;Jt murpd; gpujpepjpfshfNt nraw;gl ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;.
fhydpj;Jt muRf;F Nrit nra;tjw;fhfh mtu;fSf;F epyk;> epe;jfk; >gjtpfs;
kw;Wk; epjp uPjpahd rYiffSk; fpilj;jd. fhydpj;Jt muRf;fhf tupapidr;
Nru;j;jy; rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;fpidg; Ngzpf; nfhs;sy; vd;gdNt ,j;Njrpa
gpujpepjpfsplk; gfpug;gl;l gpujhd tplaq;fshFk;.

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE

 15

fhyzpj;Jt murpd; gz;Gfs;.

 fhydpj;Jt muR FbNaw;w ehl;bd; midj;J tu;f;fq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa KO

rKfj;jpidAk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUj;jy;
 fhydpj;Jt muR FbNaw;w ehl;bd; tu;f;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTfspdhy;
jPukhdpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
 me;epa ehnlhd;wp;d MSk; tu;f;fk; FbNaw;; ehl;L kf;fNshL nfhs;Sk; cwtpd;
ntspg;ghlhfNt mike;Js;sJ.
 fhydpj;Jt muR FbNaw;w ehl;bd; ve;j tu;;f;fj;ijAk; jdJ Ml;rpap;d;
gq;fhsu;fhsf nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy.
 fhyzpj;Jt Ml;rp cs;Su; tu;f;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfis jdf;Fr;
rhu;ghf cgNahfpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.
 fhyzpj;Jt cau; Fohkpduhd epyg;gpuGj;Jt tu;f;fk;> Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fk;
fhyzpj;Jtj;jpw;nfjpuhf fpsu;e;njOk; re;jug;gk; cz;L.
 fhyzpj;Jt muR FbNaw;w ehl;L tu;f;fq;fSf;fpilapy; If;fpak;> ,zf;fg;ghL
Vw;gLtijj; jLf;Fk;
 fhyzpj;Jt ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ij Ruz;Ltjpy; Neubahf <LgLjy;.
 fhyzpj;Jt muR nghyp];>rpiwf;$lk; Nghd;w xLf;F Kiw mur ,ae;jpuq;fisf;
nfhz;L mlf;F Kiwiag; gpuNahfpf;Fk;.

fhyzpj;Jt murhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; r%f khw;wq;fs;

murpay; khw;wq;fs; r%f khw;wq;fs;

1.murpd; MSifapy; ghupa gpuNjrk; 1.,uhZt nraw;ghLfSld; gof;fg;gLjy;
fhzg;gLk; (cjhuzk;)
,e;jpah>mT];Nuypah
2.Aj;j nraw;ghLfshy; fhyzpj;Jt 2.mlf;F Kiw vjpu;g;Gk; jLg;G Kiw vjpu;
muRfs; ,uhZt muRfshfNt nfhs;sYk;
tpj;jpaile;jpUe;jd
3.Njrpa r%fk; Gul;rpfis mlf;f Aj;j 3.kj;jpakag;gLj;jpa Ml;rpf;F gof;fg;gLjy;
rf;jp MAjg; gil NgZjy; (cjhuzk;)
,e;jpah
4.kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l fl;likg;G mjpfhuk; 4.fhyzpj;Jt murpd; gpujpepjpfshdik

5.tup%ykhf epjp Nrfupg;G 5.fhyzpj;Jt muRf;F Nrit nra;jy;

6.rl;lk; xOq;ifg; Ngzpf; nfhs;sy; 6.epyk;>epe;jfk;.gjtpfs; epjpuPjpahd
rYiffs; fpilj;jik

7.tup nrYj;Jjy; rl;lj;jpw;F

xOq;fike;jpUj;jy;

gpd;fhydpj;Jt muR

gpd;fhydpj;Jt muR vd;w vz;zf;fU ghfp];jhdpa vOj;jhsuhd `k;\h mytp

(Hamza Alavi) vd;gtuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1972 Mk; Mz;L New Left Review
rQ;rpifapy; ntspapl;l “ghfp];jhd; gq;fshNj\; r%fq;fsp;y; gpd; fhydpj;Jt muR (State
in colonial societies Pakistan and Banaladesh) vd;w fl;LiuapNyNa ,t;ntz;zf;fU
mwpKfkhfpaJ. ,tupd; fUj;Jf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; gpd; fhydpj;Jt murpd; gz;Gfs;
gpd;tUkhW

 gpd; fhyzpj;Jt r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;; muRfs; me;j r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l

fhydpj;Jt fl;likg;Gf;fis NkYk; Kd;Ndhf;fp nfhz;L nrd;Ws;sikahFk;.
 fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapy; fpilj;j murpay; Rje;jpuk; me;jf; fl;likg;Gf;fspy; ,Ue;J
tpLgl;L jdpj;Jr; nry;tjw;F tha;g;G toq;ftpy;iy.
 gpd;fhydpj;Jt muRfs; ngUk;ghyhdtw;wpy; [dehafk; gupkhw;wk;
rhj;jpakhdjhfNth my;yJ epiyj;jpUf;fjf;f tifapNyh eilngwtpy;iy
MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE
 16

,uhZt Gul;rpfspd; %yk; [dehafthl;rp mikg;Gf;fis khw;wpaikj;jy; kw;Wk;

mjpfhuthl;rp Kiw cUthjy; vd;gd ,r; r%fj;jpd; nghJg;gz;Gfshf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpypUe;J khWgl;ljhf ,e;jpah ,yq;if Nghd;w gpd;
fhyzpj;Jt ehLfs; rpyTs;sd.
 gpd; fhyzpj;Jt ehLfsp;y; fhzg;gLk; tpNrlkhd gz;G ,e;j ehLfspy; xg;gl P ;L
uPjpahf tYthd kw;Wk; gykpF ,uhZtk;> rptpy; epUthf fl;likg;nghd;W mur
,ae;jpuj;jp;d; ikakhf njhopw;gLtjhFk;. ,it fhydpj;jt Ml;rp;fhyj;jpy;
fl;bnaOg;gl;litahFk;. fhydpj;Jtthj;jpy; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l murpay;
Rje;jpuj;jpdhy; ,e;jf; fl;likg;Gf;fs; khw;wg;gltpy;iy ,it fl;rp kw;Wk; rptpy;
murpay; epWtdq;fSf;F Nkyhd mjpfhukpf;fitahFk;.
 murpay; fl;rp rptpy; epWtdq;fSf;F Nkyhd mjpfhuKila ,uhZtk; kw;Wk; gb
epiythj fl;likg;nghd;W Njhw;wk; ngwy; gpd; fhydpj;Jt muR [dehafg;
gupkhw;wj;jpid Nehf;fpa gazj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fl;likg;GuPjpahd jilahFk;

etjhuhz;ikthj muR

nghUshjhug; gpd;Gyk;

nghJey murpd; gpd;dilTk; cyf Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu vOr;rpAk; cyf

kakhf;fj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; cUthf;fpa GjpanjhU vz;zf;fUNt etjhuhz;ikthj
murhFk;.
,e;jg; gpd;Gyj;jpy; Mrpa muRfspd; Njrpa vy;iyfis jhz;b re;ijg;
nghUshjhu Kiwnahd;W Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
,e;jg; gzg; nghUshjhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; fnhz;l Kjyhspj;Jt nghUsjhu
Kiwahf nraw;gl;ljid mbg;gilahf;f nfhz;L cyfkakhf;fy; vd;w
vz;zf;fU Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
Kjyhspj;Jt murpd; Muk;gj;jpy; jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifia nghUshjhuj;jpy; muR
filg;gpbj;jhYk; eyd;Gupthjj;jpy; mJ eyptile;jJ. vdpDk; 1960fspy; murpd;
eyd;Gupthjk; tPo;r;rpaila Kjyhspj;Jtj;NjhL kl;Lk; RUq;fpa murhdJ
etjhuhsthj murhf khwpaJ. MfNt mur epUthfj;ij kl;Lk; nraw;gLj;JtNj
etjhuhz;ikthjkhFk;.
Kjyhspj;Jt re;ijg; nghUshjhuk; ru;tNjr kag;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; fhzkhf muR
nghUshjhu eltbf;ifspy; tpyfpapUj;jy; vd;gJ fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
khwptUk; cyf xOq;fpw;Nfw;g re;ijia jpwe;Jtpl Ntz;ba mtrpak; muRf;F
Vw;gl;ljhy; ru;tNjr epWtdq;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fl;gl Ntz;bNaw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;
cyf tq;fp> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp> ru;tNjr ehzaepjpak;. kw;Wk; gy;Njrpa
fk;gdpfs; Nghd;wtw;why; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,jdhy;.
 Rje;jpu re;ijf;fhd #oiy Vw;gLj;jy;.
 epjpia epUtfpj;jy; kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tNj murpd; gzpfshdJ.

murpay; gpd;Gyk;

etjhusthj fUj;ij Kd;itj;jtu;fs; nwhgl; Nehrpf;> ngl;wpf;Nthd; Nghd;wtu;fs;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fshtu;.
egu;fspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf mur mjpfhukhdJ kpfTk; Fiwe;jstpy;
gad;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;. Robert Nozik
mur mjpfhuk; nghyp]; mjpfhuk; xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;ljhf ,Uf;f $lhJ. egu;fspd;
nrhj;J njhu;ghd cupik kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gjhy; ,t;Tupikapid ,y;yhJ
nra;a KbahJ vd mtu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
 mKf;fj;jpw;Fl;gl;ltu;fspd; tho;Tupikfs; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; Clhf
ghJfhj;jy;
 eyd;Gup jpl;lq;fis Kw;whf cjpu;j;jy;
 murpd; jiyaPlhdJ r%f murpay; nraw;ghLfis kl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE

 17

Fiwe;j gl;r muR vz;zf;fU

,jd; %yk; mur eyd;Gup thj tuyhw;Wg;gzpapid KbTf;F nfhz;l te;J

Kjyhspj;jt Kiwapd; cz;ikahd Kjyhspj;jt thjq;fis kPz;Lk;
vOr;rpngwy; 20k; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;diug;gFjpapy; Fiwe;j gl;r muR (minimalist
state) vz;zf;fUtpd; Njhw;wj;NjhL Muk;gkhdJ.
Fiwe;j gl;r muR nfhs;ifapdhy; kPz;LnkhUKiw murpd; gzpfis
tiuaWj;jy; vd;w Fiwj;jiy fhz Kbfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ,J jiyaplh muR
Nghyd;w;p nghUshjhu tplaq;fspy; tpyfpapUj;jy; my;yJ jiyaplhky; ,Ug;gJ
my;y.
,jpy; r%f murpay; nraw;ghLfis Kfhik nra;tjw;fhf kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
tifapy; muR jiyapLfpd;wJ. vdpdk; ,J eyd;Gup murpidg;Nghy gue;j kw;Wk;
,yF jiyapLjy; my;y ,jd;gb mur jiyaplhthjk; kw;Wk; eyd;Gupthjk;
Mfpa ,uz;Lf;Fkpilapyhd epiyahfNt Fiwe;j gl;r murpid ,dq;fhz
KbAk;.

muRk; ,iwikAk;.

,iwik vd;gJ “rl;lj;jhy;

“tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj gpui[fs; kw;Wk;
murpay;uPjpahf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l Fbfs; kPJ nrYj;jg;gLk; cau;thd
epWtdNk” murhFk;
mjpfhukhFk;”

 ,iwik vd;gjd; nghUs; kPAau; mjpfhuk; vd;gjhFk;. mjhtJ muR ngw;wpUf;Fk;

cau;thd mjpfhukhFk;.
 ,g;gjj;jpid Kjd; Kjypy; murwptpaypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu; [Pd;Nghbd; Mthu;
(Jean Boadin ) ,tu; ,iwikia rl;lj;jhy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj> gpui[fs; kw;Wk;
Fbfs; kPJ nrYj;jg;gLk; muRf;Fupa cau;thd mjpfhuk; vd;whu;. ,iwik NtW
ve;j r%fj;jpw;Fk; mbgzpakhl;lhJ.
 ,jd;gb ,iwik ,Utifg;gLk;.
I. cs;spiwik
II. ntspapiwik
 cs;spiwik vd;gJ ve;jnthU Rje;jpu muRk; jkJ murpDs; thOk; kf;fspd;
mbgzpit ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd rl;l mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Ws;sJ vd;gjhFk;.
 ntspapiwik vd;gJ NtW ve;j ,iwik mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; fPo;epiyg;glhJ
,Uj;jyhFk;. ,jd;gb ,iwikkpF muR jkj ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;iffis
mOj;jq;fs; ,d;wp itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd jpwdhFk;.
 ,iwik mjpfhuk; epiyahd> midj;jhd;ik tha;e;j> gpupf;fg;gl
Kbahj>ikkhw;w Kbahj> ifaspf;f Kbahj xd;whf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,iwik gw;wpa rkfhy vz;zf;fU rk];bthjk; kw;Wk; cyf kakhf;fNyhL
ghupa rthYf;Fl;gl;Ls;sJ. Njrpa munrhd;wpDs; thOk; gy;NtW ,df;FOf;fis
xd;wpizg;gjw;fhf ,iwik mjpfhuj;jpid gfpu;e;jspf;Fk; Nghf;nfhd;W
tpUj;jpaile;J tUfpd;wJ.
 rk fhyj;jpy; nghJf; nfhs;ififs; Njrpa kl;l ,iwik myFfs; %yk;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtjpYk; ghu;f;f cau; Njrpa mikg;Gf;fspdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 rkfhyj;jpy; %yjdg;gha;r;rYld; Vw;gl;l re;ijapid ikag;gLj;jpa cyf tu;j;jf
mikg;Gf;fs; Nghd;w epWtdq;fs;> kdpjTupikfs; >rl;lq;fs; >rk;gpujhaq;fs;
MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE
 18

kw;Wk; Fw;wq;fs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij jPu;khdpg;gjpYk; ,iwik

rthYf;Fl;gl;ls;sJ.
 Njrpa muRfs; vd;gJ cyf cau; Njrpa epWtdq;fspy; vLf;fg;gLk;
nfhs;iffis Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; Kftu;fshf khwpAs;sJ. vd;w
thjk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 rkfhyj;jpy; gpugy muRfspd ,iwik mgptpUj;jpaile;jhYk; eypthd muRfspd;
,iwik mbgl;Lr; nrd;Ws;sJ.

muRk; gpui[Ak;

 gpui[ vd;gjd; nghUs; “efuj;jpy; tho;gtd;” vd;gjhFk;.mjd; jw;Nghija mu;j;jk;

“murpd; cWg;gpdd; vd;gjhFk;”
 egu;fs; jkJ nghJ tho;f;if njhlu;gpy; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; nraw;ghl;by; gq;F
gw;Wk; Kiwf;Nfw;g “gpui[“ vd;gJ jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 mup];Nlhl;bypd; fUj;jpw;Nfw;g gpui[ vd;gtu; murpd; nraw;ghLfSf;F Neubahf
gq;Fgw;Wk; eguhthu;. ,tu; ,e;j fUj;jpid rpwpa fpNuf;f efu muRfspd;
gpd;Gyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj Kd;itj;Js;shu;.
 etPd rpf;fy;kpf;f muR Kiwapy; fpNuf;f efu muR Kiwapidg; Nghd;W mur
epUthf nraw;ghLfspy; gpuirfs; Neubahf gq;Fgw;w KbahJ. ,J kf;fs;
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd; topKiwnahd;whFk;.
 etPd [dehaf muRfspy; rl;l cUthf;Fdu;fs; kw;Wk; epiwNtw;Wdu;fs;
kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; my;yJ kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf;$wf;$ba gpui[fs; vd;Nw
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ
 jw;NghJ muR kw;Wk; gpui[fSf;fpilaphd njhlu;GfSf;f ,U Kf;fpakhd
gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
I. gpui[fspd; murpay; cupikfs; (thf;fspj;jy;>Nju;jypy;
Nghl;baply;>murhq;fj;ij tpku;rpj;jy;> murhq;f gjtpfis tfpj;jy;)
II. gpui[fspd; murpay; flikfs; (muRf;F fl;Lg;gly; >tup nrYj;Jjy;)
 munrhd;wpd; Ms;Gyj;jpy; tho;fpd;wtu;fSf;F gpu[hTupik toq;ff;$baJk;>
,y;yhnjhopf;f $baJkhd xU epWtdNk murhFk;. cz;ikapy; eilKiwapy;
muir epu;tfp;gg ; tu;fshy; jPu;khdpf;f KbAk;
 TH. khu;\y; “r%f gp[uh[hTupik vd;w vz;zf;fUit gw;wp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
 tPnlhd;iw cupikahf;fpf; nfhs;s> njhopy; xd;iw ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTkhd
me;j];Jilatu;fNs gpui[fshtu;. (TH. khu;\y;)

muRf;F gpui[fs; Vd; mbgzpaNtz;Lk;.

 midj;Jg; gpui[fSf;Fk; eyd;Gup tho;f;ifia mikj;Jf; nfhLg;gJ murpd;

,Wjp Nehf;fkhFk;. - mup];Nlhl;by;
 gpui[fNs murpid cUthf;fp mjw;F mbgzpit fhl;Ltjw;F cld;
gl;likapdhy; muR ghJfhg;gpid toq;Ffpd;wJ.
 muR nghJ tpUg;gj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; cUthdJ. mjd; %yk; nghJr; rpj;jNk
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; gpuir muRf;F mbgzpaNtz;Lk;. -
&Nrh
 r%f xg;ge;jf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb “gpui[fs; muir cUthf;fpf;
nfhz;lNjhL mbgzpit fhl;Ltjw;F cld;ghL nfhz;ldu;”
 ypguy;thjf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb “gpui[fspd; ,aw;if cupikfis
ghJfhj;J nfhLg;gJ muR vd;gjhy; gpui[fs; muRf;F mbgzpa Ntz;Lk;”
vd;fpd;wdu;.

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE

 19

muR> murhq;fk;> kw;Wk; Ml;rp Kiw vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpy; murpay;uPjpahf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l epWtdNk” murhFk;

murpd; my;yJ kf;fspd; tpUg;gq;fis nfhs;iffshf khw;Wtjd; %yk; mtw;iw

eilKiwf;F nfhz;l tUk; gpujp epjp MFk;

rfy r%fj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; mbg;gil kw;Wk;; ikakhd murpay; epWtdk; muRk;

murhq;fKk; MFk;. r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Vida murapy; epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wKk;
muR kw;WK; murhq;fj;jhy; eil ngw;Ws;sJ.

cjhuzk; -

Nfhl;ghl;LuPjpahf muirg; gpupf;f KbahJ>fz;Zf;fg; Gyg;glhjJ Mdhy;

murhq;fk; eil Kiwr; nraw;ghl;bd; fl;GydhFk; epWtdkhFk;.
murhqlfk; vd;gJ muirg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; xU gpujp epjp kl;LNkahFk;.
muR KOr; r%fj;ijAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Mdhy; murhq;fk;
Fbkf;fspd; xu; gFjpapdupd; Mjuitg; ngw;Wf; nfhsSk; murpay; epWtdkhFk;.
muR khw;wkilahj epiyahd epWtdkhFk; Mdhy; murhq;fk; muRf;F muR
NtWgLk;
muR gupG+uz$whf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ murhq;fk; murpd; xU gFjp kl;LNk MFk;
muR ,iwikapd; cupikahsd; Mdhy; murhq;fk; murpdhy; xg;gilf;fg;gLk;;
mjpfhuj;ij kl;LNk ngWfpd;wJ.
murpd; ,Ug;Gf;F epr;rakhd Ms;Gy vy;iyfs; mtrpakhFk; Mdhy; murhq;fk;
murpd; vy;iyf;F mg;ghy; my;yJ ntspNaAk; mikf;fg;glyhk;.
Fbkf;fs; muRf;F vjpuhf fpsu;e;njo KbahJ Mdhy; murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf
fpsu;e;njoyhk;.

Ml;rp Kiw (Regime)

 Ml;rp Kiw vd;w vz;zf;fU murhq;fk; vd;gjw;F rw;W

neUf;fKilajhFk;.murhq;fk; vd;gJ murpd; nraw;ghLfis nra;tjw;F
nghJkf;fshy; epakpf;fg;gLk; epWtd fl;likg;G MFk;.
 Xt;nthU murhq;fKk; jkJ fUj;jpay;fs;>r%f mbg;gil kw;Wk;; jiyikj;Jtk;
njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLk; tpNrl jd;ikapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
milahsg;gLj;Jk; NghJ Ml;rp Kiw vd;w gjk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

cjhuzk;

 murhq;fj;jpd; jiyikj;Jtjw;F Vw;g milahsg;gLj;jy;

cjhuzk;: uh[gf;\ Ml;rp> uzpy; Ml;rp >Nkhb Ml;rp
 murhq;fj;jpd; xOq;fikg;g;pw;Nfw;g cUthFk; Ml;rp
cjhuzk;: xw;iwahl;rp >rk\;b Ml;rp
 murhq;f
; j;jpd; fUj;jpay;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
cjhuzk;: midj;jhd;ik Ml;rp> rkTlikthj Ml;rp> eyd;Gupthj Ml;rp

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE

 20

tpdhf;fs; 1.,iwik ,U tifg;gLk; mtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?

2.muRf;F gpui[fs; mbgzpit fhl;l Ntz;Lk; vd $Wk;

Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs; ,Utiug; ngaupLf.

3.muRf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis Muha;f

murpd; ,ay;G njhu;ghd Nfhl;ghl;L mZFKiw

r%f xg;ge;jthjk;.

kj;jpa fhy INuhg;ghtpy; mjpfhuj;ij epahag;gLj;Jtjw;fhf nja;tPf cupikf; Nfhl;ghL

fPo; epiyaile;j ,ilntspia epug;gNt r%f xg;ge;j Nfhl;ghL Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

,Jtiu jhdhf Njhd;wpajhf $wg;gl;l muR vd;w fUj;Jf;F gjpyhf “r%fj;jpNyw;gl;l

cld;ghl;bd; tpisT” vd;w Gjpa tpsf;fj;jpidf; nfhLj;jJ.

,e;j fUj;jpaiy Nfhl;ghlhf Kd;itj;jtu;fs; Njhk]; n`hg;];> N[hd;nyhf;> [Pd; n[f;

&Nrh Mfpa %tUkhtu;.

Njhk]; n`hg;]; (1588-1679)

,aw;if epiyAk; kdpj jd;ikAk;.

muR cUthFtjw;F Kd;du; kdpjd; ,aw;if epiyapy; tho;e;jhd; vd;W n`hg;];

$wpdhu;.kdpjd; jdJ Raeyj;ij kl;Lk; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L tho;e;jhd; mt; ,aw;if
epiyahdJ xU Nghuhl;l epiyahf fhzg;gl;lnjd;Wk; kdpj tho;f;if
RaeyKk;>,opTk;>kpUfj;jd;ikAk; FWfpa MASk; cilajhf ,Ue;jJ. rl;lk; xOq;f
vd;git fhzg;gltpy;iy kf;fis top elj;jpr; nry;Yk; mjpfhup vtUk; mg;NghJ
,Uf;ftpy;iy. mikjpapd;ikAk; murw;w muh[f epiyANk fhzg;gl;lJ

r%f xg;ge;jk;.Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,aw;if epiyapdhy; mtjpg;gl;l kf;fs; jd;id Nghd;W

mtjpg;gl;l kf;fSld; xd;W Nru;e;J xU xg;ge;jj;ijr; nra;J nfhz;lhd.; ,e;j
xg;ge;jjpw;fpzq;f ,aw;if epiyapy; tho;e;j midtUk; jkJ ghJfhg;gpd; nghUl;L jhk;
cUthf;fpa rptpy; Ml;rpshuplk; mjpfhuk; midj;ijAk; xg;ilj;jdu;.

,e;j xg;gilg;G g+uzkhdjhfTk; khw;w Kbahjjhftk; ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpy;

Ml;rpahssd; xU gq;F jhudhf ,Ue;jjpy;iy.jhd; nraw;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; njhu;gpy;
kf;fSf;F nghWg;G nrhy;y flikg;ghL ,y;yhj Ml;rpahsd; xUtdplk; kf;fs; jq;fs;
mjpfhuj;ij jq;fsJ nrhe;j tpUg;gb xg;gilj;jdu;. mtd; ,l;l fl;lisNa rl;lkhFk;.
Fbkf;fSila tho;Tk; rhTk; mtUla mjpfhuj;jpw;Fl;gl;bUe;jd.

,q;F kf;fs; Ml;rpapd; mbg;gilapy; midj;jhw;wYila ru;tjpfhu munrhd;W ,t;thW

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
r%f xg;ge;j Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fspd; gpujhd E}y;fs;

 n`hg;]; - nytpahjd;
 nyhf; - rptpy; murhq;fj;jpd; ,U
cld;gbf;iffs;
 &Nrh - r%f xg;ge;jk;

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE

 21

N[hd; nyhf; (1632-1704)

nyhf; vd;gtUk; murpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa nfhs;iff;F r%f xg;ge;jijNa mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;Ls;shu;.MapDk; kdpj jd;ik gw;wpAk; mtu; nfhz;l fUj;Jk; ,aw;if epiy gw;wp
mtu; nfhz;l vz;zf;fUTk; n`hg;]pd; fUj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J Kw;whf NtWgl;lit.

,aw;if epiyAk; kdpj jd;ikAk;

kdpjd; mbg;gilapy; ey;ytd; vd;gNj nyhf;fpd; fUj;J. ,aw;if mUspa rpy

cupikfis mtd; ngw;wpUe;jhd;. ,t;TupikfSs; kpf Kf;fpakhdit capu;tho;tjw;Fk;>
Rje;jpukhf ,Ug;gjw;Fk; nrhj;J itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; cupa cupikfshFk;. kdpjd; jdJ
ciog;ig ,aw;ifNahL ,izg;gjd; tpisthfNt nrhj;Jupik gpwf;fpd;wJ. vd nyhf;
mt;Tupikf;F tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jhu;. njhlf;fj;jpy; ,aw;if epiyapNy kdpjd;
mikjpahf tho;f;if elj;jpdhd;.mtd; jd;Dila cupikfis jq;F jilapd;wp
mDgtpj;jhd; MapDk; Kf;fpakhf nrhj;Jilik gw;wpr; rr;ruTfs; gbg;gbahf jiyJ}f;f
njhlq;fpd mjdhy; mikjp Fiye;jJ. tho;f;iff;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; nrhj;Jilikf;Fk;
,ilA+W tpise;jJ.

r%f xg;ge;jk;

,f;fl;lj;jpy; ,aw;if epiyapy; tho;e;J te;j kdpju; Xu; xg;ge;jk; nra;jdu;. ,e;j
xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,uz;L mk;rq;fs; cz;L midtUf;Fk; cld;ghlhd nghJ epajpfSf;F
,zq;fp tho;tjw;F kdpju; cld;gLfpd;w xU Fbapaw; r%fj;ij ,t; xg;ge;jk; epWtpaJ.
mj;NjhL rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; epyehl;Ltjw;F NghJksT mjpfhuq;fisg; ngw;w Xu;
muirAk; mJ epWtpaJ. xg;ge;jij nra;Ak; ,U fl;rpahsu;fSs; xU fl;rpahsu;
kf;fshtu;. kw;w fl;rpahsu; Ml;rpahsNdh Ml;rpahsu;fNsh Mtu.; ,aw;if jq;fSf;F
mUspa mjpfhuk; vJNth mjid Ml;rpshdplk; kf;fs; xg;gilf;fpd;wdu;. Ml;rpahsNdh
jdJ flikfis epiwNtw;W Kfkhf ,e;j mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F cj;juthjk;
nra;fpd;whd;.

kf;fs; jq;fSila mjpfhuk; midj;ijANk Ml;rpahsdplk; xg;gilf;ftpy;iy.

mt;tjpfhuj;jpy; xU ghfj;ij jq;fsplk; itj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;whu;fs.; ,jdhy; Ml;rpahsd;
vy;yhk; ty;ytd; my;y mtDila mjpfhuq;fs; tiuaiwf;Fk; epge;jidfSf;Fk;
cl;gl;lit. kf;fs; mikjpahf jq;fSila ,aw;ifahd cupikfis mDgtpg;gjw;F
mtrpakhd epiyikfis cUthf;FtJk; epiy epWj;JtJk; Ml;rpshdpd; flikahFk;.

,t;thW nyhf; tu;zpj;jthW r%f xg;ge;jk; xd;wpd; %yk; kf;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lNj

muR mJ kf;fsplk; ,Ue;Nj jdJ mjpfhuj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ. nyhf;fpd; mur
nfhs;ifahdJ jhuhs kf;fshl;rp Nfhl;ghl;bw;F Xu; cWJizahf mike;jJ.

&Nrh

18k; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpa gFjpapy; &Nrh jdJ r%f xg;ge;jf; nfhs;if gw;wpa fUj;ij
ntspapl;lhu.; mtu; n[dpthtpy; gpwe;jhYk; gpuhd;rpa jj;JtQhdpahfNt
fUjg;gLfpd;whu;.1789 ,y; gpuhd;rpag;Gul;rp njhlq;FKd; gpuhd;rpNy jPtpukhf ,lk; ngw;W
te;j thjg;gpujpthjq;fspy; gq;Fgw;wpdhu;

&Nrhtpd; ,aw;if epiy

&NrhTk; jdf;F Kd;du; ,Ue;j n`hg;];> nyhf; MfpNahupd; Kd;khjpupiag; gpd;gw;wp

r%fj;jpw;Fk; murpw;Fk; Kw;gl;l ,aw;if epiy gw;wpa tu;zidNahL jdJ nfhs;ifia
tpsf;fj; njhlq;Ffpd;whu;. mtupd; ,aw;if epiyapy; cs;s kdpjiu n`hg;];
fUjpaijg; Nghd;W RaeyKila tpyq;fhf mtu; fUjtpy;iy. ,tupd; fUj;Jg;b mk;
kf;fs; ,aw;if rl;lq;fSf;F mika tho;e;J te;jdu;. mtu;fs; ,aw;ifahfNt
giftu;fs; my;y mtu;fs; rz;ilaplTk; ,y;iy. mtu;fspd; Njit Fiwthdit
mjdhy; mjid jpUg;jp nra;jYk; vspjhf ,Ue;jJ. jk;kplk; md;Gk; gpwuplk; ,uf;fKk;
Mfpa ,U czu;rr ; pfNs mtu;fis top elj;jpaJ.
MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE
 22

r%f xg;ge;jk;.

r%f xg;ge;jk;. xd;wpd; %yk; ,e;j ,aw;if epiyia xU KbTf;F nfhz;L tu

mtu;;fs; jPu;khdpj;jdu;. fhuzk; xU r%fj;ij cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; jq;fsJ ,aw;ifj;
jpwid NkYk; cau;j;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. mgptpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;. vd;W
fUjpaikapyhFk;. Mdhy; ,aw;if epiyapy; tho;e;j kdpju;; midtUk; jq;fspilNa
Xu; xg;ge;jpidr; nra;J jq;fis Xu; $l;Lf; Fothf mikj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,f;
$l;Lf; FONt ,iwahf mikfpd;wJ.(,iwik) ,f;FOtpd; Xu; cWg;gpdd; vd;w
tifapy; xt;thUtDk; ,iwapd; xU gFjpahf ,Uf;fpd;whd;. mNjNtis mtd; xU
Fbkfd; vd;w tifapy; ,iwapd; FbkfdhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;whd;. ,f;$l;Lf; FOthdJ
gy;NtW ngau;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. muRr; r%fk;> muR ,iw> mjpfhuKk; kf;fSk;
vd;w ngau;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld.

nghJtpUg;gk;/nghJr;rpj;jk;.

,f; $l;Lf; FONt nghJ tpUg;gk; vd;W &Nrhthy; miof;fg;gl;lJ. nghJ tpUg;gk; vd;w
vz;zf;fUit tpsq;fp;f; nfhs;tJ fbdkhdJ. mJ vy;yh kf;fspdJk; $l;L tpUg;gk;
md;W> $l;L tpUg;gj;jpd; rhuhk;rNkahFk;. mJ Xu; jhukPf rf;jpahfTk; midj;jpw;Fk;
NkyhdjhfTk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. &Nrh kf;fis ,iwik cilatu;fshf Mf;fpdhu;.

khf;rpr thjk;.

 khu;f;]; thjk; vd;gJ nghUshjhuj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;L tuyhW kw;Wk;

rKfk; gw;wp tpgupg;gjw;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l gue;j jj;JtkhFk;.
 fhu;s; khu;f;]; kw;Wk; Vq;fy;]; vd;Nghuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,f;Nfhl;ghL
murpd; Njhw;wk; guty; kw;Wk; vjpu;fhyk; gw;wp Kd;du; fhzg;glhj tifahd
tpsf;fk; xd;wpid toq;fpAs;sJ.
 kdpj tuyhwhdJ tu;f;f Nghuhl;l tuyhwhfNt ,J tiu fhzg;gl;ljhf ,tu;fs;
Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. tuyhw;wpy; fhzg;gl;l vy;yhtpj r%fj;jpYk; fhzg;gl;l vjpu;Gf;fis
mlf;Ftjw;fhf muR vd;w jhgdj;ij nrhj;Jila tu;f;fk; gad;gLj;jpaJ.
vd;gjhy; “muR nrhj;Jilatu;fspd; fUtp” vd;Wk; “muR mlf;F Kiw
epWtdkhf” nraw;gLtjhfTk; ,tu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;.
 Guhjhd fk;A+dpr Afk;> mbikAfk;> epykhdpa Afk;> Kjyhspa Afk;
rkTlikthj Afk; Nghd;wtw;why; r%fj;jpd; tuyhW tsu;rr ; paile;Js;sNjhL
tsu;rr; pailfp;d;wJ vd khu;f;];thjk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. muR me;je;j tuyhw;W
fhyq;fSf;Nfw;g gutyile;Js;sJ.

Guhjhd fk;Adprk;

,f;fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; fhLfspy; $l;lk; $l;lkhf tho;e;jdu;. czTj; NjitAk; ghJfhg;Gj;

NjtitAk; ,tu;fsJ gpujhd Njitahf ,Ue;jJ. cw;gj;jp rhjdq;fs; kf;fs;
midtUf;Fk; nghJthdjhf ,Ue;jd. kf;fs; midtUk; ,q;f $l;ljhf cioj;jdu;.
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; cldbahf gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy; cs;sikahy;
Nrkpg;Ngh nrhj;JlikNah ,Uf;ftpy;iy. nrhj;Jilik ,y;yhjjhy; mjd; mbg;gilapy;
mike;j tu;f;f NtWghLfSk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

mbikKiwr; rKjhak;

,r;rKjhaj;jpy; mbik v[khd; vd;fpd;w ,U tu;f;fq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. ,jpy; v[khd;

tu;f;fk; cw;gj;jp fhuzpfSf;Fr; nrhe;jf;fhu tu;f;fkhfTk; mbik tu;f;fk; cw;gj;jp
fhuzpfs; vJTkw;w ciof;Fk; tu;f;fkhfTk; fhzg;gl;ld. ,q;F tu;;f;f NtwghLfs;
murpd; Njitia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mbikfis mlf;fp xLf;fpr; Ruz;Ltjw;fhf v[khd;
tu;f;j;jhy; muR Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. vd khu;f;]; $Wfpd;whu;.
MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE
 23

epy gpuGj;Jt rKjhak;

,r;rKjhaj;jpy; epyg;gpuG Fbahdtd; vd;w ,Utu;f;fq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. epyg;gpuG

cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfSf;F nrhe;jf;fhudhd cilikahsd; tu;f;fkhf tpsq;fpdhd;.
Fbahdtd; ciof;Fk; tu;f;fkhf tpsq;fpdhd;. ,q;F fhzg;gl;l muRk; Fbahdtid
mlf;fp xL;f;fp epyg;gpuGf;fspd; eyd; NgZk; murhf fhzg;gl;lJ.

Kjyhspj;Jt rKjhak;

ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpapd; tsu;r;rp epyg;gpuGj;Jt r%jhaj;ij rpijj;J Kjyhspj;Jt

r%jhaj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. etPd njhopDl;gq;fs; njhopyhsu;fspd; Njitia Ntz;b
epd;wjhy; Fbahdtufs; njhopyhsu;fshf khwpdu;. ,q;F fhzg;gl;l muRk;
cilikfsw;w njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jij mlf;fp xLf;fp Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fj;jpd; eyd;
Ngz; murhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

Nrhrypr rKjhak;

njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpd; ru;tjpfhu muR epyTk; Nrhrypr rKjhaj;;jpYk; tu;f;fq;fs;

,Uf;Fk; Mdhy; Ml;rpapy; njhopyhsu; tu;f;fNk ,Uf;Fk; Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fk; kPz;Lk;
vOtij eRf;Fk; tifapNyNa Ml;rpapy; ,Uf;Fk; muR njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpd;
ru;tjpfhu murhf ,Uf;Fk; ,r;rKjhaj;jpy; Nrhrypr epu;khd Ntiyjpl;lq;fs;
njhlu;rr
; pahf eilngWk; ,jD}lhf tu;f;fq;fsw;w rKjhaj;ij Nehf;fp Nrhrypr
rKjhak; Kd;NdWk;

fk;Adpr rKjhak;

Nrhrypr rKjha tsu;r;rpapy; fk;Adpr rKjhak; Njhd;Wk; NghJ tu;f;fq;fs; ,y;yhky;

Ngha;tpLk; ,jdhy; murpd; NjitAk; ,y;yhky; Nghf ,r;rKjhaj;jpd; Njhw;wj;Jld;
muRk; cjpu;e;J kiwe;J tpLk;.

ypguy;thjk; (jhuhz;ikthjk;.)

 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp miu E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J Nkw;F INuhg;ghtpy; gutpa

Rje;jpuk; njhlu;ghd murpay; fUj;jpay; ypguy; thjk; vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
 murpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa ypguy;thjf; fUj;J ngUk;ghYk; rKf gb Kiw tsu;r;rpf;
Nfhl;ghl;bid xj;jjhFk;. mjd;gb muR nraw;ifahf Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lNjh
my;yJ epr;rakhd fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilap;y; Njhd;wpaNjh my;y mJ rKf
gbKiw tsu;r;rpapd; tpisthf Njhd;wpajhFk.; ,jd; gb rpjwpf; fple;j kdpjd;
rpy rKfg;gz;Gfshy; xU nghJ ,lj;jpy; epiyahf Fbnfhz;L rKfkhf
xOq;fike;jikNa murpd; Njhw;wj;jpd; Muk;g gbahFk;.
 ,uj;j cwtpd; mbg;ilapy; jha; je;ij gps;isfs; MfpNahiuf; nfhz;l Muk;g
rKf myfhd FLk;gk; Njhd;wpaJ. FLk;gk; gutyile;J gy FLk;gq;fs;
cUthfpaJld; mf; FLk;gq;fs; xd;wpize;J Fy kuGfs; Njhd;wpd. gpd;G
rKjhak; Njhd;wpaJ. rKjhak; cUthfpa NghJ ,lk; ngw;w gpur;rpidfisj;
jP;u;g;gjw;F Nkw;nfhs;g;gl;l Vw;ghLfNs muR Njhd;w fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
 17Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp miug;gFjpapy; Mq;fpNya jj;jttpayhsuhd N[hd;
nyhf; jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; nrhj;J njhlu;ghf Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;Jf;fNs
ypguy;thj mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; tYT+l;lYf;Fk; ghupastpy; jhf;fk;nrYj;jpaJ.
 18Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; ,Wjp miug;gFjpapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ifj;njhopy;
Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf muR jiyapl Ntz;bajpy;iy
vd;Dk; Guhjhd nghUspayhsu;fshd mlk; ];kpj;> Nltpl; upfhNlh Mfpa
,UtuhYk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;j gpd;Gyj;jpy; muR nghUshjhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jf;;$lhJ vd;w
fUj;jpaiy mbg;gilahf nfhz;L muR jiyaplhthjk; vd;w vz;zf;fUnthd;W
Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,J jhuhz;ikthj;jpd; gioikahd gpupthFk;. MfNt Nkw;F
MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE
 24

INuhg;ghtpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ifj;njhopy; Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu Kiwikapd;

murpay; ntspg;ghNl jhuhsthjkhFk;.

,t;thW gutyile;j ypguy;thjk; %d;W tiffspy; ,dq;fz;L nfhs;s KbAk;.

 Guhjhd ypguy;thjk; - jiyaplh muR vz;zf;fU

 etPd ypguy;thjk; - eyd;Gup muR vz;zf;fU
 et ypguy;thjk; - Fiwe;j gl;r vz;zf;fU

Guhjhd ypguy;thjk; (classical liberalism)

18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;diug; gFjpapy; gutpa Muk;g fhy ypguy;thj fUj;Nj Guhjhd
ypguy;thjkhFk;. ,J vt;tifapYk; nghUshjhuj;jpy; muR jiyaplf;$lhJ vd;Wk; muR
mikjpahd #oiy cUthf;FtJk; gf;rrhu;gw;w tifapy; ePjpia epiyehl;b egu;fspd;
nraw;;ghLfSf;F kpfTk; Fiwthd kl;lj;jpy; jiyapLjy; vd;gjpy; fuprid nfhz;lJ.
,jd;gb Fiwthf epu;tfpf;fg;gLk; muR rpwe;j muR vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.

etPd ypguy;thjk; (modern liberalism)

Guhjhd ypguy; thjj;jpdhy; fpilj;j nghUshjhu Rje;jpuj;jpy; Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fj;jp;d;

,yhgj;jpid cr;rg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;ij Ruz;Ltjw;fhd jpwe;j tha;g;G
Kjyhspj;Jt tFg;gpw;F fpilj;jjJ. ,jdhy; Vw;gLk; rKf rkj;Jtkpd;ik ghjpf;fg;gl;l
kf;fs; njhlu;e;Jk; Kfk; nfhLf;Fk; tWik> njhopypd;ik> ke;j Nghrid> Neha;fs;>
mwptw;w epiy Nghd;w rKf nghUshjhu gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;Tfis Njl Ntz;b
Vw;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf rl;lk; xOq;fpidg; Ngzp muR nra;Ak; nghyp]; gzpfSf;F
Nkyjpfkhf rKf eyd;GupfspYk; jiyapl Ntz;Lk;. vd;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jgl;lJ.
,t;thW r%fj;jpd; nghJ eyDf;fhf muR jiyapl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Nfhl;ghl;LuPjpahf
Kd;itj;jtu;fs; TH fpwdP ; kw;Wk; n`hg;]; `T]; gpuG Nghd;Nwhu; Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;.
,jd;gb mur eyd;Gup vz;zf;fU Mo Nt&d;wpaJ.

et ypguy;thjk; (Neo liberalism)

re;ij nghUshjhu Kiwikapd; gpuNtrj;Jld; mur eyd;Gupthjk; gpd;dpiyaile;J

Kfhikj;jt mur vz;zf; fU gutyile;jJ. ,t;thW Muk;gkhFk; etjhuhz;ikthj
vz;zf;fUtpdhy; kPz;Lk; xU Kiw murpd; gzpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; my;yJ
Fiwj;jiy fz;L nfhs;s KbAk;. vdpDk; mJ jiyaplh muirg; Nghy mur
nghUshjhu rKf nraw;ghLfsp;y; ,Ue;J tpyfpapUj;jy; my;yJ jiyaplhjpUj;jiy
Fiwe;j gl;r murpay; fhz KbahJs;sNjhL Fiwe;j gl;r mur nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
r%f nraw;ghLfspy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l jiyaPl;ilr; nrYj;Jk;. mjhtJ r%f murpay;
nraw;ghLfis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;fhf muR kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tifapy; jiyapl
Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;wJ. ,jd;gb muR jiyaplhjthjk; kw;Wk; mur eyd;Gupthjk; Mfpa
,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l epiyahf Fiwe;j gl;r muir milahsg;gLj;jyhk;.

ngz;zpay;thjk;

 muR njhlu;gpyhd ngz;zpay;thjf; Nfhl;ghnlhd;W fpilahJ. vdpDk;

ghy;epiyia mbg;gilahf nfhz;lNjhu; Nfhl;ghlhf ,jid mwpayhk;.
ngz;fspd; r%f epiyia cauj;Jtij Nehf;fkhf nfhz;l Nfhl;ghlhfTk;
fUj;jpayhfTk; mikag; ngw;wJ.
 murpay; nghUshjhu rKfuPjpahf Mz;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cupj;Jf;fis
ngz;fSf;Fk; toq;fNtz;Lk; vd;W thjpLtNj ngz;zpay;thjkhFk;. ,jw;F gy
mwpQu;fSk; tpsf;fk; nfhLj;Js;sdu;.

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE

 25

 Mz;fspd; cyf jj;Jtj;jpw;Nfw;g fl;bnaOg;g gl;Ls;s Njhw;wg;ghL cyffj;jpy;

ngz;fs; mu;j;jg;gLtNjhL ,jpy; mtsp;d; clNy ikag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtspd;
nghUs;> fl;loF xOq;fikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mtspd; tho;f;if tpgupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifapd; cs;slf;fk; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. me;je;j
ghy;epiyf;Nfw;g Fwpj;j flikg; nghWg;Gf;fs; cupj;jhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

rfy jsq;fspYk; MZf;Fs;s ngz;fspd; Njitfis epiwNtw;w

midj;J cupikfisAk; mtu;fs;rhu;ghf thjhLtNj
ngz;fSf;F Njit vd;gij ngz;zpay; thjkhFk;
typAWj;JtJ “xf;];Nghu;l; Mq;fpy mfuhjp”
ngz;zpiythjkhFk;

 ngz;zpay;thjj;jpd; gy;NtW fw;wy; Jiwfs; cs;sd. ypguy;thj> khu;f;];thj

kw;Wk; jPtputhjk; vd;gd gpujhdkhdit.
 ngz;zpay;thjpfs; muR njhlu;gpy; Fwpg;gpLk; fUj;jhtJ muR vd;gJ Mz;fis
ikag;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gLk; cyfj;ij Kd;Ndhf;fp nfhz;L nry;Yk; Mz;fspd;
fUtpahFk;. muR njhlu;ghd ngz;zpay;thjj;jpw;fhd Nfhl;ghnlhd;W
fhzg;glhikahNyNa ypguy;thjk; kw;Wk; khu;f;];thj fUj;Jf;fspilNa ,J
Roy;fpwJ.
 ypguy; ngz;zpay;thjpfs; ngz;fspd; tpLjiyf;fhf murpd; jiyaPl;bid
Vw;fpd;wdu;. khu;f;]; thj ngz;zpay;thjpfs; Kjyhspj;Jt muir vjpu;f;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; ngz;fSf;F ePjpapid ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk;
Kiwnahd;iw cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd NfhUfpd;wdu;.
 ,Wjpahf ngz;zpay;thjpfs; epr;rakhf Mz; ika fUtpahf cs;s muR
ngz;fs; kPJ Mz;fs; cyfj;ij jpzpf;Fk; fUtpahf nraw;gLtjhf
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

MS. IJAS AHAMED POLITICAL SCIENCE