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A B
1 Solubility /
miscibility
total

insolubility / 2 A B
immiscibility

Partial solubility /
miscibility
a) A in B + A 3
A B
b) B in A + B
c) A in B + A + B in A + B

Remember the phase rule!

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2 Cream – Creaming
Phase separation
Sediment - sedimenting

If I want to disperse one phase in another – how? -

mix
B B or A
A A or B

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What keeps colloids stable?

?
Coagulation

E/kB T δ ∆EC ≈ Energy barrier against

∆EC Coagulation
r
1. ∆EC ≈ kB T : Kinetically unstable
2. ∆EC >> kB T : Kinetically stable

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Controlled coagulation to make colloids

?
Coagulation

E/kB T δ EC Energy barrier against

∆EC Coagulation
r
1. EC kB T : Kinetically unstable
2. EC >> kB T : Kinetically stable

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Colloids
• Colloid comes from Greek word “kola” meaning glue
• Many glues are colloids!
• Colloidal particles pass through filter paper but not
semipermeable membrane
• Colloids: intrinsic (affinity for dispersed phase) or extrinsic
(no affinity; need an effort to disperse)
• Extrinsic need a stabilizing agent to disperse
• Water-loving colloids are called hydrophilic ot emulsoids
• Oil-based called hydrophobic or lyophilic or suspensoids
• Colloids may be multi-molecular or macromolecular
(monomolecular or few-molecular; most natural polymers)
• Association colloids: example micelles

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Figs from: https://www.slideshare.net/devadevi666/colloids-presentation-slides-67383606

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Association Colloids
• Association colloids: example micelles

From: https://www.slideshare.net/ArshadKhan63/colloids-110222645

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Colloidal particle Characteristics

• Particle size
• Particle shape
• Particle charge
• Particle stability
• Other characteristic
• Arrangement
• Orientation
• Alignment
• Size: Some characteristic dimension
• Linear : radius or length

• Area : radius of sphere of equivalent area

• Volume :
• Single particle
• Collection of particles
• Identical
• Similar
• Dis-similar

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Irregular particles
Actual particle

Approximations:
r
h Infinite plate
h Disc

h Oblate ellipsoid Prolate ellipsoid

dm
Equivalent Diameters: Martin’s diameter

da

Projected area dia CL461-2023-JB

df Feret’s diameter85
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What keeps colloids stable?

?
Coagulation

E/kB T δ ∆EC ≈ Energy barrier against

∆EC Coagulation
r
1. ∆EC ≈ kB T : Kinetically unstable
2. ∆EC >> kB T : Kinetically stable

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86

Interaction energy of two particles

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Interaction energy of two particles

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Interaction energy of two particles

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Interaction energy of two particles

• Main interactions:

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Interaction energy of two particles

• Main interactions:

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Interaction energy of two particles

• Main interactions:

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Interaction energy of two particles

• Debye interactions:

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Interaction energy of two particles

• Keesom interactions:
Permanent dipoles: molar polarizability

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Interaction energy of two particles

• London dispersion interactions:

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Interaction energy of two particles

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