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ı 6 E lıie c t o l c h ir n ıily
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ı 8 Sec aı so
ı 9 R c lb r c n c c s
ı ı
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H is to r y

In ı8 8 8 A u s tl in n h o tu n ic n ı ı
p ly s iu lo g ix t l r iĽ Łll ic h ı ţ Ł in it t' ľ w o r k in n t th e C h a r le s U n iv
g e r s ity in
P r a g u e e x a m in e d th c h s ic ų t h c m i l
p y Ľ a 1 optiı;J・ ) łv ı\T iu lls d e r iv a tiv e s otchoı
1 1 L esteroı w h ic h a re n o w
k n o w n a s c h o lc s tc r ic ı iq \ıid c ry s tu ı s Pı Vi\\usil Ttht r re s c tlıt h c r s h u d o b s e r v e d d is tin c t c o lo r e fr e c ts
w h e n c o o lin g c h o le s lc r o l d c r iv ı \tiv c s In s t u h u v c th c
ı icTing p o in t B u t h n d n o t a s s o c ia te d it w i[h a n e w
p h e n o m e n o n R c in ilz c ı p c rc c iv c d th a t c u lu r L h ım v s in H Łle r iv łıtiv e c h o le t
s eı y ıb e n z o a te w e r e n o t th e
m o s t p c e u lin r lb ł \lu rc I ı e lb \m L I th n t c h u ı c s lc rT l h 11 / u m c lu t s n o t m e ı t in th e s ilm e m a n n e r a s o th e r
C o m p o u n d s H \ı l h o s tw o m c ı tin g p \ \ in ts Ą t I 4 i ľ (" \ l Ų ° t ) it m e ı
,
ts in to a c ı o u d y liq u id A n d a t
17 8 5 ° C (3 5 3 3 ° F ) it m c ı ts ııg n in ł\n u th Ľ L l\ l n l !i\ ıli\ ı\ ( m m e s c ı
y ï e łıı 丁h e p h e n o m e n o n is re v e r s ib ı e
S e e k in g h e lp I+o m t\ p h y s ic is t u n M a r c h ı4 I 8 8 8 H
Ľ w ľ u t Io O tto L e h m a n n A t th a t tim e a
P r iv ttltlo z e n l in A a c h e n T h e y c x c h u n c tl lc ttt r s ı\n L I s ıu
g n pı c s L e h n 7 a n n e x a m in e d th e in te
r m e d ia te
c ıo u d y llu id ł ın d r o p o r tc d s e e in g c r y s lu ılite s ı Cinitzcľ s V ic n n ıĵ s t c o ı
ı
le a g u e v o n Z e p h a ro v ic h a ı so
in d ic ł\tc d th tıt lh c in te r m c d iu tc H u id ıı w t\s c r s tn ı
ı
ı
ıin c T h c c x Ľ h a n g c o r le tte rs w ith L e h
y m a n n e n de d o n
A p r il 2 4 w ith m a n y q u c s titm s u n n n s w o ıd R c in itz c r
Pısentcd h is Isuıts w ith c tìe d its to L e h m a n n a n d
v o n Z e p h n r o v ic h u t u m c o lin g o l th e V ic n n ł \ C h e m ic n ı S o c ie ty o n M a y 3 1 8 8 8 [2 ]

B y th a t tim e R e in iı z c ı h u d d is c o v e r e d u n d d e s e r ih c d th ı
w e iı n p o r ta n t a t u r e s o f c h o le s te r ic li
q u id
,

c r y s ta ls (th e n tım c c o in c cl b y ( ìc o r g c s I ıie d c ıin ı 1)2 2

): th e e x is te n c e o r tw o m e ltin g p o in ts Th e
r e n e c tio n o f c irc u la r ı
y p o la ıiz c d ı ig ı tt ım d th c ł ıb iı ity to m ti\te th e p o ı a r iz a tio n d irie c tio n o f ıig h t

A fte r h i5 id c n tu l d is c o v e ry ı einilzcr d id n o t p \ııx \ıe s tu tı

ace
y in g ı iq u id c ry s tn ı s fu r th e r T h e r e s e a r c h
w as co n lin d
uo b I h h
y o m u n n w o rc u liz c d th a t h c h u d en c o u n t c ıd a n e w p h e n o m e n o n a n d w a s in a
p o s itio n to in v c s tig n tc it: ı n h is p o s ld o c tu t u ı \c ı
y e łtľ s ı \a d trc q u iı Ę d e x p e r tis e in c r s ta ı
y lo g r a p h y a n d
i
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c m n n n s ln r to d II s y s te m a tic s t\ı tly Tir s t o t c h o ı e s tc ľ v ı b e n z o a te A n d th e n o f re ı a te d
c o m p o u n d s w h ic h c x h ih itc d th o d o \ı hı e ı n e ltin g p h e n o n n e n o n H e w a s a b le to m a k e
o b s e r v a tio n s in
p o la r iz e d lig h t u n d h is m ic ro s c o p e w ł\s e q u ip p e d w ith ł\ h u t s ta g e (s n m p ı e ho ı d e r e q u ip p e d w ith a
h e a te r ) e n a b lin g h ig h tc m p c ru tu r e o b s e r v a tio n s T h e in te r m e d ia te c ı o u dy p ha se c ı e a r ly s u s ta in e d fı ow

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b u t o th e r fe a tu
re s
, p a rtic u la r ı
y th e s ig n a tu re u
n de r a m ic r o s c o
pe , c o n v in c e d L e hm a n n th a t he w as
P h y s ik a ı
is c h e C he m ie [3 ]

w h o fr o m th e b
e g in n in
g o f 2 o th c e n tu r u n til h i
c r y s ta lskn o w n H o w y s r e tir e m e n t in 19 3 5 h
ev er ı a d s y n th e s iz e d m o st o f th e liq u id
iq u id c s ta ı ,
w , s w e re n o t o
p p u la r a m o n g s c ie n tis ts a n d th e m
P U re s c ie n tific c u r io i a te r ia l r e m a in e d a
s ty fo r a b o u
t 8 0 e a r s [4 ]
y
In 19 6 9 H a n s K lk
, e e r s u c c e e de d i
n s y n th e s iz in
n e m a tic
p h a s e a t r o o m te m e r a t g a s u b s ta n c e th a t h a d a
p u re , M B B A w h i h i O
c s o n e o f th e m o s t
P o p u la r s u b je c ts o f ı
, .
iq u id u s ta l r e s
e a rc h [ ] T h e n e x t
y 5 l)
c o m m e r c ia li s te p to
z a tio n o f li
q u id c r y s ta ıd is p la y s w a s th e s n th i F
fu r th e r c h e m ic a ll y es s o
y s ta b le s u b s ta n c e s (c a n o b i h
y p e n y ls w ith lo w
m eı tin g te m e r a tu
r e s by G e o r e G
p ra ' ]
6

In 1 9 9 1 w h e n liq u id c r s ta l d i
y
g y

s p la y s w e r e a lr e a d
뇨
艮
P ie r r e G ille s d e G y w e ll e s ta b lis h e d
e n n e s r e c e iv e d th N C h e m ic a l s tr u c tu r e fN L4
o b e l p r iz e in
o
e
p h y s ic s fo r
"

d is c o v e r in th a t m e th M e th o x y b e n z y lid e n e ) 4
g o d s d e v e lo e d fo r s t d i
p u y n g o r d e r h e n o m e n a in
s im p le s s te m s c p b u ty la n ilin e (M B S A )
y a n b e g e n e r a liz e d to
m o re c o m
p le x fo r m s o f m a tte r in m o le c u le
p a r tic u la r to liq u id c r y s ta ls a n d o l m e r
,

p y s
[7 ] "

L iq u id c r y s ta lpha se s

T he v a r io u s L C
p h a s e s (c a lıe d m e s o h a s e s ) c a n ibe characbrized
p b y th e ty p e o f o r d e r in
d is tin g u is h p o s itio n a l o r d e r w h e th g O ne can
( e r m o le c u le s a re a rr a n e d in
g a n y s o r t o f o r d e r e d la ttic e a n d
o r ie n ta tio n a l o r d e r (w h e th e r
)
m o le c u le s a re m o s tl
y p o in tin g in th e s a m e d ir e c t io n ) a n d m o r e o v e r o r d e r
c a n b e e ith e r s h o r t r a n e o n l b e t
g ( y w e e n m o le c u le s c t o tiĵ e a c h
o th e r ) o r lo n
la r g e r s o m e tim e s m a c r o s c o ic d im e n s io g r a n g e (e x te n d in g to
p n s ) 1W a s į īheintìiltro ic L C s w ill h
a v e a n is o tr o ic
,
,
p p p ha se a t
h ig h te m p e r a tu r e T h a t is th a t h e a tin w ill e v e t į ã
g n Ł Į a y rį v j th e m in to a c o n v e n tio
n a l liq u id p h a s e
c h a r a c te r iz e d b y r a n d o ]n a n d is o tr o ic m
o le c u ia ï û r Łį e r į :
p g ]ittle to n o lo n g ra n g e o r d e r i a n d flu id lik e
flo w b e h a v io r U n d e r o th e r c o n d itio n s fo r in s ta n c ļ ,
( e o v l e r te m p e ra tu r e ) a n L C m i h t i
,
g n h a b it o n e o r
m o r e p h a s e s w ith s ig n ific a n t a n is o tro ic o r ie n t ti
p a o n a l s tr u c tu re a n d s h o r t ra n r
g e o r ie n ta tio n a l o r d e r w h ile t ie
s till h a v in g a n a b ility to flo w [ j[ ]
8 9

T he o r d e r in g o f liq u id llin e p h a s e s is e x te n s iv e o n th e m o ı
c r y s ta
e c u la r s c a le T h is o r d e r e t
x e n d s u p to
th e en tir e d o m a in s iz e
h ic h m a y b e o n th e o r d e r o f m ic r o m e te r b
w
, s u t u s u a lly d o e s n o t e x te d t
, n o th e
m a c r o s c o p ic s c a le a s o fte n o c c u r s in c ı a s s ic a l c r y s ta llin e s o lid s H o
w e v e r s o m e te c h n i u e s
q s u c h a s th e
u s e o f b o u n d a r ie s o r a n a p p lie d e ı

回
e c tr ic fie ld c a n b e u s e d to e n fo rc
,

, e a s in g le o r d e re d d o m a in i
n a
m a c r o s c o p ic liq u id c r y s ta l s a m p le T h e o r d e r in
g in a liq u id c ry s ta l m ig h t e x te n d a lo n g o n l o n e
y
d im e n s io n w ith th e m a te r ia l b e in g e s s e n tia ı ly d is o r d e r e d in th e o th e r tw o d ir
e c tio n s [ ]t ]
, 10 l l

T herm o tr o p ic ı
iq u id c r y s ta ı
s

Se e a ı
so T he r m o tr o p ic c r y s ta ı

T h e r m o tr o p ic p h a s e s a re th o s e th a t o c c u r in a c e r ta in te m e r a t
p u r e r a n g e If th e te m
p e r a tu r e r is e is to o
h ig h , th e rm a l m o tio n w ill d e s tr o y th e d e lic a te c o o e r a tiv e o r d e r in
p g o f th e L C p h a s e p u s h in g th e
a te r ia ıin to a c o n v e n tio n a l is o tr o ic li u id
,

p q p h a s e A t to o ıo w te m p e r a tu r e m o s t L C
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 I' a g e 4 o f \5

v a r io u s s m
ec tic a n d n
e m a t ic
(a n d ĥ n a lly is o tr
co m
po u n d d is p la i o p ic ) h
y g h e r m o tro i
n t p a se s as te m p e r a tu r i
e s in c r e a s e d
p c L c b e h a v io r i A n e x a m le o f
p a
s p a ra az o x y a n is o le [12 ]
N e m a t ic p h a se

Se e a įs o B ia x ia ın e
m a tic a n d T w is te d
" : ,
n e m a tic
jie ld e jy c ı

Schem a tic o f a li n
g m e n t ha ve o n e a x is th a t is l c ro s s e d p o la r iz e r s B la c k c o lo r
in a n e m a tic p h a s e
o n ger c o rr e s p o n d s to
a nd p r e fe r r e d w ith th e o th is o tr o p ic m e d iu m
, er
tw o b e in g e u iv a le n t
be im
q ean l
a p p ro x a te d a s c y lin d e r s ) S o m liq u id c ry s ļ a is a r e b ia x i l
e
a n e m a tic s in g th a t in
o r ie n t in g th e ir lo n
m ea n a d d itio n to
g a x is , th e y ls o r ie n t a lo n
a o
g a s e c o n d a r y a x is [13 ]
T he w o r d n e m a tic c o m e
s fr o m th e G r e e k w c Ē (n e rn a ) w ţ i ic h m
lþı ean s
"
th r e a ď " T h is te r m o r i i
th e th r e a d lik e to o lo ic a l d f ,
g n a te s fr o m
p e e c ts o b s e r v e d in f
g E iìm t ic s w h ic h a r e f
N e m a t ic s a ı o r m a lly c a lle d ' d is c lin a ti
s o e x h ib it s o c a lı
, ı
o n s
e d he dge ho
g to p a Zo g ic a l d e fe c ts

N e m a t ic s h a v e flu id it s im il
a r to th a t o f o r d in a r
y y (is o tr o p ic ) liq u id s b u t th e c a n b e e il
external m a g n e t ic o r e le c tr ic fie ld A y a s y a li n e d b
n a lig n e d n e m a tic h a s th g y an
e o p t ic a l r o e r tie
p p s o f a u n ia x ia l c r
th is m a k e s th e m e x tr e m e l u s e f l i y s ta l a n d
n liq u id c
y u
ry s ta l d is p la y s (L C D ) [14 ]

Sm ec t ic p h a s e s

T he sm e c tic p h a s e s w h ic h a r e fo u n d a t lo w e r te m
p e ra tu re s
th a n th e n e m a tic fo rm w e ll d e fin e d la y e r s th a t c a n s lid
,
e
o v e r o n e a n o th e r in a n n e r s im
ila r to th a t o f s o a
a m
p T he
s m e c t ic s a r e th u s
p o s itio n a lly o rd e re
d a lo n g o n e d ir e c tio n
In th e S m e c tic A p h a s e th e m
o le c u le s a r e o r ie n te d a lo
,
n g
th e la y e r n o r m a l w h ile in th e S
m e c tic C p h a s e th e
,
y a re
t ilte d a w a y fr o m th e la e r n o r
m a l T he se
y p h a s e s a r e liq u id
lik e w ith in th e la y e r s T h e r e a r e
m a n y d iffe r e n t s m e c t ic
p h a s e s , a ll c h a r a c te r iz e d b y d iffe r e n t t e s a n d d e
yp g re e s o f
p o s itio n a l a n d o r ie n ta tio n a l o r d e r [8 j[9 ]

C h ir a l p h a ses

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rï

T he c h ir a l n e m a tic
p h a s e e x h ib its c h ir a ı ity (h a n d e d n e s s
T h is p h a s e is o fte n c a ı le d th e c h o le s le r ic h )
p a s e b e c a u s e it S c h e m a tic o f a li n m e n t i h
w a s fir s t o b s e r v e d f g n t e s m e c tic
o r c h o le s te r o l d
e r iv a tiv e s O n l h h a s e s T h e s m e c tic A h a s l ft
m o le c u ı y c i ra ı P e (e )ha s
e s (i e th o s e th a t la c k i p
,
n v e r s io n s m m e t m o le c u ı e s o r g a n iz e d in to ı
i y ry ) c a n a y e r s ï n th e
i
g e r s e to s u c h a p h a s e T h is h
v
s m e c tic C
p a s e e x h ib its a tw is tin o f p h a s e (r ig h t) th e m o ı ec u ıe s a re
th e m o le c u le s e g
p r p e n d ic u la r to th e d ir e c to r w ith tiı te d in s id e th e ı a y e rs
m o le c u la r a x is
th e
p a r a lle l to th e d ire c to r T h e fin it t i
b e tw e e n a d ja c e n t e w s t a n le
g
m o le c u le s is d u e t
o th e ir a s m m e tr ic
o r d e r ï n th e s m e y p a c k in g w h ic h r e s u lts in ı o n \ r r a n g e c h ira l
c t ic C *
p h a s e (a n a s te r is k d e n o te s a c h ir a l h a
,

o r d e r in p s e ) th e ı l h a v e p o s itio n a l
g in a la y e r e d s tr u c tu r e (a s in th e
m o e c u e s
o th e r s m e c tic h
w ith r e s e c t to th
e la y e r n o r m a ıT h
p a s e s ) w ith th e m o ı
e c u e s tiı
ı te d b y a fın ite a n g le
p e c h ira ı ity in d u c e s a fin ite a z im u th a l tw is t fro m o n ı
e a y e r to th e n e x t
P r o d u c in g a s p ir a l tw is tin o f th e ,

g m o ı ecu ı a r a x is a ı o n g th e la y e r n o r m a l [ ]] ]t ı
8 ı o I ]

T he c h ir a l itc h
p p r e fe r s to th e d is ta n c e o v e r w h ic h th e L c m o ı
, ,
ec u ı es
u n d e r g o a fu ll 3 6 0 ° tw is t b t
( u n o te th a t th e s tr u c tu r e o f th e c h ir a ı
n e m a t ic
p h a s e re p e a ts its e lf e v e r y h a lf p itc h s in c e in th is h a s e
d ir e c to r s a t O ° a n d į 1 8 0 ° a r p
e e q u iv a ıe n t) T h e p itc h
p ty p ic a ı
ly
c h a n g e s w h e n th e te m
, ,

p e r a tu r e is a lte r e d o r w h e n o th e r m o ıecu ı e s a re
a d d e d t o th e L C h o s t a n a h i l L
( c ra C h o s t m a te r ia ıw ill fo r m a c h ira ı
p h a s e if d o p e d w ith a c h ir a l m a te r ia ı a lı i
) o w n g t e p itc h o f a g iv e n
,
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c a u s e s th e s e s y s te m s to e x h ib it u n i u e i
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p p p li a ıio j\s
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g p e r m itte d C h o le s te r ic liq u id
c r y s ta ls a ıs o e x h ib it th e u n iq u e p r o e r t th a t th e ecĮ ir c u la r ı
p y y tefı y p o la r iz e d lig h t w h e n it is in c id e n t
a ıo n g th e h e ı ic a l a x is a n d e llip tic a lı ı i d if i b li [17 ]
y p o a r z e t o i71 e s ļ n o q u e ly

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p p e a r in th e te m p e ra tu r e r a n g e b e tw e e n a
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te m p e r a tu r e r a n g e o f m o r e th a n 6 0 K in c lu d in g r o o m te m p e r a tu r e (2 6 0 3 2 6 K ) c o u ld b e d e m o n s tr t d
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y p ( e c a s e o f m ic e ıle s L b u t m a v a ls o b e
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liq u id c r y s ta lm em b r a n e p h a s e s c a n a ls o h o s t im p o r ta n t p r o te in s su c h a s re c e p to rs fr e e ly "
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T he s e h i he r g e th e d ir e c to
g o rd e r a v e r r can p o in t in e ith e r o f tw o a n ti a r a lle l d ir e c ti
a ge s a re m o re d iffic u lt to p o n s)
m o le c u la r o r d [9 ] m e a s u re b u t c a n y ie ld a d d itio n a l i f
e r in ,
n o r m a tio n a b o u t
g

b y th e v a r ia t io n o f th e d e
n s ity o f th e c e n te r o fm a ss o f th e liq u id lm
c r y s ta le c u le s a lo n
In th e c a se o f p o s itio
o
g a g iv e n v e c to r
n a lv a r ia t io n a lo n
g th e z ax is th e d e n s ity p (z ) is o fte n g iv en by

回■mathbf{r})=\rho (z ) V h o o + \r h o 1 \c o s e ft (L s z \p h i r ig h )+ \c d o ts 1
T he c o m p le x p o s it io l o rd e r p a r a m
n a e te r is d e fin e d as Đ s i (U n th b f(rD 1 h o
a 1 (at h b f (r })e ^ {ihi (\m a th b f{r })}
an d
Po th e a v e r a g e d e n s ity T y p ic a lly 1
o n ly th e tìr s t tw o te rm s a re k e p t a n d h ig h e r o r d e r te r m s a re ig n o re d
s in c e m o st pha se s b e d e s c r ib e d
can a d e q u a te ly u s in s in u s o id a l fu
g n c t io n s Fo r a p e r fe c t n e m a t ic
V -
O
a n d fo e c t ic pha ill ta k e
r a sm se V w o n co n pı a ļu e s T he p le x
ex ' '
co m n a tu r e o f th is o rd e r e te r
llo fo p a ra m
a w s r m a n y p a r a lle ls b e tw e e n n e m a tic h j s ÄŢ łe c ıic p h a s e tr a n s it io n
s a n d co n d u c to to s u p e r c o n d u c to r
tr a n s itio n s [8 ] r

O n sa ger ha rd ro d m o del

A s im p le
m o d e l w h ic h p r e d ic ts l o tr o
y p ic p h a s e tr a n s itio n s is th e h a r d r o d m o d e l
O T h is th e o ry c o n s id e r s th e v o lu m e e x c lu d d f p ro p o s e d by L a rs
n sage r e r o m th e c e n te r o f
m a s s o f o n e id e a liz e d c li
a s it a p p r o a c h e s a n o th e r S e c ifıc a ll y n de r
p y if th e c y lin d e r s a r e o r ie n te d p a r a lle l to o n
e a n o th e r th e re is v e
,

l ttle v o lu m e th a t is e x c lu d e d fr o m th e c e n te r o f
i ry ,
m a s s o f th e a
p p r o a c h in g c y lin d e r (it c a n c o m e u ite
c lo s e to th e o th e r c lin d e r ) If h o w e v e r th q
y e c y lin d e r s a r e a t s o m e
,
an gı e to o n e a n o th e r th e
n th e r e is a
,
la r g e v o lu m e s u rT o u n d in g th e c lin d e r w h ic h th ,
y e a p p r o a c h in
g c y lin d e r s c e n te r o F m a s s c a n n o t e n te r
'

(d u e to th e h a r d r o d r e p u ls io n b e tw e e n th e tw o id e a iiz e d o b je c ts T h
) u s th is a n u la r a r r a n
g g e m e n t se e s a
d e c r e a s e in th e n e t p o s itio n a l e n tr o ,

p y o f th e a p p r o a c h in g c y lin d e r (th e r e a r e fe w e r t t
[2 7 j[2 8 ] s a e s a v a ila b le to it)

T h e fu n d a m l in s ig h t h e r e is th a t w h ils t a r a lle l a r r a n
e n ta
, p \ m e n ts o f a n is o tr o p ic o b je c ts le a d to a
d e c r e a s e in o r ie n ta
tio n a l e n tr o p y , th e r e is a n in c r e a s e in
p o s itio n a l e n tr o p y T h u s in s o m e c a s e r e a te r
p o s itio n a l o r d e r w ill b e e n tr o p ic a lly fa v o r a b le T h is th e o r th u s r e d i t h g
y p c s t a t a s o lu tio n o f ro d
s ha pe d
o je c t s w ilıu n d e
b rg o a p h a s e tr a n s itio n , a t s u ffic ie n t c o n c e n tr a tio n in to a n e m a ti h
, c p a se A ı th o u g h th is

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co nce
m a th e m a tic a l fo r m u l i
ato n m a ke s se v e r
,

ic a
a pp ı b ility to [2 8 ] a l a s s u m p tio n s th a t ı
re a ıs y s te m s im it its

ı M a ie r Sa u pe m ean fıe ı
d th e o r y
歹
T h is s ta tis tic a
ıth e o ry p r o o s e d b D
fro m
p y r A lfr e d s a u p e a n d D r w iı
,
h e lm M a ie r in c lu d e s c o n tr ib ti
a n a ttr a c t iv e in te
rm o ıe c u la r p o te n tia l » u o ns ,
o m a n in d u c e d d i o l
p e m o m e n t b e tw e e n a d a c e t li
c r y s ta l m o ı
ecu ı e s T h e a n is o tro i
p c a ttr a c tio n s ta b iliz e s p a r a ı
j n q u id
le ia lig n m e n t o f n e i h b o r in m o l
g g ec u ıes and ,

P r e d ic ts th e r m o tr o p ic n em a t ic is o tr o p ic p h a s e tr a n s iti
o n s ,
c o n s is te n t w ith ex p e r im en t [2 9 】
[3 o ][3 I]
M c M iı
ıa n
'
s m o deı

M c M illa n '
s m o d e l is a n e
x te n s io n o f th e M
a ie r s a u p e m e a n fie ld th e o r u s e d t d
tr a n s it io n o f a li y o e s c r ib e th e p h a s e
q u id c r y s ta ıfr o m a n e m a t ic to a s m e ti A
b e e ith e r c o n tin u o u c c p h a s e It p r e d ic ts th a t th e p h a s e tra n s itio n c a n
s o r d is c o n t in u
o u s d e p e n d in
th e m o ı e c u le s A s a r e
g o n th e s tr e n g th o f th e s h o r t r a n g e in te r a c tio n b e tw e e n
su ı t , it a lı
o w s fo r a tr i ı
p e c r itic a l p o in t w h e r e th e n e m a tic i t
s o r o p ic a n d s m e c t ic A
P ha se m e e t A ı t h o u g h it r e d ic t th
p s e e x is te n c e o f a tr i le c r iti
p c a ıp o in t, it d o e s n o t s u c c e s s fu ll
v a lu e T h e m o d e l u t iı iz e s tw o o r d e r a r a m e te r s th d y p re d ic t its
p a t e s c r ib e th e o r ie n ta tio n a l a n d
liq u id c r y s ta l T h e fir s t i i p o s itio n a l o r d e r o f th e
s s m p ly th e a v e ra e o f th
e s e c o n d L e g e n d re
g p o ly n o m ia l a n d th e s e c o n d o rd e r
p a r a m e te r is g iv e n b y

Ķ ig m a IJe ftlJa n g le \c o s \ı
e ft (\fra c {2 W i z ix d }V ig h t )lle ft (V ra c {3 X 2 k
} os ^
2 U h e ta i V ra c (1 X 2 )V ig h t )V ig h tv a n le
g

T he lu O d d a r e th e p o s itio
v a e s z f th t?
a n m c :c e u le th e a n
i il n ü
g le b e tw e e n th e m o le c u la r a x is a n d
d ir e c to d th e la y e r s p a c in
r a n
g T h e p o s tu la te c i p o te n tia l e n e r g y o f a s in g le m o le c u ı
e is g iv e n b
y

U i(\th e ta iZ i) U O \le ft (S + b lp h a ķ ig m a \c o s Jef I \

frac(2i z ix d }v ig h t )\r ig h t )lle ft (
Vrac{3X2}S A 2 V h e ta Vrac{1}{2}vigh

H e r e c o n s ta n t a q u a n t ifie s th e s tr e n g th o f th e in te r a c tio n b e t
w e e n a d ja c e n t m o ı ecu ı e s T he
th e n u s e d to d e r iv e t h e th e r m o d y n a m ic r o e r tie s o f th e s p o te n t ia l is
p p y e m a s s u m in g th e r m a l e q u iı
s t ib r iu m ı t re s u ıts
in tw o s e lf c o n s is te n c y e q u a t io n s th a t m u s t b e s o lv e d n u m e r ic a ll
y , th e s o iu t io n s o f w h ic h a r e th e th r e e
s ta b le p h a s e s o f th e liq u id c r y s ta l [ ]
]t

E la s tic co n tin u u m th e o ry

In th is fo r m a lis m a liq u id c r y s ta ım a te r ia l is tr e a te d a s a c o n ti
, n u u m m o le c u la r d e ta iı s a r e e n tir e l
ig n o r e d R a th e r th is th e o r y c o n s id e r s p e r tu r b a tio n s to a r e s u m d y
p o r ie n te d s a m
e
pı e T h e d is to r tio n s
,

o f
th e liq u id c ry s ta l a r e c o m m o n ı d ib d b
y e sc r e y th e F r a n k fr e e e n e r g y d e n s ity O n e c a n id e n tif
y th r e e ty pe s
o f d is to r tio n s th a t c o u ld o c c u r in a n o r ie n te d s a m e : (1 ) tw is ts o F th e m a te r i l
pı a w h e r e n e i h b o r in
m o le c u le s a r e fo r c e d to b e a n
g s ,

g le d w ith r e s p e c t to o n e a n o th e r , ra th e r th a n a li n e d 2
g ;( )sp ı a y o f th e
m a te r ia l w h e re b e n d in g o c c u r s
, p e r p e n d ic u la r to th e d ir e c to r a n d (3 ) b e n d o f th e m a te r ia ı
w h e re th e
,
d is to r tio n is p a ra lle l to th e d ir e c to r a n d m o le c u la r a x is A lıth ,

r e e o f th e s e t
y p e s o f d is to r tio n s in c u r a n
e n e r g y p e n a lty T h e y a r e d e fe c ts th a t o fte n o c c u r n e a r d
o m a in w a ı ıs o r b o u n d a r ie s o f th
e enc ı o s in g
c o n ta in e r T h e r e s p o n s e o f th e m a te r ia ıc a n th e n b d
e e c o m p o s e d in to te r m s b
a s e d o n th e e ı a s tic c o n s ta n ts
c o r r e s p o n d in g to th e th r e e t
y p e s o f d is to r tio n s E la s t ic c o n tin u u m th e o r is a a r tic ı l
y p u a r y p o w e r fu l t
o o ı
fo r m o d e lin g liq u id c r y s ta ıd e v ic e s [3 2 ]

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c m o le c u le s u s u
lly g iv e r is e to c h i l a
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m o ı e m u st po s se ss so m e fo ra m e s o h a s e s T h is
p m e a n s th a t th e
rm o
u s u a ll a s te r e
f a sy m m e try
re q u ir e m e n t is th a t th e s s t y o g e n ic c e n te r A n a d d itio n l
,
a
y e m n o t b e r a c e m ic : a m ix t
u re o f r i h t a n d l ft h
th e c h ir a l e ffe c t D u e to th e g e a n d e d m o le c u le s w ill c a n c e l
c o o p e r a tiv e n a t
u r e o f li u id c
c h ir a l d o p a n t in a n o th e r q ry s ta l o r d e r in g h o w e v e r a s m a ll a m o u n t o f
w is e a c h ir a l m e s ,
o p h a s e is o fte n e n
,

o u g h to s e le c t o u t o n e d o m a in h a n d d
m a k in g th e s y s te m o v e r ll e n e ss
a c h ir a ı ,

C h ir a l p h a s e s lly h a v e a h e lic a l tw i ti
u su a
s n g o f th e m o le c u le s ï f th
e p itc h o f th is tw is t is o n th e o r d e r o f
th e w a v e le n g th
f v is ib le lig h t th e n in te
o
r e s tin g o tic a l in te r fe re n c e
p ,
e ffe c ts c a n b e o b s e r v e d T h e c h ir a l
tw is tin g th a t o c c u r s in c h ir l L
a C p h a s e s a ls o m a k e s th e s s te m re s o n d d iff
y p e r e n tly fr o m r ig h t a n d le ft
h a n d e d c ir c u la r ly o la r iz e d li h t T h
p g e s e m a te r ia ls c a n th u s b e u s e d a s o la r iz a ti n filt
[3 3 ]
p o e rs

It is p o s s ib le
fo r c h ir a ıL C m o ı e c u le s to p r o d u c e e s s e n tia ıly a c h ir a l m e s o p h a s e s F o r in s ta n c e in c e r ta in
f c o n c e n tr a t io n a n d m o le c u la r w e i h t D N A
,
ra n ge s o g w iıl fo r m a n a c h ir a l lin e h e x a tic p h a s e A n
,
in te r e s tin g r e c e n t o b s e r v a t io n is o f t h e fo r m ti
a o n o f c h ira ı m e s o p h a s e s fr o m a c h ir a ] L C m o le c u le s
S p e c ific a lly b e n t c o r e m o le c u le s (s o m e tim e s c a lle d b a n a n a li id l h
, u c r s ta s a v e b e e n s h o w n to fo
q y ) rm
liq u id c r y s ta l p h a s e s th a t a r e c h ir a l [3 4 ] ļ n
y p a r tic u la r s a m p le , v a r io u s d o m a in s w ill h a v e o p p o s ite
a n
h a n d e d n e s s b u t w ith in a n y g iv e n d o m a in
, s tr o n g c h ir a ı o r d e r in g w iı
l b e p re s e n t T h e a p p e a r a n c e
m e c h a n is m o f th is m a c r o s c o p ic c h ir a lity is n o t y e t e n t ir e l c le a r It a
y p p e a r s th a t th e m o le c u le s s ta c k in
la y e r s a n d o r ie n t th e m s e lv e s in a tilte d fa s h io n in s id e th e la y e r s T h e s e liq u id c r y s ta ls h a s e s m a b e
p y
[3 5 1[3 6 ]
fe r r o e le c t r ic o r a n t i fe r r o e le c tr ic ,
b o th o f w h ic h a re o f in te r e s t fo r a p p lic a t io n s

C h ir a ı s o b e in
ity c a n a ı c o r p o r a te d in to a p h a s e b y a d d in g a c h ir a l d o p a n t ,
w h ic h m a y n o t fo r m LC s
its e lf T w is te d n e m a t ic o r su p er tw is te d n e m a t ic m ix tu r e s o fte n c o n ta in a sm a ll a m o u n to f su c h d o p a n ts

A p p lic a t io n s o f liq u id c r y s t a ls

Se e a įs o L iq u id c r y s ta l d is p ı
a y

L iq u id c r y s ta ls fin d w id e u se in liq u id c r y s ta l d is p la y s , w h ic h re ly
o n th e p tic a l p r o p e r tie s o f c e r ta in li q st a l li n e s u b s ta n c e s in
o

th e p r e s e n c e o r a b s e n c e o f a n Ê lm ič fıe ld In a ty p ic a l ile v ic e , a
liq u id c r y s ta l la y e r (ty p ic a lly I O l m th ic k ) s its b e tw e e n tw o
o la r iz e r s th a t a r e c r o s s e d (o r ie n te d a t 9 0 to o n e a n o th e r ) T h e
°
p
liq u id c r y s ta l a lig n t is c h b s e n s o th a t its r e la x e d p h a s e is
[ì
m e n a

is te d n e m a t ic fie ld e ffe c t)
[14 ] T h is tw
is te d
tw is te d j a e (s e e
r e o r ie n ts li
w

h t t h t
T
h d th g h th fi t p o ıa i
ŝį
g a a s p a s s e r o u e r s r z er ,

ailowwg its transmission t h r o u g h th e s e c o n d p o la r iz e r (a n d

S tr u c tu r e o f liq u id c r y s ta l d is p la y
r e fle c te d b a c k to th e o b s e r v e r if a r e fle c to r ï s p r o v id e d ) T h e d e v ic e
1 v e r tic a l p o la r iz a tio n filte r 2 4
th u s a p p e a r s tr a n s p a r e n t W h e n a n e le c tr ic fie ld is a p p lie d to th e L C
g la s s w ith e le c tr o d e s 3 liq u id
la y e r th e lo n g m o le c u la r a x e s te n d to a lig n p a r a lı e l to th e e le c tr ic
, c ry s ta ls 5 h o r iz o n ta l
d th u s g r a d u a lly u n tw is tin g in th e c e n te r o f th e liq u id c r y s ta l p o la r iz a tio n filte r 6 r e fle c to r
a y e r ï r tĥ is s ta te , th e L C m o le c u le s d o n o t r e o r ie n t lig h t s o th e
ゴ
ı し
,

i d h fi ı i
lig h t p o la r z e a t t e r s p o a r z e r s a s o r
t i b b e d a t t h e s e c o n d
p o la r iz e r a n d th e d e v ic e lo s e s tr a n s p a r e n c y w ith in c r e a s in g v o lta g e In th is w a y , th e E le c tr ic fie ld c a n b e
u s e d to m a k e a p į x e J s w itc h b e tw e e n tr a n s p a r e n t o r o p a q u e o n c o m m a n d C o lo r L C D s y s te m s u s ē [ļ iæ

s a m e te c h n iq u e w ith c o lo r filte r s u s e d to g e n e r a te r e d g r e e n a n d b lu e p ix e ls
[14 ] S im ila r r in c i le s c a n
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u se d
to m a k e o th e r ı
iq u id c ry s ta ıb a s e d o p tic a ıd e v ic e s 13 7]
i r he rm o tn o p ic c h ir a ıL C s w h o s e p itc h v
a r ie s s tr
o n g l w it
th e r m o m e te r s s in c e th e c o ı
,o r o f th e y h te ın pe ra tu
m a te r ia l w i re c n n bc
lıc ha n e a u s e d a s c ru d
tra n s itio n s a re u s e d o n m a n a g s the itc h is c hłın d e
y q u a r iu m a n d p 1 I«ı
飞
P o o ı th e r m o m t g e u id c ıy s tł
ılc o lo r
e e rs a s w e ll
n s o n the rm o
m e te rs Ib r in f
a n t» o r

p a tte r n s , an d so o n L iq u id c ry s ta ıin flu id fo

rm is u s e d to d e te c t e le c tr ic a ll
y g c n e rłılc d h o t s p o ts fo r
c a pa c ity w e re u s e d in S p a c e S h u t ı
t e n a v i a tio
lı】
g n ip m e n
c q lı 4o

It is a ls o w o r th n o tin g th a t ı ï ı
any co m m o
n n u id 5 n rc i na c t liq u id
ıa n d fo r m n c ry s ln ls
c ry s ta
s a v a r ie t o F s o a p tb r in s ta n c e i5 l liq u id
,
y L C ha s p es d e p e n d in , ı
g on its c o n c e n tm tio n in w a te r 1 I
41

See a ls o

ı B ia x ia l ne m a tic
ı C o lu m n a r h a s e
p
■ C h r o m o n ic
■ L iq u id c r y s ta l d is la
p y
■ L iq u id c r y s ta l o l m e r
p y
ı L y o tr o p ic li u id c r s ta l
q y
ı P a tte r n fo r m a tio n
■ P la s tic c ry s ta llin it
y
■ s m a rt g ı a ss

ı T h e n r lo c h r o m ic s
■ T h e rm o tr o p ìc c r y s ta l
■ T w is te d n e m a t ic f ie ld
f
efĺ ict
ı n e m a t ic o n

R e fe r e n c e s

1 Ą
L iq u id C ry s ta ls , S C h a n d r a s e k h a r C a m b r id g e U n iv e rs ity P re s s : 19 9 4
2 A
F R e in itz e r (1 8 8 8 ) " B e itr äg e z u r K e n n tn is s d e s C h o le s te r in s " M o l ra ls /ï e /ıe ßlr C /ï e n łie (W ie n ) 9 : 4 2 1
4 4 l d o i: lo 10 0 7 /b f 0 15 16 7 10 (h ttp ://d x d o i o rg / ı o ı 0 0 7/b f o l5 ı 6 7 10 )
3 A
O L e h m a n n (18 8 9 ) " Üb e r flie s s e n d e K ry s ta lle " Z e ils c h r i/ìjiIr P ìb J Ýik a tis c h e Ĺ Iıe m ie 4 : 4 6 2 7 2
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2 5 7 89 ] h ttp :/{w w w p e r s o n a ıs o to n a c u k/tim /c r y s ta ls th a t n o w /h o m e p a g e h tm
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5 A
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G W G r a y K J H a r r is o n J A N a s h (I9 7 3 ) N e w fa m ily o f n e m a tic liq u id c r y s ta ı s ĺ b r d is p ı
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6 A
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7 A
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A a b c d e f de G e n n e s P G and P ro s t J ( 19 9 3 ) T h e P h y g le s u f L iq u icl C w s ıcıls O x fo rd : C ı a re n d o n P re s s

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