PR2 Intro To Research

Introduction to
Quantitative Research
Prepared by:
Christian James L. Castro
Special Science Teacher I
Practical Research 2 | Anakan National High School 1

What is RESEARCH?

WHAT IS RESEARCH?
• organized and systematic study of the parameters of a

certain phenomenon through reliable methodology
together with QUALITATIVE or QUANTITATIVE
analysis for a successful interpretation of the studied
phenomenon

WHAT IS RESEARCH?

together with QUALITATIVE or QUANTITATIVE analysis for
a successful interpretation of the studied phenomenon

WHAT IS RESEARCH?
together with QUALITATIVE or QUANTITATIVE analysis
for a successful interpretation of the studied
phenomenon

Sole Purpose:
“To contribute new idea or concept in an
existing body of knowledge through
systematic collection, interpretation, and
evaluation of data.”

“We Must Perform Research because we want to
Solve Something and Contribute to the Holistic
Development of the Environment and Society”

“We Must Perform Research because we want to
Solve Something and Contribute to the Holistic
Development of the Environment and Society”

Qualitative and

Classification of Research
Qualitative research
- more concerned to understand individuals’ perceptions of the
world
- doubt whether social “facts” exist and questions whether a
“scientific” approach can be used when dealing with human
beings
- data are collected through participants observation and interviews

Classification of Research
Quantitative research
- a systematic empirical investigation of occurrences that is
observable using statistical, mathematical or computational
techniques
- main objective is to employ theories, models and hypothesis to
test the phenomena
- numerical in nature

Characteristics of Quantitative Research
1. Large sample size
2. Objective
3. Visual result presentation
4. Faster data analysis
5. Generalized data
6. Fast data collection
7. Reliable data
8. Replication

Data Analysis - Statistics
• summarize our data, describing patterns, relationships, and

connections
• can be descriptive or inferential
• Descriptive statistics help us to summarize our data
• Inferential statistics are used to identify statistically
significant differences between groups of data

Statistical Analysis of Data
1. Pearson's r measures the relationship between two
variables.
2. T-test examines the presence of statistical differences
between means.
3. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) looks into the statistical
difference among the means of two or more groups.
4. Multiple regression tests the relationship between several
independent variables and one dependent
variable.

Strengths of Quantitative Research
1. Quantitative research can be replicated or repeated.

2. Findings are generalizable to the population.
3. Conclusive establishment of cause and effect
4. Numerical and quantifiable data can be used to
predict outcomes
5. Fast and easy data analysis using statistical
software.
6. Fast and easy data gathering
7. Very objective
8. Validity and reliability can be established
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
1. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept
in depth.
2. It does not provide comprehensive explanation of human
experiences.
3. Some information cannot be described by numerical data
such as feelings, and beliefs.
4. The research design is rigid and not very flexible.
5. The participants are limited to choose only from the given
responses.
6. The respondents may tend to provide inaccurate responses.
7. A Large sample size makes data collection more costly.
Kinds of Quantitative
Research

Quantitative Research Design
Research design
• the framework of research
• “GLUE” that holds each of the elements of research as one

Quantitative Research Design

Descriptive Research
• Goal
• To observe and report on a certain phenomenon
• Variables and Experimental Manipulations
• Variables are measured as they occur.
• Experimental manipulation is not used.
• Data Collection Technique
• Questionnaire/Observation

Correlation Research
• Goal
• To determine the nature of relationship between variables
without looking into the cause
• Variables are measured as they occur.
• Questionnaire/Observation

Ex-post Facto Research
• Goal
• To infer the causes of a phenomenon which has already occurred.
• Groups exposed to the presumed cause are compared with those
who are not exposed to it.
• Questionnaire

Ex-post Facto Research
• Goal
• To infer the causes of a phenomenon which has already occurred.
• Groups exposed to the presumed cause are compared with those
who are not exposed to it.
• Questionnaire

Quasi-experimental Research
• Goal
• To establish cause and effect relationship
• Experimental manipulation may have limited use.
• Intact (i.e., established) groups are used, individual subjects are
randomly assigned to the treatment and control groups.
• Tests

Experimental Research
• Goal
• To establish cause- and- effect relationships
• Experimental manipulation is used.
• Intact groups are not used, individual subjects are randomly assigned to the
treatment and control groups.
• The random assignment of individual subjects provide more conclusiveness
as to the causal relationships between the variables
• Tests

Importance of
Across Fields

Research is the bedrock of
science.

Quantitative Research in Education
• could be done to improve educational practices that may lead
to more quality learning of the students
• action research
• could improve the quality of education and cater the needs of all
students taking into consideration their background and differences
• validates, test and challenge existing educational practices
that may lead to reforms which more contextualized, localized
and responsive to the needs of the learners

Quantitative Research in Accounting
Business and Management
• can help design a new product service figuring out what is
needed
• to ensure that the development of a product is highly targeted
towards demands
• research results can be utilized to guarantee sufficient
distribution of products and decide where they need to
increase their product distribution
• important for any organization to remain competitive in the
market

Quantitative Research in Accounting
Business and Management (con’t)
• primary function of research in ABM
• to correctly determine its customers and their preferences
• establish an enterprise in its most feasible location
• deliver quality goods and services
• analyze what the competitors are doing
• find ways on how to continuously satisfy the growing and varied
client’s needs

Quantitative Research in Science,
technology, Engineering and Mathematics
• medical practitioners conduct researches to obtain significant
information about;
• disease trends and risks factors
• results of various health interventions
• patterns of care and health care cost and use
• researches help in determining the effectiveness and even side
effects of drugs and therapies in different population
• evaluating experiences in clinical practice to provide mechanisms
for best practices to ensure high quality patient care

Quantitative Research in Science, technology,
Engineering and Mathematics (cont’d)
• for engineers, architects and other builders
• research helps in providing designs that are creatively beautiful
and at the same time give more convenience
• efficiency as they utilize modern technology to adopt to the
ever-changing society
• new materials and procedures may be developed to further
strengthen the structural materials that can withstand various
calamities and disasters

Quantitative Research in Humanities and Social
Sciences
• research aims to provide solutions to the social problems felt by
people
• researches in the field deal more on the following:
• societal behaviors
• social issues
• stress, worker ethics, organizational commitment, leadership style,
child labor, teenage pregnancy, human trafficking, drug addiction and
other forms or criminality

Quantitative Research in Humanities and Social
Sciences (cont’d)
• lead to the understanding of social interactions that may lead to
the formulation of new theories and practices that contribute to
societal development and welfare

Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields
Field Contribution/Application Example
Agriculture and • Increase the yield of crops The effectiveness of organic
Fisheries • Prevention and cure for crops and inorganic fertilizer to
and livestock diseases vegetable production.
Sports • Enhance athletic performance Diet and exercise techniques

for different kinds of sports.
Arts and Design • Relationship between color and The effects of music on
architectural space learning and behavior.
• Multimedia use and adaptation
for recreation, business
marketing and lifestyle
changes.

Three Blind Men and the Elephant

First Man (whose hand

landed on the trunk) -
"This being is like a thick
snake".

Second Man (whose hand

reached its ear) - it
seemed like a kind of fan

Third Man (who placed his

hand upon its side) - "is a
wall".

1. What characteristic did

the three blind men
have that is similar to a
researcher?
2. How is research
applicable to this
situation?

Variables and Their
Uses

Variable
• a characteristic of an individual or organization that can
be observed and measure
• can vary among people or organizations being studied
(Creswell, 2002)
• Bernard (1994) defines variables as something that can
take more than one value, and values can be words or
numbers

Variables
• variation within a class of objects
• any element which can be measured for quantity or
quality
• when conducting a quantitative study, you are expected
to measure or figure out the relationship of variables

Variables
quality
• when conducting a quantitative study, you are expected
to measure or figure out the relationship of variables

Variables
quality
• when conducting a quantitative study, you are
expected to measure or figure out the relationship
of variables

Variables based on nature
VARIABLE
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
(Numerical) (Categorical)
Discreet Continuous Nominal Ordinal Dichotomous
68
• Quantitative Variables
A. Discrete variables
a. countable whole numbers
b. does not take negative values or values between fixed points
c. for example: number of students in a class, group size and
frequency
B. Continuous variables
a. take fractional (non-whole number) values that can either be a
positive or a negative
b. example: height, temperature

Numerical data have two levels of measurement, namely:
A. Interval
a. have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of
numbers
Examples:
Employee’s Net worth
pH level
Body temperature

Numerical data have two levels of measurement, namely:
B. Ratio
a. lie along the evenly dispersed range of numbers when there
is an absolute zero
b. has a clear definition of zero
Examples:
dose amount
concentration
weight
distance
length

• Qualitative Variables
• also referred to as Categorical Variables are not
expressed in numbers but are descriptions or
categories
• dichotomous, nominal, and ordinal

A. Dichotomous
a. consisting of only two distinct categories or values
b. for example, a response to a question either be a yes or no

b. Nominal variable
a. simply defines groups of subjects
b. represent categories that cannot be ordered in any particular way
Examples:
Biological sex (male/female)
Blood type
Nationality
Eye color
Religion

C. Ordinal variable
a. a variable is ranked in a certain order
b. represent categories that can be ordered from greatest to smallest
Examples:
grade level
satisfaction rating
socio-economic status
rank

Variables by category
VARIABLE
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
86
Variables based by category
• Independent variable
• manipulated or controlled or changed
• probably cause, influence, or affect outcomes

• Independent variable
Example:
A study on the relationship of parental support and academic
performance of Senior High School students in Anakan National
High School.
PARENTAL SUPPORT is the independent variable

because it influenced the outcome or the performance of the
students.
• Dependent variable
• depend on the independent variables
• they are the outcomes or results on the influence of the
independent variable

• Dependent variable
Example:
A study on the relationship of parental support and academic
performance of Senior High School students in Anakan National
High School.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SHS students is the dependent
variable because it is depending on the kind of parental support
showed which makes their performance high or low.
• Intervening variable
• “stand between” the independent and dependent variables
• they show the effects of the independent variable on the
dependent variable

• Intervening variable
• “stand between” the independent and dependent variables
• they show the effects of the independent variable on the
dependent variable
• an undesired variable that can influence the results of an
experiment/study

• Intervening variables
Example:
A teacher-researcher is studying the effect of cooperative
learning activities (i.e., structure group work) toward the
academic achievement in science.

Independent variable Dependent variable
Cooperative Academic
Learning Achievement of
Students in Science
Intervening Variables
Student Trait:
Extrovert
Introvert

• Extraneous variables
• any variable not categorized as a dependent or
independent variable in a study
• an undesired variable that can influence the results of an
experiment

Intervening variables
Smoking Cancer
(Assumed cause) (Assumed effect)
Independent variable Dependent variable
Affect the relationship
• Th age of the person

• The extent of his/her smoking
• The duration of smoking
• The extent of daily exercise
• Dietary habits
Extraneous variables
96
Activity 1
Direction: Identify the level of measurement involved in the
following research situations. (Interval, Ratio, Nominal, Ordinal)
1. The Spotify Top 50 songs in Philippines.
2. A fashion designer shares the top 10 most famous fashion
statement for the year.
3. Mrs. Gabayeron, STEM 11 adviser surveys her students’
health status whether it is normal, overweight, obese, wasted,
or severely wasted.
4. Ms. Rea, the Doctor’s secretary determines the weight of the
baby being brought to the clinic for treatment.

Activity 1
following research situations
5. A student wants to determine the average of the correct

answers that he got from the last Practical Research 2 quiz.
6. A researcher wants to find out the number of hours that the
Senior High School TVL students spent in using social media.
7. A veterinary assistant records the breeds of dogs that are
being brought for treatment in the veterinary clinic.

Activity 1
following research situations
9. A teacher asks the class on the degree of difficulty (easy,

moderate, or difficult) they experienced in their last periodic
examination in mathematics.
10.A geoscientist from the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical,
and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
determines the daily temperature for June.

References
Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Razavieh, A., & Sorensen, C. K. (2009). Introduction to research in Education.
Cengage Learning.
Fraenkel, J., Hyun, H., & Wallen, N. (2011). How to design and Evaluate research in Education.
McGraw-Hill Education.

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Introduction to

Practical Research 2 | Anakan National High School 1

Practical Research 2 | Anakan National High School 2

• organized and systematic study of the parameters of a

Practical Research 2 | Anakan National High School 3

• organized and systematic study of the parameters of a

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• summarize our data, describing patterns, relationships, and

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1. Quantitative research can be replicated or repeated.

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Sports • Enhance athletic performance Diet and exercise techniques

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First Man (whose hand

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Second Man (whose hand

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Third Man (who placed his

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1. What characteristic did

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Discreet Continuous Nominal Ordinal Dichotomous

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