GIEINIF RSAEDNDKA

R@ZS@RSA HIM GDXA\ISA

Dn`f

9. Ma [iyim Sra [ifyuma (R2;9:2:912<;)

:. A Gih` Ximtra Ritriyimi (R2;9:2:912<1)

3. Eih`e Lrimsasei Samtyi H`wa (R2;9:2:912;8)

8. \`mi F`rnami Firgam (R2;9:2:91268)

S.Xr E`p`riwitim / :J E@G@MX@ZAIM

E@S@FIXIM ZA
RDNAX@EMAE E@S@FIXIM H@MRISIZ
OPZPSIM E@R@ZI[IXIM
:2:2/:2:9
a
 EIXI R@MKIMXIZ

Ruoa syueur eiga pimoiteim e`fiharit

e`fiharit Xufim Qimk Gifi @si eir`mi h`mkim rifgit him

eirumai-Myi
eirumai-Myi eiga hipit g`my`n`siaeim
g`my`n`siaeim tukis j`rupi gieinif yimk j`rouhun " GIEINIF
R@ZS@RSA HIM GDXA\ISA ‗. Eiga g`myihira jifwi gieinif ama j`nugnif s`gpurmi him
gisaf jimyie e`eurimkim, dn`f eir`mi atu eratae him sirim yimk g`gjimkum ha firipeim ikir
hipit g`gp`rjiaea
g`gp`rjiaea e`sinifim, him h`ga e`giouim hagisi yimk ieim hitimk. S`gdki Gieinif
Gieinif
ama jasi j`rgimliit jika eati s`gui.

H`mpisir, 93 Oimuira :2:9

R`myusum

a
:
 HILXIZ ASA

EIXI R@MKIMXIZ.....................................................................................................................:
HILXIZ ASA...................................................................................................................................3
JIJ A R@MHIFPNPIM................................................................................................................3
9.9. Nitir J`nieimk......................................................................................................................8
9.:. Zugusim Gisinif.................................................................................................................0
9.3. Xuouim Gisinif.....................................................................................................................0
JIJ AA R@GJIFISIM.................................................................................................................<
:.9. R`mk`rtaim R`rs`psa Him Gdtavisa........................................................................................<
:.:. O`mas,
O`mas, Lumksa R`rs`psa Him Gdtavisa..................................................................
Gdtavisa....................................................................................<
..................<
:.3. Syirit X`roihamyi him Rrds`s X`roihamyi R`rs`psa...............................................................1
:.8. Lietdr Qimk G`g`mkirufa X`roihamyi R`rs`psa Him Gdtavisa..........................................92

:.0. Kimkkuim R`rs`psa..............................................................................................................99

:.<. X`dra Gdtavisa.....................................................................................................................98
:.;. Lietdr Qimk G`gp`mkirufa Gdtavisa him Ciri G`gdtavisa............................................90
JIJ AAA R@MPXPR.......................................................................................................................96
3.9. E`sagpunim.........................................................................................................................96
HILXIZ RPSXIEI....................................................................................................................91

aa
 JIJ A
R@MHIFPNPIM

JIJ A R@MPNPI

9.9. Nitir J`nieimk

E`fahu
E`fahupim
pim amhava
amhavahu
hu s`oie
s`oie hanifa
hanifarei
reim
m tahie
tahie n`pis
n`pis hir
hiraa amt
amt`ri
`riesa
esa h`mkim
h`mkim na
namkeu
mkeumkim
mkim las
lasae
ae
giupum namkeumkim
namkeumkim sdsa
sdsain.
in. Hinig amt`riesa
amt`riesa ama, amhavahu
amhavahu g`m`r
g`m`ragi
agi rimksimk itiu stagunus
stagunus hira
nuir haramyi.
R`rs`psa g`rupieim prds`s iefar hira p`mkigitim yimk haiwina dn`f prds`s p`mkamh`riim
yiatu
yiatu prds`s
prds`s hat`ra
hat`ragim
gimyi
yi sta
stagun
gunus
us dn`f
dn`f init
init amh`ri
amh`ri,, e`guha
e`guhaim
im amhava
amhavahu
hu ihi p`rfit
p`rfitaim
aim,, nin
ninu
u
hat`ruseim e` dtie him jiru e`guhaim amhavahu g`myihira t`mtimk s`suitu yimk hamigieim
p`rs`psa. H`mkim p`rs`psa amhavahu g`myihira hipit g`mk`rta t`mtimk e`ihiim namkeumki yimk
ihi has`eatirmyi giupum t`mtimk fin yimk ihi hinig hara amhavahu yimk j`rsimkeutim.
Ihimyi e`amkamim him e`jutufim pihi hara amhavahu, g`gdtavisa amhavahu t`rs`jut umtue
g`g`mufamyi amhuvahu g`risi fius g`mkirifeim p`ranieumyi e` irif gamug, h`gaeaim puni
amhavahu
amhavahu yimk nipir ieim g`mkirifeim p`ranieumyi
p`ranieumyi e` irif gieimim h`gaeaim puni gifisaswi
gifisaswi
yi
yimk
mk fi
fius
us ie
ieim
im angu
angu e`
e`p`r
p`riw
iwit
itim
im ie
ieim
im g`mki
g`mkiri
rife
feim
im p`ran
p`ranie
ieum
umyi
yi e` ir
irif
if t`
t`rs
rs`ju
`jut.
t. Ha
jimhamkeim h`mkim amhavahu yimk tahie fius itiu tahie nipir, t`rmyiti amhavahu t`rs`jut
g`nieueim p`ranieu yimk n`jaf kait ha jimhamkeim yimk tahie t`rgdtavisa.

9
9.:. Zugusim Gisinif
9. Ipi p`mk
p`mk`rt
`rtaim
aim p
p`rs
`rs`ps
`psaa him gdtavi
gdtavisa
sa 4
:. Ipi sioi
sioi o`mas,
o`mas, lumk
lumksa
sa p`rs`
p`rs`psa
psa him
him gdtavi
gdtavisa
sa 4
3. Ipi sioi
sioi syirit
syirit t`roiham
t`roihamyi
yi him jikiagimi
jikiagimi prds`s
prds`s t`roi
t`roihamyi
hamyi p`rs`psa
p`rs`psa 4
8. Litdr ipi
ipi sioi yimk
yimk g`gp`mkir
g`gp`mkirufa
ufa t`roiham
t`roihamyi
yi p`rs`psa
p`rs`psa him gdtavisa
gdtavisa 4
0. Ipi
Ipi sioi
sioi kimk
kimkkui
kuim
m p`rs
p`rs`ps
`psa4
a4
<. Ipi
Ipi sioi
sioi t`d
t`dra
ra gdta
gdtavi
visa
sa 4
;. Lietdr ipi
ipi yimk g`gp`mkir
g`gp`mkirufa
ufa gdtavisa
gdtavisa him jikiagi
jikiagimi
mi ciri g`gj`rae
g`gj`raeim
im gdtavisa
gdtavisa 4

9.3. Xuouim Gisinif

9. Pmtue g`mk`tifua
g`mk`tifua p`mk`rtaim
p`mk`rtaim p`rs`psa
p`rs`psa him gdtavisa
gdtavisa

:. Pmtue g`mk`tifua
g`mk`tifua ipi
ipi sioi
sioi o`mas,
o`mas, lumksa
lumksa p`rs`p
p`rs`psa
sa him gdtavisa
gdtavisa
3. Pmtue g`mk`tif
g`mk`tifua
ua Ipi sioi
sioi syirit t`roih
t`roihamyi
amyi him jikiagimi
jikiagimi prds`s
prds`s t`roiha
t`roihamyi
myi p`rs`psa
p`rs`psa
8. Pmtue g`mk`ti
g`mk`tifua
fua Litdr
Litdr ipi sioi
sioi yimk g`gp`mk
g`gp`mkirufa
irufa t`roih
t`roihamyi
amyi p`rs`psa
p`rs`psa
0. Pmtue
Pmtue g`mk`
g`mk`tif
tifua
ua Ipi sioi
sioi kimk
kimkkuim
kuim p`rs
p`rs`ps
`psaa
<. Pmtue
Pmtue g`mk`
g`mk`tif
tifua
ua Ipi sioi
sioi t`dr
t`draa gdtavi
gdtavisa
sa
;. Pmtu
Pmtue
e g`mk
g`mk`t
`tif
ifua
ua Li
Liet
etdr
dr ip
ipii yi
yimk
mk g`gp
g`gp`m
`mki
kiru
rufa
fa gdta
gdtavi
visa
sa hi
him
m ji
jiki
kiag
agim
imii ci
ciri
ri
g`gj`raeim gdtavisa

:
 JIJ AA
R@GJIFISIM

JIJ AA R@GJIFISIM

:.9. R`mk`rtaim R`rs`psa Him Gdtavisa

Girigas (:220) g`mk`gueieim jifwi p`rs`psa ihinif hiyi g`mk`mia jirimk, euinatis
itiu fujumkim , him p`rj`hiim g`ninua prds`s g`mkigita, g`mk`tifua, itiu g`mkirtaeim s`t`nif
pimciamhrimyi g`mhipit rimksimkim. [inkatd (:292) g`myitieim p`rs`psa g`rupieim
p`mkdrkimasisaim him p`mkamt`rpr`stisaim t`rfihip stagunus yimk amhrimyi g`rupieim s`suitu
yimk j`rirta him g`rupieim r`spdm yimk amt`krit`h hinig hara amhavahu. Iteamsdm hee. (:29:)
g`mk`gueieimp`rs`psa ihinif p`my`nahaeim hinig g`mkat`krisaeim s`msisa e`hinig prds`s
p`rs`ptuin him g`mkkumieimyi umtue g`mk`mina humai.

Hira p`mk`rtaim yimk hae`gueieim haitis, p`rs`psa hipit hairtaeim s`jikia prds`s
hat`ragimyi rimksimkim g`ninua pimciamhri yimk hahifunua dn`f ihimyi suitu p`rfitaim,
s`famkki amhavahu gigpu g`myihira,g`mkirtaeim, him g`mkfiyita t`mtimk s`suitu yimk
haigita, jiae yimk ihi hanuir giupum hinig hara amhavahu.
Gdtal him gdtavisa g`rupieim hui eiti yimk simkit `rit j`rfujumkim, gdtal hinig
j`mtue pisal him gdtavisa g`rupieim s`suitu yimk
yi mk t`nif ietal. Gdtal j`risin hira Jifisi Nitam,
gdv`r` yimk j`rirta j`rk`rie itiu td gdv` (Jrimci, 91<8). Suitu hdrdmkim yimk j`risin hira
hinig hara amhavahu atunif yimk has`jut gdtal. Hdrdmkim yimk t`rhipit hinig hara gimusai
j`reiatim `rit h`mkim h`mkim e`jutufim, migum t`reihimk hdrdmkim jasi t`rn`pis hira ihimyi
suitu e`jutufim t`rt`mtu. Figinae (911:) g`mk`gueieim,
g`mk`gueieim, gdtavisa ihinif suitu p`rujifim
`m`rka
`m`rka hinig
hinig prajiha
prajiha s`s`dr
s`s`drimk
imk yimk hatimh
hatimhia
ia h`mkim
h`mkim g`mcun
g`mcunmyi
myi il`eta
il`etall him r`iesa
r`iesa umtue
umtue
g`mcipia tuouim t`rs`jut. Oiha, gdtavisa ihinif hdrdmkim yimk t`nif ietal, s`famkki t`roiha
p`rujifim `m`rka hinig hara gimusai yimk g`mkk`rieimmyi umtue g`mcipia tuouim itiu
e`jutufimmyi.

:.:. O`mas, Lumksa R`rs`psa Him Gdtavisa

O`mas R`rs`psa

G`murut Girigas (:220), ihi hui o`mas p`rs`psa, yiatu ?

3
 9. @xt`rmin p`rc`ptadm,
p`rc`ptadm, yiatu p`rs`psa yimk t`roiha eir`mi ihimyi rimksimk yimk hitimk hira
nur hara amhavahu.
:. S`nl-p`rc`ptadm
S`nl-p`rc`ptadm,, yiatu p`rs`psa yimk t`roiha eir`mi ihimyi rimksimk yimk j`risin hira
hinig hara amhavahu. Hinig fin ama yimk g`moiha djo`e ihinif haramyi s`mhara.
Lumksa R`rs`psa
R`rs`psa g`rupieim fisan hira prds`s p`rs`ptuin, dn`f eir`mi atu p`rs`psa g`ganaea lumksa
t`rs`mhara
t`rs`mhara hinig syst`g
syst`g pimciamhri
pimciamhri gimusai.
gimusai. Iteamsdm
Iteamsdm hee. (:29:) g`mk`gueieim
g`mk`gueieim jifwi
p`rs`psa g`ganaea lumksa umtue g`m`mtueim djo`e yimk ihi ha t`gpit atu (p`mk`minim) him ha
gimi djo`e atu j`rihi (ndeinasisa). R`mk`nafitim umtue g`m`mtueim suitu djo`e hamigieim
s`jikiaa prds`s
s`jiki prds`s p`mk`minim
p`mk`minim pdni (r`cdkmata
(r`cdkmatadm).
dm). Fin ama p`mtamk jika e`nimksumkim
e`nimksumkim fahup eir`mi
s`ra
s`ramk
mk ei
eina
na eati
eati fi
firu
russ g`mk`
g`mk`ti
tifua
fua su
suit
itu
u dj
djo`
o`e
e at
atu
u s`
s`j`n
j`nug
ug ea
eati
ti hi
hipit
pit g`mk`
g`mk`ti
tifu
fuaa sa
sali
litt
p`mtamkmyi, s`famkki oaei eati tifu suitu djo`e ihinif ip`n, eati tifu risimyi `mie oaei eati tifu
suitu
suitu djo`e
djo`e ihinif
ihinif firagi
firagiu,
u, eati
eati tifu
tifu atu jamiti
jamitimk
mk juis yimk j`rjif
j`rjifiyi
iyi einiu
einiu hakimk
hakimkku.
ku.

G`m`mtueim n`tie djo`e vasuin atu j`rihi hae`min s`jikia ndeinasisa spisain, itiu ndeinasisa yimk
p`mtamk jika e`nimksumkim fahup gimusai. Ndeinasisa ihinif ciri yimk hakumieim umtue
j`rmivakisa ha namkeumkim eati, timpi e`gigpuim s`p`rta atu, eati t`rus g`m`rus g`mijrie
j`mhi, tahie hipit g`mkigjan j`mhi yimk amkam hariaf, him jasi gisue pihi pr`hitdr yimk
j`rjifiyi.
R`mk`mi
R`mk`minim
nim him naein
naeinasi
asisa
sa tahie
tahie s`p`mu
s`p`mufmyi
fmyi amh`p`
amh`p`mh`
mh`m,
m, e`hu
e`huii fin atu g`g`rn
g`g`rnuei
ueim
m
amldrgisa gasinmyi t`mtimk j`mtue. R`mk`minim djo`e t`rkimtumk pihi cijimk syst`g vasuin
yimk g`mcimkeup ir`i p`m`ragi edrtaein umtue p`mk`nafitim yiatu ir`i p`rtigi ha edrt`es
umtue g`m`ragi amldrgisa vasuin him hi`rif h`eit hisir dtie. Fixjy hee. G`mk`gueieim ras`t
t`riefar
t`riefar h`mkim g`mkkumieim t`emae jriam scimmamk umtue g`gjuetaeim e`j`rihiim syst`g
jriam scimmamk
p`mk`minim him ndeinasisa djo`e yimk t`rpasif pihi jikaim dtie gimusai. S`s`drimk yimk
g`nieueim
g`nieueim tukis h`mkim g`m`eimeim pihi p`mk`minim
p`mk`minim djo`e, t`roiha
t`roiha p`mamkeitim inarim hirif
t`rutigi
t`rutigi cijimk p`mk`minim ha edrt`es,
edrt`es, oaei g`nieueim tukis j`re`miim h`mkim ndeinasisa,
ndeinasisa,
inarim
inarim hirif g`mamkeit t`rutigi
t`rutigi ha cijimk ndeinasisa
ndeinasisa (Iteamsdm
(Iteamsdm hee. :29:). Lumksa niam s`niam
p`mk`minim him ndeinasisa, lumksa p`rs`psa niamyi ihinif g`gp`rtifimeim p`migpanim djo`e
t`tip edmstim, winiupum e`sim yimk hat`ragi r`tami t`rus g`m`rus j`rujif.
 O`mas Gdtal

Gdtal ihi j`rjikia

j`rjikia o`mas j`rhisireim
j`rhisireim suhut pimhimkmyi.
pimhimkmyi. Hoigirif
Hoigirif (:22:) g`mk`gueieim
g`mk`gueieim

8
j`rhisireim isin gdtal hipit haj`hieim g`moiha gdtal amt`rmin yimk has`jut gdtal amstramsae,
him gdtal `est`rmin yimk has`jut gdtal `estramsae.
9. Gdta
Gdtall amtr
amtram
amsa
sacc
G`ru
G`rupi
piei
eim
m gdta
gdtall yimk
yimk g`mo
g`moih
ihaa ie
ieta
tall it
itiu
iu j`rlu
j`rlumk
mksa
samy
myii ta
tahie
hie j`
j`rl
rlum
umks
ksam
amyi
yi ta
tahi
hie
e
g`g`rn
g`g`rnueim
ueim stagu
staguna
na hira
hira nuir,
nuir, eir`mi
eir`mi hinig
hinig hara
hara amhava
amhavahu
hu t`n
t`nif
if ihi suitu
suitu hdrdmki
hdrdmkim
m umtue
umtue
g`nieueim s`suitu. S`s`drimk yimk g`ganaea gdtal amtramsae, ai s`ciri sihir ieim g`nieueim
suitu e`kaitim yimk tahie g`g`rnueim gdtal hira nuir haramyi.
:. Gdta
Gdtall `es
`estr
tram
amsa
sae
e
Gdtal `estramsae ihinif e`jinaeim hira gdtal amtramsae. Gdtal `estramsae ihinif gdtal yimk
ietal him j`rlumksa eir`mi ihimyi p`rimksimk hira nuir.
Lumksa Gdtavisa
Hoigirif (:22:) g`mk`gueim s`ciri ramca jifwi lumksa hira gdtavisa ihinif s`jikia
p`mhdrdmk, p`mkk`rie, him p`mkirif p`rjuitim, s`jikia
s`jik ia j`raeut ?

i. Gdtavi
Gdtavisa
sa s`jik
s`jikia
ia p`mhd
p`mhdrdm
rdmk
k p`ran
p`ranieu
ieu
Rihi gunimyi eati tahie g`gpumyia fisrit umtue g`nieueim s`suitu, tipa eir`mi
ihi s`suitu yimk hacira
hacira s`famkki gumcunif mait umtue g`nieueim
g`nieueim s`suitu
s`suitu e`kaitim ikir
hipit g`mcira fin yimk hacira. R`ranieu s`s`drimk hahdrdmk dn`f yimk migimyi gdtal.
S`famkki eir`mi ihi s`suitu yimk amkam hacipia itiu hariaf dn`f suitu amhavahu giei
gdtavisa t`rs`jut gumcun him g`moiha p`mhdrdmk umtue g`nieueim p`ranieu. S`p`rta
cdmtdf , s`s`drimk amkam g`gisuea ptm agpaimmyi, s`famkki ai hahdrdmk dn`f gdtavisa
ikir hipit j`nioir h`mkim kait s`famkki jasi g`riaf e`amkamimmyi t`rs`jut.
j. Gdtavisa s`jikia p`mkk`rie p`ranieu
Hdrdmkim psaedndkas yimk gumcun g`rupieim suitu e`euitim yimk sunat umtue
haj`mhumk
haj`mhumk s`famkki
s`famkki e`nuir hinig j`mtue psaedlasae.
psaedlasae. S`famkki
S`famkki fin t`rs`jut g`gjuit
su
suit
itu
u amha
amhava
vahu
hu j`
j`rk
rk`r
`rie
ie h`mki
h`mkim
m ri
risi
si yi
yimk
mk dp
dpta
taga
gass um
umtu
tue
e g`mc
g`mcip
ipia
ia tu
tuou
ouim
im yi
yimk
mk
haamkameim. H`mkim j`rk`rie myi tujuf giei iein pum aeut j`prds`s s`famkki e`huimyi
g`moiha p`rpihuim umtue g`mcipia suitu tuouim.
c. Gdtavi
Gdtavisa
sa s`jiki
s`jikiaa p`mki
p`mkirif
rif p`rani
p`ranieu
eu
S`taip drimk hipit g`mkirifeim suitu p`ranieu t`rt`mtu umtue g`mcipia tuouim. R`ranieu
yimk tahie g`mhueumk ieim hasam
hasamkeare
keareim
im h`ga t`rcipiamyi
t`rcipiamyi tuouim.
tuouim. Gdtavisa
Gdtavisa s`jikia

p`mkirif p`ranieu ieim t`rus j`rdra`mtisa pihi p`mcipiaim

p`mcip iaim tuouim, s`famkki p`ranieu yimk

0
 gumcun
gumcun e` p`rgue
p`rgueiim
iim ieim jasi
jasi g`moih
g`moihaa s`juif
s`juif p`mhueu
p`mhueumk
mk umtue
umtue g`mcipi
g`mcipiaa tuouim
tuouim
t`rs`j
t`rs`jut.
ut. Migum
Migum e`gjin
e`gjinaa nika
nika e`pihi
e`pihi amhava
amhavahu
hu t`r
t`rs`j
s`jut
ut oaei
oaei g`gimk
g`gimk hinig
hinig haramy
haramyii
gigpu g`mugjufeim gdtavisa t`rs`jut giei ieim g`moiha pdsatal tipa oaei tahie giei
amhavahu t`rs`jut fimyi j`roinim hat`gpit.

:.3. Syirit X`roihamyi him Rrds`s X`roihamyi R`rs`psa

I. Syirit
Syirit X`roih
X`roihamy
amyii R`rs`ps
R`rs`psaa
H`mki
H`mkim
m p`
p`rs
rs`ps
`psaa amha
amhava
vahu
hu hipit
hipit g`my
g`myihi
ihira
ra hi
him
m hipit
hipit g`mk
g`mk`r
`rta
ta t`
t`mt
mtim
imk
k e`ihi
e`ihiim
im
namkeumkim
namkeumkim yimk ihi has`eatir
has`eatir giupum t`mtimk
t`mtimk e`ihiim hara amhavahu
amhavahu yimk j`rsimkeutim
j`rsimkeutim ( s`nl
p`rc`ptadm).
p`rc`ptadm). Init p`mkfujumk amhavahu imtiri humai nuir ihinif init amhri.
[ink
[inkat
atd
d (:29
(:292)
2) g`myi
g`myiti
tieim
eim p`rs`
p`rs`ps
psaa g`ru
g`rupi
piei
eim
m su
suit
itu
u pr
prds
ds`s
`s yimk
yimk fi
firu
russ ha
hahi
hifun
funua
uam
m
p`mkamhriim.Qiatu h`mkim hat`ragimyi stagunus dn`f r`s`ptdr, hat`ruseim hadtie itiu pusit siril
yimk hadrki
hadrkimas
masisa
isaeim
eim him haamt`
haamt`rpr
rpr`st
`stisa
isaeim
eim s`jiki
s`jikiaa prds`s
prds`s psaedn
psaedndka
dkas.
s. Iefarmy
Iefarmyii amhava
amhavahu
hu

g`my
g`myih
ihir
iraa t`mt
t`mtim
imk
k ip
ipii yi
yimk
mk hana
hanafi
fitt hi
him
m hah`
hah`mk
mkir
irei
eim.
m. S`
S`ni
nimo
mout
utmy
myii [ink
[inkat
atd
d (:
(:29
292)
2)
g`mk`gueieim ihi j`rjikia syirit amhavahu hinig g`nieueim p`rs`psa, s`jikia j`raeut ?
9. Ihimyi
Ihimyi Djo`
Djo`e
e (sisi
(sisirim
rim yimk haigit
haigita)
a)
Djo`e
Djo`e itiu
itiu sisiri
sisirim
m yimk haigit
haigitaa ieim
ieim g`magj
g`magjune
uneim
im sta
stagun
gunus
us itiu
itiu rimksi
rimksimkim
mkim yimk
yimk
g`mk`mia init amhri itiu r`s`ptdr. Stagunus hipit hitimk hira nuir amhavahu yimk g`gp`rs`psa,
t`tipaa ouki hitimk hira hinig amhava
t`tip amhavahu
hu yimk j`rsimkeutim
j`rsimkeutim yimk nimksumk
nimksumk g`mk`mia siril yimk
j`e`roi s`jikia r`s`ptdr. S`jikaim t`rj`sir stagunus hitimk hira nuir amhavahu.
:. Ihimyi
Ihimyi init
init amhri,
amhri, siril,
siril, him
him Susumim
Susumim Siril
Siril Rusi
Rusitt
Init amhri itiu r`s`ptdr g`rupieim init umtue g`m`ragi stagunus. Ha sigpamk atu, firus
ihi siril s`msdras s`jikia init umtue g`m`ruseim stagunus yimk hat`ragi r`s`ptdr e` susumim
siril pusit yiatu dtie s`jikia pusit e`sihiriim. Pmtue g`mkihieim r`spdms hap`rnueim siril
gdtdras.
3. Ihim
Ihimyi
yi p`
p`rf
rfit
itai
aim
m
R`
R`rf
rfit
itai
aim
m g`ru
g`rupi
pieim
eim ni
nimk
mkei
eif
f iwin
iwin it
itiu
iu yi
yimk
mk ha
has`
s`jut
jut s`
s`ji
jiki
kiaa p`rsa
p`rsaip
ipim
im um
umtu
tue
e
g`mkihieim
g`mkihieim p`rs`psa,
p`rs`psa, s`famkki
s`famkki p`rfitaim
p`rfitaim gifisaswi
gifisaswi e`pihi e`kaitim
e`kaitim edms`namk
edms`namk amhavahuin
amhavahuin
ihinif ldcus utigi yimk eati niesimieim eir`mi timpi p`rfitaim p`rs`psa tahie ieim t`roiha.
R`rfitaim g`mkirifeim amhavahu umtue g`mkigita s`suitu yimk ieim hap`rs`psa

J. Syirit
Syirit X`ro
X`roiha
ihamyi
myi R`rs
R`rs`ps
`psaa

<
 R`rs`psa g`ninua taki p`rs`psa yiatu ?
i. Rrds`s lasae
lasae (e`inigim)
(e`inigim) ? Djo`e ↚ stagunus↚
stagunus↚ r`s`pt
r`s`ptdr
dr itiu init
init amhri.
amhri.
j. Rrds`s lasadndkas ? Stagunus↚ siril s`msdras↚
s`msdras↚ dtie
c. Rr
Rrds
ds`s
`s ps
psae
aedn
dndka
dkass ? Rr
Rrds
ds`s
`s hi
hini
nig
g dtie
dtie s`
s`fa
famkk
mkkii am
amha
hava
vahu
hu g`my
g`myih
ihir
iraa st
stag
agun
unus
us yi
yimk
mk
hat`ragi.
Oiha, syirit umtue g`mkihieim p`rs`psa p`rnu ihi p`rds`s lasae, lasadndkas, him lsaedndkas.

:.8. Lietdr Qimk G`g`mkirufa X`roihamyi R`rs`psa Him Gdtavisa

 Lietdr yimk G`gp`mkirufa R`rs`psa
[inkatd (:292) g`mk`gueieim jifwi lictdr yimk g`g`mkirufa t`roihamyi p`rs`psa ihinif.
9. E`t`rs`haiim aldrgisa s`j`nugmyi
E`taihiim amldrgisa e`taei s`s`drimk g`m`ragi stagunus yimk jiru jika haramyi ieim
g`my`jijeim e`eiciuim hinig g`gp`rs`psa. Rihi jahimk p`mhahaeim gasinmyi, ihi git`ra

p`nioirim yimk firus t`rn`jaf hifunu hasigpiaeim s`j`nug git`ra t`rt`mtu. S`s`drimk yimk
hitimk
hitimk hat`mki
hat`mkif
f t`mkif
t`mkif oinimmy
oinimmyii haseus
haseusa,
a, gumkea
gumkeam
m ieim
ieim g`mimk
g`mimkeip
eip fin yimk
yimk tahie
tahie t`pit,
t`pit,
t`rn`j
t`rn`jaf
af eir`mi
eir`mi hai tahie
tahie g`gan
g`ganaea
aea amldrg
amldrgisa
isa yimk sigi
sigi h`mkim
h`mkim p`s`rt
p`s`rtii haseus
haseusaa nia
niammyi
mmyi
amldrgisa ouki hipit g`moiha nimhisim umtue g`gp`rs`psaeim s`suitu.
:. E`jutufim
S`s`drimk
S`s`drimk ieim c`mh`rumk g`g`rs`psaei
g`g`rs`psaeim
m s`suitu j`rhisireim
j`rhisireim e`jutufimmyi
e`jutufimmyi siit atu.
Cdmtdf s`h`rfimi, s`s`drimk ieim n`jaf p`ei g`mcaug jiu gisieim e`taei nipir hirapihi
drimk niam yimk jiru sioi gieim.
3. R`mkinigim gisi ninu
S`
S`jik
jikia
ia fisan
fisan hira
hira prds
prds`s
`s j`
j`ni
nioi
oir,
r, p`
p`mk
mkin
inig
igim
im ie
ieim
im si
simk
mkit
it g`g`
g`g`mk
mkir
iruf
ufaa s`
s`s`
s`dr
drim
imk
k
g`g`rs
g`g`rs`ps
`psaei
aeim
m s`suit
s`suitu.
u. R`mkini
R`mkinigim
gim yimk
yimk g`myie
g`myieate
ateim
im hatapu
hatapu dn`f
dn`f gimtim
gimtim picir,
picir, ieim
g`mk
g`mkir
irif
ifei
eim
m s`s`
s`s`dr
drim
imk
k umtue
umtue g`g`
g`g`rs
rs`ps
`psae
aeim
im dr
drim
imk
k ni
niam
am yimk
yimk g`mh
g`mh`e
`eit
itam
amyi
yi h`
h`mki
mkim
m
e`curakiim t`rt`mtu. Cdmtdf niam yimk n`jaf `estrag. Ihi drimk yimk tahie jasi g`nafit wirmi
g`ri
g`rif
f (hai
(hai g`na
g`nafit
fit s`
s`ji
jiki
kiaa wirm
wirmii k`nip
k`nip,, `m
`mti
tif
f fa
fati
tig
g it
itiu
iu ij
iju
u ij
iju
u tu
tui)
i),, ei
eir`
r`mi
mi p`
p`rm
rmif
if
g`myiesaeim p`gjumufim
 Lietdr yimk G`gp`mkirufa Gdtavisa
G`murut Arwimtd hee. (9119), J`rjikia lictdr yimk g`gp`mkirufa gdtavisas`jikia
j`raeut ?

;
 9. Lietdr yimk j`risin hira namkeumkim
Ihi s`ougnif lictdr hira namkeumkim yimk hipit g`gp`mkirufa gdtavisa
s`s`drimk. Lietdr t`rs`jut haimtirimyi? E`kihufim, ihimyi jifiyi hira namkeumkim,
h`sieim kuru,itiu t`eimim hira drimk yimk j`rp`mkiruf.
:. Lietdr yimk j`risin hira hinig amhavahu
Lietdr yimk j`risin hira hinig amhavahu ihinif? firipim, cati-cati, `gdsa, amstamk,
him e`amkamim.
3. Mania hira suitu djo`e
Xuouim itiu ams`mtal itiu mania jasi hira hinig
hi nig amhavahu him jasi ouki hira nuir
amhavahu. Lietdr hira hinigamhavahu g`naputa? E`puisim, e`roi, himtimkkumk oiwij.
Mania hira suitu djo`e hira nuir amhavahu g`mcieup? Stitus,uimk,e`fdrgitim, him
pimkeit

:.0. Kimkkuim R`rs`psa

Hasp`r
Hasp`rs`p
s`psa
sa ihinif
ihinif e`sini
e`sinifim
fim itiu
itiu kimkkui
kimkkuim
m hinig
hinig p`rs`p
p`rs`psa.
sa. G`muru
G`murutt Giriga
Girigass (:220)
(:220),,
p`my`jij him o`mas kimkkuim p`rs`psa ihinif s`jikia j`raeut ?
9. R`my`jij

Kimkkuim dtie eir`mi e`rusieim dtie5 e`ricumim5 djt finusamdk`mae5 him kimkkuim oawi,
s`p`rt
s`p`rtaa `gdsa
`gdsa t`rt`m
t`rt`mtu
tu yimk hipit
hipit g`mkie
g`mkieaji
ajitei
teim
m an
anusa
usa psaeds
psaedsas
as yimk
yimk hipit
hipit g`magj
g`magjune
uneim
im
finusamisa hi p`mkiruf namkeumkim sdsad-juhiyi. Sdsad-juhiyi yimk j`rj`hi g`magjuneim
p`rs`psa j`rj`hi itiu drimk yimk j`risin hira sdsad-juhiyi yimk j`rj`hi.

:. O`ma
O`mass Kim
Kimkku
kkuim
im R`r
R`rs`
s`ps
psaa

X`rhipit ; gicig kimkkuim p`rs`psa yiatu? finusamisa, anusa, h`p`rsdminasisa, h`r`inasisa,

kimkkuim sdgitds`msdrae pihi r`iesa edmv`rsa, kimkkuim psaedndkae, him ikgdsai.

i. Finu
Finusa
sami
misa
sa iti
itiu
u Giyi
Giyi

Finusamisa ihinif p`mc`ripim (p`rs`spsa) timpi ihimyi rimksimk ipipum pihi pimciamhri
s`s`drimk,
s`s`drimk, yimk t`roiha
t`roiha pihi e`hiim sihir/ jimkum hisirmyi
hisirmyi gumkeam
gumkeam drkimac,
drkimac, lumksadmin,
lumksadmin,
psaedtae itiupum fast`rae. S`ciri samkeit finusamisa ihinif p`mc`ripim itiu p`mkigitim pinsu.
O`mas-o`mas finusamisa imtiri niam?

6
 Finusamisa p`mk`nafitim (finusamisa dptac)?

S`suitu yimk hanafit s`dnif-dnif j`rj`mtue drimk, jamitimk, jirimk, itiu j`mhi. S`suitu
yimk hanafit s`dnif-dnif tahie j`rj`mtue? samir, eanitim itiu pdni cifiyi, him yimk
hanafit s`dnif-dnif j`rwirmi itiu tahie j`rwirmi

Finusamisa
Finusamisa iuhatal itiu finusamisa
finusamisa ieustae yiatu finusamisa
finusamisa yimk s`dnif-dnif
s`dnif-dnif g`mh`mkir
suiri gimusai, suiri f`wim, suiri jirimk, suiri g`sam, suiri gusac, him suiri e`oihaim
iniga
 Finusamisa inlietdrae (finusamisa p`mcaugim) yiatu finusamisa yimk s`dnif-dnif g`mcaug
suitu jiu t`rt`mtu.
 Finu
Finusa
sami
misa
sa ku
kust
stit
itdr
drae
ae (fin
(finus
usam
amis
isaa p`
p`mk
mk`c
`cip)
ip) yi
yiat
atu
u fi
finu
nusa
saim
imis
isaa yi
yimk
mk s`
s`dn
dnif
if-d
-dni
nif
f
g`mk`cip zit itiu risi t`mtimk suitu yimk hagieim
 Finusamsa tietan (finusamisa p`riji) yiatu finusamisa yimk s`dnif-dnif g`rsi hariji-riji,

has`mtuf, hacdn`e-cdn`e, hataup,harigjita unit, him hasamira.

 Finusa
Fin usamis
misaa eam`st
eam`stae
ae (finus
(finusami
amisa
sa k`rie)
k`rie) yiatu
yiatu finusa
finusamis
misaa yimk
yimk s`dnif
s`dnif-dn
-dnif
if g`risi
g`risi
jihimmyi j`rk`rie has`juif ruimk t`rt`mtu him g`risi imkkdti jihimmyi j`rk`rie
h`mkim s`mharamyi.
 Finusamisa lasc`rin yiatu finusamisa drkim tujuf jikaim hinig yimk s`dnif-dnif ihi
p`risiim t`rt`mtu yimk tagjun hatujuf jikaim hinig (gasinmyi, nigjumk hatusue-tusue
oirug).
 Finusamisa fapmikdkae yiatu p`rs`psa s`msdras j`e`roi yimk sinif yimk t`rhipit pihi
drimk mdrgin, t`roiha s`j`nug tahur.
 Finusamsa
Finusamsa fapmdpdgpae yiatu p`rs`psa
p`rs`psa s`msdras
s`msdras j`e`roi yimk sinif,
sinif, pihi drimk mdrgin,
t`roiha t`pit s`j`nug jimkum tahur.
 Finusamisa
Finusamisa fast`rae
fast`rae yiatu finusamisa
finusamisa yimk tagjun
tagjun pihi m`durdsas
m`durdsas fast`rae eir`mi edmlna
edmlnae
e
`gdsadmin.

 Asa finusa
finusamis
misaa ihinif
ihinif t`gi
t`gi finusa
finusamis
misaa him amt`rp
amt`rpr`t
r`tisa
isa pisa`m
pisa`m t`mtim
t`mtimk
k finusa
finusamis
misamy
amyi,
i,
s`p`
s`p`rt
rta?
a? g`mki
g`mkimc
mcig
ig,, g`myi
g`myini
nife
feim,
im, e`
e`ik
ikig
igii
iim,
m, g`mk
g`mkfa
fami
mi,, e`
e`j`s
j`sir
irim
im,, s`
s`es
esui
uin,
n,
g`j`sireim fita, g`gjuoue, itiu fin-fin yimk jiae.

Fin-finn yimk hipit g`magjuneim

Fin-fi g`magjuneim finusamisa
finusamisa ihinif Seazdlr`mai,
Seazdlr`mai, psaedsas
psaedsas lumksadmin,
lumksadmin,

1
Samhrdg Dtie Drkimae (SDD), `pan`psa, m`urdsas, fast`ras, amtdesaeisa itrdpam` itiu e`cujumk,
him zit finusamdk`m.

9. Anusa

Anusa ihinif
Anusa ihinif amt`rp
amt`rprti
rtisa
sa yimk
yimk sinif
sinif itiu
itiu g`myag
g`myagpim
pimk
k t`mtim
t`mtimk
k p`my`ri
p`my`ripim
pim itiu
itiu pr`psa
pr`psa yimk
s`j`m`
s`j `m`rmy
rmyii sumkkuf
sumkkuf-s-sumkk
umkkuf
uf t`roih
t`roihaa eir`mi
eir`mi ihimyi
ihimyi rimksi
rimksimki
mkim
m pihi pimciam
pimciamhri
hri.. S`ciri
S`ciri
samkeit
samkeit,, anusa
anusa ihinif
ihinif p`rs`p
p`rs`psa
sa itiu
itiu p`mkig
p`mkigiti
itim
m yimk
yimk p`myagp
p`myagpimk.
imk. Cdmtdf
Cdmtdf?? jiyimkim
jiyimkim hium
hium
pasimk hanafitmyi s`p`rta s`drimk p`moifit itiu fimtu. Jumya imkami t`rh`mkir s`p`rta ihi
s`s`dr
s`s`drimk
imk yimk
yimk g`giim
g`giimkka
kkann migimy
migimyi.
i. Suiri
Suiri jamiti
jamitimk
mk ha s`gie-
s`gie-s`g
s`gie
ie t`r
t`rh`m
h`mkir
kir s`p`rt
s`p`rtaa
timkasim jiya.

:. H`p`
H`p`rs
rsdm
dmin
inas
asis
isaa

G`rupieim p`risiim yimk im`f t`mtimk haramyi itiu p`risiim jifwi prajihamyi suhif tahie
s`p`rta jaisi nika, tahie g`murut e`myitiim itiu edmhasa pitdndkas yimk s`s`drmk g`risi jifwi
haramyi itiu tujufmyi tahie myiti. Cdmtdf? p`risiim jifwi eiea eimimmyi jueim e`pumyiim
nika.

3. H`r`
H`r`in
inaasisa
sisa

G`ru
G`rupi
piei
eim
m p`
p`ri
risi
siim
im im
im`f
`f t`
t`mt
mtim
imk
k namke
namkeumk
umkim
im ha s`
s`ea
eati
tirr hi
him
m ta
tahi
hie
e g`mur
g`murut
ut e`myi
e`myiti
tiim
im
s`j`mirmyi, gasin? s`kini s`suitu harisieim s`p`rta s`himk gagpa.

8. Kimkkui
Kimkkuim
m sdgitds
sdgitds`ms
`msdry
dry pihi
pihi r`iesa
r`iesa edmv`r
edmv`rsa
sa

S`ciri firlaif, sdgi irtamyi tujuf him s`msdras irtamyi g`eimasg` m`urdndkas yimk t`rnajit
hinig prds`s p`mkamhriim him p`risiim. Oiha, sdgitds`msdry ihinif suitu e`ihiim g`mk`mia
tujuf yimk s`ciri
s`ciri sagjdnae
sagjdnae g`mkkigjireim
g`mkkigjireim ihimyi suitu edmlnae
edmlnae `gdsadmin.
`gdsadmin. Cdmtdf? im`stai
yiatu e`fanimkim s`jikaim itiu e`s`nurufim e`p`eiim amhri p`riji pihi eunat. Ririst`sai ihinif
p`rujifim pihi amhri p`riji, s`p`rta hatusue-tusue oirug, hajihimmyi ihi s`gut j`roinim,
eunatmyi t`risi pimis, itiu eunatmyi t`risi t`jin.

92
 0. Kimkk
Kimkkui
uim
m ps
psae
aedl
dlas
asad
adnd
ndka
kae.
e.

G`rupieim kimkkui pihi tujuf yimk hasirila dn`f susumim siril yimk j`rfujumkim h`mkim
e`fahupim (m`rvus v`k`tital) him has`jijeim dn`f kimkkuim `gdsa. Cdmtdf? kimkkuim yimk
t`roiha pihi eunat? rihimk pihi eunat (h`rgitatas), jahurim (urtaeirai)5 kitin-kitin (pruratas)5 him

jimyie ciarim yimk gisue (fyp`rfahrdsas), dtdt itiu tunimk? dtdt t`kimk sigpia eieu (t`msadm
f`ihicf`)5 dtdt t`kimk, him eieu ha pumkkumk (ndwjice piam).

<. Ikmdsai

G`rupieim e`tahiegigpuim umtue g`mk`min him g`mkirtaeim p`rs`psa, jiae s`jikaim gigpu
tdtin s`jikia ieajit e`rusieim dtie.

:.<. X`dra Gdtavisa

R`ranieu gimusai atu hahdrdmk dn`f gdtal t`rt`mtu, s`famkki gimusai atu jasi j`rp`ranieu.
Hinig fin ama ihi j`rjikia t`dra gdtal, haimtirimyi ?
9. X`dr
X`draa ams
amsttamk

G`murutt GcHdukinn,
G`muru GcHdukinn, p`ranieu atu has`jijeim
has`jijeim eir`mi amstamk
amstamk ha gimi amstamk g`rupieim
p`ranieu yimk ammit` (jiwiim) him amstamk ieim g`mkiniga p`rujifim eir`mi p`mkinigim
([inkatd, :292). R`mhipit GcHdukinn g`mhipit timkkipim yimk j`rj`hi hira Innpdrt yimk
g`m`rjateim
g`m`rjateim jueu psaedndka
psaedndka sdsain tifum 91:8. Qimk j`rp`mhipit
j`rp`mhipit jifwi p`ranieu
p`ranieu gimusai
gimusai atu

has`jijeim
has`ji jeim eir`mi
eir`mi jimyie
jimyie lietdr
lietdr,, t`rgis
t`rgisue
ue drimk-
drimk-dri
drimk
mk yimk
yimk ihi has`ea
has`eatir
tirmyi
myi h`mkim
h`mkim
p`ranieumyi.
:. X`dr
X`draa hdr
hdrdm
dmki
kim
m

X`dra
X`dra ama j`rtat
j`rtatae
ae tdnie
tdnie pihi pimhimk
pimhimkim
im jifwi
jifwi drkima
drkimasg`
sg` atu g`gpumy
g`gpumyia
ia hdrdmk
hdrdmkim-
im-
hdrdmki
hdrdmkim
m itiu
itiu hrav`
hrav` t`rt`m
t`rt`mtu.
tu. Crah`r
Crah`r g`myit
g`myitieim
ieim,, hdrdmki
hdrdmkim
m h`gaea
h`gaeaim
im j`reia
j`reiatim
tim h`mkim
h`mkim
e`jutufim drkimasg` yimk g`mhdrdmk drkimasg` j`rp`ranieu. Drkimasg` g`ganaea e`jutufim
t`rs`mhara him drkimasg` amkam g`g`mufa e`jutufim e`jutufimmyi, ieim t`roiha e`t`kimkim
hinig hara drkimasg` atu. Oaei drkimasg` atu j`rp`ranieu him hipit g`g`mufa e`jutufimmyi atu,

ieim t`roiha p`mkurimkim itiu r`hueisa hira hdrdmkim-hdrdmkim t`rs`jut ([inkatd, :292)

99
 3. X`dr
X`draa ams
ams`m
`mttal

G`mu
G`muru
rutt [ink
[inkat
atd
d (:29
(:292)
2),, t`
t`dr
draa ama
ama j`rt
j`rtat
atae
ae td
tdni
nie
e pi
pihi
hi pi
pimh
mhimk
imkim
im jifwi
jifwi p`
p`ra
rani
nieu
eu
drkimasg` atu has`jijeim eir`mi ihimyi ams`mtal. Suitu ams`mtal ieim g`mhdrdmk drkimasg`
umtue j`rp`ranieu.
j`rp`ranieu. Ams`mtal
Ams`mtal has`jut
has`jut ouki s`jikia
s`jikia r`amldrc`g`mt, ihi yimk pdsatal him ihi yimk

m`kital.
m`kital. Z`amldrc`g`mt yimk pdsatal
pdsatal j`re`miim h`mkim fihaif,
fihaif, s`himkeim r`amldrc`g`mt yimk
m`kital j`re`miim h`mkim fueugim.
8. X`dr
X`draa itra
itraju
jusa
sa

X`dra ama g`mo`niseim t`mtimk p`my`jij p`ranieu drkimasg` dn`f haspdsasa amt`rmin itiu
dn`f haspdsasa `est`rmin. Lratz (hinig [inkatd, :292) g`mk`gueieim, pihi hisirmyi p`ranieu
gimusai hipit itrajusa amt`rmin, t`tipa ouki hipit itrajusa `est`rmin. S`s`drimk j`rp`ranieu, jasi
dn`f hdrdmkim amt`rmin him jasi ouki eir`mi hdrdmkim `est`rmin, itiu hira hdrdmkim `et`rmin him
hdrdmkim amt`rmin.

0. X`dr
X`draa edkm
edkmaatal
Lasfj`am him Ioz`m g`mk`gueieim, s`s`drimk firus g`ganaf p`ranieu t`rt`mtu yimk
firus hanieueim. Rihi ugugmyi, yimk j`rsimkeutim ieim g`ganaf suitu int`rmital p`ranieu
yimk ieim g`gjiw
g`gjiwii gimlii
gimliitt yimk
yimk s`j`si
s`j`sir-j
r-j`si
`sirmy
rmyii jika yimk
yimk j`rsim
j`rsimkeu
keutim
tim.. Ama has`jut
has`jut
Sujo`ctav` `xp`ct`h utanaty ([inkatd, :292)

:.;. Lietdr Qimk G`gp`mkirufa Gdtavisa him Ciri G`gdtavisa

 Lietdr Qimk G`gp`mkirufa Gdtavisa

Gdtavisa G`murut Arwimtd hee. (9119), J`rjikia lictdr yimk g`gp`mkirufa gdtavisas`jikia
j`raeut ?
9. Lietdr yimk j`risin hira namkeumkim
Ihi s`ougnif lictdr hira namkeumkim yimk hipit g`gp`mkirufa gdtavisa s`s`drimk.
Lietdr t`rs`jut haimtirimyi? E`kihufim, ihimyi jifiyi hira namkeumkim, h`sieim kuru,itiu
t`eimim hira drimk yimk j`rp`mkiruf.
:. Lietdr yimk j`risin hira hinig amhavahu
Lietdr yimk j`risin hira hinig amhavahu ihinif? firipim, cati-cati, `gdsa, amstamk, him
e`amkamim.
3. Mania hira suitu djo`e

9:
Xuouim itiu ams`mtal itiu mania jasi hira hinig amhavahu him jasi ouki hira nuir amhavahu. Lietdr
hira hinigamhavahu g`naputa? E`puisim, e`roi, himtimkkumk oiwij. Mania hira suitu djo`e hira
nuir amhavahu g`mcieup? Stitus,uimk,e`fdrgitim, him pimkeit

 Ciri G`gj`raeim Gdtavisa

G`murut Hoigirif (:22:), ihi j`rjikia ciri g`gdtavisa s`s`drimk ikir p`ranieumyi s`suia
h`mkim e`jutufim itiu tuouim yimk amkam hacipia, haimtirimyi?
9. G`gj`raeim fihaif
Fihaif yimk haj`raeim pihi drimk niam jasi hinig j`rjikia j`mtue t`rkimtumk hira
e`amkamim p`gj`ra him itiu yimk haj`raeim itiu s`suia h`mkim pr`stisa yimk hacipia. R`m`ragi
fihaif tahie t`rkimtumk hira e`huhueim,,oijitim, prdl`sa.o`mas e`nigam, himugur amhavahu.
Rihifieaeitmyi fihaif haj`raeim umtue g`gp`rtifimeim him g`mamkeiteim p`ranieumyi
j`re`miim h`mki pr`stisa yimk t`nif hacipiamyi. Fihaif hipit haj`raeim hinig j`mtue

p`mkfirkiim psaedndkas s`p`rta puoaim, hinig j`mtue git`ra s`p`rta jirimk itiu nimksumk
g`gj`raeim uimk itiupum hinig j`mtue j`isaswi. Hinig Humai p`mhahaeim, fihaif hipit
haoihaeim sirimi gdtavisa umtue g`gp`rtifimeim himg`mamkeiteim pr`stisa j`nioir p`s`rti
hahae.
:. Edgp`tasa
Edgp`tasa s`jikia suitu p`rsiamkim yimk s`fit jasi s`jikia init umtue g`gdtavisa
amhavahu ikir s`gimikit g`nieueim e`kaitimmyi, Hinig p`mhahaeim edgp`tasa imitir amhavahu
giupum hinig e`ndgpde simkit hap`rnueim
h ap`rnueim ikir prds`s p`gjnioirim g`moiha edmhusal. Aenag
e`nis yimk edmhusal him er`ital s`rti hahueumkdn`f p`s`rti hahae yimk g`ganaea risi amkam tifu
yimk j`sir, simkit pdt`msain g`mcaptieim edgp`tasa yimk s`fit him prdhuetal.
3. @kd-amvdn`g`mt
G`mugjufeim e`sihirim pihi p`s`rti hahae ikir g`risiemp`mtamkmyi tukis him g`m`ragi
s`jikia suitu timtimkim ikir j`e`roi e`ris h`mkim g`gp`rtirufeim firki haramyi g`rupieim
j`mtue gdtavisa yimk p`mtamk. Amhavahu ieim j`rupiyi h`mkim e`ris s`suia pdt`msamyi ikir
g`gp`rdn`f pdt`msa t`rjiae umtue g`moiki `esat`msa firki haramyi. E`j`rfisanim hinig
g`my`n`siaeim tukis him pr`stisa t`rjiae yimk hipit hacipia g`rupieim e`jimkkiim umtue firki
haramyi.
8. Fueugim

93
Fueugim s`jikia Z`amldrc`g`mt yimk m`kitav` hipit puni hakumieim umtue g`gdtavisa oaei
hanieueim h`mkim t`pit. Fueugim g`rupieim init gdtavisa yimk jiae oaei hanieueim p`mh`eitim
h`mkim p`mh`eitim fugimastae him hagiesuheim ikir t`rfueug g`mk`tifua yimk s`firusmyi
hanieueim, fueugim s`firusmyi haj`raeim h`mkim ndkas jueim eir`mi `gdsadmin itiu h`mhig,
Fueugim yimk g`mhahae hagiesuheim ikir amhavahu tahie g`mkunimka e`sinifim yimk t`nif
hap`rjuitmyi. Fueugim yimk j`rj`mtue lasae s`p`rta g`gueun, g`mo`w`r him s`o`masmyi ihinif
fueugim yimk giam fieag s`mhara t`mtu g`nimkkir fdeug him tahie g`mhahae,s`famkki
c`mh`rumk g`nifareim p`rgusufim him e`j`mcaim.
0. Gamit
Gamit g`rupieim e`c`mhrumkim yimk g`m`tip umtue g`gp`rfitaeim him g`mkimimk j`rjikia
ietavatis.Amhavahu yimk j`rgamit t`rfihip suitu ietavatis ieim g`gp`rfitaeim ietavatis atu
s`ciri edmsast`m h`mkim risi t`mimk. Gamit pihi fieaeitmyi ihinif p`m`ragiim ieim suitu
fujumkim imitiri hara s`mhara h`mkim s`suitu hanuir hara,gieam euit itiu h`eit fujumkim

t`rs`jut, gieam j`sir gamitmyi. Gamit tahie fimyi ha`espr`saeim g`niua p`rmyitiim yimk
g`muoueeim jifwi s`s`drimk n`jaf g`myueia s`suitu hirapihi yimk niammyi, t`tipa ouki
haagpn`g`mtisaeim g`ninua pirtapisa ietalhinig suitu e`kaitim. S`s`drimk yimk j`rgamit
t`rfihip s`suitu, c`mh`rumk umtue g`gj`raeim p`rfitaim yimk n`jaf j`sir t`rfihip s`suitu yimk
hagamita atu him sigi s`eina tahie g`mkfariueim s`suitu yimk niam.Gamit g`rupieim init
gdtavisa yimk utigi yimk hipit g`gjimkeateim e`kiarifim hinig j`nioir giupum j`rietavatis.
Xugjufeimnif gamit pihi s`s`drimk, giei ai ieim t`rgdtavisa umtue
umtue g`nieueim e`kaitim
t`rs`jut.

98
 JIJ AAA
R@MPXPR

JIJ AAA R@MPXPR

3.9. E`sagpunim
9. R`rs`psa ihinif prds`s p`gifigim itiupum p`gj`raim giemi itis suitu amldrgisa
t`rf
t`rfih
ihip
ip st
stag
agun
unus
us.. Stag
Stagun
unus
us hahip
hahipit
it hi
hira
ra pr
prds
ds`s
`s p`
p`mk
mkam
amh`
h`ri
riim
im t`
t`rf
rfih
ihip
ip dj
djo`
o`e,
e,

p`rastawi, itiu fujumkim-fujumkim imtir k`oini yimk s`nimoutmyi haprds`s dn`f dtie.
Rrds`s edkmasa hagunia hira p`rs`psa.
:. Ikir s`s`drimk hipit g`myihira him hipit g`nieueim p`rs`psa ihi j`j`ripi syirit
yimk p`rnu hap`mufa, yiatu ?
i. Ihimyi
Ihimyi djo`e
djo`e yimk hap`rs`p
hap`rs`psa.
sa. Djo`e g`magj
g`magjune
uneim
im sta
stagun
gunus
us yim
yimk
k g`mk`mi
g`mk`miaa init
init
amh`rii itiu r`s`ptdr.
amh`r r`s`ptdr. Stagunus
Stagunus hipit hitimk hira nuir nimksumk
nimksumk g`mk`mia
g`mk`mia amh`ri him
hipit hitimk hira hinig yimk nimksumk g`mk`mia syiril p`m`ragi (s`msdras) tipa
j`rlumksa s`jikia r`s`ptdr.
j. Ihimyi amh`ri itiu r`s`ptdr, yiatu s`jikia init umtue g`m`ragi stagunus.
c. Hap`rnueim
Hap`rnueim ihimyi
ihimyi p`rfitaim
p`rfitaim s`jikia nimkeif
nimkeif iwin g`muou p`rs`psa.
p`rs`psa.
3. Gdta
Gdtavisa
visa g`rupieim e`amkamim, fisrit gdtdr p`mkk`rie hinig hara gimusai, gdtavisa
j`rfujumkim h`mkim lietdr psaedndka gimusai yimk g`mc`rgameim imtiri saeip,
e`jutufim, him e`puisim yimk t`roiha pihi hara gimusai s`himkeim hiyi hdrdmk yimk
hanuir hara s`s`drimk hatagjuneim dn`f pagpamim. Gdtavisa g`gp`rsdineim jikiagimi
ciri g`mkirifeim hiyi him pdt`msa jiwifim, ikir giu j`e`roisigi s`ciri prdhuetal
s`famkki hipit g`mcipia him g`wuouheim tuouim p`rusifiim yimk t`nif hat`mtueim.
R`mtamkmyi gdtavisa eir`mi gdtavisa ihinif fin yimk g`my`jijeim, g`myinureim, him

g`mhueumk
g`mhueumk pranieu gimusai supiyi giu j`e`roi
j`e`roi sigi s`ciri kait s`famkki g`mcipia

90
 fisan yimk dptagin. Suitu p`rusifiim hipit j`re`gjimk h`mkim jiae him gigpu
g`mcipia tuouimmyi, eir`mi hahisira dn`f gdtavisa.

HILXIZ RPSXIEI

Ifgih, I. :221. Rsaedndka Pgug.

Pgug. Oieirti? Zam`ei Capti
Ifgiha, I. 9111. Rsaedndka Sdsain. Oieirti? R`m`rjat Zam`ei Capti
Ioz`m, N.9166. Ittatuh`s, R`rsdminaty,
R`rsdminaty, imh J`fivadr. Gantdm E`ym`s? Dp`m Pmav`rsaty
Inagam, _. him @. Firyita. :292. Figjitim S`msdra him R`rs`psa. (dmnam`), ivianijn`?

fttp?//lan`.upa.`hu/Har`etdra/I%:2%:2LAR/OPZ.%:2R@MH.%:2NPIZ
%:2JAISI/91;;9293:22029:%:2%:2@PAS%:2F@ZQIXA/FIGJIXIM
%:2S@MSDZD%:<R@ZS@RSA%:20JCDGRIXAJANAXQ%:2Gdh`%0H.RHL.
(:292,iKPSXPS0)..
(:292,iKPSXPS0)
Innpdrt, L.911:8. Sdcain Rsyfdndky.
Rsyfdndky. Jdstdm?Fdukftdm-Gallnam

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