
LESSON2
JOSÉ PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO Y ALONSO REALONDA
 (BORN JUNE 19, 1861, CALAMBA, PHILIPPINES
DIED DECEMBER 30, 1896, MANILA), PATRIOT,
PHYSICIAN, AND MAN OF LETTERS WHO WAS
AN INSPIRATION TO THE PHILIPPINE
NATIONALIST MOVEMENT.
FRANCISCO MERCADO
 JOSE RIZAL'S FATHER WAS A WELL-EDUCATED
FARMER WITH STUDIES IN LATIN AND
PHILOSOPHY AT THE COLEGIO DE SAN JOSE IN
MANILA.
MRS. TEODORA ALONSO,
 MOTHER OF JOSE RIZAL, WAS A SECOND
AMONG THE CHILDREN OF MRS. BRIGIDA DE
QUINTOS, DAUGHTER OF MR. MANUEL DE
QUINTOS OF A WELL-KNOWN FAMILY IN
PANGASINAN AND REGINA OF THE URSUA
FAMILY.
RIZAL SIBLING
 SATURNINA (1850-1913)
 PACIANO (1851-1930)
 Narcisa (1852-1939)
 Olympia (1855-1887)
 Lucia (1857-1919)
 Maria (1859-1945)
 Concepcion (1862-1865)
 Josefa (1865-1945)
 Trinidad (1868-1951)
 Soledad (1870-1929)
TEACHER EARLY EDUCATION
 INSTRUCTION WAS RIGID AND STRICT.
KNOWLEDGE WAS FORCED INTO THE MINDS OF
THE PUPILS BY MEANS OF THE TEDIOUS
MEMORY METHOD AIDED BY THE TEACHER'S
WHIP.
THE HERO'S FIRST TEACHER
 THE FIRST TEACHER OF RIZAL WAS HIS
MOTHER.
 THE FIRST WAS MAESTRO CELESTINO AND THE
SECOND
 MAESTRO LUCAS PADUA LATER
 AN OLD MAN NAMED LEON MONROY, A
FORMER CLASSMATE OF RIZAL'S FATHER,
BECAME THE BOY'S TUTOR.
THE EARLY RELIGIOUS FORMATION
 YOUNG RIZAL WAS A RELIGIOUS BOY.
ON JUNE 6, 1868, JOSE AND HIS FATHER LEFT
FOR CALAMBA TO GO ON A PILGRIMAGE TO
ANTIPOLO, IN ORDER TO FULFILL HIS MOTHER'S
VOW WHICH WAS MADE WHEN RIZAL WAS
BORN.
 "AL NIÑO JESUS" (TO THE CHILD JESUS)- A
POEM OF EIGHT VERSE ONLY
 "A LA VIRGEN MARIA" (TO THE VIRGIN MARY)-
A SONNET
 "ALIANZA INTIMA LA RELIGION Y LA
EDUCATION" (AN INTIMATE ALLIANCE OF
RELIGION AND EDUCATION)
THE INSPIRATION OF THE PARABLE OF THE MOTH
 WAS AN INSPIRATION TO RIZAL
 HE SAID, IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO CONQUER
INSURMOUNTABLE ODDS AND BE MARTYR IN
REALITY BUT NEVER AN ILLUSION
LESSON3
RIZAL'S FORMATIVE YEARS IN ATENEO AND SCHOLASTIC
RECORDS
JESUITS
 THE JESUITS WERE CONSIDERED THE BEST
EDUCATORS OF SPAIN
ATENEO
 ATENEO WAS A SECONDARY SCHOOL THAT
OFFERED RIGOROUS COURSES ALMOST
EQUIVALENT TO COLLEGE ACADEMICS
ATENEO'S ACADEMIC RIGOR
 ATENEO'S REPUTATION SOARED DUE TO ITS
RIGOROUS CURRICULUM AND HIGH
INTELLECTUAL STANDARDS SET BY THE JESUITS
RIZAL AT ATENEO
 JOSE RIZAL EMBARKED ON HIS EDUCATIONAL
JOURNEY AT ATENEO, WHERE HE NOT ONLY
EXCELLED ACADEMICALLY BUT ALSO WON A
SPECIAL PRIZE IN POETRY FOR 'A LA JUVENTUD
FILIPINA,' MARKING THE BEGINNING OF HIS
POLITICAL THOUGHTS
RIZAL'S DEVELOPMENT
 DURING HIS TIME AT ATENEO, RIZAL EMERGED
AS A FIRST-RATE STUDENT AND NATURAL
LEADER.
RIZAL'S PROFICIENCY IN SPANISH
 RIZAL INITIALLY STRUGGLED WITH SPANISH,
BUT THROUGH HARD WORK AND CONTINUOUS
READING, HE BECAME PROFICIENT IN THE
LANGUAGE
  RIZAL'S ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AT UST WAS
MARKED BY CHALLENGES. HE FACED HOSTILITY
RIZAL'S POETIC TALENT FROM DOMINICAN PROFESSORS,
 FATHER SANCHEZ RECOGNIZED RIZAL'S POETIC DISCRIMINATION AGAINST FILIPINO STUDENTS,
TALENT AND ENCOURAGED HIM TO PURSUE AND AN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM HE FOUND
THIS CRAFT. OBSOLETE AND REPRESSIVE.
INFLUENCE OF FATHER VILLACLARA RIZAL'S TRUE CALLING
 FATHER JOSE VILLACLARA PLAYED A VITAL ROLE  RIZAL EVENTUALLY REALIZED THAT HIS TRUE
IN RIZAL'S EDUCATION, TEACHING HIM IN CALLING LAY IN THE ARTS, NOT MEDICINE. THIS
SCIENCES AND PHILOSOPHY REALIZATION MARKED A SIGNIFICANT SHIFT IN
RIZAL'S VISION FOR EDUCATION AND NATION HIS CAREER PATH.
 DURING HIS TIME AT ATENEO, RIZAL SOLIDIFIED
HIS DESIRE TO SERVE AS A LOCAL NATIONALIST.
LESSON5
NOLI ME TANGERE DEFINITION
 POR LA EDUCACION RECIBE LUSTRE LA PATRIA
 THE LATIN WORD OF NOLI ME TANGERE MEANS
SHAPING RIZAL'S FORMATIVE YEARS
“DO NOT TOUCH ME”
 RIZAL'S FORMATIVE YEARS AT ATENEO LAID THE
 NOLI ME TANGERE WAS ALL ABOUT THE
FOUNDATION FOR HIS FUTURE ACHIEVEMENTS
DESCRIPTION OF THE SPANISH COLONIZATION
AS A SCIENTIST, FICTION WRITER, NATIONALIST,
HERE IN THE PHILIPPINES AND HOW THE
AND MEDICAL DOCTOR.
SPANISH TREATED FILIPINOS BADLY.
AMBETH OCAMPO'S PERSPECTIVE
BACKGROUND OF RIZAL
 "AMBETH OCAMPO, A FILIPINO REVISIONIST
 JOSÉ PROTASIO RIZAL MERCADO Y ALONSO
HISTORIAN, CHALLENGES THE BELIEF THAT
REALONDA WAS A FILIPINO NATIONALIST,
RIZAL WAS NOT A GOOD STUDENT.
WRITER AND POLYMATH ACTIVE AT THE END
COLLEGE LIFE IN UNIBERSIDAD DE SANTO TOMAS
OF THE SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD OF THE
TRANSITION TO UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
PHILIPPINES. HE IS CONSIDERED THE NATIONAL
 RIZAL'S TRANSITION TO THE UNIVERSITY OF
HERO OF THE PHILIPPINES.
SANTO TOMAS MARKED A SIGNIFICANT
HISTORY OF PUBLICATION
TURNING POINT IN HIS ACADEMIC JOURNEY
 HIS ONLY TWO NOVELS, NOLI ME TANGERE
AND THE CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT OF HIS
(1887), AND EL FILI BUSTERISMO (1891) WHICH
POLITICAL IDEAS.
RIZAL BEST KNOWN WORKS, BECOME
UST'S IMPACT ON RIZAL'S INTELLECTUAL
ESSENTIAL MANUALS FOR MEMBERS OF THE
DEVELOPMENT
PHILIPPINES INDEFENDENCE MOVEMENT.
 UST PLAYED A CRUCIAL ROLE IN SHAPING
INFLUENCE ON THE FILIPINO NATIONALISM
RIZAL'S INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT,
 JOSE RIZAL IS COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE
PARTICULARLY HIS GROWING PREFERENCE FOR
“FATHER OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM” AND THE
LIBERAL ARTS OVER SCIENCE.
FIRST FILIPINO”, NOT BECAUSE HE HELPED
RIZAL'S INITIAL COURSE CHOICES
ESTABLISH AN INDEPENDENT PHILIPPINE STATE
 UNCERTAIN ABOUT HIS COURSE OF STUDY,
(IN FACT, HE SPECIFICALLY AND EXPLICITLY
RIZAL INITIALLY CONSIDERED FARMING OR
DENOUNCED THE 1896 REVOLUTION AGAINST
JOINING THE CLERGY, AS ADVISED BY THE
SPAIN)
JESUIT PRIESTS. HOWEVER, HIS TRUE INTERESTS
MAJOR CHARACTER IN NOLI ME TANGERE
LEANED TOWARD LAW, LITERATURE, OR
1. CRISOSTOMO IBARRA
MEDICINE.
 WAS AN EARNEST AND IDEALIST YOUNG MAN
RIZAL'S SHIFT TO THE MEDICAL PATH
INFLUENCE BY HIS EUROPEAN EDUCATION HE
 RIZAL'S DECISION TO PURSUE MEDICINE WAS
SOUGHT TO PROVE THE COUNTRY AS PART OF
INFLUENCED BY FATHER RAMON PABLO'S
THIS HE BELIEVED IN THE POWER OF
ADVICE.
EDUCATION TO ENACT TO PERFORM AND
RIZAL'S ACADEMIC JOURNEY AT UST
 MADE EFFORT TO ESTABLISHED A SCHOOL IN 2. SEQUEL OF NOLI ME TANGERE
SAN DIEGO TO THIS END 3. GHENT, BELGIUM
2. MARIA CLARA 4. GOMBURZA
 SHE IS A FICTIONAL MESTIZA HEROINE IN NOLI 5. 39 CHAPTERS
ME TANGERE, A NOVEL BY JOSÉ RIZAL, THE 6. HATRED, REVENGE, REVOLUTION
NATIONAL HERO OF THE PHILIPPINES. HER 7. VALENTIN VENTURA
NAME AND CHARACTER HAVE SINCE BECOME A 8. NO HAPPY ENDING
BYWORD IN FILIPINO CULTURE FOR THE CHARACTERS
TRADITIONAL, FEMININE IDEAL. 1. SIMOUN
3. KAPITAN TIAGO 2. BASILIO
 REAL NAME OF CAPTAIN TIAGO, “SANTIAGO DE 3. ISAGANI
LOS SANTOS”. IS A WEALTHY FILIPINO 4. KABESANG TALES
BUSINESSMAN AND SOCIALITE IN THE NOVEL 5. TANDANG SELO
NOLI ME TANGERE BY JOSÉ RIZAL. 6. DON CUSTODIO
4. PADRE DAMASO 7. PAULITA GOMEZ
 DAMASO IS ALSO KNOWN FOR HIS ARROGANCE 8. FATHER FLORENTINO
AND HIS DISDAIN FOR THE FILIPINO PEOPLE 9. JULIANA DE DIOS
5. ELIAS 10. BEN ZAYN
 ELIAS IS A PROMINENT CHARACTER IN JOSE 11. PLACIDO PENITENTE
RIZAL'S NOVEL "NOLI ME TANGERE," WHICH 12. QUIROGA
WAS PUBLISHED IN 1887 AND IS CONSIDERED A 13. FATHER FERNANDEZ
CORNERSTONE OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE. HE 14. ATTORNEY PASTA
PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THE STORY, AND 15. CAPTAIN GENERAL
HIS CHARACTER IS COMPLEX AND 16. PADRE SIBYLA
MULTIFACETED. 17. PADRE CAMORRA
6. PILOSOPONG TASYO 18. DOÑA VICTORINA
 THE REAL NAME OF PILOSOPO TASYO/TASIO IS 19. KAPITAN TIAGO
“DON ANASTACIO”. 20. FATHER IRENE
7. DOÑA VICTORINA 21. HERMANA BALI
 DOÑA VICTORINA IS MARRIED TO DON 22. HERMANA PENCHANG
TIBURCIO DE ESPADAÑA. 23. SANDOVAL
8. SISA 24. FATHER MILLON
 SISA IS A CENTRAL CHARACTER IN JOSE RIZAL'S 25. HERMANA PENCHANG
NOVEL "NOLI ME TANGERE." SHE IS THE 26. SANDOVAL
MOTHER OF CRISPIN AND BASILIO. 27. FATHER MILLON
9. CRISPIN 28. TANO
 HE WORKS AS A SACRISTAN MAYOR IN THE SIMOUN
LOCAL CHURCH, WHICH INVOLVES VARIOUS  WAS THE NEW IDENTITY FORGED BY
CHURCH-RELATED DUTIES, SUCH AS ASSISTING CRISOSTOMO IBARRA FOLLOWING HIS ESCAPE
DURING MASS AND MAINTAINING THE CHURCH FROM SAN DIEGO.EMBITTERED BY THE LOSS OF
PREMISES. HIS NAME AND HOME, SIMOUN GATHERED
10. BASILIO WEALTH AS A JEWELER, RETURNING TO THE
 BASILIO WAS AN OPTIMISTIC AND HOPEFUL PHILIPPINES AS THE GOVERNORGENERAL'S
INDIVIDUAL IN SPITE OF THE HARDSHIPS HE ADVISER IN ORDER TO RESCUE HIS LOST LOVE
FACED. MARIA CLARA.
11. SALOME BASILIO
 IS A YOUNG GIRL SEVENTEEN YEARS  WAS A YOUNG BOY LIVING IN SAN DIEGO AND
EL FILIBUSTERISMO THE OLDER BROTHER OF CRISPIN. FOLLOWING
1. THE REIGN OF GREED / FILIBUSTERO HIS MOTHER'S DEATH AND HIS BROTHER'S
 DISAPPEARANCE, BASILIO FLED THE TOWN AND
WAS TAKEN IN BY CAPITAN TIAGO. LIVING IN
MANILA, HE BECAME A MEDICAL STUDENT,
ALSO JOINING THE STUDENT ORGANIZATION
ATTEMPTING TO FOUND THE CASTILIAN
ACADEMY.
ISAGANI
 WAS ONE OF THE MEMBERS OF THE STUDENT
ORGANIZATION ATTEMPTING TO ESTABLISH
THE CASTILIAN ACADEMY. THE ADOPTED
NEPHEW OF PADRE FLORENTINO, HE JOINED
THE OTHER STUDENTS IN THEIR EFFORTS TO
ESTABLISH THE ACADEMY, BECOMING
ENTANGLED WITH THE GROUP'S AFFAIRS
ALONGSIDE HIS CLOSE FRIEND BASILIO.
PADRE FLORENTINO
 WAS THE PARISH PRIEST OF THE TOWN OF
TIANI AND THE ADOPTIVE UNCLE OF ISAGANI.
HE EVENTUALLY CAME TO SHELTER BOTH DON
TIBURCIO AND SIMOUN FROM THEIR
RESPECTIVE THREATS.
FATHER FERNÁNDEZ
 THE PRIEST-FRIEND OF ISAGANI. HE PROMISED
TO ISAGANI THAT HE AND THE OTHER PRIESTS
WILL GIVE IN TO THE STUDENTS' DEMANDS.
CAPTAIN SANTIAGO
 ALSO KNOWN IN HIS FULLNAME AS DON
SANTIAGO DE LOS SANTOS THE KNOWN
FATHER OF MARÍA CLARA BUT NOT THE REAL
ONE; LIVES IN BINONDO.
CAPTAIN GENERAL
 THE MOST POWERFUL OFFICIAL IN THE
PHILIPPINES, A HATER OF SECULAR PRIESTS
AND CORRUPT OFFICIALS, AND A FRIEND OF
IBARRA.
FATHER BERNARDO SALVI
 A FRANCISCAN FRIAR, THE FORMER PARISH
PRIEST OF SAN DIEGO AND NOW THE DIRECTOR
AND CHAPLAIN OF THE SANTA CLARA
CONVENT.
FATHER MILLON
 A DOMINICAN FRIAR WHO SERVES AS THE
PHYSICS PROFESSOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF
SANTO TOMAS, HE ALWAYS BECOMES
VINDICTIVE WITH PLACIDO AND ALWAYS
TAUNTS HIM DURING CLASS.
QUIROGA
 IS A WEALTHY AND INFLUENTIAL SPANISH
BUSINESSMAN IN THE NOVEL. HE REPRESENTS
THE SPANISH ELITE AND THEIR EXPLOITATIVE
CONTROL OVER THE PHILIPPINES.
DON CUSTODIO
 IS A LAWYER AND A JOURNALIST. HE IS
DEPICTED AS A SYMBOL OF THE FILIPINO
EDUCATED CLASS DURING THE SPANISH
COLONIAL ERA.
BEN-ZAYB
 HE REPRESENTS THE FILIPINO INTELLIGENTSIA
WHO EXPRESS THEIR OPINIONS AND
CRITICISMS THROUGH THE MEDIA.
FATHER CAMORRA
 IS A CORRUPT AND IMMORAL FRIAR IN THE
NOVEL. HE REPRESENTS THE NEGATIVE
INFLUENCE OF THE SPANISH CLERGY ON
FILIPINO SOCIETY.
FATHER IRENE
 IS A MORE COMPASSIONATE FRIAR WHO TRIES
TO DO SOME GOOD IN THE MIDST OF THE
CORRUPT SPANISH FRIAR SYSTEM.
PLACIDO PENITENTE
 HIS CHARACTER REPRESENTS THE FRUSTRATION
AND DESIRE FOR CHANGE AMONG THE FILIPINO
YOUTH.
PAULITA GÓMEZ
 IS A MINOR CHARACTER IN THE NOVEL, BUT
SHE REPRESENTS THE ASPIRATIONS AND
DREAMS OF THE FILIPINO YOUTH DURING THAT
TIME.
CHARACTERS FROM BARRIO SAGPANG
CABESANG TALES
 THE WAS EMBROILED IN A BITTER CASE OF
LAND DISPUTE AFTER THE CORPORATION OF
FRIARS TRIED TO SEIZE HIS LAND FROM HIM.
TANDANG SELO
 THE SHOCK OF LOSING THE FARM, TALES
GETTING CAPTURED BY BANDITS, AND JULI'S
EVENTUAL SERVITUDE, HAS LEFT TANDANG
SELO A MUTE
JULI
 JULIANA DE DIOS, GIRLFRIEND OF BASILIO
TANO
 TANO IS NICKNAMED "CAROLINO" AFTER
COMPLETING GUARDIA CIVIL TRAINING IN THE
CAROLINES.
HERMANA PENCHANG
 A MOTHER-FIGURE AND ADVISOR TO JULI
LESSON6
MAX WEBER REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY AND
 DEFINES GOVERNMENT AS THE RISES OF AN RESPONSIBLE MODEL OF DEMOCRACY
INSTITUTION WHICH HAS A MONOPOLY OF THE RIZAL AS AN ILUSTRADO
LEGITIMATE USE OF PHYSICAL POWER.  RIZAL WAS KNOWN AS AN ILUSTRADO OR
RIZAL ON POLITICAL CULTURE ENLIGHTENED ONE. THE NAME ILUSTRADO
 IN HIS ESSAY "THE INDOLENCE OF THE WAS ATTACHED TO THE YOUNG MEN WHO
FILIPINOS. RIZAL OBSERVED THAT WITHOUT CAME OF AGE IN THE 1980S AND OPPOSED THE
EDUCATION AND LIBERTY...REFORM IS REPRESSIVE POLICIES OF THE SPANISH
POSSIBLE. GOVERNMENT AND CHURCH. THE ILUSTRADOS
RIZAL ON POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION WERE NOT ONLY ANTI-FRIAR, THEY ALSO
 RIZAL'S LIFE WAS A LESSON IN POLITICAL CRITICIZED SPANISH GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
SOCIALIZATION. BY EMPHASIZING THE FOR FAILING TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE SERVICES.
IMPORTANCE OF BEING A FILIPINO, RIZAL
ACCELERATED THE PROCESS OF LOCAL
NATIONALISM.
RIZAL ON POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
 IN RIZAL'S NOVEL NOLI ME TANGERE, HE
WROTE: "... WE ARE SPEAKING OF THE PRESENT
CONDITION OF THE PHILIPPINES... YES, WE ARE
NOW ENTERING UPON A PERIOD OF STRIFE...
THE STRIFE IS BETWEEN THE PAST, WHICH
SEIZES AND STRIVES WITH CURSES TO CLING TO
THE TOTTERING FEUDAL CASTLES, AND THE
FUTURE, WHOSE SONG OF TRIUMPH MAY BE
HEARD FROM AFAR... BRINGING THE MESSAGE
OF GOOD NEWS FROM OTHER LAND."
RIZAL ON NATIONALISM
 RIZAL ARGUED THAT FILIPINOS COULD ONLY
FOSTER THEIR OWN SENSE OF NATIONALISM BY
STUDYING HISTORY. RIZAL WROTE TO
BLUMENTRITT: “I WOULD STIMULATE THESE
PHILIPPINE STUDIES AND CONCLUDED THAT
HISTORY PROVIDED “HE TRUE CONCEPT OF ONE
SELF AND DROVE NATIONS TO DO GREAT
THINGS.’
RIZAL ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT
 SPAIN HAD GRANTED FILIPINOS
REPRESENTATION IN THE SPANISH CORTES
FROM MAY 1809 UNTIL THE PRIVILEGE WAS
REMOVED BY QUEEN MARIA CRISTINA IN 1836.
RIZAL BELIEVED THAT THE REPRESENTATION
WAS ESSENTIAL TO THE GOVERNING PROCESS.
RIZAL ON DEMOCRACY
 ALTHOUGH RIZAL NEVER DEFINED
DEMOCRACY. HE DID COMMENT ON INJUSTICE
AND SUGGESTED THAT IT WAS A SPUR TO THE
RISE OF DEMOCRACY. IN RIZAL'S VIEW THE BEST
GOVERNMENT IS A MIXTURE BETWEEN