Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Data Communication Systems (ICSCDS-2023)

IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23AZ5-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-9199-0

Analysis and Implementation of Machine Learning

2023 International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Data Communication Systems (ICSCDS) | 978-1-6654-9199-0/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICSCDS56580.2023.10104661

Model for Detection of Parkinson’s Disease

1st Kumar Spandan 2nd Biresh Kumar 3rd Pallab Banerjee
Amity Inst. of Information Technology Amity School of Engg. and Technology Amity School of Engg. and Technology
Amity University Jharkhand Amity University Jharkhand Amity University Jharkhand
Ranchi, INDIA Ranchi, INDIA Ranchi, INDIA
kumar.spandan@s.amity.edu bkumar@rnc.amity.edu pbanerjee@rnc.amity.edu

4th Pooja Jha 5th Laxmi Kumari Pathak 6th Mohan Kumar Dehury
Amity Inst. of Information Technology Amity Inst. of Information Technology Amity Inst. of Information Technology
Amity University Jharkhand Amity University Jharkhand Amity University Jharkhand
Ranchi, INDIA Ranchi, INDIA Ranchi, INDIA
pjha@rnc.amity.edu lkpathak@rnc.amity.edu mkdehury@rnc.amity.edu
mohankdehury@gmail.com

Abstract—Parkinson’s disease, which affects 2-3% of people
under 65 years of age, is the second most prevalent neurological
ailment. The neuropathological indicators of Parkinson’s disease
are intracellular inclusions containing clumps of synuclein and
neuronal death in the substantia nigra, which results in striatal
dopamine insufficiency. The central and peripheral autonomic
nerve systems contain numerous more cell types that are also
involved, most likely beginning with the first stages of the disease.
Although bradykinesia and other essential motor characteristics
are required for clinical diagnosis, Parkinson’s disease is also ac-
companied by a wide range of non-motor symptoms that increase
overall disability. Numerous routes and mechanisms, including
synuclein proteostasis, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress,
calcium homeostasis, axonal transport, and neuroinflammation,
are involved in the underlying molecular etiology. This paper
aims to implement the SVM algorithm to predict Parkinson’s
disease in a patient.
Index Terms—Parkinson’s Disease, SVM, KNN, ANN, Machine
Learning.
microphonic, singular-chromatic, dysarthria, and dysphonia,
and that the first symptom discovered in persons with this
condition is a lack of voice. There is now no documented
therapy for the condition, but a range of pharmaceutical
medications that can greatly lessen symptoms, especially
in the initial stages, are available. The analysis of voice
frequency is brief and not invasive. As an outcome, voice
frequency can be utilized to monitor the course of this
subjective sickness [1].
Parkinson’s disease causes additional problems, some of
which are manageable with medication or other forms of
therapy. Parkinson’s disease is a major global health concern
that might be greatly reduced with the aid of machine learning
and innovative computer algorithms in the field of medical
science.

I. I NTRODUCTION II. PROBLEM STATEMENT

The brain is the body’s primary functioning unit, and any
minor mishap in any part of the body has an instant impact
on the other organs. One of the undiagnosed adverse effects
is Parkinson’s disease. It is an incurable neurological disorder
that develops over time. 9.4 million people worldwide will
still be suffering are estimated to still suffer from this disease
by 2020. Only 4% of the cases occur in people under 50 years
of age. This disease mainly affects adults over the age of 60
years. A motor or non-motor symptom is associated with this
condition. There are a variety of motor symptoms associated
with Parkinson’s disease, including sluggishness, tremors,
rapid eye movement problems, shivering, gait difficulty, and
unstable posture. The most common non-motor complaints
are hypotension, body sweating, fatigue, constipation, urinary
difficulties, and weight loss.
Several studies have found that 90% of Parkinson’s disease
patients have speech and voice acoustic difficulties, including
A. Importance of the study
The study is significant because a significant portion
of diagnostic data analysis in the healthcare sector, has
been carried out by medical professionals. Due to the
complexity or variety of characteristics among the data that
are being handled, the presentation of medical photographs
is therefore highly restricted to particular professionals with
in-depth knowledge in the field. The followings are the main
contributions and implications of the paper: In terms of
information gathering, feature extraction, feature set selection,
completely different classifiers, and result comparison
arrangement, we will (a) provide a comprehensive review
that includes the latest research publications and (b) provide
a good range of comparisons from various points of view.
Neurodegenerative disorders affect the nervous system
and brain, such as Parkinson’s disease. It is characterized
by degeneration of the neurological system, specifically

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Data Communication Systems (ICSCDS-2023)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23AZ5-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-9199-0
brain neuron degeneration. Only Alzheimer’s disease is more
common than Parkinson’s disease among neurodegenerative
diseases. A majority of the neurons that produce dopamine
are affected in the substantia nigra, a specific portion of
the brain. Parkinson’s disease causes the loss of dopamine-
producing neurons, resulting in the inability to control any
voluntary activities. This disorder can cause both motor and
non-motor symptoms, such as tremors, sluggish movement,
sleep problems, posture problems, sadness, and others [2].
A number of machine learning models, including SVM,
KNN, ANN, Random Forest technique, etc., are being
presented and have assisted in the early detection of
Parkinson’s disease. Given that symptomatic therapy may
be ineffective and time-consuming, a neuro-image-based
diagnosis for Parkinson’s disease may also be acceptable [3].
In addition to other medical scans such as Positron Emission
Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI),
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), and others,
Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
is the functional imaging technique most commonly used
in European clinics for the early diagnosis of Parkinson’s
disease [4].
Clinical decisions are often based on a physician’s intuition
and knowledge, which is supported by hospital-wide data.
The enormous dimensions of information in data sets require
the discovery of approaches that can be used in therapeutic
choices. This data should be assessed for medical research
and use in health centers.
B. Background of the Study
The brain is the main functioning unit of the body, and any
small incident in any part of the human body will have an
immediate impact on the other organs. Parkinson’s disease is
an inoperable neurological condition that worsens over time.
By 2020, an estimated 9.4 million people worldwide were
still living with this condition. Only 4% of the cases occur in
those under the age of 50 years of age. This condition mainly
affects people over the age of 60 years. The symptoms of this
disease are classified as motor or non-motor. The slowness of
movement, tremors, rapid eye movement disorder, shivering,
gait difficulty, and unstable posture are the most common
motor symptoms.
Currently, there is no documented therapy for the condition,
but a variety of pharmaceutical medications are available that
can greatly reduce symptoms, especially in the initial stages.
The analysis of voice frequency is brief and not invasive. As
an outcome, voice frequency can be utilized to monitor the
course of this subjective sickness [3].
C. The Problem
The number of patients with Parkinson’s disease is calcu-
lated to be 120-180 per 100,000 persons, although the propor-
tion (and thus the number of affected people) increases as life
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expectancy increases. For decades, researchers have worked to
understand much about this disease, and hence to find some
techniques for successfully minimizing its symptoms, which
are often recurrent muscular tremors and/or rigidity. In the
later stages of Parkinson’s syndrome, further symptoms such
as akinesia, bradykinesia, and speech impairment may arise.
Symptoms usually begin modestly and worsen over time. As
the disease progresses, people may have difficulty speaking
and walking. They may also encounter behavioral and mental
problems, sleep troubles, depression, memory loss, and fatigue
[5].
D. Solution
Parkinson’s disease is a major global health concern that
might be greatly reduced with the aid of machine learning and
innovative computer algorithms in the field of medical science.
We can develop algorithms like a support vector classifier or
a machine to detect it at an early stage.
III. OBJECTIVE AND GOAL
The goal of this work is to compare different existing
machine learning models for detecting Parkinson’s disease and
to implement our model to identify the same.
A. Goal
To detect Parkinson’s disease using vocal features.
B. Specific Objectives
The objectives are:
• To compare the different machine-learning models
• To analyze their accuracy score
• To implement our SVM model
IV. LITERATURE REVIEW
Many authors have studied Parkinson’s disease prediction
using Machine learning methods. Paper [2] provides a
complete survey of the most recent research papers published
up to the year 2017. Based on vocal datasets obtained from the
UCI repository, it compares the accuracy of existing classifiers
and validates the performance of implemented classifiers. In
[6], authors have reviewed and addressed numerous issues
while also providing some future recommendations and
opportunities. In particular, this review offers significant
insights and guidance for future advancements regarding
neural networks and associated learning systems.
Authors in [7] have characterized this disorder by tremors,
muscle rigidity, and incorrect walking motions. They have
studied previous attempts to distinguish Parkinson’s disease
from healthy subjects, but this work focused on differentiating
Parkinson’s disease from other neurological-specific diseases
like Huntington’s Disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS) based on gait characteristics. The authors in [4]
suggested an ML model for a given DaTSCAN that is
precisely classified as Parkinson’s disease or not as well as
offers a reasonable basis for the prediction. Visual indicators
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Data Communication Systems (ICSCDS-2023)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23AZ5-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-9199-0
created by Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explainer
(LIME) are used to get such reasoning. Transfer learning was
used to train DaTSCANs on a CNN (VGG16) using data
from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative.
The authors in paper [8] described how, due to its widespread
applicability, speech signal processing has received a great
deal of attention in recent years. The authors have done
a comparative investigation for efficient identification of
Parkinson’s disease using machine learning classifiers from
a vocal disorder known as dysphonia in this work. To
demonstrate a robust identification technique, they used
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and K Nearest Neighbours
(KNN) algorithms to distinguish between Parkinson’s disease
patients and healthy individuals.
Authors in [9] have used Artificial Neural Networks
(ANN) to diagnose medical disorders. Two types of ANNs
are employed in this work to classify effective Parkinson’s
disease diagnosis. Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) with back-
propagation learning method and Radial Basis Function (RBF)
ANNs were used to distinguish between clinical factors of
samples (N = 195) with and without Parkinson’s disease. The
study extensively detailed the accuracy difference obtained in
both scenarios.
The study in [10] created an extended fuzzy min-max
neural network with the OneR attribute evaluator (EFMM
OneR) as a hybrid model for diagnosing Parkinson’s disease.
The proposed model is separated into two stages: Feature
selection is used in the early step to locate and remove
irrelevant, redundant, or noisy characteristics from the
provided dataset. The enhanced fuzzy min-max (EFMM)
neural network is used for classification in the second stage.
Comparing the EFMM-OneR model to other classifiers in the
literature, the results showed that it can increase classification
accuracy.
In paper, [8], feature selection and classification algorithms
have been studied separately without considering the
relationship between the two procedures, resulting in poor
performance. We provide an algorithm learning-based
neural network (ALBNN), a novel neural network approach
for boosting classification accuracy by combining feature
selection and classification operations, in this research. In
general, a knowledge-based artificial neural network acts on
previous knowledge derived from domain expertise, providing
it with better starting points for the objective function and
resulting in higher classification accuracy.
Machine learning algorithms are frequently employed in
the analysis of various types of data [11], [12]. However,
as large-scale data sets proliferate, many machine-learning
approaches suffer from intractability issues. Although several
reasons contribute to intractability, one of the most important
is the amount of qualities, or dimensionality. A learning
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system’s data dimensionality influences both the training and
run-time phases. Meanwhile, excessive dimensionality may
result in dimensionality issues.
V. METHODOLOGY
In this paper, we have used primarily used three of the major
machine learning algorithm to detect Parkinson’s disease in
a patient. The three algorithms are SVM, ANN, and KNN.
In this paper, our entire concern is to implement a working
model that detects this disease with the help of some feature
vectors. The support vector machine algorithm has been used,
as it is most likely to give an accuracy score above 75. The
artificial neural networks (ANN) and the k-nearest neighbor
(KNN) algorithm have also been included in this study to
understand the working of these machine learning models for
effectively identifying Parkison’s disease. A host of python
libraries have been used such as Sklearn, pandas, NumPy, and
SVM in order to complete our execution successfully. The
integrated development environment is Google Collab, and the
programming language is Python.
A. System Requirements and Tools:
Tools and Software Used:
• Software: Google Collab
• Operating System: 10 pro
• RAM: 8GB
• Cache Memory: 32MB
• SSD: 256GB
th
• Processor: Intel Core i3 10 generation
• Language: Python 3.10
B. How SVM works.
SVM works by extracting the information to a high-
dimensional feature set, which allows data points to
be categorized even if they are not otherwise linearly
independent. When a splitter between these categories is
found, the data is converted so that the separator can be
shown as a hyper-plane. Once that, the attributes of the
changed data can be used to identify which category the new
record should be assigned to. The datapoints closest to the
hyperplane are the feature vectors in this case.
A broad range of applied math tools are used to select
feature vectors. Thirteen separate options comparable to
bridging frequencies [13], maximum to maximum attributes
[5], and frequency bands were done for each of the seven gait
variables, producing a total of 13 × 7 = 91 distinct feature
vectors. These early vectors were then bated before being
evaluated with the vector machine. These were then lowered
by running the vector machine on each vector individually.
C=1 and sigma=1 were used in the Radial Basis Kernel SVM.
The SVM could be binary classifier that is not even
probabilistic that classifies contemporary samples. It is a
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supervised kernel-based approach. that 1st analyses knowledge

with notable categories before classifying ambiguous test
samples. The linear vector machine is that the most elementary
sort of a classifier, during which instances could be arranged
as points in house so divided into 2 with the help of definite
void with the dimension of the gap maximised [14]. It
builds for classification or regression, a descriptor in an
unlimited vector space is used. A hyper-plane with the finest
separation of two data points has a very low classifier error.
Support vectors are knowledge points that aid within the
formulation of this hyperplane. They’re those who are nearest
to the hyperplane. SVM is accomplished in either a linear
or non-linear fashion. once the linear edge feature space is
established doesn’t yield a finest match, random Support
Vector Machine produces higher results. Non-Linear SVM
maximises hyperspace by reworking feature area employing
a kernel technique .For classification, a Gaussian radial basis
perform (rbf) kernel is employed during this work. Given a
group of n data points, comparable to (x1 , y1 ) . . . (xn , yn )
[7]. Where xi originally is the original knowledge, yj may
be a binary symbol (one or minus one) denoting the category
to which data xi corresponds, and x is the reworked dataset
information belonging to linear SVM’s latest space. Equations
connect kernel perform to a convert:
K(xi , xj ) = ϕ(xi ).ϕ(xj ) (1)
Fig. 1. Process flow diagram of proposed method
Where K(xi , xj ) is the equation of kernel, ϕ(xi ) is the
changed data set, and ϕ(xj ) is the hyperspace’s traditional
vector. The equation of kernel for the Gaussian kernel (rbf) is thousands to hundreds of thousands of characteristics, it’s
as follows: a fantastic alternative. Due to their propensity for dealing
K(xi, xj) = exp(−|x − x′ |2 /2σ 2 ) (2) with small, complex datasets, they frequently produce more
accurate findings when compared to other algorithms.
wherever |x − x′ |2 a pair of is that the Euclidian distance
squared. And σ is a free attribute. In this work, the value of VI. I MPLEMENTATION
C is chosen by employing a grid search strategy, with C is set
A. Importing major libraries of Python on Machine learning
to 1000 exhibiting rock-bottom classification error. The data
points were adjusted to own the smallest unit, variance before Numpy is a Python package for controlling arrays. It
exploiting the coaching data. The separation hyperplane was also has a function for dealing with algebraic topology
found using the ordered lowest optimization with the leniency add matrices. Numpy is an anagram for numerical Python.
level of the conditions set to 3. The information was segregated Python, often known as pandas, is a Python library for
into training data and testing data samples, along with the data handling and analysis. It provides data structure and
primary seven sample data of every category (atomic number operations for manipulating numerical tables and time
46 and supervision) utilized as coaching & also the remaining series in particular. Sklearn from Scikit Learn is the most
samples as analysis. The process flow of proposed method is effective and dependable Python machine-learning package
shown in Fig. 1. in this case. It provides a variety of tools for mathematical
analysis and machine learning, including classification
C. Role of SVM dependent variables and others, via a Python consistency
SVMs are utilized in a variety of applications, including web interface. SVM is used in web pages, intrusion detection,
pages, intrusion detection, face identification, email catego- face identification, genes classification add handwriting
rization, and gene classification. We utilize SVMs in machine recognition. In other applications, we utilise SVM in
learning for a number of reasons. Like SVM is useful in both machine learning for other reasons including detecting
classification and regression. Also, both linear and non-linear Parkinson’s disease. Both classification and regression of
data are supported. Another reason for utilizing SVMs is that linear and nonlinear data are supported in SVM. The sklean.
they may uncover intricate connections in your data without matrices module implements several laws, scores, and utility
requiring you to perform a tonne of manual manipulations. functions to measure performance. Some matrices might
When working with smaller datasets that include tens of require probability estimates of the positive class, confidence

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value, or binary decision value. Accuracy score function

of sklearn.matrices package calculates the estimated score
for a set of credited labels against the true labels. Sklearn’s
preprocessing package includes a variety of universal utility
functions and transforms classes that can be used to convert
untreated feature vectors into format vectors suitable for
subsequent estimators. In general, normalizing the dataset
benefits algorithm development.

Using StandardScaler() each variable of the scale

is scaled to unit variance. This process is carried out
independently on the basis of features. StandardScaler()
estimates the empirical mean and std deviation of each feature
if they are present in the dataset. Python train test split()
divides arrays or matrices into random sepsis for the
training and testing set of data we will import the train
test split function into our Google Collab as shown. In Fig. 3. Dataset information.
pd.readc sv(′ /content/parkinsons.csv ′ ), we have imported
our data set on Parkinson’s disease (the disease attributes of the
subset rows for classification), which will be used to predict
whether a person has Parkinson’s or not. The data set used
here is from Kaggle.com [15]. P arkinsons data.head()
shows the first five rows of our imported data set as shown
in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Top rows of the dataset. Fig. 4. Information about missing values.

B. Displaying Data information

E. Displaying status and mean of the two binary statuses
We can see details about the data set by using the info
function. It has the syntax Parkinsons data.info (). So, the In Fig. 6 we have shown different statuses for different input
info method prints the data frame information, which includes data sets which are primarily 0 and 1. ‘One’ represents Parkin-
the total number of columns, their labels, data types, memory son’s disease and ‘zero’ represents no Parkinson’s disease. The
utilised, raise index, and the number of cells in each column parkinsons data[‘status’].value counts() helps to get to know
that have non-null values as shown in Fig. 3. how many of those rows have ‘1’ as status and how many
of them has ‘0’. From the data, we can interpret that healthy
C. Displaying number of null values in each field attribute people have more voice frequency than Parkinson hit people.
Isnull().sum() function shows a number of values missing
in each column. As shown in Fig. 4, there is no missing value
in the dataset. It is important for all the field attributes in the
dataset to have values in order to detect the disease as it plays
a vital role in getting high accuracy measures for both training
and testing of the data.

D. Describing the data in a statistical manner

The data set consists of 196 samples and 24 features.
describe() displays different statistical measures which are
drawn from our data ( as shown in Fig. 5 ) like mean, std,
count, min, etc. These will further help us to train our data. Fig. 5. different statistical measures of dataset.

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Fig. 6. Status and mean of the two binary statuses.

F. Using drop() command
In this phase, the data pre-processing has started. We will
separate features and targets. Here ‘features’ are the other
columns in the dataset and ‘target’ is the status column. Now
two variables X and Y are created. X will take all the features
column and Y will take the status column. In X we will drop
the ‘name’ column and the ‘status’ column of our dataset and
we will store it in X as shown in Fig. 7.
into a specific range. Next, we used scaler.fit() which will fit
all the data. The scaler.transform() function will convert the
data in the same range. Now the output range of X train is
in between (-1 to +1) whereas, previously our values of the
dataset used to lie in hundreds. The obtained output is shown
in Fig. 9.

Fig. 8. Use of scalar function.

Fig. 7. Parkinson’s disease status.

G. Splitting the data into training and testing data

To educate the data, four arrays must be generated: X train,
Y train, X test, and Y test. We will create the arrays using
the train test split function which was already imported in
the header file. In this stage, training data and testing data
are getting split into two different arrays. Here test size=0.2
means 20%. That is, we used 20 percent of total of the data
for evaluation and the remaining 80% towards training. Also,
random state=2 is an identity number. Here ‘2’ ensures that
the data is splitted in organised manner. If it is more than Fig. 9. Range of output values between -1 to +1.
two, then the data could be splitted in an unorder fashion.
I. Model Training
In this stage, we are training our data using a machine
H. Data Standardization learning model: SVM (Support Vector Machine). We can use
In data standardization, we are loading one instance of the SVM for both classification and regression. In this case, we
StandardScaler() function to the scaler variable as shown in use for classification because we will classify patients into
Fig. 8. Here, we used a scaler variable to standardize our data Parkinson-positive patients and Parkinson-negative patients.

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model.fit() function displays the parameters for support vector
classifiers. It will fit our data points into the model and will
try to find the hyperplane. When the data can be split using
a single line, or when it is linearly separable, a linear kernel
is utilized. It is one of the most often utilized kernels. It is
typically employed when a given data set has a sizable number
of features. In our case, as we are classifying patients into
Parkinson-positive patients and Parkinson-negative patients,
we find linear kernel to be most suitable. As shown in Fig.
10, we have used kernel=’linear’ for training purposes. After
this, the training of our data is done.
Fig. 10. SVC kernel
J. Model Evaluation
This is the model evaluation stage where we find out the
accuracy score of our training data and testing data. The
accuracy score in machine learning is a statistical measurement
that compares the proportion of accurate predictions made by
a model to all predictions made. It is determined by dividing
the number of correct predictions by the total number of
predictions which is given as follows:
number of correct predictions
Accuracy score =
total number of predictions
Here the training data accuracy achieved was 0.8846 or
88.46 in percentage as shown in Fig. 11. An interpretation
of this could be that our model is able to predict 88 cases
successfully out of 100 cases. Generally, if the accuracy score
Fig. 11. Accuracy score of training data.
is more than 75%, it is assumed that our model is working
fine. The training time for the model is 4 seconds.
Now, the accuracy score can be analyzed using
model.predict() and hence finding the accuracy score
with the help of X train and Y train prediction. Our accuracy
score of test data comes out to be 0.8717 or 87.17 in
percentage as shown in Fig. 12. In both cases, our model
should have nearly the same accuracy. If there is a very
wide gap between training and testing data accuracy, we
can interpret that our model has overtrained/Overfitting
(Accuracy of training data > Accuracy of test data) or
undertrained/Underfitting (Accuracy of training data <
Accuracy of test data)], based on the accuracy score.
K. Predictive System
Our final stage of the paper is Parkinson’s Prediction
System. Here we will use different values to predict whether
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Fig. 12. Accuracy score of testing data.
a person has Parkinson’s or not. Here we have taken the field
values from the .csv file that holds different values and has a
status of either 0 or 1. We had previously deliberately removed
the status column while training the data and hence we will be
able to find whether our model is predicting it correctly. Here
we took a NumPy array as the processing of NumPy array is
much easier. Upon reshaping the array (to give one data point),
we will standardize the data using Scaler. transform(). At last,
we are using prediction using the model. predict(std data).
Here, if the print statement is ‘1’, the person has Parkinson
and if it is ‘0’, the person is healthy. As shown in Fig. 13, we
have correctly predicted that the patient is Parkinson-positive.
Fig. 13. Parkinson’s disease prediction.
(3)
VII. R ESULT A NALYSIS
A. KNN
K-NN could be a statistic classification technique
employed in machine learning [16]. The end result of the
KNN technique is set by the style of output needed for the
particular applications. If K is set to 1, the genre of that
object’s sole nearest neighbor is allocated. According to the
associate economical designation system for paralysis, agitans
detection supported the fuzzy k-nearest neighbor method
[10]. The dataset is the same as that indicated within the
text on top of below the speech impairment data to find
Parkinson’s disease. The subjects ranged in age from forty-six
to eighty-five years (statistical average of sixty five point
eight and normal statistical deviation of nine point eight).
Statistical averages of six intonations lasting one to thirty-six
seconds were recorded for every individual. The info was
then divided into coaching (70%) and check (30%) groups [1].
To store all of the coaching datasets, the K-nearest neighbor
classifier rule was utilized. The author tends to employ a
ten-fold cross-validation approach, which may be a solid
technique oftentimes accustomed to verify the prognostic
system’s accuracy and avoid overfitting. The new example
was classified exploitation the quantity of neighbours, and
therefore the nearest neighbours were determined using
the gap function exploitation of the trigonometric function
distance, the simplest accuracy score of 79% was found once
the amount of neighbours were taken at 1 or k set to 1 [8].
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TABLE I
C OMPARISION OF ML MODELS
ML model Accuracy Score
KNN 79%
ANN 83.02%
SVM 87.17%
B. ANN
In recent years, Artificial Neural Network or the (ANN)-
based diagnosing of clinical disorders has received loads of at-
tention. during this paper, 2 forms of ANNs are utilized to clas-
sify effective degenerative disorder diagnosis. The Multilayer
Perceptron with Precedence Propagation Teaching Method
and Radial Basis Operation (RBF). ANNs were trained to
differentiate between medical parameters in samples (total of
195) with and without Parkinson’s disease [17]. An ANN is an
attributed chaotic system with a connected graph topology that
accepts data output through a state reaction to input activities.
Nodes of the ANN are processor parts and directed channels.
The accuracy score obtained using ANN is 83.02% [18].
C. SVM
Using the SVM model on the dataset as discussed in the
previous section the accuracy score is obtained to be 87.17%
as shown in Fig. 12. The accuracy score of the employed
machine learning models in this paper is presented in table I.
VIII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have recognized and implemented three
supervised learning machine-learning algorithms in our
evaluation. Following that, the performance of the three
classifiers used in the prediction of Parkinson’s disease was
evaluated using various statistical approaches. In the tests,
we prepared and tested each categorization algorithm on a
training set that included both positive and negative datasets.
The preliminary performance results show that the SVM
outperformed the other two classifiers on the Parkinson
datasets.
In the future, this study will help in the development
of a project that aims to design an automated program that
can react more precisely to normal occurrences of the said
disease and provide more informed choices in complex
situations. The program will be able to diagnose Parkinson’s
disease in a matter of minutes and warn users of the
possibility of contracting the disease. This can be incredibly
beneficial in areas where there is a scarcity of healthcare
institutions and physicians. The model can be further scaled
by gathering data from many clinical and medical institutes
locally. Ensemble methods may be preferred for establishing
an accurate model of these Parkinson’s disease predictions
and performance could be enhanced.
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