𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑠 𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑖𝑡 𝑔𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔.

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑄 = 𝑀𝐶∆𝑇.

1000 1000
∆𝑇𝐴 = 0.450 × 𝑀𝐴
= 2222, 22°𝐶/𝑀𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑇𝐵 = 1.250 × 𝑀𝐵
= 800°𝐶/𝑀𝐵

𝑀𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝐵 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦. 𝐼𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝐵 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ∆𝑇𝐴≻∆𝑇𝐵
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑢𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝑇 𝑜𝑓
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 ∆𝑇 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵

Spraying crops with water before frost helps save the fruits because the heat released when
water freezes, called latent heat of fusion, provides a protective barrier of warmth to the crops,
preventing them from reaching temperatures low enough to cause damage from freezing.

𝑄 = 𝑀 × 𝐶 × ∆𝑇

∆𝑇 = 36. 0 °𝐶 − 20. 5 °𝐶 = 15. 5 °𝐶

𝐶 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑂𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

⇒ ∠ = 4. 2𝐽/𝑔°𝐶

"𝑀" 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 250𝑔

 4.2𝐽
𝑄 = 250𝑔 × .°𝐶
× 15. 5 °𝐶

𝑄 = 16. 275𝐾𝐽

𝑀𝑔 (𝑂𝐻)2= 58𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

2.35
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2 = 58.3𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0. 0405𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑄
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 (∆𝐻) = 𝑛
(𝐸𝑥𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐)

−16.275
∆𝐻 = 0.0405
= − 401. 9𝐾𝐽/𝑀𝑜𝑙

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 − 401. 9𝐾𝐽/𝑀𝑜𝑙

𝑄 = 𝑀 × 𝐶 × ∆𝑇

∆𝑇 = 15. 8 °𝐶

𝑀 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 × 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 25𝑚𝑙 + 25𝑚𝑙 = 50𝑚𝑙

𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1𝑔/𝑚𝑙

1
𝑀 = 50𝑚𝑙 × 𝑚𝑙
= 50𝑔

𝐶 = 4. 184/𝑔 °𝐶
 4
𝑄 = 50𝑔 × 15. 8 °𝐶 × 𝑔°𝐶
= 3305. 4𝐽 = 3. 305𝐾𝐽

0.25𝑚𝑜𝑙 25
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑓 1. 0𝐻 = 𝐿
× 1000
𝐿 = 0. 00625𝑚𝑜𝑙

−0
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 ∆𝐻 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙

−3.305𝐾𝐽
∆𝐻 = 0.00625𝑀𝑜𝑙
=− 528. 8𝐾𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 − 528. 8𝐾𝐽/𝑀𝑜𝑙

𝑄 = 𝑀 × 𝐶 × ∆𝑇

∆𝑇 = 35. 4 °𝐶 − 21. 0 °𝐶 = 14. 4 °𝐶

100
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂 = 125𝑚𝑙 × 𝑚𝑙
= 125𝑔

𝐶 = 4. 184𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 °𝐶

4.134𝐽
𝑄 = 125𝑔 × 𝐶
× 14. 4 °𝐶 = 7531. 2𝐽 = 7. 5312𝐾𝐽

𝑆𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∆𝐻 = − 56. 7𝐾𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

⇒ 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 56. 7𝐾𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

7.5312𝐾𝐽
⇒ 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑠 56.71/𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0. 1328 𝑚𝑜𝑙

82.03
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 0. 1328 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 10. 89𝑔

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 10. 89𝑔

𝑄 = 𝑀 × 𝐶 × ∆𝑇

8.65
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 58.3𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0. 0629310345

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 0. 0629 × − 3325

𝑄 = 209. 1425𝐾𝐽

𝑄 𝑡𝑜 𝐽 = 209142. 5𝐽

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000 𝑔

𝑄 = 𝑀 × 𝐶 × (𝑇2 − 𝑇1)

𝑄
𝑇2 = 𝑀×𝐶
+ 𝑇1 (𝑇1𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 21°𝐶)

209142.5𝐽
𝑇2 = 4.186𝐽 + 21°𝐶
1000 × 𝑔°𝐶

= 70. 96°𝐶

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 70. 96°𝐶

2𝑀𝑔 + 44𝐶𝑙 ⇒ 2𝑀𝑔 𝐶𝑙2 + 2𝐻2
2𝑀𝑔 + 2𝐻2𝑂⇒ 2𝑀𝑔𝑂 + 44𝐶𝑙
2𝐻2 + 𝑂2 ⇒ 2𝑀𝑔𝑂
= 2𝑀𝑔 + 𝑂2 ⇒ 2𝑀𝑔𝑂
=− 42 + 67 − 152 =− 127 𝐾𝐽
𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 = ∆𝐻 =− 127 𝐾𝐽

∆𝐻 = 2(− 21) =− 42 𝐾𝐽
∆𝐻 = 2(33. 5) = 67 𝐾𝐽
∆𝐻 = 2(− 76. 0) =− 152
= ∆𝐻 =− 127 𝐾𝐽
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡'𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒. ∆𝐻∝ 𝑀 (𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∆𝐻), 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (∆𝐻∝𝑀) 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠
𝑖𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ∆𝐻𝑠𝑜𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡.

∆𝐻𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏 =− 2250/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 2250 𝐾𝐽 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐻𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙, 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 0. 250 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔. 𝑆𝑜, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 22. 50 𝐾𝐽 𝑤𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑚𝑢𝑐ℎ 0. 250 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒. 𝑊𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

0.250𝑀𝑜𝑙 𝑥 −2250𝐾𝐽
1𝑀𝑜𝑙
= 0. 250𝑚𝑜𝑙 ( 0.250𝑚𝑜𝑙 ×−2250𝐾𝐽
1𝑚𝑜𝑙 )