REINFORCED CONCRETE LECTURE

LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM:

CONCRETE – a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates with a INITIAL MODULUS – the slope of the stress – strain diagram at the origin of the
paste of cement and water. curve.

REINFORCED CONCRETE – a combination of concrete and steel wherein the TANGENT MODULUS – the slope of the tangent to the curve at some point along
steel reinforcement provides tensile strength lacking in the concrete. the curve (approximately 50% of the curve)

SECANT MODULUS – the slope of the line drawn from the origin to a point on the
PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE curve (at around 25 – 50 % of the ultimate strength)

1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH – shall be greater than 17 mpa; can be

tested using 28 day old 150 mm by 300 mm cylinder.

2. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY – the ratio of normal stress to corresponding

strain for tensile or compressive stresses below the proportional limit of
the material.

FORMULAS FOR MODULUS OF ELASTICITY:

a. If the density is between 1500-2500 kg/m3:

1.5 '
𝐸𝑐 = 0. 043𝑤𝑐 𝑓𝑐

b. For normal weight:

APPARENT MODULUS/ LONG TERM MODULUS – determined by using stresses
𝐸𝑐 = 4700 𝑓'𝑐 and strain after the load has been applied.

3 ways of determining modulus of elasticity

c. For normal concrete with f’c is between 42-84 mpa , and lightweight
concrete with f’c is between 42 – 62 mpa: a. TANGENT MODULUS OF ELASTICITY – the line that is the tangent
to a point on the stress-strain curve.
1.5 b. SECANT MODULUS OF ELASTICITY – the slope of a line through
𝐸𝑐 = ⎡⎢13. 32 𝑓 𝑐 + 6895⎤⎥
⎣
'

⎦
( )
𝑤𝑐
2320
c.
the origin and through the point on the curve.
INITIAL TANGENT MODULUS – the slope of stress – strain curve at
the origin.

SHRINKAGE – the decrease in volume of concrete during hardening and drying

under constant temperature.
 3. TENSILE STRENGTH – ranges from 8-15% of its compressive strength. It
Types: is an important property that affects the sizes and extent of the cracks that
occur.
a. DRYING – due to the loss of a layer of adsorbed water from the
surface of the gel particles METHODS TO DETERMINE THE TENSILE STRENGTH:
b. CARBONATION – occurs in carbon dioxide rich atmosphere. At
higher or lower humidities , carbonation shrinkage decreases. a. MODULUS OF RUPTURE TEST – known as standard beam test ;
c. PLASTIC – occurs during the first few hours after placing fresh the bending tensile stress at which concrete begins to crack; a
concrete in the forms. Moisture of concrete evaporates faster from the 100x100x400 is loaded to failure by either a concentrated load at
concrete surface than replacement of bleed water from the lower midspan or by two loads applied at the third points.
layers of the concrete elements.
'
𝑓𝑟 = 0. 62 λ 𝑓 𝑐
CREEP – the slow deformation of a material over considerable strengths of time at
constant loads.

HONEYCOMB – the absence of mortar between aggregates which is developed 𝑀𝑐𝑟𝐶 6𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝑓𝑟 = ; 𝑓𝑟 =
when the concrete contains insufficient mortar or when concrete is not properly 𝐼 𝑏ℎ
2

compacted.

BRITTLE – members that fail suddenly without warning and with no time for B – width of the beam
measures to be taken to prevent damage. H – depth of the beam
Mcr – cracking moment
HYDRATION – the chemical reaction between cement and water after the
components of concrete have been mixed together which produces significant b. SPLIT CYLINDER TEST – a cylinder is placed on its side in the
quantities of heat. testing machine and a compressive load is applied uniformly along
the length of the cylinder , with support supplied along the bottom for
' the cylinders full length.
𝑀𝑂𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐼𝐶𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝐹𝐴𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑅𝑆 λ 𝐴𝑆 𝑀𝑈𝐿𝑇𝐼𝑃𝐿𝐼𝐸𝑅 𝑂𝐹 𝑓 𝑐:
2𝑃
𝑓𝑡 = π𝐿𝐷

CONCRETE MODIFICATION FACTOR

P – maximum compressive force
SAND LIGHTWEIGHT 0.85 L – the length of the cylinder
D – diameter of the cylinder.
LIGHTWEIGHT 0.75
WATER CEMENT RATIO – the major parameter that determines the strength of
NORMAL 1.00 concrete.

Average splitting tensile 𝑓

'
𝑐𝑡
BLEEDING – the rise of water to the surface; voids are created by bubbles
≤1. 0 produced during the mixing process and by segregation of the coarse aggregate
strength of lightweight concrete 0.56 𝑓 𝑐
'
from the mortar when concrete is poured in the forms.
WORKABILITY – sufficient water must be added to make concrete fluid so it can TYPES:
work into all parts of the containing forms.
1. TRAFFIC LOADS FOR BRIDGES – caused by vehicles
DUCTILITY – ability of the section to deform beyond its yield without significant 2. IMPACT LOADS – caused by vibration of moving or movable loads ex.:
strength loss. crate dropped on the floor.
3. LONGITUDINAL LOADS – caused by longitudinal forces
REINFORCING STEEL BARS – used for concrete structures in the form of bars of 4. MISCELLANEOUS LOADS – ex.: hydrostatic pressures, soil pressures,
welded wire fabric ; referred to as plane or deformed bars. centrifugal forces, blast loads

PHILIPPINES STANDARD DESIGNATION ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS – loads caused by the environment in which the
structure is located.
ASTM
DIAMETER (MM) UNIT WT (KG/M) Kinds:
DESIGNATION

6 2 0.222 1. SNOW/ICE LOADS – applied to structures that may slide off its roof and
onto a lower one by snow or ice.
10 3 0.616 2. RAIN LOADS – may cause run off and a tendency that the roof of the
structure to deflect into a dish shape.
12 4 0.888 3. WIND LOADS – the magnitude and duration can be varied depending on
the location of the wind.
4. EARTHQUAKE LOADS – considers the seismic location and seismic
16 5 1.579
forces in design of the structures.

20 6 2.466

25 8 3.854

28 9 4.833

32 10 6.313

36 11 7.991

LOADS

DEAD LOADS – loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position. Ex.:
frames, walls, floors, roofs

LIVE LOADS – can change in magnitude and position. Ex.: occupancy loads,
warehouse materials, construction loads, overhead service cranes, equipment
operating loads