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CERTC Ð ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING R G S Review Guide Series Physics R G S 2

PHYSICS 1 II. Newton's Laws of Motion

39. If a 5-kg bowling ball is projected upward 46. A steel tape is calibrated at 20¡C. On a cold
Contents:
with a velocity of 2.0 m/s, then what is the day when the temperature is - 15¡C, what First Law: The Law of Inertia
recoil velocity of the Earth (mass = 6.0 x will be the percent error in the tape? 1. Force and Motion
2. NewtonÕs Laws NewtonÕs first law of motion states that if the
1024 kg). A. -0.039%* C. -0.0039%
3. Impulse and Momentum body is at rest, it will remain at rest, if it is in
A. 1.67x10-23 m/s (downward)* B. 0.029% D. -0.0029%
4. Collisions motion, it will remain in motion with constant
B. 2.67x10-23 m/s (downward)
5. Work, Energy and Power speed in a straight line unless there is a net
C 3.67*10-23 m/s (downward) 47. A glass flask is filled Ò to the markÓ with 50
D.4.67*10-23 m/s (downward) cm3 of mercury at 18¡C. If the flask and its 6. Thermal Expansion force acting upon it.
contents are heated to 38¡C, how much 7. Lenses
40. An inverted image is magnified by 2 when mercury will be above the mark? 8. Mirrors ? Fnet = 0
the object is placed 22 cm in front of a ³glass=9.0x10-6/¡C and ´mercury=182x10-6/¡C.
double convex lens. Determine the image A. 0.25 cm3 C. 0.67 cm3 I. Force
3
distance and the focal length of the lens. B. 0.15 cm * D. 0.12 cm3 Force may be defined as any influence Second Law: The Law of Acceleration
A. d=44 cm, f = 14.67 cm* which tends to change the motion of an If a net force ÒFÓ acting on the body of mass
B. d=85 cm, f = 18.36 cm 48. The density of mercury at exactly 0¡C is object. ÒmÓ is not zero, the body accelerates in the
C. d=75 cm, f = 24.32 cm 13,600 kg/m3, and its volume expansion
The Four Fundamental Forces in the direction of the force. The acceleration ÒaÓ is
D. d=10 cm, f = 19.24 cm coefficient is 1.82x10-4 ¡C-1. Calculate the
Universe: proportional to the force and inversely
density of mercury at 50¡C.
41. A double convex lens has faces of radii 16 proportional to the mass of the body.
A. 12.5 x103 kg/m3 C. 13.5 x103 kg/m3* 1. Gravity force
and 18 cm. When an object is 20 cm from 3 3
B. 15.3 x10 kg/m D. 18.5 x103 kg/m3 2. Electromagnetic Force
the lens, a real image is formed 30 cm from
3. Nuclear Weak Force F
the lens. What is the focal length of the lens? a= or F = ma
A. 25 cm C. 85 cm 4. Strong Force m
49. A 5.0 kg object is to be given an upward
B. 12 cm* D. 100 cm
acceleration of 0.30 m/s2 by a rope pulling Third Law: The Law of Action and Reaction
42. To view an image of yourself in a plane
straight upward on it. What must be the
mirror, you will need an amount of mirror To every action there is always an equal and
tension in the rope?
equal to ______ of your height. opposite reaction.
A. 51 N* C. 39 N
A. 1/2* C. 1/4
B. 12 N D. 45 N
B. 2/3 D. 3/4
? F2 = F1 F2
43. Sand drops at a rate of 2000 kg/mi from the 50. An 8000 kg engine pulls a 40,000 kg train F1
bottom of a hopper onto a belt conveyer along a level track and gives it an III. NewtonÕs Universal Law of
moving horizontally at 250 m/min. Determine acceleration a1 = 1.20 m/s2. What
Gravitation
the force needed to drive the conveyer, acceleration a2 would the engine give to a
neglecting friction. 16,000 kg train?
A. 250 N C. 139 N* A. 5.1 m/s2 C. 2.4 m/s2* Newton's Law of Gravitation states that
B. 120 N D. 100 N B. 1.2 m/s2 D. 4.5 m/s2 the force on a spherical object of
The SI unit of force is Newton. mass m1 due to the gravitational pull of
44. A copper bar is 80 cm long at 15¡C. What is mass m2 is:
the increase in length when it is heated to m
1 N = 1 kg
35¡C? For copper ³ = 1.7 x 10-5 /¡C. GOD BLESS! s2
A. 2.7 x 10-4 m* C. 1.9 x 10-4 m Units of force:
B. 1.2 x 10-4 m D. 3.2 x 10-4 m
Units = =
45. An iron ball has a diameter of 6 cm and is 2
1N 1 kg - m/s
0.010 mm too large to pass through a hole in 2
a brass plate when the ball and the plate are 1 Dyn 1 gm - cm/s
at a temperature of 30¡C. At what 1 pdl 1 lbm - ft/s
2 Gm1m2
F=
r2
2 2
temperature will the ball just pass through 1 lbf 32.2lbm- ft/s 1 slug-ft/s
the hole? ³iron= 1.2x10-5 ¡C-1 and ³brass= 1 kgf 9.81kg- m/s
2
9.81 Newton Where:
1.9x10-5 ¡C-1 1 gf 981gm- cm/s
2
981 dynes m2
A. 54¡C* C. 67¡C Sthene 1000N G = 6.72 × 10211 N 2
B. 57¡C D. 65¡C kip 1000lbf kg2

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CERTC Ð ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
III. Impulse and Momentum
ΠImpulse
Impulse is the product of force and the
time it acts.
I = Ft
 Momentum
Momentum is the product of the mass and
the velocity of the body.
P = mv
Ž Impulse - Momentum Theorem
Impulse is equal to the change in
momentum.
Ft = mv 2 2 mv1
 The Law of Conservation of Momentum
When two bodies of masses m1 and m2
collide, the total momentum before
impact is equal to the total momentum
after impact.
Equation:
Pbefore impact = Pafter impact
m1v1 + m2v 2 = m1v1' + m2v '2
02
R G
IV. Collisions
A collision occurs when two or more objects
hit each other. When objects collide, each
object feels a force for a short amount of
time. This force imparts an impulse, or
changes the momentum of each of the
colliding objects. But if the
system of particles is
isolated, we know that
momentum is conserved.
Therefore, while the
momentum of each
individual particle involved
in the collision changes, the total
momentum of the system remains constant.
Types of Collisions:
1. Elastic collision Ð is a collision
which conserves kinetic energy
v1
Conservation of Momentum Equation:
m1v1 + m2v 2 = m1v1' + m2v '2
2. Inelastic collision Ð is a collision
which does not conserve energy.
v1
v’
Conservation of Momentum Equation:
m1v1 + m2v 2 = (m1 + m2 ) v c
A Perfectly inelastic collision Ð is the
collision which the object sticks together
afterward. In such collisions the KE loss is
maximum.
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S Review Guide Series Physics R G S 2
26. Scientists have recently developed a 33. How many images can be formed by a right
powerful pulse laser for research in angle mirrors?
materials. Find the its energy output in watts A. 2 C. 1
for the following condition of 200 GJ in 35 B. 3* D. 4
seconds.
34. A convex mirror has a focal length of 15.0
A. 6.0 GW C. 6.5 GW
cm. An object 4.0 cm-tall is placed on its
B. 7.02 GW D. 5.71 GW *
principal axis. Locate and describe the
27. An iron rod is 60 cm long at 0oC. How much image when the object is a distance from the
will it expand when heated to 80oC? mirror equal to 15.0 cm.
Coefficient of linear expansion of iron is 1.1 x A. 2.5 cm from the mirror
10-5/oC B. 3.5 cm from the mirror
a. 5.3 x 10-2 cm * C. 3.3 x 10-2 cm C. 5.5 cm from the mirror
-2
b. 4.3 x 10 cm D. 2.3 x 10-2 cm D. 7.5 cm from the mirror*
28. If Alex stands 3 feet in front of a plane 35. The surface of a concave mirror is pointed
mirror, how far from him will his image be towards the sun. Light from the sun hits the
located? mirror and converges to a point. How far is
A. 3.5 ft. C. 6 ft.* this converging point from the mirror's
B. 4.5 ft. D. 9 ft surface if the radius of curvature (R) of the
mirror is 150 cm?
29. If a toddler crawls towards a mirror at a rate A. 25 cm C. 85 cm
of 0.25 m/s, then at what speed will the B. 75 cm* D. 100 cm
toddler and the toddler's image approach
each other? 36. Efren ÒBataÓ Reyes strikes a 100g billiard
A. 0.75 m/s C. 0.65 m/s ball traveling 3m/s at 25 degrees to the side
V2 ’ B. 0.50 m/s* D. 1.0 m/s of the table. If it hits the side of the table and
bounces back at 2m/s, 45 degrees to the
30. An 8.0g bullet is fired horizontally into a 9.0- side of the table, what is the change in
kg cube of wood, which is at rest, and sticks momentum of the ball?
in it. The cube is free to move and has a A. 0.31 N-s (63¡ to the side of the table)*
speed of 40 cm/s after impact. Find the initial B. 0.45 N-s (53¡ to the side of the table)
velocity of the bullet. C. 0.75 N-s (43¡ to the side of the table)
A. 250 m/s C. 850 m/s B. 0.15 N-s (33¡ to the side of the table)
B. 450 m/s* D. 150 m/s
37. Two identical balls collide head-on. The
31. A biconcave lens has a focal length of 15.0 initial velocity of one is 0.75 m/s Eeast, while
cm. An object 4.0 cm-tall is placed on its that of the other is 0.43 m/s West. If the
principal axis. Locate and describe the collision is perfectly elastic, what is the final
image when the object is at a distance from velocity of each ball?
the lens equal to 5.0 cm. A. 0.75 m/s, -0.43 m/s* C. 2.1 m/s, -0.75 m/s
A. 2.75 cm from the lens B. 0.65 m/s, -0.24 /s D. 0.55 /s, - 0.86 m/s
B. 1.35 cm from the lens
B. 3.75 cm from the lens* 38. A rocket standing on its launch platform
D. 4.25 cm from the lens points straight upward. Its jet engines are
32. A concave mirror has a focal length of 15.0
activated and eject gas at a rate of 1500
kg/s. The molecules are expelled with a
cm. An object 4.0 cm-tall is placed on its
speed of 50 km/s. How much mass can the
principal axis. How far is the image from the
rocket initially have if it is slowly to rise
mirror when the object is a distance from the because of the thrust of the engines?
mirror equal to 10.0 cm?
A. 5.7x106 kg C. 8.7x106 kg
A. 22 cm C. 15 cm
B. 6.7x106 kg D. 7.7x106 kg
B. 30 cm * D. 40 cm
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CERTC Ð ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING R G S Review Guide Series Physics R G S 2

10. An electric hoist is used to lift a 250 kg load 18. If 5,000 J of work is used to raise a 102 kg Collisions in Two Dimensions:  If a ball is thrown at an angle »1 with the
to a height of 80 m in 39.2 s. What is the crate to a shelf in a warehouse, how high Two-dimensional collisions can be treated in normal to a smooth surface and rebounds
power of the hoist motor in hp? was the crate raised? exactly the same way as their one-dimensional at an angle »2:
A. 6.7 hp * C. 4.7 hp A. 4 m C. 6 m counterparts.
B. 5.3 hp D. 7.8 hp B. 5 m* D. 7 m The significant
tan »1
difference is that e=
11. What potential energy is acquired by a block 19. A man 1.7 m tall is standing 2.50 m in front you will have to tan »2
of steel whose mass is 50 kg when it is of a camera. The camera uses a converging break the
raised 5.0 m? lens whose focal length is 0.0500 m. What is trajectories of Where:
A. 2750 J C. 2500 J * the magnification of the lens? objects down into x-
B. 2700 J D. 2600 J A. 0.0530 C. 0.0478 »1 = angle with respect to the normal
and y-components:
B. 0.0312 D. 0.0204 * momentum is »2 = angle of rebound
12. An object located 20 cm in front of a convex conserved in
mirror forms an image 10 cm behind the 20. A converging lens of 5.0 cm focal length is the x direction, and V. WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
mirror. What is the focal length of the mirror? used as a simple magnifier, producing a momentum is 8

A. Ð 10 cm C. Ð 20 cm * virtual image 25 cm from the eye. How far conserved in

B. Ð 15 cm D. Ð 25 cm from the lens should the object be placed? þ WORK
the y direction.
What is the magnification? The work W done by a force F is defined
13. What is the potential energy of a block which A. 6.2 C. 7.1 Conservation of Momentum Equation: as the product of the force and
weighs 40 lb when it is lifted from the floor to B. 5.9 * D. 8.2
displacement in the direction of the force.
a table 3 feet high? Pbefore impact( x) = Pafter impact( x)
A. 120 ft-lb * C. 240 ft-lb 21. A hammer with a 3-lb head is used to drive a
B. 60 ft-lb D. 180 ft-lb nail a wooden board. If the hammer is
moving at 15 ft/s when it strikes the nail and Pbefore impact( y) = Pafter impact( y)
14. A 15 g bullet is fired with a velocity of 200 the nail moves ½ in. into the board, find the
m/s from a 6 kg rifle. What is the recoil average force the hammer exerts on the nail. Coefficient of Restitution, e:
velocity of the rifle? A. 246 lbf C. 251 lbf
A. 0.3 m/s C. 0.5 m/s * B. 249 lbf D. 253 lbf * ? W = Fscos » or W = Fs (if » = 0)
Relative velocity of recession v '2 2 v1'
B. 0.4 m/s D. 0.6 m/s e= =
22. When an object is placed 20 in. from a Relative velocity of approach v1 2 v 2
15. On Earth, an astronaut and equipment weigh Where:
certain lens, its virtual image is formed 10 in. s = displacement, (m)
1,960 N. While weightless in space, the from the lens. Determine the focal length. Where:
astronaut fires a 100 N rocket backpack for 2 A. Ð 14 in C. Ð 18 in e = 0 ³ for perfectly inelastic collision » = angle between the force and the
seconds. What is the resulting velocity of the B. Ð 16 in D. Ð 20 in * e = 1 ³ for perfectly elastic collision displacement, (degree)
astronaut and equipment?
23. A 1325-kg car, C, moving north at 27.0 m/s, Special Cases: (Solving coefficient of restitution)
A. 0.5 m/s C. 2 m/s þ ENERGY
B. 1.5 m/s D. 1 m/s * collides with a 2165-kg car, D, moving east at Œ If a ball is dropped from a height ÒhoÓ upon
11.0 m/s. The two cars are stuck together. In a floor and rebounds to a height of ÒhrÓ, Energy is defined as the capability of
16. What is the velocity of a 1,000 kg car if its
what direction and with what speed do they the coefficient of restitution between the doing work.
kinetic energy is 200 kJ?
move after the collision? ball and the floor is:
A. 18 m/s C. 20 m/s *
A. 12.3 m/s @ 56.4¡* C. 11.3 m/s @ 62.4¡ ŒPotential Energy - is the energy
B. 19 m/s D. 21 m/s
B. 13.2 m/s @ 46.5¡ D. 21.3 m/s @ 66.4¡ possessed by an object by virtue
17. A bicycle and rider have a combined mass of 24. A baseball has a mass of 0.14 kg. If it is hr
e= of its position or configuration.
70 kg and are moving at 6 m/s. A 70 kg thrown with a velocity of 7.5 m/s, what is its ho
person is now given a ride on the bicycle kinetic energy?
(total mass is 140 kg). How did the addition A. 5.2 J C. 3.9 J * TYPES OF POTENTIAL ENERGY
Where:
of the new rider change the kinetic energy at B. 4.8 J D. 2.8 J
hr = height of rebound Ü GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
the same speed?
25. What horsepower engine is required to hoist Gravitational Potential Energy is the energy
A. KE does not change ho = original height
100 tons of coal per hour from a mine 200 ft possessed by the object due to its vertical
B. KE reduces to half
deep?
C. KE doubles * separation from the earth. The "stored" energy
A. 19.2 hp C. 20.2 hp *
D. KE quadruples is held within the gravitational field.
B. 19.8 hp D. 20.8 hp

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CERTC Ð ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING R G S Review Guide Series Physics R G S 2

ENERGY FORMULA: WORK-ENERGY THEOREM 12. On an ordinary day, the temperature 2. A ball is dropped from a height of 6 m above
containing 400 cu.m. of air is 30¡C. During the floor. If it rebounds to a height of 5 m,
PE = mgh The work-energy theorem states that when determine the coefficient of restitution.
the El Nino phenomenon, the temperature
? PEgrav. = Wh work is done on an object, the result is a change A. 0.810 C. 0.913*
rises to 40¡C. What volume of air leaves the
in kinetic energy. B. 0.751 D. 0.255
? PEgrav. = mgh Gravitational room through an open window? Coefficient
h
Potential Energy of volume expansion of air is 3670 x 10-6 per
Work = —KE 3. Find the kinetic energy (ft-lb) of a bullet
¡C.
Where: weighing 0.10 lb if its velocity is 2.0 x 103
W = weight of the object PE = 0 þ POWER 13. A slide projector is to be used with its lens ft/s.
m = mass of the abject Power is equal to the work done, divided by 6.0 m from a screen. If a projected image 1.5 A. 8.2 x 103 C. 7.2 x 103
g = gravitational acceleration: the time taken to do the work. m square of a slide 50 mm square is B. 6.3 x 103 * D. 5.7 x 103
2 2 2
= 9.8 m/s , 980 cm/s , 32.2 ft/s desired, what should the focal length of the
W Fçs lens be? 4. A candle is held 3.0 in. from a concave
?P= = = Fv mirror whose radius is 24 in. Where is the
Ü ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY t t
14. A nearsighted person has a far point located image of the candle?
Elastic Potential Energy is the energy
only 521 cm from the eye. Assuming that A. Ð 4 in * C. Ð 3 in
<stored= in a stretched or compressed elastic Units of Power:
eyeglasses are to be worn 2 cm in from of B. Ð 2 in D. Ð 5 in
material such as a spring.
1 watt = 1 J / s = 107 ergs / s the eye, find the focal length needed for the
diverging lenses of the glasses so the man 5. A 70-kg astronaut is ÒfloatingÓ inside a
1 hp = 550 ft 2 lb / s = 746 watts spaceship that is in a circular orbit at an
1 can see distant objects.
? PEelastic = kx2 VI. Thermal Expansion altitude of 207 km above the earth, where
2 the gravitational field intensity is 9.2 N/kg.
ΠCOEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION 15. A certain farsighted eye cannot see objects
distinctly when they are closer than 1.00 m What is the magnitude of the force of gravity
The coefficient of linear expansion is the
away. Find the power in diopters of a on the astronaut?
change in length per unit length per A. 724 N C. 548 N
Where: degree rise in temperature. correcting lens that will enable this eye to
k = spring constant read a letter 25 cm away. B. 882 N D. 644 N *
x = stretched or compressed distance —L 6. The Sun is 1.5 x 108 km from Earth, and the
?³= 16. A lens has a convex surface of radius 17 cm
L o —t speed of light is 3.00 x 108 m/s. How many
Note: Elastic potential energy is equivalent to and a concave surface of radius 38 cm and minutes elapse as light travels from the Sun
the work done on a spring. Where: is made of glass of refractive index 1.55. to Earth?
Calculate the focal length of the lens and A. 8.33 min * C. 10.33 min
³ = coefficient of linear expansion classify the type of lens whether diverging or
Kinetic Energy - is the energy B. 9.33 min D. 11.33 min
Lo = original length converging?
possessed by an object because
—L = Lf 3 Lo = change in length 7. What is the power of a diverging lens (in
of its motion.
—t = tf 3 to = change in temperature 17. A concave shaving mirror has a focal length diopters) whose focal length is Ð 20 cm?
of 40 cm. How far away from it should oneÕs A. Ð 5.0 * C. Ð 4.0
v  COEFFICIENT OF VOLUME EXPANSION
Ë face be for the reflected image to be erect B. 5.0 D. 4.0
The coefficient of volume expansion for a and twice its actual size?
material is the change in volume per unit A. 20 cm * C. 24 cm 8. A plano-convex lens of focal length 12 cm in
volume per degree rise in temperature. B. 22 cm D. 26 cm air is to be made of glass of refractive index
1 1.50. What should be the radius of curvature
? KEtranslation = mv 2 of the curved surface?
2 —V
?³= A. 7 cm C. 6 cm *
1 Vo —t TAKE-HOME PROBLEMS
? KErotation = IË2 B. 4 cm D. 5 cm
2 9. An astronaut is in space at rest relative to an
Where: 4 orbiting spacecraft. His total weight is 300
1. A 1.96 x 10 N car traveling in the +x Ð
Where: ³ = coefficient of linear expansion lb., and he throws away a 1-lb wrench at a
direction makes a fast stop ; the component
m = mass Vo = original volume velocity of 15 ft /s relative to the spacecraft.
of the net force acting on it is -1.5 x 104 N.
I = mass moment of inertia How fast does he move off in the opposite
—V = Vf 3 Vo = change in volume What is its acceleration?
v = velocity, m/s direction?
—t = tf 3 to = change in temperature A. - 7.51 m/s2 * C. 2.57 m/s2
2 A. 0.20 ft/s C. 0.15 ft/s
Ë = angular velocity, rad/s B. 3.15 m/s D. 1.89 m/s2
B. 0.05 ft/s * D. 0.10 ft/s

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CERTC Ð ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING R G S Review Guide Series Physics R G S 2

3. A 16 gm mass is moving at 30 cm/s while a A converging lens is called:

Œ Convex Spherical Mirror 4 gram mass is moving in opposite direction Ž COEFFICIENT OF AREA EXPANSION
at 50 cm/s. They collide head on and stick ü Bi-convex if both surfaces curve
In a convex mirror, parallel beams become together. What is the velocity after the —A
divergent, with the rays appearing to diverge ? ³A = outward
collision? A o —t ü Plano-convex if it has one flat
from a common point of intersection "behind"
the mirror. 4. A 10 gm block slides with a velocity of 20 surface and one convex surface.
cm/s on a smooth level surface and makes a Relationships among coefficients of Thermal ü Converging meniscus - if the
head on collision with 30 gram block moving Expansions: concave side (curving inward) is
in the opposite direction with a velocity of 10 less pronounced than the convex
cm/s. If the collision is perfectly elastic what —L side (bulging outward).
= ³—t ³ linear expansion
is the velocity of the 30 gram block after the L
collision? —A
= 2³—t ³ area expansion
A
5. A 7500 Ðkg truck raveling at 5.0 m/s east
—V
Spherical Mirror Formulas: collides with a 1500-kg car moving at 20 m/s = 3³—t ³ volume expansion
in a direction 30¡ south of west. After V

R collision, the two vehicles remain tangled

Focal length: f= together. With what speed and in what VII. Lenses
2
direction does the wreckage begin to move?
Lenses are transparent substances bounded by  A Concave or Diverging lens is thicker at its
1 1 1 6. What work is performed in dragging a sled two non-parallel surfaces, or by one plane edges and parallel light rays will appear to
The Mirror Equation: + = 50 ft horizontally without acceleration when surface and one curved surface that forms an originate from the virtual focus.
do di f
the force of 60 lbs is transmitted by a rope image by refracting and focusing light passing
making an angle of 30 deg with the ground? through it.
Linear Magnification:
7. By the use of a pulley a man raises a load of Assumed path of Light rays Light rays
size of the image hi d 50 kg to a height of 15 m in 65 seconds.
m= = =2 i Determine the average power required.
I
size of the object ho do M O
B
A J
Where: 8. The bob of a pendulum has its rest point 100 G
E
C
do = distance of the image from the mirror cm below the support. The bob is pulled T
E A diverging lens is called:
di = distance of the object from the mirror aside until the string makes an angle of 15¡ Light rays
with the vertical. Upon release, with what
speed does the bob swing past its rest ü Biconcave lens - if both sides
Note: Use this formula for both concave and convex curving inward.
point?
mirrors ü Plano-concave - if it has one flat
TYPES OF LENSES surface and one concave
9. A billiard ball is placed 50 cm above a 30¡
inclined plane, determine its velocity at the surface.
foot of the inclined plane ?
Œ A Convex or Converging Lens is thicker at ü Diverging meniscus if the concave
SAMPLE PROBLEMS its center, and parallel light rays will side (curving inward) is more
10. What average force is necessary to stop a converge to the real focus. pronounced than the convex side
bullet of mass 20 grams and a speed of 250 (bulging outward).
1. A 6.6 x 104 N car traveling with a speed of
m/s as it penetrates a wood to a distance of
30 kph strikes an obstruction and is brought
12 cm ?
to rest in 0.10 s What is the average force on
the car ?
11. If cylinder of diameter 1.0 cm at 30¡C is be
slid into a hole on a steel plate. The hole has
2. A 4 gm bullet is fired from a 5 kg gun with a
speed of 600 m/s. What is the speed of diameter of 0.99970 cm at 30¡C. To what
recoil of the gun ? temperature the plate must be heated?
Coefficient of linear expansion for steel is 1.1
x 10-5 per ¡C.

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CERTC Ð ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING R G S Review Guide Series Physics R G S 2

MAGNIFICATION For two lenses placed at a distance s Spherical Mirrors

Thin Lens Equation: apart , the equivalent focal length of the Spherical mirrors can be thought of as a portion
Magnification refers to the process of
The position, size and nature of an image in a combination is: of a sphere that was sliced away and then
enlarging objects only in appearance, not
converging or diverging lens can be silvered on one of the sides to form a reflecting
in physical size. This enlargement is
determined by the use of the following: 1 1 1 s surface. Concave mirrors were silvered on the
described by a number called = + 2
"magnification" or Òmagnification factorÓ F f1 f2 f1f2 inside of the sphere and convex mirrors were
(M or m). silvered on the outside of the sphere.
1 1 1
= +
f di do ? Note: If the magnification number or Total Power in Diopters:
magnification factor is less than one, then it
Where: refers to a reduction in size, which is PT = P1 + P2
do = distance of the object from the lens: sometimes called "minification" or "de-
always positive magnification".
VII. Mirrors
di = distance of the image from the lens:
(+d i) real image , (-di) virtual image LINEAR MAGNIFICATION or TRANSVERSE Plane Mirrors
f = focal length: MAGNIFICATION
(+f) converging lens , (-f) diverging lens For real images (i.e. images projected on In a plane mirror, a parallel beam of light changes
a screen), size means a linear dimension its direction as a whole, while still remaining
(i.e. measured in centimeters or inches). parallel; the images formed by a plane mirror are
LENÕS MAKER FORMULA virtual images, of the same size as the original
Linear magnification is the ratio of the object.
The focal length of a lens of refractive size of the image to the size of the object The Anatomy of Spherical Mirror:
index n placed in a medium of refractive
index nm and having radii of curvature R1 size of image
and R2 is given by the formula: Magnification =
size of object
The Mirror Equation:
1 » n ¿» 1 1 ¿ d s
= ¿ -1¿ ¿ + ¿ M= - i = i
f ¿ nm £ ¿ R1 R2 £ do so 1 1 1
+ =
do di f
If nm is not given, use nm = 1.0 (air), it is POWER OF A LENS
assumed that the medium where the lens The power of a lens is the amount by
is placed is air. which the lens can change the curvature Note, For plane mirror, the magnification factor
of a wave. It is the reciprocal of the focal (M) is always equal to 1.
length of the lens expressed in meters. It ΠConcave Spherical Mirror
The minimum length of a plane mirror required for
1 » 1 1 ¿ is measured in diopters (D).
= (n 2 1) ¿ + ¿ someone to view their entire image equals half In a concave mirror, parallel beams of light
f ¿ R1 R2 £ their height. becomes a convergent beam, whose rays
1 intersect in the focus of the mirror.
PowerDIOPTERS = P =
Where: f meters Image Speed in a Plane Mirror:
f = focal length:
SERIES LENSES Speed = 2v
(+f) converging lens and (-f) diverging lens
When two lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2
are placed in contact with one another,
R1 and R2 = radius of curvature of the surface of the lens: they serve as a single lens whose
convex surface à (+R) equivalent focal length F is:
concave surface à(-R)
1 1 1 1 1
plano surface or plane surface àR = > ; = = 0 = +
R > F f1 f2

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