MATH 2044 CHAPTER 3 1st SEMESTER A.Y.

2023-2024

INVERSE TRIGO
FUNCTIONS
EQUATIONS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC AND
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Equations Involving
Circular Functions
Solving Equations
Determine all arc lengths that will satisfy a given equation.

Example:
2 2
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 1
Solution Set: ℝ
sin 𝑥 = 0
Solution Set: {𝑘𝜋 , 𝑘 ∈ ℤ}
Fundamental Solution Set (FSS)
It is the set of solutions that are in the interval [0,2𝜋).

Example:
sin 𝑥 = 0 FSS: {0, 𝜋}

1 2𝜋 4𝜋
cos 𝑥 = − FSS: ,
2 3 3
Example 1
𝝅 𝟑𝝅
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 0 𝐅𝐒𝐒: ,
𝟐 𝟐
Solution:
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 1 = 0
cos 𝑥 = 0 sin 𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝜋 3𝜋 sin 𝑥 = 1
𝑥= , 𝜋
2 2 𝑥=
2
Example 2
2
𝝅 𝟓𝝅
2 cos 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝐅𝐒𝐒: 𝟎, ,
𝟑 𝟑
Solution:
2 cos 𝑥 − 1 cos 𝑥 − 1 = 0
2 cos 𝑥 − 1 = 0 cos 𝑥 − 1 = 0
1 cos 𝑥 = 1
cos 𝑥 =
2 𝑥=0
𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥= ,
3 3
Example 3
2
tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 − 1 = 0
Solution:
2 sec 𝑥 + 2 = 0
sec 𝑥 − 1 + sec 𝑥 − 1 = 0
2
sec 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 − 2 = 0 sec 𝑥 = −2
1
sec 𝑥 + 2 sec 𝑥 − 1 = 0 cos 𝑥 = −
2
2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑥= ,
3 3
Example 3
2
𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅
tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝐅𝐒𝐒: 𝟎, ,
𝟑 𝟑
Solution:
2 sec 𝑥 − 1 = 0
sec 𝑥 − 1 + sec 𝑥 − 1 = 0
2
sec 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 − 2 = 0 sec 𝑥 = 1
cos 𝑥 = 1
sec 𝑥 + 2 sec 𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝑥=0
Example 4
1 𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟏𝟑𝝅 𝟏𝟕𝝅
sin 2𝑥 = 𝐅𝐒𝐒: , , ,
2 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
Solution:
1 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2𝜋
sin 2𝑥 =
2 0 ≤ 2𝑥 < 4𝜋
𝜋 5𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋
2𝑥 = , , ,
6 6 6 6
𝜋 5𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋
𝑥= , , ,
12 12 12 12
Example 5
𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟗𝝅 𝟏𝟑𝝅
tan 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝐅𝐒𝐒: , , ,
𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖
Solution:
0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2𝜋
tan 2𝑥 = 1
0 ≤ 2𝑥 < 4𝜋
𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋
2𝑥 = , , ,
4 4 4 4
𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋
𝑥= , , ,
8 8 8 8
Example 6
𝝅 𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟕𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟏𝟏𝝅
cos 3𝑥 = 0 𝐅𝐒𝐒: , , , , ,
𝟔 𝟐 𝟔 𝟔 𝟐 𝟔
Solution:
0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2𝜋
cos 3𝑥 = 0
0 ≤ 3𝑥 < 6𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋 11𝜋
3𝑥 = , , , , ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋 11𝜋
𝑥= , , , , ,
6 6 6 6 6 6
Example 7
𝟑𝝅 𝟕𝝅
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 0 𝐅𝐒𝐒: ,
𝟒 𝟒
Solution:
sin 𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 tan 𝑥 = −1
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 3𝜋 7𝜋
𝑥= ,
tan 𝑥 = −1 4 4
Example 8
sin 2𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 0
Solution:
sin 2𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 0 sin 𝑥 = 0
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 0 𝑥 = 0, 𝜋

sin 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 1 = 0
Example 8
𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅
sin 2𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 0 𝐅𝐒𝐒: 𝟎, 𝝅, ,
𝟑 𝟑
Solution:
sin 2𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 0 2 cos 𝑥 + 1 = 0
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 0 1
cos 𝑥 = −
2
sin 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 1 = 0
2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑥= ,
3 3
Example 9
1
cos 𝑥 =
3
Solution:
1 𝜋
𝑥 = Arccos ∈ 0,
3 2
Since we want the FSS, there is another solution in the
3𝜋 1
interval , 2𝜋 which is 2𝜋 − Arccos
2 3
𝟏 𝟏
𝐅𝐒𝐒: 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 , 𝟐𝝅 − 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟑 𝟑
Example 10
4
sin 𝑥 =
5
Solution:
4 𝜋
𝑥 = Arcsin ∈ 0,
5 2
Since we want the FSS, there is another solution in the
𝜋 4
interval , 𝜋 which is 𝜋 − Arcsin
2 5
𝟒 𝟒
𝐅𝐒𝐒: 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 , 𝝅 − 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟓 𝟓
Example 11
tan 𝑥 = −3
Solution:
𝜋
𝑥 = Arctan(−3) ∈ − , 0
2
Why is Arctan(−3) ∉ FSS ?

Arctan(−3) is not an element of the fundamental solution

set since Arctan(−3) ∉ 0,2𝜋 .
Example 11
tan 𝑥 = −3
Solution:
Since we want the FSS, there
are solutions in the intervals
𝜋
, 𝜋 which is 𝜋 + Arctan(−3) and
2
3𝜋
, 𝜋 which is 2𝜋 + Arctan(−3)
2
𝐅𝐒𝐒: 𝝅 + 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏(−𝟑) , 𝟐𝝅 + 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏(−𝟑)
Equations Involving
Inverse Circular
Functions
Example 12 Example 13
𝜋 𝜋
Arcsin 𝑥 = Arctan(𝑥 − 1) =
4 3
Solution: Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = sin 𝑥 − 1 = tan
4 3
2 𝑥−1= 3
=
2 𝑥 = 3+1
𝟐
𝐒𝐒: 𝐒𝐒: 𝟑+𝟏
𝟐
Example 14
𝜋 𝟏
Arctan(2𝑥 − 1) + Arcsin 1 = 𝐒𝐒:
2 𝟐
Solution:
𝜋
Arctan(2𝑥 − 1) + Arcsin 1 = 2𝑥 − 1 = tan 0
2
𝜋 𝜋 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
Arctan(2𝑥 − 1) + =
2 2
2𝑥 = 1
Arctan(2𝑥 − 1) = 0 1
𝑥=
2
Example 15 Example 16
5𝜋
Arcsin 𝑥 = 𝜋 Arccos(𝑥 + 2) =
3
Solution: Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
Since Arcsin 𝑥 ∈ − , Arccos(𝑥 + 2) ∈ 0, 𝜋
2 2
this equation has no solution. 𝐒𝐒: ∅

𝐒𝐒: ∅
Example 17
3
Arcsin 𝑥 − Arccos = 0
5
Solution:
3
Let 𝛼 = Arcsin 𝑥 Let 𝛽 = Arccos
5
sin 𝛼 = 𝑥 3
cos 𝛽 =
5
cos 𝛼 = 1− 𝑥 2
4
sin 𝛽 =
5
Example 17
3
Arcsin 𝑥 − Arccos = 0
5
Solution:
With the representation from the last slide, this equation becomes
𝛼−𝛽 =0

Getting the sine of both sides,

sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = sin 0
sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 0
Example 17
3
Arcsin 𝑥 − Arccos = 0
5
Solution:
sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 0 3𝑥 = 4 1 − 𝑥 2

2 2
sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 = 0 9𝑥 = 16 ⋅ (1 − 𝑥 )
2 2
3 4 9𝑥 = 16 − 16𝑥
𝑥⋅ 2
− 1−𝑥 ⋅ =0 2
5 5 25𝑥 = 16
3 4 2 2
16
𝑥= 1−𝑥 𝑥 =
5 5 25
Example 17
3 𝟒
Arcsin 𝑥 − Arccos = 0 𝐒𝐒:
5 𝟓
Solution:
2
16 4
𝑥 = 𝑥=±
25 5
4
Note that − is not a solution because
5
4 3
Arcsin − − Arccos is negative.
5 5
Example 18
𝜋
Arcsin(2𝑥) + Arccos 𝑥 =
6
Solution:
Let 𝛼 = Arcsin(2𝑥) Let 𝛽 = Arccos(𝑥)

sin 𝛼 = 2𝑥 cos 𝛽 = 𝑥

cos 𝛼 = 1− 4𝑥 2 sin 𝛽 = 1− 𝑥 2
Example 18
𝜋
Arcsin(2𝑥) + Arccos 𝑥 =
6
Solution:
With the representation from the last slide, this equation becomes
𝜋
𝛼+𝛽 =
6
Getting the sine of both sides,
𝜋
sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 = sin
6
1
sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 =
2
Example 18
𝜋
Arcsin(2𝑥) + Arccos 𝑥 =
6
Solution:
1 4𝑥 2 + 2 1 − 4𝑥 2 ⋅ 1 − 𝑥 2 = 1
sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 =
2
1 2 1− 4𝑥 2 ⋅ 1− 𝑥 2 =1− 4𝑥 2
sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 =
2 2(1 − 2
4𝑥 )(1 − 2
𝑥 ) = 1− 4𝑥 2 2

2 2
1 2 4
4 − 20𝑥 + 16𝑥 = 1 − 8𝑥 + 16𝑥 2 4
2𝑥 𝑥 + 1 − 4𝑥 ⋅ 1 − 𝑥 =
2 3 = 12𝑥 2

2 2 2
1 1
2𝑥 + 1 − 4𝑥 ⋅ 1 − 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 =
2 4
Example 18
𝜋 𝟏
Arcsin(2𝑥) + Arccos 𝑥 = 𝐒𝐒: −
6 𝟐
Solution:
2
1 1
𝑥 = 𝑥=±
4 2
1
Note that is not a solution because
2
1 1
Arcsin 2 ⋅ − Arccos is negative.
2 2