MM/CV211-SOLID MACHANICS

NAME: Rolland John

ID #: s11166003

COURSE CODE: MM/CV211

LAB #: 1

TITLE: Stress and Strain Relationship

AIM:

The main objective of this experiment is to consider the relationship between normal stress and normal
strain in 2D tensile loading and to compare their experimental and theoretical values.

INTRODUCTION:

Strain is a term that used to describe the loading of an object in terms of force exerted to a particular
cross-sectional area. In terms of loading, stress is a system of force that causes the body to deform.
Stress is the intensity of the internal force in the body that balanced or react to the applied load that
was subjected to it. Depending on the nature of the loading scenario, the stress distributed may or may
not be uniform. A beam loaded in tension, for instance will have a nearly uniform tensile stress
distribution. A beam loading in bending, on the other hand will experience a stress distribution that
varies with distance perpendicular to the normal axis [1]. Mathematically stress can be express as;

F
σ= (Eq 1)
A
Strain is an independent variable while stress is a dependent quantity. When the external force applied
to a material, deformation occur to the body of the material and this also change its dimensions. Strain
is the ratio between the change in length or dimension over the original length due to the applied load.
Strain occur due to the material fundamental trait of resisting the deformation. Thus, the amount of
stress a body experience is determined by the amount of strain they are expose to. As a result, strain
was defined as;

ΔL
ε= (Eq 2)
Lo
σ =ϵε (Eq 3)

PROCEDURE:

I. Vernier instrument was used to accurately measured the dimension of the steel specimen.
II. The steel specimen was then mounted on the SM1009 (strain gauge trainer) as shown on figure
1.1 lab handout.
III. The red and yellow gauge of the tension system was connected to the strain display as a half
bridge.
IV. After connecting the gauge to the tension system, the equipment was then stabilized for about
one minute and then pressed and hold the zero button until it displayed zero on the reading.
 V. When the instrument read zero, the mass was then added to get the theoretical value of strain
and stress of the specimen under the applied load. The same process was used to determine the
stress and strain value of three different specimens (Steel, Cupper, and Aluminum) and data was
recorded using VDAS software.

APPARATUS:

 Vernier instrument
 SM1009 (strain gauge trainer)
 VDAS software
 Three specimens (Steel, Copper, and Aluminum)
 Masses

RESULT:

Table 1: Steel Specimen

Gauge Factor: 2.12

Specimen Dimension: ( 2∗10 ) mm

Specimen Cross-sectional area: 20 m m2=2∗10−5 m

young’s Modulus: 207 GN . m−2=207∗10 9 Pa

Load (kg) Force (N) Displayed Tensile Calculate Tensile Calculated Tensile
Strain ( με ) Stress ( N . m−2) Strain (m )
0 0 0 0 0
1 9.81 1 490500 2.36∗10−6
−6
2 19.62 4 981000 4.74∗10
3 29.43 6 1471500 7.11∗10−6
−6
4 39.24 9 1962000 9.48∗10
5 49.05 12 2452500 11.85∗10−6
−6
6 58.86 14 2943000 14.22∗10
−6
7 68.67 17 3433500 16.59∗10
−6
8 78.48 20 3924000 18.96∗10
−6
9 88.29 22 4414500 21.33∗10
 Stress and Strain
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
stress
Stress

2.5
2 strain
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Strain

Figure 1: The graph above is the relationship between stress and strain for steel.

Table 2: Cupper specimen

Gauge Factor: 2.12

Specimen Dimension: ( 2∗10 ) mm

Specimen Cross-sectional area: 20 m m2=2∗10−5 m

young’s Modulus: 130 GN . m−2=130∗109 Pa

Load (kg) Force (N) Displayed Tensile Calculate Tensile Calculated Tensile
Strain ( με ) Stress ( N . m−2) Strain
0 0 0 0 0
−6
1 9.81 3 490500 3.77∗10
2 19.62 7 981000 7.55∗10−6
−6
3 29.43 11 1471500 11.32∗10
4 39.24 15 1962000 15.09∗10−6
−6
5 49.05 19 2452500 18.86∗10
6 58.86 22 2943000 22.64∗10−6
−6
7 68.67 26 3433500 26.41∗10
8 78.48 30 3924000 30.18∗10−6
−6
9 88.29 36 4414500 33.96∗10
 Stress and Strain
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
stress
Stress

2.5
2 strain
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Strain

Figure 2: The line graph above shows the relationship of stress and strain for copper.

Table 3: Aluminum Specimen

Gauge Factor: 2.12

Specimen Dimension: ( 2∗10 ) mm

Specimen cross-sectional area: 20 m m2=2∗10−5 m

young’s modulus: 68.9 GPa=68.9∗109 Pa

Load (kg) Force (N) Displayed tensile Calculated tensile Calculated tensile
strain ( με ) stress ( N . m2 ¿ strain
O 0 0 0 0
1 9.81 6 490500 7.119∗10−6
−6
2 19.62 13 980500 14.23∗10
3 29.43 20 1471000 21.35∗10−6
−6
4 39.24 27 1961500 28.48∗10
5 49.05 34 2451500 35.59∗10−6
−6
6 58.86 41 2942000 42.70∗10
−6
7 68.67 48 3432500 49.80∗10
−6
8 78.48 55 3922500 56.94∗10
9 88.29 62 4413000 64.05∗10−6
 Stress and Strain
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
stress
Stress

2.5
strain
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Strain

Figure 3: Relationship of stress and strain for Aluminum.

Table 3: Brass Specimen

Gauge Factor: 2.12

Specimen Dimension: ( 2∗10 ) mm

Specimen cross-sectional area: 20 m m2=2∗10−5 m

young’s modulus: 105 GPa=105∗109 Pa

Load (kg) Force (N) Displayed tensile Calculated tensile Calculated tensile
strain ( με ) stress ( N . m2 ¿ strain
O 0 0 0 0
−6
1 9.81 3 490500 4.67∗10
−6
2 19.61 8 980500 6.54∗10
−6
3 29.42 12 1471000 14.01∗10
−6
4 39.23 16 1961500 18.68∗10
−6
5 49.03 19 2451500 23.35∗10
−6
6 58.84 24 2942000 28.02∗10
−6
7 68.65 28 3432500 32.69∗10
8 78.45 33 3922500 37.36∗10−6
−6
9 88.26 40 4413000 42.03∗10
 Stress against Strain
5

4.5

3.5

3
Stress

2.5 stress
strain
2

1.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Strain

Figure 4: The graph portrayed the relationship of stress and strain in brass.

SAMPLE CALCULATION:

Stress calculation Strain calculation

Steel

F 39.24 σ 490500 −6
σ= = =1.96 MN ε= = =2.36∗10 M
A 2∗10−5 E 207∗10 9

Copper

F 49.05 σ 981000
σ= = =2.45 MN ε= = =7.55∗10−6 M
A 2∗10−5 E 130∗109

Aluminum

F 29.42 σ 4413000
σ= = =1.47 MN ε= = =64.05∗10−6 m
A 2∗10−5 E 68.9∗10 9

Brass

F 29.42 σ 1413000 −6
σ= = =1.42 MN ε= = =42.03∗10 m
A 2∗10−5 E 105∗109
DISCUSSION:

The result above shows that different specimen has different value of strain. After obtained the data
from the SM1009 strain trainer, the specimen’s cross-sectional area, length, thickness and the
theoretical value of stress and strain were determined. As shown on the result, the data on table 1, 2, 3,
and 4 were converted to the stress against strain graph as per figure 1, 2, 3, and 4. On figure 1, the
relationship between stress and strain on the steel was directly proportional. As the stress increase,
strain increases as well. As shown on figure 2 and three, the graph for Copper and Aluminum was also
directly proportional as well as the relationship of stress and strain on brass as per figure 4. When
comparing the result of the specimens (Steel, Copper, Aluminum, and Brass) the relationship of stress
and strain were portrayed on the graph. These also proves the theory of equation 3. The calculated
value of stress was determined using stress equation as per Eq 1, whereas the calculated value of strain
was computed using the equations of Hooks law. The experimental values of stress and strain cannot be
compared with the theoretical one due to some systematic error occur during the experiment. The
experimental value of stress and strain were calculated after obtaining the cross-sectional area of the
specimen.

Answers to the questions

1) The experimental values of strain were quite different with the calculated value but it can be
compare in some case
2) The relationship of stress and strain are directly proportional to each other this was proven on
the results above
3) The result was not precise due to some error encountered during the experiment.

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, the objective of the experiment was successfully archived. According to the result, it was
clearly shown that stress is directly proportional to strain. The strain of each material are not similar to
each other this may be due to the varied property of different material the way it reacts or acting
against the applied load. This experiment also helps the engineers in terms of choosing the right
material when constructing a structure that will carried heavy loads and also to determine the internal
force (stress) to react against the applied load.
REFERENCE

MM/CV211 Solid Mechanic chapter 2- Stress and Strain

[1] H. E. J., Mechanics of material 1, United Kingdom: Elsevier Science & Technology, 1997.