CBSE - Class 8

MID TERM
STUDY FORMULAE
https://youtu.be/aGvIPupd3IQ
RATIONAL NUMBERS
 Rational Numbers
A number that can be expressed in the form of p/q, Where p and q are
integers and q is not equal to 0 is called a Rational Number.

! #$"
Examples: , , 5, etc.
" %
 Closure Property

Commutative
Properties of Property
Rational
Numbers Associative
Property

Distributive
Property
 Rational Numbers
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division
Closure ✅ ✅ ✅ ❌

Commutative ✅ ❌ ✅ ❌

Associative ✅ ❌ ✅ ❌
 Closed under
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division
Rational ✅ ✅ ✅ ❌
numbers

Integers ✅ ✅ ✅ ❌

Whole ✅ ❌ ✅ ❌
numbers

Natural ✅ ❌ ✅ ❌
numbers
 Commutative under
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division
Rational ✅ ❌ ✅ ❌
numbers

Integers ✅ ❌ ✅ ❌

Whole ✅ ❌ ✅ ❌
numbers

Natural ✅ ❌ ✅ ❌
numbers
 Associative under
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division
Rational ✅ ❌ ✅ ❌
numbers

Integers ✅ ❌ ✅ ❌

Whole ✅ ❌ ✅ ❌
numbers

Natural ✅ ❌ ✅ ❌
numbers
Distributive Property
Additive Identity
Multiplicative Identity
Additive Inverse
Multiplicative Inverse /
Reciprocal
0 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
 Representation of Rational
Numbers on the Number line

Method - 1

𝟏 𝟏
𝟒 𝟐
 Representation of Rational
Numbers on the Number line

Method - 2

𝟏 𝟏
𝟒 𝟐
Linear Equations in
One Variable
 Equality
The
riab le
va
Equation
2x – 3 = 7

2x – 3 = LHS
7 = RHS
 Equality
The
riab le
va
Equation
ax + b = 0
x–2=7
6x = 12
𝟐𝒙
= 18
𝟑
14y – 8 = 13
3x = 2x + 18
𝒙$𝟏 𝟑
=
𝟐𝒙$𝟑 𝟖
𝟔𝒙$𝟏 𝒙(𝟑
+1=
𝟑 𝟔
𝒙"𝟓 𝒙"𝟑
𝟑
= 𝟓
UNDERSTANDING
QUADRILATERALS
 POLYGONS

A simple closed curve which is made up of line segments only is

called a polygon
Classification of Polygons
 Quadrilateral

Four Vertices

Four Sides

Four Angles

Two Diagonals
33
 Diagonals
A diagonal is a line segment connecting two non consecutive
vertices of a polygon.
 Convex and Concave Polygons

For a polygon to be convex, all of its interior angles must be less

than 180 degrees. Otherwise, the polygon is concave.
 Regular and Irregular Polygons
A regular polygon is a polygon whose all sides are equal and all
angles are equal .
An irregular polygon is a polygon which is not a regular polygon.
Interior Angle sum property of Quadrilaterals

The sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360o.

Interior Angle sum property of Polygons

The sum of all angles of any polygon with n number of sides

is: 180o (n - 2)
Exterior Angle sum property of Quadrilaterals

If the sides of a quadrilateral are produced in order , the sum of

four exterior angles formed is 360o .
Exterior Angle sum property of Polygons

If the sides of a polygons are produced in order , the sum of

exterior angles formed is 360o .
 Parallelogram
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if its both pairs of
opposite sides are equal and parallel .

41
 Properties of Parallelogram

1. The opposite sides are equal

2. The opposite angles are equal
3. The diagonals bisect each other
4. Each diagonal divides a parallelogram into two
congruent triangles

42
 Rectangle
A parallelogram whose each angle is a right angle is called
Rectangle .

D C

A B
43
 Properties of Rectangle

It has all properties of a parallelogram , in addition,

it has two more properties.
1. Each angle of a rectangle is right angle
2. The diagonals of a rectangle are equal .

44
 Rhombus

A parallelogram having all sides equal is called a Rhombus

D C

A B
45
 Properties of Rhombus

It has all properties of a parallelogram . In addition

it has one more property.
1. Diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other
at right angles.

46
 Square

A square is a rhombus with each of its angles equal to 90o

D C

A B 47
 Properties of Square

It has all properties of a rhombus . In addition , it

has one more property :

1. Diagonals of a square are equal .

48
 Kite

A quadrilateral in which two pairs of adjacent sides are

equal is called a kite . It has unequal opposite sides .

49
 Trapezium
A quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides is
parallel and the other pair of opposite sides is non -
parallel is called a Trapezium .
D C

A B 50
PRACTICAL GEOMETRY
1. Five measurements can determine a quadrilateral uniquely.
2. A quadrilateral can be constructed uniquely if the lengths of its four sides
and a diagonal is given.
3. A quadrilateral can be constructed uniquely if its two diagonals and three
sides are known.
4. A quadrilateral can be constructed uniquely if its two adjacent sides and
three angles are known.
5. A quadrilateral can be constructed uniquely if its three sides and two
included angles are given.
DATA HANDLING
 Histogram

Pie Chart

Double Bar
Graph

Bar Graph

Pictograph
 Ø Data available to us in unorganized form is called raw data

Ø The number of times a particular entry occurs is called frequency.

Ø The table made using the frequency of entries is known as the

frequency distribution table.

55
 GROUPING DATA
Ø The data is grouped into class intervals or classes and the table is
known as grouped frequency distribution table.

• Lower class limit: The lower value of class interval.

• Upper-class limit: The upper value of the class interval.

• Width or size of class: The difference between the upper-class

limit and lower-class limit of a class interval.

• Range: The difference between the highest and lowest

observation in the given data.
56
 HOW TO DRAW A PIE CHART

𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ×360
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦

Step 1: Calculate the angle of each sector. using the formula

Step 2: Draw a circle using a pair of compasses
Step 3: Use a protractor to draw the angle for each sector.
Step 4: Label the pie chart and all its sectors.

57
CHANCES AND PROBABILITY

58
• A Random Experiment is an experiment, trial, or observation that can
be repeated numerous times under the same conditions.

Ø Outcome: a final product or an end result.

Equally likely outcomes: a coin is tossed up several times. Occurring of

head is equally lent to occurring of tail. So, this is called equally likely
outcomes.

59
Ø One or more outcomes of an experiment make an event.

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

60
 SQUARES AND
SQUARE ROOTS
Number Square Number Square
1 12 1 11 112 121
2 22 4 12 122 144
3 32 9 13 132 169
4 42 16 14 142 196
5 52 25 15 152 225
6 62 36 16 162 256
7 72 49 17 172 289
8 82 64 18 182 324
9 92 81 19 192 361
10 102 100 20 202 400
The square numbers are ending with 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9 only.

Any number having 1 or 9 in its one’s place will always have a square
ending with 1.

If a number have 4 or 6 in its unit’s place, then square of that number

will end with 6.

The number of zeros at the end of a perfect square is always even and
double the number of zeros at the end of the number
The square of an even number is always an even number and square of an
odd number is always an odd number

There are 2n non-perfect square numbers between the squares of the

numbers n and (n+1).

Sum of first n natural odd numbers is n2

The difference of squares of two consecutive natural number is equal to

their sum.
The square of any odd number can be expressed as the sum
of two consecutive natural numbers.
𝒏𝟐 "𝟏 𝒏𝟐%𝟏
𝟐
+ 𝟐
= n2

Product of two consecutive even or odd natural numbers

is (n+1)(n-1) = n2-1

On combining two consecutive triangular numbers we get a

square number
 Pythagorean Triplets

For any natural number p > 1, we have (2p)2 +

(p2-1)2=(p2+1)2.

So, (2p) , (p2-1) and (p2+1) forms a Pythagorean

P2 +1 triplet.
2p

P2 - 1
Consider a number ending with 5 say p5. We have to find the square of p5

(p5)2 = 100p(p+1) + 25
Square Square Root Square Square Root
1 𝟏 ±1 121 𝟏𝟐𝟏 ±11
4 𝟒 ±2 144 𝟏𝟒𝟒 ±12
9 𝟗 ±3 169 𝟏𝟔𝟗 ±13
16 𝟏𝟔 ±4 196 𝟏𝟗𝟔 ±14
25 𝟐𝟓 ±5 225 𝟐𝟐𝟓 ±15
36 𝟑𝟔 ±6 256 𝟐𝟓𝟔 ±16
49 𝟒𝟗 ±7 289 𝟐𝟖𝟗 ±17
64 𝟔𝟒 ±8 324 𝟑𝟐𝟒 ±18
81 𝟖𝟏 ±9 361 𝟑𝟔𝟏 ±19
100 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ±10 400 𝟒𝟎𝟎 ±20
 Repeated subtraction method
1 = 1 = 12
1+3 = 4 = 22
1+3+5 = 9 = 32
1+3+5+7 = 16 = 42
1+3+5+7+9 = 25 = 52
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 = 36 = 62
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 = 49 = 72
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 ………………....+ n = = n2
 Prime factorisation method
Step 1:
• Find prime factors of the given number.

Step 2:
• Make pairs of equal factors.

Step 3:
• Take one factor from each pair and multiply them together.
The product thus obtained will be the required square root.
Long Division method
CUBES AND
CUBE ROOTS
Number Cube Number Cube
1 13 1 11 113 1331
2 23 8 12 123 1728
3 33 27 13 133 2197
4 43 64 14 143 2744
5 53 125 15 153 3375
6 63 216 16 163 4096
7 73 343 17 173 4913
8 83 512 18 183 5832
9 93 729 19 193 6859
10 103 1000 20 203 8000
Last Digit of Cube of the last Last Digit of the cube
the Number digit of the Number of the Number
______1 13 1 ______1
______2 23 8 ______8
______3 33 27 ______7
______4 43 64 ______4
______5 53 125 ______5
______6 63 216 ______6
______7 73 343 ______3
______8 83 512 ______2
______9 93 729 ______9
______0 03 0 ______0
Number Cube
10 103 1000
20 203 8000
30 303 27000
250 2503 15625000
400 4003 64000000
700 7003 343000000
1000 10003 1000000000
Number Cube
10 103 1000
100 1003 1000000
1000 10003 1000000000
10000 100003 1000000000000
100000 1000003 1000000000000000
1000000 10000003 1000000000000000000
10000000 100000003 1000000000000000000000
 Odd Cube Even Cube
Number Number
1 13 1 2 23 8
3 33 27 4 43 64
9 93 729 16 163 4096
25 253 15625 34 343 39304
47 473 103823 78 783 47455
2
• The sum of the cubes of first n natural numbers is equal to
the square of their sum.

𝒏 𝒏"𝟏 2
13 +23 +33 +43 +.......... +n3 = (1 + 2 + 3 + ……….+ n)2 =
𝟐
Cube Cube Root Cube Cube Root
! !
1 1 1 1331 1331 11
! !
8 8 2 1728 1728 12
! !
27 27 3 2197 2197 13
! !
64 64 4 2744 2744 14
! !
125 125 5 3375 3375 15
! !
216 216 6 4096 4096 16
! !
343 343 7 4913 4913 17
! !
512 512 8 5832 5832 18
! !
729 729 9 6859 6859 19
! !
1000 1000 10 8000 8000 20
 Prime factorisation method
Step 1:
• Find prime factors of the given number.

Step 2:
• Make groups of equal factors (In each group three numbers
should be there).

Step 3:
• Take one factor from each group and multiply them together.
The product thus obtained will be the required cube root.
COMPARING
QUANTITIES
1:2

10 : 30

50 : 200

8:4
 𝟏
1:2= 𝟐

𝟏𝟎
10 : 30 = 𝟑𝟎

𝟓𝟎
50 : 200 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎

𝟖
8:4= 𝟒
 𝟏
1:2= =1:2
𝟐

𝟏𝟎
10 : 30 = 𝟑𝟎
=1:3

𝟓𝟎
50 : 200 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎
=1:4

𝟖
8:4= =2:1
𝟒
60%

50%

40%

20%
𝟏
𝟐

𝟏𝟎
𝟑𝟎

𝟓𝟎
𝟐𝟎𝟎
 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝑴𝐏 –𝐒𝐏
Discount % = ×𝟏𝟎𝟎 = ×𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝑴𝑷

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕 𝑺𝑷 #𝑪𝑷
Profit % = ×𝟏𝟎𝟎 = × 100
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝑪𝑷

𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝑪𝑷 #𝑺𝑷
Loss% = ×𝟏𝟎𝟎 = × 100
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝑪𝑷
 𝑷𝑹𝑻
Simple Interest (SI) =
𝟏𝟎𝟎

An = Pn + (SI)n

𝑹 n
An = P 𝟏 +
𝟏𝟎𝟎
• A= Amount after n years
• P= Principal
• R=Rate of interest
CI = An - P1 • n= Number of years
Algebraic Expressions
and Identities
Expression Terms Factors
3

3xy X

3xy – 10x y

-10
-10x
x
 Expression Terms Coefficient

3xy 3

3xy – 0.2x + 5 -0.2x -0.2

5 5
 POLYNOMIALS

MONOMIALS BINOMIALS TRINOMIALS

 (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
(x - y)2 = x2 - 2xy + y2

(x2 - y2) = (x + y)(x – y)

(x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
THANK YOU